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Security

Security

The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. This sector includes the security and justice apparatus and the relevant civilian bodies responsible for its management.

CMap

Artificial habitat includes structures such as oil rigs, debris, sunken ships, and even abandoned bombs that can provide substrate for coral and sponges, or habitat for fish and invertebrates, potentially creating an artificial coral reef ecosystem. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Coastal Defense is the protection of the country's coastline, including the Coast Guard and federal, state, or local agencies involved in coastal law enforcement. The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving). Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Decision Support is a broad, generic term that encompasses all aspects related to supporting people in making decisions. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. The Military is authorized by the government to use force in order to defend its country, and includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, as well as organizations involved in the manufacturing and supply of military equipment. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Public Administration includes government institutions that administer, oversee, and manage governmental programs. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. Security and public administration policies are responses to improve the decision-making and enforcement abilities of governmental institutions. Security policies include all actions that ensure the public is safe and secure. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways.

CMap Description

Coastal defense is dependent on large ships that may require dredging of reefs or coastal vegetation to enable transportation into ports. In some areas, such as Vieques, Puerto Rico, Armed Forces training exercises have left discarded ammunition in coastal areas that may provide artificial habitat or discharge contaminants into coastal waters. Security sectors benefit indirectly from ecosystem services that improve the well-being of other sectors, such as culture or fishing, which pressure public administration to enact responses to protect reef ecosystems. Public administrators may improve decision-making through collaboration & partnering, and may improve effectiveness of regulations through law enforcement.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Aligizaki, K; Katikou, P; Milandri, A; Diogene, J. 2011. Occurrence of palytoxin-group toxins in seafood and future strategies to complement the present state of the art. Toxicon 57:390-399. 2011 Review Echinoderms; Fish; Molluscs
Avellaneda, PM; Englehardt, JD; Olascoaga, J; Babcock, EA; Brand, L; Lirman, D; Rogge, WF; Solo-Gabriele, H; Tchobanoglous, G. 2011. Relative risk assessment of cruise ships biosolids disposal alternatives. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2157-2169. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Cruise Ships; Discharges
Burt, J; Bartholomew, A; Sale, PF. 2011. Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: A comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering 37:191-198. 2011 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Turf Algae
Caulfield, JT; Cronin, SJ; Turner, SP; Cooper, LB. 2011. Mafic Plinian volcanism and ignimbrite emplacement at Tofua volcano, Tonga. Bulletin of Volcanology 73:1259-1277. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tonga Model
Chan, WH; Mak, YL; Wu, JJ; Jin, L; Sit, WH; Lam, JCW; de Mitcheson, YS; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS; Murphy, MB. 2011. Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati. Chemosphere 84:117-123. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Kiribati Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Garcia-Reyero, N; Habib, T; Pirooznia, M; Gust, KA; Gong, P; Warner, C; Wilbanks, M; Perkins, E. 2011. Conserved toxic responses across divergent phylogenetic lineages: a meta-analysis of the neurotoxic effects of RDX among multiple species using toxicogenomics. Ecotoxicology 20:580-594. 2011 Military; Stony Coral
Gardner, JPA; Garton, DW; Collen, JD. 2011. Near-surface mixing and pronounced deep-water stratification in a compartmentalised, human-disturbed atoll lagoon system. Coral Reefs 30:271-282. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Climate; Military; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Goater, S; Derne, B; Weinstein, P. 2011. Critical Issues in the Development of Health Information Systems in Supporting Environmental Health: A Case Study of Ciguatera. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:585-590. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Health Policies; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Navalgund, RR; Singh, RP. 2011. Climate Change Studies Using Space Based Observation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 39:281-295. 2011 Global; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Irrigation; Light; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Pelin, M; Zanette, C; De Bortoli, M; Sosa, S; Della Loggia, R; Tubaro, A; Florio, C. 2011. Effects of the marine toxin palytoxin on human skin keratinocytes: Role of ionic imbalance. Toxicology 282:30-38. 2011 Anemones & Zooanthids
Rohr, JR; Dobson, AP; Johnson, PTJ; Kilpatrick, AM; Paull, SH; Raffel, TR; Ruiz-Moreno, D; Thomas, MB. 2011. Frontiers in climate change-disease research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:270-277. 2011 Review; Model Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Pathogens
Sutherland, K. P., S. Shaban, J. L. Joyner, J. W. Porter, and E. K. Lipp. 2011. Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Eklhorn Coral Acropora palmata. PLoS One 6:1-7. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Sutherland, KP; Shaban, S; Joyner, JL; Porter, JW; Lipp, EK. 2011. Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Eklhorn Coral Acropora palmata. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Tubaro, A; Durando, P; Del Favero, G; Ansaldi, F; Icardi, G; Deeds, JR; Sosa, S. 2011. Case definitions for human poisonings postulated to palytoxins exposure. Toxicon 57:478-495. 2011 Anemones & Zooanthids
US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet. 2011 Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, GJ; Knapp, IS; Maragos, JE; Davy, SK. 2011. Proximate environmental drivers of coral communities at Palmyra Atoll: Establishing baselines prior to removing a WWII military causeway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:1842-1851. 2011 Australia; India; Palmyra Atoll Model Climate; Hydrocoral; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wu, JJ; Mak, YL; Murphy, MB; Lam, JCW; Chan, WH; Wang, MF; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS. 2011. Validation of an accelerated solvent extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for Pacific ciguatoxin-1 in fish flesh and comparison with the mouse neuroblastoma assay. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400:3165-3175. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Java Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Beck, H. L., A. Bouville, B. E. Moroz, and S. L. Simon. 2010. Fallout Deposition In The Marshall Islands From Bikini And Enewetak Nuclear Weapons Tests. Health Physics 99:124-142. 2010 Marshall Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring
Beharry-Borg, N. and R. Scarpa. 2010. Valuing quality changes in Caribbean coastal waters for heterogeneous beach visitors. Ecological Economics 69:1124-1139. 2010 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Health Policies; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Dupont, J. M., P. Hallock, and W. C. Jaap. 2010. Ecological impacts of the 2005 red tide on artificial reef epibenthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 415:189-200. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Echinoderms; Fish; Stony Coral
Hiscock, K., S. Sharrock, J. Highfield, and D. Snelling. 2010. Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England-ex-HMS 'Scylla'. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:69-94. 2010 England Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Johnson, P. T. J., A. R. Townsend, C. C. Cleveland, P. M. Glibert, R. W. Howarth, V. J. McKenzie, E. Rejmankova, and M. H. Ward. 2010. Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife. Ecological Applications 20:16-29. 2010 Global Nutrients; Pathogens
Rahul, P. R. C., P. S. Salvekar, B. K. Sahu, S. Nayak, and T. S. Kumar. 2010. Role of a Cyclonic Eddy in the 7000-Year-Old Mentawai Coral Reef Death During the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Event. Ieee Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters 7:296-300. 2010 Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Model Climate; Plankton; Stony Coral
Simon, S. L., A. Bouville, C. E. Land, and H. L. Beck. 2010. Radiation Doses And Cancer Risks In The Marshall Islands Associated With Exposure To Radioactive Fallout From Bikini And Enewetak Nuclear Weapons Tests: Summary. Health Physics 99:105-123. 2010 Marshall Islands
Simon, S. L., A. Bouville, D. Melo, H. L. Beck, and R. M. Weinstock. 2010. Acute And Chronic Intakes Of Fallout Radionuclides By Marshallese From Nuclear Weapons Testing At Bikini And Enewetak And Related Internal Radiation Doses. Health Physics 99:157-200. 2010 Marshall Islands Model
Stewart, I., G. K. Eaglesham, S. Poole, G. Graham, C. Paulo, W. Wickramasinghe, R. Sadler, and G. R. Shaw. 2010. Establishing a public health analytical service based on chemical methods for detecting and quantifying Pacific ciguatoxin in fish samples. Toxicon 56:804-812. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Lab Study Fish
Tims, S. G., S. E. Everett, L. K. Fifield, G. J. Hancock, and R. Bartley. 2010. Plutonium as a tracer of soil and sediment movement in the Herbert River, Australia. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials And Atoms 268:1150-1154. 2010 Australia Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wu, W., X. H. Wang, D. Paull, and J. Kesby. 2010. Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 28:667-676. 2010 Global; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Special Use Permitting
Bonkosky, M., E. A. Hernandez-Delgado, B. Sandoz, I. E. Robledo, J. Norat-Ramirez, and H. Mattei. 2009. Detection of spatial fluctuations of non-point source fecal pollution in coral reef surrounding waters in southwestern Puerto Rico using PCR-based assays. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:45-54. 2009 Puerto Rico Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Brand, L. E. 2009. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and BMAA. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 10:85-95. 2009 Florida Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Brewer, P. G. and K. Hester. 2009. Ocean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean to low-frequency sound. Oceanography 22:86-93. 2009 Global CO2; Military; Ocean Acidity; Whales & Dolphins
Burrage, D. M., J. W. Book, and P. J. Martin. 2009. Eddies and filaments of the Western Adriatic Current near Cape Gargano: Analysis and prediction. Journal of Marine Systems 78:S205-S226. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, A. Bauman, A. Saif, and P. F. Sale. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:72-78. 2009 United Arab Emirates Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Chouvelon, T., M. Warnau, C. Churlaud, and P. Bustamante. 2009. Hg concentrations and related risk assessment in coral reef crustaceans, molluscs and fish from New Caledonia. Environmental Pollution 157:331-340. 2009 New Caledonia Fish; Marine Products; Molluscs
Collen, J. D., D. W. Garton, and J. P. A. Gardner. 2009. Shoreline Changes and Sediment Redistribution at Palmyra Atoll (Equatorial Pacific Ocean): 1874-Present. Journal of Coastal Research 25:711-722. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Military; Sediment
Garcia, S. S., K. MacDonald, E. H. De Carlo, M. L. Overfield, T. Reyer, and J. Rolfe. 2009. Discarded Military Munitions Case Study: Ordnance Reef (HI-06), Hawaii. Marine Technology Society Journal 43:85-99. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Model Coastal Defense; Fish; Military; Sediment
Graham, J. S., R. S. Stevenson, L. W. Mitcheltree, T. A. Hamilton, R. R. Deckert, R. B. Lee, and A. M. Schiavetta. 2009. Medical management of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries. Toxicology 263:47-58. 2009 Florida Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Martinelli, R. E., T. F. Hamilton, R. W. Williams, and S. R. Kehl. 2009. Separation of uranium and plutonium isotopes for measurement by multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 282:343-347. 2009 Marshall Islands
Palmer Sr., K., B. Byrd, and J. Garrett. 2009. One-call system addresses offshore damage prevention. Oil and Gas Journal 107:80-83. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Infrastructure; Military; Pipelines
Sand, P. H. 2009. Diego Garcia: British-American legal black hole in the Indian ocean? Journal of Environmental Law 21:113-137. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Climate; Housing; Invasive Species; Military; Ocean Acidity
Stone, R., D. White, R. Guest, and B. Francis. 2009. The Virtual Scylla: An exploration of \serious games\", artificial life and simulation complexity". Virtual Reality 13:13-25. 2009 Europe; England Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Terry, J. P. and K. Khatri. 2009. People, pigs and pollution - Experiences with applying participatory learning and action (PLA) methodology to identify problems of pig-waste management at the village level in Fiji. Journal of Cleaner Production 17:1393-1400. 2009 Fiji Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2009. Federal Member Coral Profiles. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2009 Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering
Brock, J. C., M. Palaseanu-Lovejoy, C. W. Wright, and A. Nayegandhi. 2008. Patch-reef morphology as a proxy for Holocene sea-level variability, Northern Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 27:555-568. 2008 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Water Depth & Sea Level
Doerge, B. C. and C. Smith. 2008. Mechanisms of erosion of volcanic soils on non-agricultural lands in guam. Pages 419-429 in American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2008. 2008 Guam Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Fallon, S. J. and T. P. Guilderson. 2008. Surface water processes in the Indonesian throughflow as documented by a high-resolution coral Δ14C record. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 113. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Marshall Islands; Indonesia Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gangai, J. W., R. Lenaburg, B. Batten, E. Drei-Horgan, N. Sheffner, D. Hamilton, M. Rezakhani, and P. Shrestha. 2008. Hurricane Flood Insurance study for the Hawaiian Islands. Pages 432-443 in Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008 - Proceedings of the Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Insurance; Military; Security Policies; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Gerwick, W. H. 2008. Marine Remedies. Pages 425-429 in Walsh, P. J., S. L. Smith, L. E. Fleming, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, and W. H. Gerwick, editors. Oceans and human health. Risks and remedies from the seas. Academic Press, San Diego. 2008 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Kim, S.-K., Y. D. Ravichandran, S. B. Khan, and Y. T. Kim. 2008. Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 13:511-523. 2008 Review Algae; Biotechnology Research & Development; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Korzeniewski, K. 2008. Land and marine fauna constituting a threat for recreational divers in the tropics [Fauna morska i ladowa stanowiaca zagrożenie dla nurkujacych rekreacyjnie w tropiku]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 25:294-297. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Arthropods; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Lei, Z.-M. and M. Zhang. 2008. Study of root canal filling in dogs by using compound coral paste. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 12:1983-1986. 2008 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Morrison, K., P. Aguiar Prieto, A. Castro Dominguez, D. Waltner-Toews, and J. Fitzgibbon. 2008. Ciguatera fish poisoning in la Habana, Cuba: A study of local social-ecological resilience. EcoHealth 5:346-359. 2008 Cuba Finfish Harvest; Fish
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Military; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Peshut, P. J., R. J. Morrison, and B. A. Brooks. 2008. Arsenic speciation in marine fish and shellfish from American Samoa. Chemosphere 71:484-492. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa; American Samoa Fishing Sector; Molluscs
Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands. 2008 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Discharges; Petroleum Spills
Riegl, B., R. P. Moyer, B. K. Walker, K. Kohler, D. Gilliam, and R. E. Dodge. 2008. A tale of germs, storms, and bombs: Geomorphology and coral assemblage structure at Vieques (Puerto Rico) compared to St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands). Journal of Coastal Research 24:1008-1021. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Simmons, T. L. and W. H. Gerwick. 2008. Anticancer drugs of marine origin. Pages 431-452 in P. J. Walsh, S. L. Smith, L. E. Fleming, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, and W. H Gerwick, editors. Oceans and human health. Risks and remedies from the seas. Academic Press, San Diego. 2008 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Slingerland, R., R. W. Selover, A. S. Ogston, T. R. Keen, N. W. Driscoll, and J. D. Milliman. 2008. Building the Holocene clinothem in the Gulf of Papua: An ocean circulation study. Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface 113. 2008 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sumiya, Y., S. Morita, Y. Nishida, H. Sakaki, M. Tsushima, W. Miki, J. Tanangonan, A. Sawabe, Y. Sakagami, and S. Komemushi. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of carotenoid-producing marine microorganisms around the coral reefs of the Kerama Islands of Okinawa. Biocontrol Science 13:17-22. 2008 Microorganisms
Tang, Y.-C., Y.-Q. Wang, and W. Tang. 2008. Repairing mandibular defect by gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with coral hydroxyapatite scaffold in osteoporotic rats. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 12:2601-2605. 2008 Lab Study; Model Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Udwary, D. W., J. A. Kalaitzis, and B. S. Moore. 2008. Emerging marine biotechnologies: cloning of marine biosynthetic gene clusters. Pages 507-524 in P. J. Walsh, S. L. Smith, L. E. Fleming, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, and W. H. Gerwick, editors. Oceans and human health: risks and remedies from the seas. Academic Press, San Diego. 2008 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Wong, C.-K., P. Hung, K. L. H. Lee, T. Mok, T. Chung, and K.-M. Kam. 2008. Features of ciguatera fish poisoning cases in Hong Kong 2004-2007. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 21:521-527. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; India; China; Caribbean Review; Lab Study Fish
[No author name available]. 2007. Sediment remediation & aquatic enhancement of former Campbell Shipyard Port of San Diego, California. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 43:13-Oct. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Military; Remediation; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Fu, Z.-H. and A.-M. Wang. 2007. Tissue-engineered bone grafts in the repair of bone defects in rabbits: Evaluation of radionuclide bone imaging. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:4500-4503. 2007 Medical Centers; Military; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Gershwin, L.-A. 2007. Malo kingi: A new species of Irukandji jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida), possibly lethal to humans, from Queensland, Australia. Zootaxa 55-68. 2007 Australia Discharges; Tourism & Recreation
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2007. Classification of benthic composition in a coral reef environment using spectral unmixing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Substrate
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Li, J., Q.-S. Yin, Y. Zhang, J. C. Yang, and H. W. Zhou. 2007. Biological properties of Ag-impregnated composite coralline hydroxyapatite. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:3472-3475. 2007 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
McField, M. and P. Kramer. 2007. Healthy reefs for healthy people: A guide to indicators of reef health and social well-being in the Mesoamerican Reef region. 1-218. 2007 Global Index or Indicator Climate; Coastal Development; Tourism & Recreation
Nassiri, N. 2007. Materials: Coral bone substitute proves able to heal bone fast and effectively. Pages 3-Jan Biomedical Materials. 2007 Europe; France Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Nurse, L. and R. Moore. 2007. Critical considerations for future action during the second commitment period: A small islands' perspective. Natural Resources Forum 31:102-110. 2007 Global Agriculture; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
USCG. 2007. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Florida Keys. 2007 Florida Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Villareal, T. A., S. Hanson, S. Qualia, E. L. E. Jester, H. R. Granade, and R. W. Dickey. 2007. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 6:253-259. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Walker, S. J., T. A. Schlacher, and M. A. Schlacher-Hoenlinger. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity of epibenthos on artificial reefs: Fouling communities in the early stages of colonization on an East Australian shipwreck. Marine Ecology 28:435-445. 2007 Australia Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Military; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Yamada, M. and Z.-L. Wang. 2007. 137Cs in the western South Pacific Ocean. Science of the Total Environment 382:342-350. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Fiji
Yang, J.-C., Q.-S. Yin, J. Lin, J. Li, H. Y. Huang, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Anti-tumor activity of self-made composite anti-tumor coral hydroxyapatite: An in vitro study. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:3508-3511. 2007 Cuba; China Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Yin, B., Y. Zhang, H.-B. Zhang, and Q.-S. Yin. 2007. Biocompatibility of coralline hydroxyapatite/bone morphogenic protein composite for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:191-193. 2007 Lab Study; Index or Indicator Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Aslan, O. 2006. Off-shore nursing [Kiyilarin otesindeki hemşirelik]. SENDROM 18:99-101. 2006 Coastal Defense; Military
Babinsky, H., L. Cattafesta, and G. Abate. 2006. Design considerations for a micro aerial vehicle aerodynamic characterization facility at the University of Florida research and engineering education facility. Pages 713-722 in Collection of Technical Papers - 25th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. 2006 Florida Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Bostock, I. 2006. Canberra merges maritime security operations. Jane's Navy International. 2006 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, I. B. Kuffner, R. Hernandez, and P. Thompson. 2006. Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract. Remote Sensing of Environment 104:31-42. 2006 Florida Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral
CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Chen, B., G.-X. Pei, K. Wang, D. Jin, and K.-H. Wei. 2006. Experimental study on the repair of goat tibia defects with revascularized tissue engineered bone. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 10:164-169. 2006 Index or Indicator Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Elderd, B. D., V. M. Dukic, and G. Dwyer. 2006. Uncertainty in predictions of disease spread and public health responses to bioterrorism and emerging diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:15693-15697. 2006 Model Pathogens
Keen, T. R., D. S. Ko, R. L. Slingerland, S. Riedlinger, and P. Flynn. 2006. Potential transport pathways of terrigenous material in the Gulf of Papua. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lipp, E. K., D. W. Griffin, J. B. Rose, J. C. Futch, and Y. Masago. 2006. Human fecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic viruses in offshore reefs and human recreational risk in nearshore waters of the Florida Keys. #X7-97480103-0, US E.P.A. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Mumby, P. J. 2006. The impact of exploiting grazers (Scaridae) on the dynamics of Caribbean coral reefs. Ecological Applications 16:747-769. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Pearn, J. and P. Fenner. 2006. The Jellyfish hunter-Jack Barnes: A pioneer medical toxinologist in Australia. Toxicon 48:762-767. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Invertebrates; Medical Care; Military
Yuan, G., M. L. Wahlqvist, G. He, M. Yang, and D. Li. 2006. Natural products and anti-inflammatory activity. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 15:143-152. 2006 Review Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges
Zhao, G.-Y., Y.-Y. Hu, J. Liu, and R. Lu. 2006. Enlarging effect of three various carriers on bone formation induced by recombinant human bone morphogenic protein 2. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 10:54-56. 2006 Lab Study Military
Ziegler, A. D. and R. A. Sutherland. 2006. Effectiveness of a coral-derived surfacing material for reducing sediment production on unpaved roads, Schoffield Barracks, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Management 37:98-110. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Transportation Policies
Arvidson, R. and S. Jones. 2005. Ice detection and avoidance. Pages 9570-9573 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Columbia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Bennett, V. and D. Noviello. 2005. Response to the grounding of the F/V Ei Jyu Maru No. 21. Page 7183 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Palau; Guam Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Petroleum Spills
Costanzo, S.D., J. Murby, J. Bates. 2005. Ecosystem response to antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:218-223. 2005 Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
George, R. D., C. R. In, R. K. Johnston, P. F. Seligman, R. D. Gauthier, and W. J. Wild. 2005. Seawater leaching investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls from solid matrices. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military
Heal, G. M., E. B. Barbier, K. J. Boyle, A. P. Covich, S. P. Gloss, C. H. Hershner, J. P. Hoehn, C. M. Pringle, S. Polasky, K. Segerson, and K. Shrader-Frechette. 2005. Valuing ecosystem services: toward better environmental decision making. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. 2005 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation; Wetlands
Henry, C. and E. Levine. 2005. NOAA'S response to the Jessica oil spill in the Galapagos archipelago. Pages 10338-10342 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Knap, A. H., T. D. Sleeter, and I. W. Hughes. 2005. Case history: The grounding of the M/T Tifoso, 1983 A test of Bermuda's contingency plan. Page 913 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Tourism & Recreation
Michel, J., S. Zengel, L. Cotsapas, J. Dahlin, and J. Hoff. 2005. Scaling of injury to reef flat habitats resulting from removal actions of grounded vessels in Pago Pago, American Samoa. Pages 7487-7494 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Planes, S., R. Galzin, J.-P. Bablet, and P. F. Sale. 2005. Stability of coral reef fish assemblages impacted by nuclear tests. Ecology 86:2578-2585. 2005 Fish; Fishing Sector; Military
Sadovy, Y. 2005. Trouble on the reef: The imperative for managing vulnerable and valuable fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 6:167-185. 2005 Global Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Live Collection
Sifling, J., R. A. Nall, J. Stettler, T. Busch, F. Igaz, J. G. Hoff, and S. Wiegman. 2005. American Samoa longliner response, wreck removal, and restoration project. Pages 259-264 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Sordelli, C. and N. Garcia. 2005. Venezuelan national oil spill training program. Page 8972 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Venezuela Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Mangroves; Military; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Symons, L. C., R. Pavia, and M. Hodges. 2005. Emergency response in National Marine Sanctuaries. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Security Policies; Transportation Policies
Thorhaug, A., G. Sidrak, K. Aiken, W. Walker, H. J. Teas, F. McDonald, B. Carby, R. Reese, M. Anderson, M. Rodriquez, B. Miller, V. Gordon, and J. McFarlane. 2005. Dispersant use for tropical nearshore waters: Jamaica. Page 1968 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean; Europe Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Trudel, B. K., R. C. Belore, B. J. Jessiman, and S. L. Ross. 2005. A microcomputer-based spill impact assessment system for untreated and chemically dispersed oil spills in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Page 4770 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2005. Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment, December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Technical Report. Consultative Group on Indonesia. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Military; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral
Vandegrift, S. 2005. Peanut Island/Snook Islands environmental restoration project. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 41. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Storms & Hurricanes
Weaver, D. A. and H. Henderson. 2005. Hurricane Val in American Samoa: A case study. Page 3540 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Werdell, P. J. and S. W. Bailey. 2005. An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation. Remote Sensing of Environment 98:122-140. 2005 Global Remote Sensing Light; Plankton; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wong, C.-K., P. Hung, K. L. H. Lee, and K.-M. Kam. 2005. Study of an outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong. Toxicon 46:563-571. 2005 Fish; Pathogens
Wood, B. 2005. A rescue first at Penfield Reef. Vertiflite 51:34. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military
Yamaguchi, Y., M. J. Abrams, M. Kato, H. Watanabe, and H. Tsu. 2005. ASTER science outcome and operation status. Pages 5578-5579 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing
Zhang, X.-D., J.-Y. Song, W.-D. Yang, Y. Feng, Q.-C. Qian, and F.-L. Chen. 2005. Repairing femur defects with bone marrow stromal cells and coral composites strengthened by titanium plank. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 9:42-44. 2005 Lab Study Military
[No author name available]. 2004. US completes destruction of chemical-warfare rockets. Jane's Missiles and Rockets. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Military
Bostock, I. 2004. Australia 'odds on' to buy Boeing 737 MMA. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2004 Australia Military
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, T. D. Clayton, and A. Nayegandhi. 2004. LIDAR optical rugosity of coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, Florida. Coral Reefs 23:48-59. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate
Davara, F. and A. De La Cruz. 2004. Dust storm monitoring: Effects on the environment, human health and potential security conflicts. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5574:361-371. 2004 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean; Japan; Caribbean; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Storms & Hurricanes
Epstein, P. R. and C. Rogers, editors. 2004. INSIDE THE GREENHOUSE THE IMPACTS OF CO2 AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE INNER CITY. Center for Health and the Global Environment Harvard Medical School, Boston, (MA, USA). 2004 Climate; CO2; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Goodrich, M. S., J. Garrison, P. Tong, and A. Lunsford. 2004. Risk assessment model for evaluating ex-navy vessels as reef material. Pages 537-550 in Remediation of Contaminated Sediments - 2003: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. 2004 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Remediation; Sediment
Grumet, N. S., N. J. Abram, J. W. Beck, R. B. Dunbar, M. K. Gagan, T. P. Guilderson, W. S. Hantoro, and B. W. Suwargadi. 2004. Coral radiocarbon records of Indian Ocean water mass mixing and wind-induced upwelling along the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 109. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Kenya; India; Indonesia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lobel, P. S. and L. K. Lobel. 2004. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Wake Atoll. Pacific Science 58:65-90. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Military
McConnell, A. 2004. L.F. Marsigli (1658-1730): Early contributions to marine science and hydrography. International Hydrographic Review 5:15-Jun. 2004 France Military
Parsons, B. S., P. R. Vogt, H. Haflidason, and W.-Y. Jung. 2004. Seafloor reconnaissance and classification of the Storegga Slide headwall region, Norwegian Sea, using side-scan sonar, video, and photographs acquired on submarine NR-1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 88:841-855. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pontie, M., A. Lhassani, C. K. Diawara, A. Elana, C. Innocent, D. Aureau, M. Rumeau, J. P. Croue, H. Buisson, and P. Hemery. 2004. Seawater nanofiltration for the elaboration of usable salty waters. Desalination 167:347-355. 2004 France Field Study & Monitoring; Model Coal Mining; Salinity
Ren, G.-H., X.-J. Liu, and G.-X. Pei. 2004. Biocompatibility of coral hydroxyapatite and adult human osteoblasts derived from bone marrow. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 8:4883-4885. 2004 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Sun, W. H., J. B. Lo, F. M. Robert, C. Ray, and C.-S. Tang. 2004. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils: I. Selection of promising woody plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 11:260-266. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Military; Remediation; Salinity; Sediment
[No author name available]. 2003. Aeroderivative gas turbines offer alternative power. Pages 31-32 Ship and Boat International. 2003 Coastal Defense; Cruise Ships; Military
Austin, G. 2003. Unwanted entanglement: The Philippines' Spratly policy as a case study in conflict enhancement? Security Dialogue 34:41-54. 2003 China; Philippines; Taiwan Hotel & Food Services; Military
Cheevaporn, V. and P. Menasveta. 2003. Water pollution and habitat degradation in the Gulf of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:43-51. 2003 Thailand Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Plankton; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Fallon, S. J., T. P. Guilderson, and K. Caldeira. 2003. Carbon isotope constraints on vertical mixing and air-sea CO2 exchange. Geophysical Research Letters 30. 2003 Vanuatu Model CO2; Sponges
Firn, R. D. 2003. Bioprospecting - why is it so unrewarding? Biodiversity and Conservation 12:207-216. 2003 Columbia Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ginsburg, R. N. and J. C. Lang. 2003. Status of coral reefs in the western Atlantic: Results of initial surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) program. Atoll Research Bulletin 496:vii-xiii. 2003 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Stony Coral
Giovannozzi, M. A., D. K. Stauble, and R. A. Wise. 2003. Innovative shore protection structures at cape may point, New Jersey. Pages 1061-1073 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Military; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Johnston, R. K., H. Halkola, R. George, C. In, R. Gauthier, W. Wild, M. Bell, and R. Martore. 2003. Assessing the ecological risk of creating artificial reefs from ex-warships. Pages 804-811 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Liu, G., W. Skirving, and A. E. Strong. 2003. Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Global Climate
Robison, W. L., C. L. Conrado, K. T. Bogen, and A. C. Stoker. 2003. The effective and environmental half-life of 137Cs at Coral Islands at the former US nuclear test site. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 69:207-223. 2003 Marshall Islands Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shen, C., K. Yu, Y. Sun, W. Yi, Y. Yang, and B. Zhou. 2003. Interannual variations of bomb radiocarbon during 1977 - 1998 recorded in coral from Daya Bay, South China Sea. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 46:1040-1048. 2003 China Light
[No author name available]. 2002. Preparing a ship to form an artificial reef. Shiprepair and Conversion Technology 4:15-17. 2002 Florida Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Military
Buxton, R. 2002. Third party challenges - An individual's perspective. Journal of Planning and Environment Law 0:47-55. 2002 Hotel & Food Services
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2002. Hyperspectral image calibration in a coral reef environment: An empirical approach. Pages 243-245 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Hutchings, P. A., R. W. Hilliard, and S. L. Coles. 2002. Species introductions and potential for marine pest invasions into tropical marine communities, with special reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science 56:223-233. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Large Ships; Military; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Small Boats
Lambert, G. 2002. Nonindigenous Ascidians in tropical waters. Pacific Science 56:291-298. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Guam; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Ballast Discharge; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Military; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Salinity
Lipp, E. K., J. L. Jarrell, D. W. Griffin, J. Lukasik, J. Jacukiewicz, and J. B. Rose. 2002. Preliminary evidence for human fecal contamination in corals of the Florida Keys, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:666-670. 2002 Florida Index or Indicator Microorganisms; Wastewater Discharge
Ogola, J. S., W. V. Mitullah, and M. A. Omulo. 2002. Impact of gold mining on the environment and human health: A case study in the Migori Gold Belt, Kenya. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 24:141-158. 2002 Kenya Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Paulay, G., L. Kirkendale, G. Lambert, and C. Meyer. 2002. Anthropogenic biotic interchange in a coral reef ecosystem: A case study from Guam. Pacific Science 56:403-422. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Guam Ballast Discharge; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Military; Ports & Harbors; Tourism & Recreation
Reed, J. K. 2002. Deep-water Oculina coral reefs of Florida: Biology, impacts, and management. Hydrobiologia 471:43-55. 2002 Florida Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Baker M.S., JR . and C. A. Wilson. 2001. Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1819-1824. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Daszak, P., A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt. 2001. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Pages 103-116 in Acta Tropica. 2001 Review Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 2001 Philippines Military; Resource Use Management
Griffin, D. W., V. H. Garrison, J. R. Herman, and E. A. Shinn. 2001. African desert dust in the caribbean atmosphere: microbiology and public health. Aerobiologia 17:203-213. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Microorganisms
Kibel, P. S. 2001. The Paper Tiger Awakens: North American Environmental Law after the Cozumel Reef Case. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 39. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico
Ryan, J. C. 2001. Indonesia's Coral Reefs On the line. World Watch 14:19-Dec. 2001 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Sternlicht, D. D., D. W. Lemonds, R. D. Dikeman, M. Ericksen, and S. G. Schock. 2001. Detection and classification of buried objects with an adaptive acoustic mine-hunting system. Pages 212-219 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 Cuba GIS & Maps Coastal Defense; Military
Thorburn, C. C. 2001. The house that poison built: Customary marine property rights and the live food fish trade in the Kei Islands, southeast Maluku. Development and Change 32:151-180. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Fishing Sector; Housing; Military
[No author name available]. 2000. Permit modification sought for artificial reef. Gulf of Mexico Newsletter 15:4. 2000 Artificial Habitat; Military
Adey, H. W. 2000. Coral reef ecosystems and human health: Biodiversity counts! Ecosystem Health 6:227-236. 2000 Global Monetary Valuation; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological, LA BO RA TO RY. 2000. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. 2000 Global
Australian Institute of Marine, SC IE NC E. 2000. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Seastars
Cervi, G. A. 2000. War wrecks and the environment: Who's responsible for the legacy of war? A case study: Solomon Islands and the United States. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 14:351-399. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Solomon Islands Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Collina-Girard, J. 2000. The submerged palaeolagoons of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies) [Les paleolagons submerges de l'ile de Marie-Galante (Antilles)]. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences - Serie IIa: Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 331:367-372. 2000 Antilles Coastal Defense; Military
Coral Reef, AL LI AN CE. 2000. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. 2000 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Debrot, A. O. and J. Sybesma. 2000. The Dutch Antilles. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 595-614. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean GIS & Maps Coastal Development; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Littering; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Gladstone, W. 2000. The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015-1032. 2000 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Goddard Space Flight, CE NT ER. 2000. Remote sensing of coral reefs. Remote sensing of coral reefs. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Guilderson, T. P., D. P. Schrag, E. Goddard, M. Kashgarian, G. M. Wellington, and B. K. Linsley. 2000. Southwest subtropical pacific surface water radiocarbon in a high-resolution coral record. Radiocarbon 42:249-256. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hau'ofa, E. 2000. The ocean in us. Pages 32-43 in Pacific Policy Paper of the Australian National University, National Centre for Development Studies. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean Finfish Harvest
Haynes, D., J. Muller, and S. Carter. 2000. Pesticide and herbicide residues in sediments and seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:279-287. 2000 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Seagrasses; Sediment
Huber, M. E. and G. B. K. Baines. 2000. The Coral, Solomon and Bismarck Seas Region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 425-446. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Mangroves; Molluscs; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Wetlands
Kalakaua Marine Education, CE NT ER. 2000. Hawaii coral reef network. Hawaii coral reef network. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Collaboration & Partnering
Karalis, T., L. Gupta, M. Chu, B. A. Campbell, M. F. Capra, and P. A. Maywood. 2000. Three clusters of ciguatera poisoning: Clinical manifestations and public health implications. Medical Journal of Australia 172:160-162. 2000 Fish; Health Policies; Special Use Permitting
Kraas, F. 2000. Conflicts and cooperation in the South China Sea: The dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands [Konflikte und kooperation im Sudchinesischen Meer: Der disput um die Spratly und Paracel Islands]. Geographische Rundschau 52:36-42. 2000 Global; Japan; China; Philippines; Europe Finfish Harvest; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Marrugo-Gonzalez, A. J., R. Fernandez-Maestre, and A. A. Alm. 2000. The Pacific coast of Colombia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 677-686. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Noss, R. F. 2000. High-risk ecosystems as foci for considering biodiversity and ecological integrity in ecological risk assessments. Environmental Science and Policy 3:321-332. 2000 Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Invasive Species
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Bahrain Field Study & Monitoring
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral bleaching hotspots. Coral bleaching hotspots. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Paull, C. K., A. C. Neumann, B. A. Am Ende, W. Ussler Iii, and N. M. Rodriguez. 2000. Lithoherms on the Florida-Hatteras slope. Marine Geology 166:83-101. 2000 Florida Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ran, E. 2000. Petrel 5424 3-D sonar. Sea Technology 41:42-45. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Coastal Defense; Military
Reef Environmental Education, FO UN DA TI ON. 2000. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Environmental Education & Outreach; Social Organizations
Sheehy Daniel, J. 2000. Developing methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability on a coral atoll. Pages 509-515 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Fish; Military; Ports & Harbors
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 221-232. 2000 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Military; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
World Conservation Monitoring, CE NT RE. 2000. Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Forestry; Mangroves
Wozencraft, J. M. and J. L. Irish. 2000. SHOALS surveys and carbonate beaches. Pages 24-37 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military
Hamilton, L. J. 1999. Classification, grainsize relations and sediment distributions inferred from visual sediment descriptions on RAN hydrographie Office bathymetry charts of the northern Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46:501-514. 1999 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment
Hawaii Institute of Marine, BI OL OG Y. 1999. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. 1999 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Remote Sensing Light; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kelleher, G. 1999. Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Kunzmann, A. 1999. Korallen, Fischer und Touristen. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 51:25-32. 1999 Global; Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Montgomery, W. L., T. Umino, H. Nakagawa, I. Vaughn, and T. Shibuno. 1999. Lipid storage and composition in tropical surgeonfishes (Teleostei: Acanthuridae). Marine Biology 133:137-144. 1999 Japan Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Morhange, C., J.-P. Goiran, M. Bourcier, P. Carbonel, B. Kabouche, J. Le Campion, A. Prone, F. B. Pyatt, J.-M. Rouchy, J.-C. Sourisseau, and M. Yon. 1999. 3000 Years of coastal evolution of Kition Bamboula (Larnaca, Cyprus, Mediterranean sea) [3000 ans de modifications des environnements littoraux a Kition Bamboula (Lanarca, Chypre, Mediterranee Orientale)]. Quaternaire 10:133-149. 1999 Oman Military; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Snyder, R. 1999. What's happening offshore...Hazard database. World Oil 220:27. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Military; Pipelines
Kasprzak, R. A. 1998. Use of oil and gas platforms as habitat in Louisiana's artificial reef program. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:37-45. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Defense; Corporate Responses; Finfish Harvest; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Nieland, D. L., C. A. Wilson, and J. W. Fleeger. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of the use of phosphogypsum for reef substrate in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:54-63. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Nieland, D. L., C. A. Wilson, J. W. Fleeger, B. Sun, R. F. Malone, and S. Chen. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of the use of phosphogypsum for reef substrate. I. A laboratory study of bioaccumulation of radium and six heavy metals in an aquatic food chain. Chemistry and Ecology 305-319. 1998 Lab Study Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Proni John, R., CH RI S McArthur, and GL EN N Schuster. 1998. Adaptive dredged material discharge for the Port of Miami. Pages 1249-1257 in Ports - Proceedings. 1998 Florida Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military
Buesseler, K. O. 1997. The isotopic signature of fallout plutonium in the North Pacific. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 36:69-83. 1997 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Marshall Islands Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Donaldson, L. R., A. H. Seymour, and A. E. Nevissi. 1997. University of Washington's radioecological studies in the Marshall Islands, 1946-1977. Health Physics 73:214-222. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Marshall Islands Lab Study; Index or Indicator Algae; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Sediment
Druffel, E. R. M. 1997. Pulses of rapid ventilation in the North Atlantic surface ocean during the past century. Science 275:1454-1457. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fontaine, M. 1997. Ethics, bioethics and medical sciences [ethique, bioethique(s) et sciences medicales]. Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de Medecine 181:1477-1486. 1997 Health Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Special Use Permitting
Jones Anthony, T. and W. Welsford Richard. 1997. Artificial reefs in British Columbia, Canada. Pages 415-418 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1997 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; Columbia; India; Caribbean Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Simon, S. L. 1997. A brief history of people and events related to atomic weapons testing in the Marshall Islands. Health Physics 73:20-May. 1997 Micronesia; Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Remediation
Wolf, S. F., J. K. Bates, E. C. Buck, N. L. Dietz, J. A. Fortner, and N. R. Brown. 1997. Physical and chemical characterization of actinides in soil from Johnston Atoll. Environmental Science and Technology 31:467-471. 1997 Johnston Atoll
World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C. 1997 Global; Tanzania; Maldives; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Germany Lab Study; GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Live Collection; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
[No author name available]. 1996. Dutra's environmental dredging pilot projects. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 32:10-11+28. 1996 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Abbot, R. H., D. W. Lane, M. J. Sinclair, and T. A. Spurling. 1996. Lasers chart the waters of Australia's great barrier reef. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 2964:72-90. 1996 Australia Review; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military
Cecich, V., L. Gonzales, A. Hoisaeter, J. Williams, and K. Reddy. 1996. Use of shredded tires as lightweight backfill material for retaining structures. Waste Management and Research 14:433-451. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Flathman Paul, E., L. Laski Mary, R. Trausch Jason, H. Carson Jr. John, M. Woodhull Patrick, E. Jerger Douglas, and R. Lear Paul. 1996. Effect of micronutrient addition on the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated coral sand at a U.S. Navy facility on Midway Island in the Pacific. in Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Coastal Defense; Military; Nutrients; Remediation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Fukuda, T. 1996. What does the red-tiled roof mean? The conservation movement in the historic district of Taketomi Island, Okinawa. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 69:727-743. 1996 Japan Building & Home Construction; Cultural Protections; Housing; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Osborn, TI M, KE VI N Bodge, MI LE S Croom, MA RK Schroeder, and CH AR LI E Wahle. 1996. Structural restoration of two coral reefs in the Florida keys national marine sanctuary. Pages 14-17 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Principe, P. P. 1996. Monetizing the pharmacological benefits of plants. Pages 192-218 in Balick, M. J., E. Elisabetsky, and S. A. Laird, editors. Medicinal resources of the tropical forest: biodiversity and its importance to human health. 1996 Biomedical Research Policies; Health Policies; Valuation
Sylwester, R. E., J. L. Dasler, and T. C. Sullivan. 1996. A marine geophysical investigation to determine the cause for failure of the yaquina bay jetty, newport, oregon. Geotechnical Special Publication 62:42-55. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
1995. GLOBAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES. United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C.(USA). 1995 Global Agriculture; Non-point Source Runoff; Wetlands
Antonelli, P. and P. Auger. 1995. Corals and starfish devastation of the great barrier reef: Aggregation methods. Acta Biotheoretica 43:481-493. 1995 Global; Australia Model Military; Seastars; Stony Coral
Chen, K. M. 1995. Disappearance of ALS from Guam: Implications for exogenous causes. Pages 1549-1553 in Clinical Neurology. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Guam Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Military; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Petrae, Lcdr. G. 1995. Barge Morris J. Berman Spill: NOAA�s Scientific Response. HAZMAT Report No. 95-10. Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle. 1995 Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Petroleum Spills
Scally Douglas, R., E. Harrington John, and L. Timpe Gerald. 1995. Marine observation network for the Prince William Sound. Pages 741-749 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1995 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
Tunstall, B. R. 1994. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water Resources. 1994 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Military
Connell, J. 1993. Climatic change: a new security challenge for the atoll states of the South Pacific. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 31:173-192. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Tuvalu; Marshall Islands; Kiribati Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hallegraeff, G. M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32:79-99. 1993 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Plankton; Tourism & Recreation
Kalish, J. M. 1993. Pre- and post-bomb radiocarbon in fish otoliths. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 114:549-554. 1993 Global CO2; Fish
Valencia, M. J. 1993. Spratly solution still at sea. Pacific Review 6:155-170. 1993 Malaysia; Southeast Asia; China; Vietnam; Philippines; Taiwan Military
NOAA. 1992. Oil spill case histories 1967-1991: summaries of significant U.S. and international spills. Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, Seattle, Washington. 1992 Coastal Defense; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills
Simmons III, J. J. 1992. Early modern wrought-iron artillery macroanalyses of instruments of enforcement. Materials Characterization 29:129-138. 1992 South & Central America; Caribbean; Europe
Cullyer, W. J., S. J. Goodenough, and B. A. Wichmann. 1991. Choice of computer languages for use in safety-critical systems. Software engineering journal 6:51-58. 1991 Review Military
Humphery-Smith, I., D. H. Cybinski, K. A. Byrnes, and T. D. St George. 1991. Seroepidemiology of arboviruses among seabirds and island residents of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Epidemiology and Infection 107:435-440. 1991 Australia; Johnston Atoll Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Muzik, K. 1991. Coral grief. Technology Review 94:60-67. 1991 Global Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sea Temperatures; Tourism & Recreation
Rosati, J. D. 1990. Functional design of breakwaters for shore protection: empirical methods. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Smith, E. R. and N. C. Kraus. 1990. Laboratory study on macro-features of wave breaking over bars and artificial reefs. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Torrey, B. B. and W. W. Kingkade. 1990. Population dynamics of the United States and the Soviet Union. Science 247:1548-1552. 1990 Military
Boc Jr. Stanley, J. and DA VI D McGehee. 1989. Agat small boat harbor. Guam monitoring plan. Pages 1492-1497 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
Purdy, C. B., E. R. M. Druffel, and L. Hugh D. 1989. Anomalous levels of 90Sr and 239,240Pu in Florida corals: Evidence of coastal processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53:1401-1410. 1989 Florida; Bermuda Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ruff, T. A. 1989. Ciguatera in the pacific: A link with military activities. Lancet 1:201-205. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Infrastructure; Military; Pathogens
Myres, J. A. L. 1988. From Quadrant to Laser: 200 years of nautical charting in Australia - part two. Land & Minerals Surveying 6:632-641. 1988 Australia Coastal Defense; Military
Perez-Rosas, N. and T. C. Hazen. 1988. In situ survival of vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:9-Jan. 1988 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sediment
Thierry, J.-M. 1988. Artificial reefs in Japan - A general outline. Aquacultural Engineering 7:321-348. 1988 Japan Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Tucker, T. and B. T. Doughty. 1988. Naval Facilities, Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory: Management And Administration. Pages 191-215 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London). 1988 Indian Ocean; India Coastal Defense; Military
Ahrens, J. P. 1987. Characteristics of reef breakwaters. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1987 Lab Study Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Lin, S. S. 1987. A universal footing with jetting. Pages 299-306 in IN: OTC 87 PROC., NINETEENTH ANNUAL OFFSHORE TECHNOL. CONF., (HOUSTON, U.S.A.: APR. 27-30, 1987). 1987 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military
Shimizu, S. 1987. Gamma-ray spectrum of the radioactive dust produced by the super-hydrogen bomb test explosion on March 1, 1954. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 255:177-182. 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Finfish Harvest; Small Boats
Maynard John, K. and S. D. Chung David. 1986. Design Of Wharf Facilities, Guam, M. I. , To Accommodate Difficult Site Conditions. Pages 159-170 in [No source information available]. 1986 Guam Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Ports & Harbors
Slocum, DE AN, RI CH AR D Berlandy, and RO BE RT Wardwell. 1986. Facilities Planning In The Caribbean A Case Study. Pages 1351-1357 in [No source information available]. 1986 South & Central America; Caribbean Improved Technology; Sea Turtles; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Evans, C., J. E. Maragos, and P. Holtus. 1985. Reef corals in Kaneohe Bay six years before and after termination of sewage discharges (Oahu, Hawaiian Archipelago). Pages 189-194 in Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress. Tahiti. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Algae; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Grover, D. H. 1985. Army hopper dredges in World War II. World dredging & marine construction 21:-29. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii; Europe Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Stony Coral
Knap Anthony, H., D. Sleeter Thomas, and WY N Hughes Idwal. 1985. Case History: The Grounding Of The M/T Tifoso, 1983: A Test Of Bermuda'S Contingency Plan. Pages 289-291 in [No source information available]. 1985 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Tourism & Recreation
Moyer, J. T., H. Higuchi, K. Matsuda, and M. Hasegawa. 1985. Threat to unique terrestrial and marine environments and biota in a Japanese National Park. Environmental Conservation 12:293-301. 1985 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Caribbean Agriculture; Fish; Forestry; Housing; Land & Air Transportation; Military; Stony Coral
Olsen, D. A., D. W. Nellis, and R. S. Wood. 1984. Ciguatera in the eastern Caribbean. Marine Fisheries Review 46:13-18. 1984 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Martinique; Caribbean Fish; Fishing Sector
Seelig, W. N. 1984. Salvage and demolition of two navy offshore platforms. in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida; Panama Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Military
Macintyre, I. G., B. Raymond, and R. Stuckenrath. 1983. Recent history of a fringing reef, Bahia Salina del Sur, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Atoll Research Bulletin 1983 Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Antonius, A. and A. Weiner. 1982. Coral reefs under fire. Marine Ecology 3:255-277. 1982 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Baird, A. V. and N. W. Ross. 1982. Field experiences with floating breakwaters in the eastern United States. US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report. 1982 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Hollett, K. J. and R. Moberly. 1982. Sedimentation, dredging, and spoil disposal in a subtropical estuarine lagoon. Environmental Geology 4:31-42. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Bagnis, R. A. 1979. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning In New Caledonia. Clinical And Epidemiological Aspects [L'Ichtyosarcotoxisme De Type Ciguatera En Nouvelle-Caledonie. Aspects Cliniques Et Epidemiologiques]. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 27:17-29. 1979 New Caledonia Fish; Pathogens
Conti, H., D. G. True, and M. Jansen. 1979. Design Of A Lighweight Portable Single Point Mooring System For U. S. Navy Amphibious Logistic Suport. Pages 131-153 in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Ocean Engineering Division (Proceedings) OED. 1979 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Military
Tausig, W. R. 1978. Nearshore trenching technology development. PORT HUENEME, U.S.A.,U.S. DEPT. NAVY, JUN. 1978. 1978 Review Coastal Defense; Military
Saunders David, J. 1977. Coral 66: British High-Order Language For Real-Time Applications. Pages 1220-1226 in [No source information available]. 1977 Military
[No author name available]. 1976. Propellant Anchors Used For Mooring. INT. DREDGING AND PORT CONSTRUCT., SERIES II 3. 1976 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pelensky, M. A. 1976. Corrosion At A Ballistic Missile Field Installation. in [No source information available]. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring
Erchul Ronald, A. and D. G. True. 1975. Installation Of Tanker Moorings Incorporating Large Propellant Embedment Anchors. Marine Technology Society Journal 9:14-22. 1975 Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
HUDDELL, H. D., J. C. WILLET, and G. MARCHAND. 1974. Nearshore Currents And Coral Reef Ecology Of The West Coast Of Guam, Mariana Islands. in [No source information available]. 1974 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Military; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Miyamoto, OW EN. 1974. Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway. Pages 100-105 in [No source information available]. 1974 Land & Air Transportation; Military
Nidiffer Kenneth, E., J. T. Webb, P. Bernhard, R. Bate Roger, K. L. Hunt, A. Tonkin, R. Malcolm, R. S. Newton, K. Jackson, H. R. Simpson, HE IN Z Knetsch, E. Loper Warren, S. Miller James, K. A. Helps, and N. J. F. Neve. 1974. Real Time Computer Based Systems. in AGARD Conf Proc. 1974 Field Study & Monitoring Military
Pfannenstiel, M. 1970. Das Meer in der Geschichte der Geologie. Geologische Rundschau 60:Mar-72. 1970 Oman Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Salinity; Sediment
Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia. Remediation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Peddicord, R. K. Impacts of open-water dredged material discharge. in [No source information available]. Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Nutrients
Terry, J. P. and K. Khatri. People, pigs and pollution - experiences with applying participatory learning and action (PLA) methodology to identify problems of pig-waste management at the village level in Fiji. Journal of Cleaner Production 0. Fiji Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Promote Interagency Collaboration in Policy Making The administrative office communicates with organizations and agencies involved in resource impacts or regulation to determine potential effects of Sanctuary management interest, to help develop policy statements, and to consult with affected agencies regarding sanctuary related policies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. EPA Retention/Detention. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Collaboratively Evaluate Management Plan Joint Actions As the NMSP continues to increase the rigor of its self-evaluation, the program would like to increase the frequency with which partners formally join with the local sanctuary in assessing the effectiveness of the joint-management actions. Each quarter, sanctuary staff should facilitate collaborative evaluation of one action plan within the management plan. In result, systematic rotation through the actions plans will be completed every few years. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Science Community Networking It can be advantageous to actively participating in science-related committees, review panels, and other groups that collaborate on science issues relating to coral reefs, resource management, and other topics. This management option ensures that the local sanctuary is considered in regional planning, that there is broad-based recognition of scientific findings concerning the sanctuary, and that sanctuary expertise is shared with partners. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Technical Advisory Committees The technical advisory committee can meet once or twice a year with reef managers to help develop agendas on the design and prioritization of water quality and ecological research and monitoring. This provides managers the opportunity to list research/monitoring priorities to federal, state, and local government entities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Develop and maintain standard operating procedures based on federal, state and agency directives and regulation in order to provide staff and programs with consistent and clear direction. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Assess and Evaluate Sanctuary Management Plan Implementation This assessment should be conducted internally by sanctuary staff on an annual basis. It is important to revisit the sanctuaries management plan every year, to consider the progress and effectiveness of activities implemented over the previous year. Monitoring and research can also provide information that was unavailable when the management plan was first written. Performance evaluations should be performed routinely and be based on consistent measures. These evaluations can also be used to populate NMSP Report Cards and other performance requirements. This new knowledge and experience can be integrated into the plan and its implementation, in a type of adaptive management (#275). Accomplishments, changes and targets should all be discerned for the year to come. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Phase Out Unwanted Subsidies Subsidies are often offered to promote certain types of growth and development. At a later time, with changing priorities, it may be determined that these types of growth and development are no longer optimal. For example, sun grown coffee, was subsidized in Guancia Bay, PR, as it was expected to have higher future market demand. However, it requires clearing large tracts of land on steep, extremely erodible clay soils. This leads to high volumes of erosion because there is no vegetation to anchor the soil in place. Now these subsidies are promoting sun grown coffee even though shade grown is better for the land and reefs because it reduces erosion, extreme runoff, and adds vegetation to the land. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Banks, Credit, & Securities; City Planning; Corporate Responses; Decision Support; Economic Markets & Policies; Finance & Insurance; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Conducting Socioeconomic Research: Support science of socioeconomic analysis of marine protected areas Little is known about applied socioeconomic analysis to marine protected areas. Funding support will be provided for scientists to meet and share information on this subject. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Assist Direct Contact & Intervention Programs Programs such as Team OCEAN and Professional Guides Association should be assisted by existing protected areas and sanctuaries. These already-existing programs can be assisted through providing technical support, data, advice, vessels, and/or equipment. Assisting pre-existing programs is useful because it helps to strengthen and expand their missions, and it also prevents unnecessary duplication of efforts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels Semi- permanent/permanent vessels can have a negative impact on the surrounding local environment both due to the effects of shade and from the direct contact with the substrate. Sunken vessels that cannot be seen from the surface may present a danger to navigation. Derelict vessels that do not remain stationary may cause harm in multiple locations before becoming stationary. If fishing gear is still intact, it may cause further biological damage through "ghost fishing� (#283). Early response, creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels, reduces the impact of these vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Military; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Stony Coral; Substrate; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Modeling Plan This would involve developing an overall plan for new predictive models focused on management needs. The plan will include discussion of preliminary conceptual models, data needs, data gathering, and model development and refinement. Models may incorporate both abiotic and biotic environmental factors. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Physical & Chemical Environment; Public Administration; Reef Life; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Enforcement: Interpretive Enforcement Interpretive enforcement, sometimes called �soft� or positive enforcement, refers to approaches geared towards encouraging widespread voluntary compliance with laws, rules and regulations. Interpretive enforcement is based on the premise that most people, once informed about MPA regulations, want to do the right thing. This is the greatest level of compliance because it advocates understanding and public support of goals for reef management. The main objective of this management action is to increase public understanding of the importance to comply with regulations, achieve voluntary compliance, and promote public stewardship of historical and cultural marine resources through interpretive enforcement. Strategies that can help achieve these goals include developing special training programs, organizing events, implementing social marketing, targeting indigenous learning systems and changing cultural value systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines.

National Marine Sanctuaries. 2005. MPAs and Enforcement. Module 7, NOAA.

Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Permitting Application & Award This management approach is important because permits assure protection and conservation of coral resources from harmful activities and practices. Within sanctuary waters, special use permits (#157) can be used to allow scientists and others to conduct necessary work while following permitting regulations to reduce the impact of that work. General permits are often required for altering land-use, construction projects and certain discharges. To be eligible for a permit, the operator may be required to conduct impact assessments, institute best management practices and conduct monitoring of the project. Though permits are a necessary precaution, the process can be streamlined through ensuring clear submittal requirements, and reducing redundancy. Redundancy often occurs when multiple agencies must approve a permit, a single point of contact and standard, inter-agency protocols can reduce unnecessary redundancy. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Measuring Sanctuary Performance Over Time: Monitor existing performance measures consistently over time The sanctuary staff should conduct routine performance evaluations to collect and record data on sanctuary performance over time. Using this data staff will determine effectiveness by evaluating progress towards achievement of each action plan�s desired outcomes, and assessing the role or added value of those outcomes in the overall accomplishment of site goals and objectives. Effectiveness will be evaluated for both the local sanctuary performance measures as well as NMSP national performance measure where applicable. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Monitor & Research: Research Artificial Reef Siting, Size, and Materials Impact for Future Management Decisions The effects of artificial reefs on fish and invertebrate abundance and community composition and on other sanctuary resources need to be assessed. Siting and size considerations should include spatial components such as nearest natural reef, species connectivity, currents, distance to shore, expected use, hurricane occurances, etc. The longevity of artificial reefs composed of different materials needs to be evaluated and considered heavily. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Debris; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Water Resources; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Public Participation: Conduct Public Forums This option ensures public involvement in local reef management area decisions/events. Holding public forums on an as needed basis will encourage dialogue between management staff and stakeholders. During these forums reef staff can present information to help better educate the public through the forum as well as answering questions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration
Regulatory Review and Development: Ensure Consistency Among Fishing Regulations Consistency will improve administrative and regulatory coordination between fisheries regulatory agencies. This involves using a protocol for drafting and revising fisheries regulations in order to implement a consistent set of regulations throughout the protected reef area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Channel & Reef Navigation Markers This option would evaluate the need for proper marking to ensure better navigation. There are many types of markers, including buoys, charts, beacons, and GPS mapping. Such markers can also be used to advocate prohibition on vessel speeds greater than idle speed in areas designated as idle-speed only/no-wake and around shallow reef locations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beach & Land Formation; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Wastewater Pollutants Impacts: Wastewater Pollutant Monitoring and Impact Studies Potential approaches to this management option include experimental studies, eutrophication gradient studies, comparative studies of impacted and non-impacted sites, historical studies, geography comparison, use of biochemical and ecological indicators, use of sewage tracers, and high-frequency and spatially intensive water quality sampling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Landfill & Solid Waste Disposal Site Assessment Strategy This option seeks to reduce/eliminate pollution from leaching at landfill sites. High risk, old landfill sites that may have hazardous waste must be identified. Once identified, monitoring at these landfills should be intensified to insure leaching does not occur into marine systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health; Health Policies; Littering; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Water Quality Plans: Resource Monitoring of Surface Discharges This strategy will identify the impacts of point-source discharges by requiring all National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System dischargers to develop monitoring programs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Physical & Chemical Environment; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Collaborate with Projects Changing Water-Flow Other organizations may be performing restorative freshwater projects (Everglades Restoration) or other flow altering projects (e.g. canals for small boats, agricultural irrigation etc) that affect the downstream marine management area (Florida Bay). Projects on the coast that involve hydrologic modifications (such as changing salinity) must be closely monitored in order to protect reef quality. Reefs are very sensitive systems and can only survive in a narrow salinity range. By taking an active role and monitoring freshwater flow projects, management staff can better ensure proper consideration of the impact on coastal marine environments. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report.

Collaboration & Partnering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Salinity; Security & Public Administration Policies; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Boat Access Plan An optimal boat access strategy involves conducting a survey of all public and private boat access points throughout the area. Once entry and exit sites are identified, channel markings can be placed accordingly. An effective strategy must also consider boat access needs, location, and intensity of use. This will help to efficiently mark the waterways so that there can be a reduction in damage to reefs, seagrasses and wetlands. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 43 United States Code §§ 2101-2106. To establish title to certain abandoned shipwrecks. U. S. Government asserted three categories of abandoned shipwrecks; embedded in a State's submerged lands, embedded in corralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands, located on a State's submerged lands and included or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of historic Places.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act requires, but is not limited to, development by NPS of guidelines for States and Federal agencies to develop appropriate and consistant policies to protect national resources and habitat areas, and to provide for public and private sector recovery consistant with historical values and environmental integrety. Corralline structures are specifically protected by the Act.

Legislative Actions:Specific response will vary from Federal agency to Federal agency and State to State.

Comments:The NPS published non-binding, advisory guidelines for States and Federal agencies to establish, review, revise, and implement programs to manage shipwrecks under their ownership or control. The guidance is entitled "Abondoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines."   		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US State Waters 		Artificial Habitat; Coral; Designated Uses; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965, as amended, 16 United States Code § 757. The Act is intended to conserve anadromous fish. It authorizes the Secretatries of Interior and Commerce to enter into cooperatve agreements with states and other non-federal interests for conservation, development and enhancement of anadromous fish and contribute up to fifty percent as the federal share of the cost of carrying out such agreements. Reclamation construction projects for water resource projects needed solely for such fish are also authorized.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Projects are for conservation, development, and enhancement on fisheries.

Comments: 		Department of Interior/Department of Commerce

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 as amended, 16 United States Code § 470. To protect historic ruins, monuments, and objects of antiquity. Strenghtens and expands the protective provisions of the Antiquities Act of 1906 regarding archeological resources. It also revised the permitting process for conducting archeological research.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Clean Water Act of 1974, 33 United States Code § 1252. To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act can be used to establish water quality standards for the disharge of pollutants into surface waters. Section 101 (3) stated that it will be the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts will be prohibited. The legislation employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. The tools are employed to achieve the broad goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water."

Legislative Actions:During the late 1980's, the program shifted from program-by-program, source by source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic water-shed strategies. Under the watershed approach equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired waters. Also during the 1980's, voluntary programs for nonpoint runoff and regulatory programs for wet weather point sources began to be addressed.

Comments:The Federal Water Pollution Contrl Act Amendments of 1972, PL 92-500, replaced the previous language of the Act entirely, including the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1965, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, all of which had been amendments of the Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956. The 1977 amendments, PL 95-217, further amended PL 92-500. 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territories 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Drinking Water Supply; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (CBRA), 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote more appropriate use and conservation of coastal barriers along the Atlantic, Gulf and Great Lakes coastlines. Minimize the loss of human life; reduce wasteful expenditures on shoreline development; minimize damage to wildlife, marine life, and other natural services, and establish a coastal barrier resources system.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restrict most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals. 		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coral; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1451-1456. Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:In addition, the Act authorized a national system of estuarine sanctuaries and the establishment of national field laboratories with a 50/50 cost-sharing grants with coastal states.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986, 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote the conservations of wetlands for public benefit and to assist in the compliance with international obligations under various treaties and conventions for migratory birds.

Application to Coral Reefs:Indirect application to protection of coral reefs through wetland functions of nutrient (particularly nitrogen) and sediment removal from land-based discharges prior to their entrance into open coastal waters.

Legislative Actions:Authorizied the purchase of wetlands from the land and Water Conservation Fund monies. Required States to include wetlands in their Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans.

Comments:Secretary of Interior was required to establish a National Wetland Priority Conservation Plan to identify the locations and types of wetlands that should be priorities for state and federal acquisition. The Act established various fee schedules for entering national wildlife refuges.   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Discharge Limitations; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 United States Code §§ 1531-1544, 1361-1407. To protect animal and plant species currently in danger of extinction (endangered) and those that may become endangered in the foreseeable future (threatened). Authorized the determination and listing of species as endangered and threatened; Prohibited unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species; Provided authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species, using land and water conservation funds; Authorized establishment of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to states that establish and maintain active and adequate programs for endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Authorized the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for violating the act or regulations; and Authorized the payment of rewards to anyone furnishing information leading to arrest and conviction for any violation of the act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Two species of coral are listed as threatened; elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) and staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis). They were placed on the list in 2006.Their habitat was listed as "critical habitat" in 2008.

Legislative Actions:The Act provided for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $25,000. The Act provided for rewards to citizens that report violations leading to sucessful prosecution. The rewards are paid from the fine received.

Comments:Listed species and critical habitats can be found in the Federal Register. The habitats for staghohn (73FR72210) and elkhorn (73FR72210) corals were declared critical in 2008. Since the entire coral reef is habitat for the species, critical designation could offer a method of protecting and conserving the reef. In this instance, by protecting individual species and their habitat, the entire reef is protected. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /National Marine Fisheries Service/USFish and Wildlife Service (consultations with all federal agncies responsible for section 7(a)(1) compliance

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Exec. Order No. 11988, Management of Flood Prone Areas, 42 Federal Register 2691 (1977). This order requires all federal agencies to take action and avoid to the extent possible, adverse impacts over the short and long term associated with the occupation and modification of flood prone areas and to avoid direct or indirect aid to the development of flood prone areas whenever there is a viable alternative.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Landuse Management; Public Administration
Exec. Order No. 11990, Protection of Wetlands, 42 Federal Register 26961 (1977). Federal agencies are directed to provide leadership and take action to minimize the destruction, loss, or degradation of wetland and to preserve and enhance the natural and beneficial uses of wetlands.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and restoration of wetlands benefits coral reefs because wetlands stop nutrients and sediments from entering waterbodies and eventually reaching coral reefs and producing adverse effects.

Legislative Actions:The Order protects wetlands on projects on Federal lands. The agencies are to provide leadership to minimize the destruction, loss or degradation of wetlands, to preserve and enhance natural and beneficial values when carrying our their responsibilities.

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Hydrologic Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Public Administration; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetlands
Exec. Order No. 12372, Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs, 47 Federal Register 30953 (1982). Seeks to foster intergovernmental partnerships by requiring federal agencies to use the state process to determine and address concerns of state and local elected officials with proposed federal assistance and development programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Public Administration
Exec. Order No. 13089, Coral Reef Protection, 63 Federal Register 32701 (1998). Protect coral reefs. Established the US Coral Reef Task Force

Application to Coral Reefs:The Task Force was assigned duties including developing and implementing research, in conjunction with the scientific community, to identify the major causes of coral reef degradation.

Legislative Actions:No penalties for noncompliance.

Comments: 		12 federal agencies, 7 states and territories, 3 freely associated states

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Boating Regulations; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Hydrologic Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. Required the Service to monitor non-game bird and fish species, identify species of management concerns, and implement conservation measures to preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. To provide financial and technical assistance to the states for development, revision and implementation of conservation plans and programs for nongame fish and wildlife, and to encourage federal agencies to utilize their statutory and administrative authority to conserve and to promote the conservation of nongame fish and wildlife and their habitats.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Incentives; Microorganisms; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 United States Code § 7421. Passed to improve the administration of fish and wildlife programs and amends several earlier laws, including the Refuge Recreation Act, the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. It authorizes the Secretary to accept gifts and bequests of real and personal property on behalf of the United States. It also authorizes the use of volunteers on Service projects and appropriations to carry out volunteer programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Secretaries were authorized to establish, conduct and assist with national training programs for State fish and wildlife enforcement personnel.

Comments:The law provided authority to the Secretaries to enter into law enforcement cooperatives with State and other federal agencies.It expanded the use of fines, penalties and forfeiture funds received under the Endangered Species Act and Lacey Act to include the cost of shipping, storing and disposing of items. 		Secretary of Interior and Secretary of Commerce, administration primarily through US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Service Act of 1956, 16 United States Code § 742. Establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also includes the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment, and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. Among other things, it authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources, including, but not limited to, research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interests therein.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act is written for the support of commercial and recreational fisherpersons so that they enjoy the benefits of the Nation's fishery resources.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
 Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
General Authorities Act of 1970, 16 United States Code §§ 1 et seq. Reinforces the National Park Services Act by uniting all areas administered by the NPS into one National Park System. The Act assures a common preservation purpose for all units, regardless of title or designation.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation Policies
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments: 		Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, 16 United States Code § 4601. Provides funding through receipts from the sale of surplus federal land, appropriations from oil and gas receipts from the outer continental shelf, and other sources of land acquisition. Appropriations from the fund may be used for matching grants to states for outdoor recreation projects and for land acquisition by various federal agencies, including the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands benefits coral reefs through nutrient removal and the control of sedimentation so that they do not enter near shore waters.

Legislative Actions:The legislation was amended in 1986 by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act and required the States to identify the agencies and organizations involved in wetland management, evaluate existing and proposed wetlands protection mechanisms, assess wetlands resources, identify wetlands loss and degradation factors, and establish priorities for protection.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 United States Code § 1361. With certain exceptions, the Act establishes a mortiorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals, as well as products that are made from them. DOI is responsible for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, diugong and manatee. The DOC is responsible for Cretaceans and piniped other than the walrus.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The legislation mandated the use of an ecosystem-based management approach to marine resource management. The Marine Mammal Commission was established and has specific advisory and research duties. Required that government observers aboard some fishing vessels.

Comments:The Act covers all species of marine mammals and plants, including anadromous fish, except for marine ammmals, birds, and highly migratory species, all of which are covered under other laws or treaties. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
National Environmental Education Act of 1990, 20 United States Code § 5501. Established the Office of Environmental Education within USEPA to develop and administer a federal environmental education program in consultation with other federal natural reource management agencies.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act could be used as a tool to educate the public about the values of coral reefs

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended through 1982,. Declared a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment : promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere: stimulate the health and welfare of resources important to the Nation and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

Application to Coral Reefs:Re-athorizes NEPA of 1969. Provides additional funding.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The amendments did not add regulations to the Act 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Educational & Research Opportunities; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Toxics; Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 United States Code §§ 4321-4377. Requires analysis, public comment, and reporting for environmental impacts of federal actions. It stipulates the factors to be considered in environmental impact statements, and requires that federal agencies employ an interdisciplinary approach in related decision-making and develop means to ensure unqualified environmental values are given appropriate consideration, along with economic and technical considerations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requires an Environmental Assessment(EA), and potentially an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if the project review finds there will be a significant impact. The EIS must detail the environmental impacts of the proposed action, unavoidable adverse environmental impacts, and alternatives to the proposed action. The resulting studies could protect sensitive environmental ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The Act is completely procedural; it does not include specific regulations. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was created by the Act. CEQ is part of the Executive Office of the President and one of the CEQ directives is to ensure that federal programs comply with NEPA. The puprose of the EIS is to disclose to the public and resource managers the probable long- and short-term impacts of the proposed project as well as consideration of less environmentally damaging alternatives to the recommended course of action. 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Permitting & Zoning; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 16 United States Code § 470. Congress established the federal government a full partner and a leader in historic preservation. The Act provides leadership for preservation, contributes to and give maximum encouragement to preservation and foster conditions under which our modern society and our prehistoric and historic resources can exist in productive harmony

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service as administrator and all Federal agencies participating

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act was created to start the National Park Service within the Department of Interior for the purpose of promoting and regulating the use of federal areas such as national parks and monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Created the National Park Service to be supervised by a Director.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invasive Species; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998, 16 United States Code § 5901. To use state-of-the art methods of scientific research to improve managemnet decisions within the NPS.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act deals primarily with the management and operation of concessions within National Parks, but a section does mandate that state-of-the-art scientific reseach be utilized to manage the parks.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6101. Established a matching grant program to fund projects that promote the conservation of neotropical migratory birds in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act provided competitive grants in Latin America, the Carribean, and the United States for neotropical migratory birds that winter south of the border and summer in North America. The law encourages habitat protection, education, research, monitoring, and capacity building to provide for long-term protection of neotropical migratory birds.

Comments:Over 800 species of birds are found in the United States and 500 migrate South of the border for the winter. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; Latin America; Caribbean 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Birds; Public Administration
North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989, 16 United States Code § 4411. Provides funding and administrative direction for the implementation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the Tripartite Agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:A North American Wetlands Conservation Council was created to recommend projects to be funded under the Act to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Canada; Mexico 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Marine Birds; Public Administration
Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 33 United States Code §§ 2701 et seq. Established limitations on liability for damages resulting from oil pollution, established a fund for the payment of compensation for such damages, mandated the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan to provide organizational structure and procedures for responding to spills.

Application to Coral Reefs:In the event of an oil spill that contaminates a coral reef, the Act could be used to determine liability and provide funds for rapid cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Can provide fines for failing to notify the appropriate federal agency of a maximum of $250,000 per day for an individual and a maximum of $500,000 for an organization. Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 per day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Prison sentences up to a maximum of fifteen years can be imposed on violators.

Comments:The Act was signed in 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdex incident. The Act improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and and provided the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was established and provided up to one billion dollars per spill incident. 		US Coast Guard/US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters 		Chemical Variables; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Non-point Source Controls; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Environment; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Toxics; Wetlands
Refuge Revenue Sharing Act of 1935, as amended, 16 United States Code § 715. Provided for payment to counties in lieu of taxes from areas administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Counties are required to pass payments along to other units of local government within the county, which suffer losses in tax revenues due to the establishment of Service areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Congress can appropriate funds to make up any shortfall of payments to local governments, all lands administered by the USFWS qualify for revenue sharing payments, and payments to units of local governments can be used for any governmental purpose.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Servicw

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Public Administration
Sikes Act of 1960, 16 United States Code § 670. Promote effectual planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife, fish, and game conservation and rehabilitation in military reservations.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) required by the Sikes Act integrate many different aspects of natural resource management including endangered species, fisheries, wetlands and environmental contaminants. Protection of wetlands and regulation of the discharge of environmental contaminants on military installations can indirectly protect coral reefs by decreasing runoff to nearshore waters.

Legislative Actions:DoD must develop and implement Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMP) for nearly 380 military installations across the US. The development of the INRMP is a voluntary, cooperative effort between participating agencies.

Comments:The preparation of the INRMP between DoD, USFWS and State FWS ensures proper consideration of fish, wildlife and habitat needs. The amendments also require the control of invasive species, migratory birds, and law enforcement issues. 		Department of Defense/Department of Interior (US Fish and Wildlife Service)/State Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Jurisdiction:
US Military Installments 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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