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ReefLink Database

Sea Temperatures

Sea Temperatures

Sea temperature is a measure of the warmth of ocean waters, and depends on water depth, solar radiation, water circulation patterns, and atmospheric temperatures.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Anemones & zooanthids are cnidarians very similar to coral, but are not characteristic reef builders. Atmospheric Emissions include discharges of atmospheric pollutants, including mercury, greenhouse gases, nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, and volatile organic compounds from the operation of factories, vehicles, and other sources. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Light is the level of visible and ultraviolet solar radiation that penetrates the water column. Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea temperature is a measure of the warmth of ocean waters, and depends on water depth, solar radiation, water circulation patterns, and atmospheric temperatures. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Storms and hurricanes are periodic events of high precipitation, winds, wave action, and flooding that can potentially cause damage to reef habitat, property, or human lives. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. Tunicates, or Utilities specialize in providing basic services for public use, including telecommunications, water systems, natural gas, electric power, and waste management. Water depth reflects the height between the bottom of the seafloor and water surface, and is often indicative of distinct ecological communities (shallow water species; deep water species). A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

Sea temperatures can affect the growth, reproduction, and survival of reef species. Pathogen growth and disease outbreaks may be accelerated in warm waters, and extended periods of elevated temperatures are known to cause coral bleaching. Water depth, El Nino events, and storms will influence sea temperatures. Atmospheric emissions contribute to changing climate and influence rising sea temperatures. Monitoring and scientific research can be used to track elevated sea temperatures, predict bleaching events, and better understand the consequences for reef life. Changes in reef condition will impact the availability of ecosystem goods and services. Many of the same socio-economic sectors which create pressures on the reef also benefit from reef goods and services, such as shoreline protection or recreational opportunities which contribute to the cultural identity of the local community.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Barnes, BB; Hu, CM; Muller-Karger, F. 2011. An Improved High-Resolution SST Climatology to Assess Cold Water Events off Florida. Ieee Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters 8:769-773. 2011 Florida Sea Temperatures
Blackwood, JC; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. A model-based approach to determine the long-term effects of multiple interacting stressors on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2722-2733. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Donelson, JM; Munday, PL; McCormick, MI; Nilsson, GE. 2011. Acclimation to predicted ocean warming through developmental plasticity in a tropical reef fish. Global Change Biology 17:1712-1719. 2011 Global Fish; Sea Temperatures
Edwards, HJ; Elliott, IA; Eakin, CM; Irikawa, A; Madin, JS; McField, M; Morgan, JA; van Woesik, R; Mumby, PJ. 2011. How much time can herbivore protection buy for coral reefs under realistic regimes of hurricanes and coral bleaching? Global Change Biology 17:2033-2048. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Bahamas; Belize; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Eme, J; Dabruzzi, TF; Bennett, WA. 2011. Thermal responses of juvenile squaretail mullet (Liza vaigiensis) and juvenile crescent terapon (Terapon jarbua) acclimated at near-lethal temperatures, and the implications for climate change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 399:35-38. 2011 Indonesia Fish; Mangroves; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Forcioli, D; Merle, PL; Caligara, C; Ciosi, M; Muti, C; Francour, P; Cerrano, C; Allemand, D. 2011. Symbiont diversity is not involved in depth acclimation in the Mediterranean sea whip Eunicella singularis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439:57-71. 2011 Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Glynn, PW; Colley, SB; Guzman, HM; Enochs, IC; Cortes, J; Mate, JL; Feingold, JS. 2011. Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). VI. Agariciidae, Pavona clavus. Marine Biology 158:1601-1617. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Gorospe, K. D. and S. A. Karl. 2011. Small-Scale Spatial Analysis of In Situ Sea Temperature throughout a Single Coral Patch Reef. Journal of Marine Biology 1-12. 2011 Index or Indicator Algae; Sea Temperatures; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Johansen, JL; Jones, GP. 2011. Increasing ocean temperature reduces the metabolic performance and swimming ability of coral reef damselfishes. Global Change Biology 17:2971-2979. 2011 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lo-Yat, A; Simpson, SD; Meekan, M; Lecchini, DD; Martinez, E; Galzin, R. 2011. Extreme climatic events reduce ocean productivity and larval supply in a tropical reef ecosystem. Global Change Biology 17:1695-1702. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Climate; Fish; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Mayfield, AB; Wang, LH; Tang, PC; Fan, TY; Hsiao, YY; Tsai, CL; Chen, CS. 2011. Assessing the Impacts of Experimentally Elevated Temperature on the Biological Composition and Molecular Chaperone Gene Expression of a Reef Coral. PLoS One 6. 2011 Taiwan Climate; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maynard, JA; Anthony, KRN; Harvell, CD; Burgman, MA; Beeden, R; Sweatman, H; Heron, SF; Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Predicting outbreaks of a climate-driven coral disease in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 30:485-495. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Obura, D; Mangubhai, S. 2011. Coral mortality associated with thermal fluctuations in the Phoenix Islands, 2002-2005. Coral Reefs 30:607-619. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama; India; Kiribati Climate; Sea Temperatures; Skeletal Coral
Riegl, BM; Purkis, SJ; Al-Cibahy, AS; Abdel-Moati, MA; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Present Limits to Heat-Adaptability in Corals and Population-Level Responses to Climate Extremes. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Climate; Coastal Development; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Rosic, NN; Pernice, M; Dove, S; Dunn, S; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Gene expression profiles of cytosolic heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 from symbiotic dinoflagellates in response to thermal stress: possible implications for coral bleaching. Cell Stress & Chaperones 16:69-80. 2011 Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Rushworth, KJW; Smith, SDA; Cowden, KL; Purcell, SW. 2011. Optimal temperature for growth and condition of an endemic subtropical anemonefish. Aquaculture 318:479-482. 2011 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Climate; Fish; Sea Temperatures
Salles, TB; Griffiths, CM; Dyt, CP; Li, F. 2011. Australian shelf sediment transport responses to climate change-driven ocean perturbations. Marine Geology 282:268-274. 2011 Global; Australia Model Climate; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Spillman, CM. 2011. Operational real-time seasonal forecasts for coral reef management. Journal Of Operational Oceanography 4:13-22. 2011 Global; Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Sea Temperatures
Spillman, CM; Alves, O; Hudson, DA. 2011. Seasonal Prediction of Thermal Stress Accumulation for Coral Bleaching in the Tropical Oceans. Monthly Weather Review 139:317-331. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Model; Index or Indicator Climate; Sea Temperatures
Yee, S. H., D. L. Santavy, and M. G. Barron. 2011. Assessing the effects of disease and bleaching on Florida Keys corals by fitting population models to data. Ecological Modelling 222:1323-1332. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Yee, SH; Santavy, DL; Barron, MG. 2011. Assessing the effects of disease and bleaching on Florida Keys corals by fitting population models to data. Ecological Modelling 222:1323-1332. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Banks, S. C., S. D. Ling, C. R. Johnson, M. P. Piggott, J. E. Williamson, and L. B. Beheregaray. 2010. Genetic structure of a recent climate change-driven range extension. Molecular Ecology 19:2011-2024. 2010 Global; Australia Model Climate; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins
David, G. K., D. J. Marshall, and C. Riginos. 2010. Latitudinal variability in spatial genetic structure in the invasive ascidian, Styela plicata. Marine Biology 157:1955-1965. 2010 Australia Invasive Species; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Donelson, J. M., P. L. Munday, M. I. McCormick, N. W. Pankhurst, and P. M. Pankhurst. 2010. Effects of elevated water temperature and food availability on the reproductive performance of a coral reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 401:233-243. 2010 Global Climate; Fish; Plankton; Sea Temperatures; Small Herbivorous Fish
Eakin, C. M., J. A. Morgan, S. F. Heron, T. B. Smith, G. Liu, L. Alvarez-Filip, B. Baca, E. Bartels, C. Bastidas, C. Bouchon, M. Brandt, A. W. Bruckner, L. Bunkley-Williams, A. Cameron, B. D. Causey, M. Chiappone, T. R. L. Christensen, M. J. C. Crabbe, O. Day, and de la Guardia. 2010. Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005. PLoS One 5:e13969. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sea Temperatures
Fava, F., G. Bavestrello, L. Valisano, and C. Cerrano. 2010. Survival, growth and regeneration in explants of four temperate gorgonian species in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 77:44-52. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sea Temperatures
Figueira, W. F. and D. J. Booth. 2010. Increasing ocean temperatures allow tropical fishes to survive overwinter in temperate waters. Global Change Biology 16:506-516. 2010 Global; Australia Climate; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Sea Temperatures; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hobbs, J. P. A. and C. A. McDonald. 2010. Increased seawater temperature and decreased dissolved oxygen triggers fish kill at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology 77:1219-1229. 2010 Global; Indian Ocean; India Climate; Fish; Sea Temperatures
Littman, R. A., D. G. Bourne, and B. L. Willis. 2010. Responses of coral-associated bacterial communities to heat stress differ with Symbiodinium type on the same coral host. Molecular Ecology 19:1978-1990. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Middlebrook, R., K. R. N. Anthony, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and S. Dove. 2010. Heating rate and symbiont productivity are key factors determining thermal stress in the reef-building coral Acropora formosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:1026-1034. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Rosic, N. N., M. Pernice, S. Dunn, S. Dove, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2010. Differential Regulation by Heat Stress of Novel Cytochrome P450 Genes from the Dinoflagellate Symbionts of Reef-Building Corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:2823-2829. 2010 Cuba Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Toxics
Selig, E. R., K. S. Casey, and J. F. Bruno. 2010. New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19:397-411. 2010 Global Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Siddall, M., B. Honisch, C. Waelbroeck, and P. Huybers. 2010. Changes in deep Pacific temperature during the mid-Pleistocene transition and Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews 29:170-181. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Thresher, R. E., N. C. Wilson, C. M. MacRae, and H. Neil. 2010. Temperature effects on the calcite skeletal composition of deep-water gorgonians (Isididae). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:4655-4670. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Sea Temperatures
Tripati, A. K., R. A. Eagle, N. Thiagarajan, A. C. Gagnon, H. Bauch, P. R. Halloran, and J. M. Eiler. 2010. C-13-O-18 isotope signatures and 'clumped isotope' thermometry in foraminifera and coccoliths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:5697-5717. 2010 Climate; Molluscs; Sea Temperatures
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in US jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in U.S. jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Donner, S. D. 2009. Coping with commitment: Projected thermal stress on coral reefs under different future scenarios. PLoS One 4. 2009 Global Model Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection
Felis, T., A. Suzuki, H. Kuhnert, M. Dima, G. Lohmann, and H. Kawahata. 2009. Subtropical coral reveals abrupt early-twentieth-century freshening in the western North Pacific Ocean. Geology 37:527-530. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Climate; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Figueira, W. F., P. Biro, D. J. Booth, and V. C. Valenzuela. 2009. Performance of tropical fish recruiting to temperate habitats: role of ambient temperature and implications of climate change. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:231-239. 2009 Australia Lab Study Climate; Fish; Sea Temperatures; Small Herbivorous Fish
Gledhill, D. K., R. Wanninkhof, and C. M. Eakin. 2009. Observing ocean acidification from space. Oceanography 22:48-59. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures
Hren, M. T., M. M. Tice, and C. P. Chamberlain. 2009. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for a temperate climate 3.42 billion years ago. Nature 462:205-208. 2009 South Africa Climate; Sea Temperatures; Sediment
Maynard, J. A., J. E. Johnson, P. A. Marshall, C. M. Eakin, G. Goby, H. Schuttenberg, and C. M. Spillman. 2009. A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate. Environmental Management 11-Jan. 2009 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, J. Omukoto, and L. Pearson. 2009. Recent seawater temperature histories, status, and predictions for madagascar's coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380:117-128. 2009 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Algae; Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
Muller, E. M. and R. van Woesik. 2009. Shading reduces coral-disease progression. Coral Reefs 28:757-760. 2009 Global Light; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Munday, P.L., J. M. Leis, J. M. Lough, C. B. Paris, M. J. Kingsford, M. L. Berumen, J. Lambrechts. 2009. Climate change and coral reef connectivity. Coral Reefs 23:379-395. 2009 Global Review; Model Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Nilsson, G. E., N. Crawley, I. G. Lunde, and P. L. Munday. 2009. Elevated temperature reduces the respiratory scope of coral reef fishes. Global Change Biology 15:1405-1412. 2009 Australia Climate; Fish; Sea Temperatures; Small Herbivorous Fish
Obura, D. O. and G. Grimsditch. 2009. Resilience Assessment of Coral Reefs Rapid assessment protocol for coral reefs, focusing on coral bleaching and thermal stress. IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Oxford Economics. 2009. Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching. 2009 Global; Australia Review Climate; CO2; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Penaflor, E. L., W. J. Skirving, A. E. Strong, S. F. Heron, and L. T. David. 2009. Sea-surface temperature and thermal stress in the Coral Triangle over the past two decades. Coral Reefs 10-Jan. 2009 Sea Temperatures
Pollack, K., K. Balazs, and O. Ogunseitan. 2009. Proteomic assessment of caffeine effects on coral symbionts. Environmental Science and Technology 43:2085-2091. 2009 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Discharges; Sea Temperatures; Wastewater Discharge
Reopanichkul, P., T. A. Schlacher, R. W. Carter, and S. Worachananant. 2009. Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1356-1362. 2009 Global; Thailand Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Selkoe, K. A., B. S. Halpern, C. M. Ebert, E. C. Franklin, E. R. Selig, K. S. Casey, J. Bruno, and R. J. Toonen. 2009. A map of human impacts to a "pristine" coral reef ecosystem, the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. Coral Reefs 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Climate; Finfish Harvest; Light; Marine Debris; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smale, D. A. and T. Wernberg. 2009. Satellite-derived SST data as a proxy for water temperature in nearshore benthic ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:27-37. 2009 Australia; Study Location Sea Temperatures
Tanzil, J. T. I., B. E. Brown, A. W. Tudhope, and R. P. Dunne. 2009. Decline in skeletal growth of the coral Porites lutea from the Andaman Sea, South Thailand between 1984 and 2005. Coral Reefs 28:519-528. 2009 Thailand Climate; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
van Hooidonk, R. and M. Huber. 2009. Quantifying the quality of coral bleaching predictions. Coral Reefs 28:579-587. 2009 Global GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Temperatures
van Hooidonk, R. and M. Huber. 2009. Quantifying the quality of coral bleaching predictions. Coral Reefs 9-Jan. 2009 Global GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Temperatures
Veron, J. E. N., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, T. M. Lenton, J. M. Lough, D. O. Obura, P. Pearce-Kelly, C. R. C. Sheppard, M. Spaldin, M. G. Stafford-Smith, and A. D. Rogers. 2009. The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of <350 ppm CO2. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1428-1436. 2009 Global Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures
Wooldridge, S. A. and T. J. Done. 2009. Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of climate change on corals. Ecological Applications 19:1492-1499. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures
Wright, J. D., R. E. Sheridan, K. G. Miller, J. Uptegrove, B. S. Cramer, and J. V. Browning. 2009. Late Pleistocene Sea level on the New Jersey Margin: Implications to eustasy and deep-sea temperature. Global and Planetary Change 66:93-99. 2009 Climate; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ainsworth, T. D., M. Fine, G. Roff, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Bacteria are not the primary cause of bleaching in the Mediterranean coral Oculina patagonica. ISME Journal 2:67-73. 2008 Lab Study; GIS & Maps Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Baker, A.C., P.W. Glynn, B. Riegl. 2008. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: an ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 80:435-471. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Review; Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Bouchon, C., P. Portillo, M. Louis, F. Mazeas, and Y. Bouchon-Navaro. 2008. Recent evolution of the coral reefs of Guadeloupe and Saint- Barthelemy Islands [evolution recente des recifs coralliens des îles de la Guadeloupe et de Saint-Barthelemy]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:45-65. 2008 Antilles Field Study & Monitoring Chemical Use Regulations; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Wastewater Discharge
Brown, B. E. and R. P. Dunne. 2008. Solar radiation modulates bleaching and damage protection in a shallow water coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:99-107. 2008 Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, and P. Usseglio. 2008. Recovery of corals a decade after a bleaching event in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Marine Biology 154:27-36. 2008 United Arab Emirates Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Day, T., L. Nagel, M. J. H. Van Oppen, and M. J. Caley. 2008. Factors affecting the evolution of bleaching resistance in corals. American Naturalist 171. 2008 Model Algae; Climate; Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Gibson. T., H. Wanless, J. Klaus, P. Foster-Turley, K. Florini, T. Olson. 2008. Corals and Climate Change: Florida�s Natural Treasures at Risk. Environmental Defense Fund. 2008 Global; Florida Climate; CO2; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Recreational Fishing; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Glynn, P. W., S. B. Colley, J. L. Mate, J. Cortes, H. M. Guzman, R. L. Bailey, J. S. Feingold, and I. C. Enochs. 2008. Reproductive ecology of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea coccinea in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific: Part V. Dendrophylliidae. Marine Biology 153:529-544. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Costa Rica Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Substrate
Guest, J. R., A. H. Baird, K. E. Clifton, and A. J. Heyward. 2008. From molecules to moonbeams: Spawning synchrony in coral reef organisms. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 51:145-149. 2008 Sea Temperatures
Hill, R. and P. J. Ralph. 2008. Impact of bleaching stress on the function of the oxygen evolving complex of zooxanthellae from scleractinian corals. Journal of Phycology 44:299-310. 2008 Global Algae; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kilbourne, K. H., T. M. Quinn, R. Webb, T. Guilderson, J. Nyberg, and A. Winter. 2008. Paleoclimate proxy perspective on Caribbean climate since the year 1751: Evidence of cooler temperatures and multidecadal variability. Paleoceanography 23. 2008 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Climate; Salinity; Sea Temperatures
Matthews, K. A., A. G. Grottoli, W. F. McDonough, and J. E. Palardy. 2008. Upwelling, species, and depth effects on coral skeletal cadmium-to-calcium ratios (Cd/Ca). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72:4537-4550. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Maynard, J. A., P. J. Turner, K. R. N. Anthony, A. H. Baird, R. Berkelmans, C. M. Eakin, J. Johnson, P. A. Marshall, G. R. Packer, A. Rea, and B. L. Willis. 2008. ReefTemp: An interactive monitoring system for coral bleaching using high-resolution SST and improved stress predictors. Geophysical Research Letters 35. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Sea Temperatures
Middlebrook, R., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and W. Leggat. 2008. The effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:1050-1056. 2008 Global Model Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Munday, P. L., G. P. Jones, M. S. Pratchett, and A. J. Williams. 2008. Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes. Fish and Fisheries 9:261-285. 2008 Global Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Temperatures
Munday, P. L., M. J. Kingsford, M. O'Callaghan, and J. M. Donelson. 2008. Elevated temperature restricts growth potential of the coral reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Coral Reefs 27:927-931. 2008 Australia Climate; Fish; Sea Temperatures
Schleyer, M. H., A. Kruger, and L. Celliers. 2008. Long-term community changes on a high-latitude coral reef in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:493-502. 2008 Global; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Forestry; Octocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wetlands
Selkoe, K. A., B. S. Halpern, and R. J. Toonen. 2008. Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1149-1165. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
Weeks, S. J., K. R. N. Anthony, A. Bakun, G. C. Feldman, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Improved predictions of coral bleaching using seasonal baselines and higher spatial resolution. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1369-1375. 2008 Australia Sea Temperatures
Whalan, S., P. Ettinger-Epstein, and R. De Nys. 2008. The effect of temperature on larval pre-settlement duration and metamorphosis for the sponge, Rhopaloeides odorabile. Coral Reefs 27:783-786. 2008 Australia Climate; Invertebrates; Plankton; Sea Temperatures; Sponges
Yee, S. H., D. L. Santavy, and M. G. Barron. 2008. Comparing environmental influences on coral bleaching across and within species using clustered binomial regression. Ecological Modelling 218:162-174. 2008 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Brown, B. E. 2007. Coral reefs of the Andaman Sea - An integrated perspective. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:173-194. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bruno, J. F., E. R. Selig, K. S. Casey, C. A. Page, B. L. Willis, D. Harvell, H. Sweatman, and A. M. Melendy. 2007. Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PLoS One 5:e124. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cohen, A. L. and S. R. Thorrold. 2007. Recovery of temperature records from slow-growing corals by fine scale sampling of skeletons. Geophysical Research Letters 34. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Donner, S. D. and D. Potere. 2007. The inequity of the global threat to coral reefs. Bioscience 57:214-215. 2007 Global Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Waterborne Discharges
Donner, S. D., T. R. Knutson, and M. Oppenheimer. 2007. Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event. 39453. 2007 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Model Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sea Temperatures; Storms & Hurricanes
Gagnon, A. C., J. F. Adkins, D. P. Fernandez, and L. F. Robinson. 2007. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca vital effects correlated with skeletal architecture in a scleractinian deep-sea coral and the role of Rayleigh fractionation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 261:280-295. 2007 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Temperatures
Halpern, B. S., K. A. Selkoe, F. Micheli, and C. V. Kappel. 2007. Evaluating and ranking the vulnerability of global marine ecosystems to anthropogenic threats. Conservation Biology 21:1301-1315. 2007 Global Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Point Source Discharges; Sea Temperatures
Kim, H.-S., C.-G. Kim, J. Woo, and W.-B. Na. 2007. Nondestructive inspection of reinforced concrete reefs submersed in seawaters. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6532. 2007 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kruzic, P. 2007. Polyp expulsion of the coral Cladocora caespitosa (Anthozoa, Scleractinia) in extreme sea temperature conditions. Natura Croatica 16:211-214. 2007 Lab Study Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Manzello, D. P., M. Brandt, T. B. Smith, D. Lirman, J. C. Hendee, and R. S. Nemeth. 2007. Hurricanes benefit bleached corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:12035-12039. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Climate; Sea Temperatures; Storms & Hurricanes
Manzello, D. P., R. Berkelmans, and J. C. Hendee. 2007. Coral bleaching indices and thresholds for the Florida Reef Tract, Bahamas, and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1923-1931. 2007 Florida; US Virgin Islands; Bahamas Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, C. Ruiz Sebastian, N. A. J. Graham, S. K. Wilson, J. H. Bruggemann, and M. M. M. Guillaume. 2007. Predictability of coral bleaching from synoptic satellite and in situ temperature observations. Coral Reefs 26:695-701. 2007 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, N. A. J. Graham, S. K. Wilson, C. Ruiz Sebastian, M. M. M. Guillaume, and J. H. Bruggemann. 2007. Western Indian Ocean coral communities: Bleaching responses and susceptibility to extinction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337:13-Jan. 2007 Indian Ocean; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; Reunion; Maldives; India; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Nurse, L. and R. Moore. 2007. Critical considerations for future action during the second commitment period: A small islands' perspective. Natural Resources Forum 31:102-110. 2007 Global Agriculture; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Price, A. R. G., M. J. Keeling, and I. N. Stewart. 2007. A robustness metric integrating spatial and temporal information: Application to coral reefs exposed to local and regional disturbances. Marine Ecology Progress Series 331:101-108. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Index or Indicator Climate; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Reimer, J. D., S. Ono, J. Tsukahara, K. Takishita, and T. Maruyama. 2007. Non-seasonal clade-specificity and subclade microvariation in symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) in Zoanthus sansibaricus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) at Kagoshima Bay, Japan. Phycological Research 55:58-65. 2007 Japan Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Abraham, M. 2006. Building a reef of sustainability. Environmental Progress 25:175-176. 2006 Global; Bermuda CO2; Sea Temperatures
Chakraborty, S. 2006. Coral records from the northern Indian Ocean: Understanding the monsoon variability. Journal of the Geological Society of India 68:395-405. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Middle East Index or Indicator Climate; Sea Temperatures
D'Arrigo, R., R. Wilson, and J. Li. 2006. Increased Eurasian-tropical temperature amplitude difference in recent centuries: Implications for the Aisan monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Temperatures
Franklin, D. J., C. M. M. Cedres, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2006. Increased mortality and photoinhibition in the symbiotic dinoflagellates of the Indo-Pacific coral Stylophora pistillata (Esper) after summer bleaching. Marine Biology 149:633-642. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Hill, R. and P. J. Ralph. 2006. Photosystem II heterogeneity of in hospite zooxanthellae in scleractinian corals exposed to bleaching conditions. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82:1577-1585. 2006 Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Karako-Lampert, S., G. Hershkovits, N. Stambler, N. Simon-Blecher, Y. Achituv, Z. Dubinsky, and D. J. Katcoff. 2006. Differential gene expression in Symbiodinium microadriaticum clade B following stress. Marine Biotechnology 8:268-274. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Kelkar, R. R. 2006. The Indian monsoon as a component of the climate system during the Holocene. Journal of the Geological Society of India 68:347-352. 2006 Global; Indian Ocean; India Model; Index or Indicator Climate; Sea Temperatures; Sediment
Sandeman, I. M. 2006. Fragmentation of the gastrodermis and detachment of zooxanthellae in symbiotic cnidarians: A role for hydrogen peroxide and Ca2+ in coral bleaching and algal density control. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:79-96. 2006 Algae; Light; Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Stabenau, E., J. Hendee, and L. Florit. 2006. Techniques for the automated assessment of intense light and high sea temperature on coral response. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Winters, G., Y. Loya, and S. Beer. 2006. In situ measured seasonal variations in Fv/Fm of two common Red Sea corals. Coral Reefs 25:593-598. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Donner, S. D., W. J. Skirving, C. M. Little, M. Oppenheimer, and O. Hoegh-Gulberg. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology 11:2251-2265. 2005 Global; Micronesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Fallon, S. J., M. T. McCulloch, and T. P. Guilderson. 2005. Interpreting environmental signals from the coralline sponge Astrosclera willeyana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228:58-69. 2005 Australia; Micronesia Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures; Sponges; Stony Coral
Fine, M., E. Meroz-Fine, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2005. Tolerance of endolithic algae to elevated temperature and light in the coral Montipora monasteriata from the southern Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:75-81. 2005 Australia Algae; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2005. Low coral cover in a high-CO2 world. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 110:11-Jan. 2005 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Sea Temperatures
Sotka, E. E. and R. W. Thacker. 2005. Do some corals like it hot? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:59-62. 2005 Global Algae; Sea Temperatures
Taylor, K. A. and D. Hamilton. 2005. National oceanic & atmospheric administration's coral reef information system: A one-stop source for coral reef data and information. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Sea Temperatures
Dove, S. 2004. Scleractinian corals with photoprotective host pigments are hypersensitive to thermal bleaching. Marine Ecology Progress Series 272:99-116. 2004 Australia Light; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Floros, C. D., M. J. Samways, and B. Armstrong. 2004. Taxonomic patterns of bleaching within a South African coral assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation 13:1175-1194. 2004 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Tanzania; Seychelles; Maldives; India; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Franklin, D. J., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, R. J. Jones, and J. A. Berges. 2004. Cell death and degeneration in the symbiotic dinoflagellates of the coral Stylophora pistillata during bleaching. Marine Ecology Progress Series 272:117-130. 2004 Global; Australia Algae; Climate; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Hendee, J. C. 2004. The Effects of Combined Sea Temperature, Light, and Carbon Dioxide on Coral Bleaching, Settlement, and Growth: The First Annual Combined Effects Think Tank to Support CREWS Modeling. NOAA. 2004 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model CO2; Sea Temperatures
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2004. Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change. Symbiosis 37:31-Jan. 2004 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Model Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Klanten, S. O., L. Van Herwerden, J. H. Choat, and D. Blair. 2004. Patterns of lineage diversification in the genus Naso (Acanthuridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32:221-235. 2004 Fish; Sea Temperatures; Small Herbivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rosenheim, B. E., P. K. Swart, S. R. Thorrold, P. Willenz, L. Berry, and C. Latkoczy. 2004. High-resolution Sr/Ca records in sclerosponges calibrated to temperature in situ. Geology 32:145-148. 2004 Bahamas; Jamaica Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Temperatures; Sponges
Cutler, K. B., R. L. Edwards, F. W. Taylor, H. Cheng, J. Adkins, C. D. Gallup, P. M. Cutler, G. S. Burr, and A. L. Bloom. 2003. Rapid sea-level fall and deep-ocean temperature change since the last interglacial period. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 206:253-271. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Papua New Guinea Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Iglesias Prieto, R., H. Reyes Bonilla, and R. Riosmena Rodriguez. 2003. Effects of 1997-1998 ENSO on coral reef communities in the Gulf of Califoria, Mexico. Geofisica Internacional 42:467-471. 2003 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Sea Temperatures
Lins De Barros, M. M., D. De Oliveira Pires, and C. Barreira E Castro. 2003. Sexual reproduction of the Brazilian reef coral Siderastrea stellata Verrill 1868 (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). Bulletin of Marine Science 73:713-724. 2003 Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
McGrath, T. A. and G. W. Smith. 2003. Comparisons of the 1995 and 1998 coral bleaching events on the patch reefs of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:67-75. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Siddall, M., E. J. Rohling, A. Almogi-Labin, CH . Hemleben, D. Meischner, I. Schmelzer, and D. A. Smeed. 2003. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 423:853-858. 2003 Global Model Climate; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Su, R. and D. Sun. 2003. The influencing factors of coral porites in the Northern Part of the South China Sea. Acta Geographica Sinica 58:442-451. 2003 Global; China Climate; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Wilson, G., A. R. G. Price, T. Huntington, and S. C. Wilson. 2003. Environmental status of Yemen's Gulf of Aden coast determined from rapid field assessment and satellite imagery. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 6:119-129. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses
Wilson, J. R. and P. L. Harrison. 2003. Spawning patterns of scleractinian corals at the Solitary Islands - A high latitude coral community in eastern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 260:115-123. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Aronson, R. B., W. F. Precht, M. A. Toscano, and K. H. Koltes. 2002. The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Biology 141:435-447. 2002 Global; South & Central America; Belize Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Encrusting Sponges; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Brown, B. E., C. A. Downs, R. P. Dunne, and S. W. Gibb. 2002. Exploring the basis of thermotolerance in the reef coral Goniastrea aspera. Marine Ecology Progress Series 242:119-129. 2002 Algae; Light; Sea Temperatures
Brown, B. E., K. R. Clarke, and R. M. Warwick. 2002. Serial patterns of biodiversity change in corals across shallow reef flats in KO Phuket, Thailand, due to the effects of local (sedimentation) and regional (climatic) perturbations. Marine Biology 141:21-29. 2002 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Brown, B. E., R. P. Dunne, M. S. Goodson, and A. E. Douglas. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. Coral Reefs 21:119-126. 2002 Thailand Lab Study Algae; Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Celliers, L. and M. H. Schleyer. 2002. Coral bleaching on high-latitude marginal reefs at Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1380-1387. 2002 South Africa Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Heikoop, J. M., D. D. Hickmott, M. J. Risk, C. K. Shearer, and V. Atudorei. 2002. Potential climate signals from the deep-sea gorgonian coral Primnoa resedaeformis. Hydrobiologia 471:117-124. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sea Temperatures
Mantua, N. J. and S. R. Hare. 2002. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Oceanography 58:35-44. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean Climate; Fishing Sector; Sea Temperatures
Scavia, D., J. C. Field, D. F. Boesch, R. W. Buddemeier, V. Burkett, D. R. Cayan, M. Fogarty, M. A. Harwell, R. W. Howarth, C. Mason, D. J. Reed, T. C. Royer, A. H. Sallenger, and J. G. Titus. 2002. Climate change impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25:149-164. 2002 Global Review Climate; CO2; Coastal Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Invasive Species; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Arceo, H. O., M. C. Quibilan, P. M. Alino, G. Lim, and W. Y. Licuanan. 2001. Coral bleaching in Philippine reefs: Coincident evidences with mesoscale thermal anomalies. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:579-593. 2001 Philippines Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Dunne, R. P. and B. E. Brown. 2001. The influence of solar radiation on bleaching of shallow water reef corals in the Andaman Sea, 1993-1998. Coral Reefs 20:201-210. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Sea Temperatures
Glynn, P. W., J. L. Mate, A. C. Baker, and M. O. Calderon. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997-1998 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event: Spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982-1983 event. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:79-109. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Harii, S., M. Omori, H. Yamakawa, and Y. Koike. 2001. Sexual reproduction and larval settlement of the zooxanthellate coral Alveopora japonica Eguchi at high latitudes. Coral Reefs 20:19-23. 2001 Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Hendee, J. C., E. Mueller, C. Humphrey, and T. Moore. 2001. A data-driven expert system for producing coral bleaching alerts at Sombrero Reef in the Florida Keys, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:673-684. 2001 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sea Temperatures
Hueerkamp, C., P. W. Glynn, L. D'Croz, J. L. Mate, and S. B. Colley. 2001. Bleaching and recovery of five eastern pacific corals in an El Nino-related temperature experiment. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:215-236. 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Field Study & Monitoring Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Knowlton, N. 2001. The future of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5419-5425. 2001 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Mora, C. and A. F. Ospina. 2001. Tolerance to high temperatures and potential impact of sea warming on reef fishes of Gorgona Island (tropical eastern Pacific). Marine Biology 139:765-769. 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Sea Temperatures
Reyes Bonilla, H. 2001. Effects of the 1997-1998 El Nino-Southern Oscillation on coral communities of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:251-266. 2001 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama; Mexico Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Dixon, N. M., B. S. C. Leadbeater, and K. R. Wood. 2000. Frequency of viral infection in a field population of Ectocarpus fasciculatus (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 39:258-263. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Sea Temperatures
Gagan, M. K., L. K. Ayliffe, J. W. Beck, J. E. Cole, E. R. M. Druffel, R. B. Dunbar, and D. P. Schrag. 2000. New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 19:45-64. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Model Climate; CO2; Sea Temperatures; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Glynn, P. W. 2000. El Nino-Southern Oscillation mass mortalities of reef corals: A model of high temperature marine extinctions? Geological Society Special Publication 117-133. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Model Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Sea Temperatures; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral bleaching hotspots. Coral bleaching hotspots. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Ryland, J. S., S. De Putron, R. S. Scheltema, P. J. Chimonides, and D. G. Zhadan. 2000. Semper's (zoanthid) larvae: Pelagic life, parentage and other problems. Hydrobiologia 440:191-198. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Anemones & Zooanthids; Plankton; Sea Temperatures; Sponges; Zooxanthellae
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 221-232. 2000 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Military; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Souter, D. W. and O. Linden. 2000. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:657-688. 2000 Review Biotechnology Research & Development; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Temperatures; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Zann, L. P. 2000. The Australian Region: An overview. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 579-592. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Sediment
Berkelmans, R. and J. K. Oliver. 1999. Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 18:55-60. 1999 Australia Light; Salinity; Sea Temperatures
Brown, B. E., R. P. Dunne, I. Ambarsari, M. D. A. Le Tissier, and U. Satapoomin. 1999. Seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors and variations in symbiotic algae and chlorophyll pigments in four Indo-Pacific coral species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 191:53-69. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Thailand Algae; Light; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:839-866. 1999 Global Model Climate; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Munguia-Vega, A. and H. Reyes-Bonilla. 1999. Concentracion de clorofila a en colonias de Pocillopora verrucosa (Scleractina) durante un blanqueamiento coralino en el Golfo de California, Mexico (1997). Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:677-680. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Fan, T.-Y. and C.-F. Dai. 1998. Sexual reproduction of the scleractinian coral Merulina ampliata in southern Taiwan. Bulletin of Marine Science 62:897-904. 1998 Taiwan Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Hendee James, C. 1998. Expert system for marine environmental monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Bay. Pages 57-66 in International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Salinity; Sea Temperatures
Sosa-Cordero, E., A. M. Arce, W. Aguilar-Davila, and A. Ramirez-Gonzalez. 1998. Artificial shelters for spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille): An evaluation of occupancy in different benthic habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 229:18-Jan. 1998 South & Central America; Bahamas; Cuba; Mexico Index or Indicator Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Brown, B. E. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs 16:s129-s138. 1997 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Light; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Cohen, A. L. and S. R. Hart. 1997. The effect of colony topography on climate signals in coral skeleton. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61:3905-3912. 1997 Climate; Sea Temperatures
Davies, J. M., R. P. Dunne, and B. E. Brown. 1997. Coral bleaching and elevated sea-water temperature in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, 1996. Marine and Freshwater Research 48:513-516. 1997 Papua New Guinea Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Holbrook, N. J. and N. L. Bindoff. 1997. Interannual and decadal temperature variability in the southwest Pacific Ocean between 1955 and 1988. Journal of Climate 10:1035-1049. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fraser, R. H. and D. J. Currie. 1996. The species richness-energy hypothesis in a system where historical factors are thought to prevail: Coral reefs. American Naturalist 148:138-159. 1996 Global Model Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Glynn, P. W. 1996. Coral reef bleaching: Facts, hypotheses and implications. Global Change Biology 2:495-509. 1996 Global Algae; Light; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Zooxanthellae
McCulloch, M., G. Mortimer, T. Esat, L. Xianhua, B. Pillans, and J. Chappell. 1996. High resolution windows into early Holocene climate: Sr/Ca coral records from the Huon Peninsula. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 138:169-178. 1996 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Caribbean Climate; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Yung, Y. L., T. Lee, C.-H. Wang, and Y.-T. Shieh. 1996. Dust: A diagnostic of the hydrologic cycle during the last glacial maximum. Science 271:962-963. 1996 Sea Temperatures
Fan, T.-Y. and C.-F. Dai. 1995. Reproductive ecology of the scleractinian coral Echinopora lamellosa in northern and southern Taiwan. Marine Biology 123:565-572. 1995 Taiwan Plankton; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Gleeson, M. W. and A. E. Strong. 1995. Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Advances in Space Research 16:151-154. 1995 Global; South & Central America; Jamaica; Bermuda; Belize Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Hoegh Guldberg, O. and B. Salvat. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: Bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 121:181-190. 1995 Sea Temperatures
Gagan, M. K., A. R. Chivas, and P. J. Isdale. 1994. High-resolution isotopic records from corals using ocean temperature and mass-spawning chronometers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 121:549-558. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Macintyre, I. G., J. Cortes, and P. W. Glynn. 1994. Anatomy of a dying coral reef: Punta Islotes Reef, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Pages 261-266 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Montgomery, R. S. and A. E. Strong. 1994. Coral bleaching threatens oceans, life. EOS 75:145-147. 1994 Bermuda Index or Indicator Algae; Salinity; Sea Temperatures
Randall, J. E., J. L. Earle, R. L. Pyle, J. D. Parrish, and T. Hayes. 1993. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 47:356-400. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Sea Temperatures
Bryant, E. A., R. W. Young, D. M. Price, and S. A. Short. 1992. Evidence for Pleistocene and Holocene raised marine deposits, Sandon Point, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 39:481-493. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Sea Temperatures; Sediment
Glynn, P. W., R. Imai, K. Sakai, Y. Nakano, and K. Yamazato. 1992. Experimental response of Okinawan (Ryukyu Islands, Japan) reef corals to high sea temperature and UV radiation. Pages 27-37 Guam. 1992 Japan Sea Temperatures; Zooxanthellae
Glynn, P. W. and W. H. De Weerdt. 1991. Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982-83 El Nino warming event. Science 253:69-71. 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Hatcher, B. G. 1991. Coral reefs in the Leeuwin Current - an ecological perspective. Journal - Royal Society of Western Australia 74:115-127. 1991 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Muzik, K. 1991. Coral grief. Technology Review 94:60-67. 1991 Global Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sea Temperatures; Tourism & Recreation
Cook, C. B., A. Logan, J. Ward, B. Luckhurst, and C. J. Berg Jr. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. Coral Reefs 9:45-49. 1990 South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Choat, J. H., A. M. Ayling, and D. R. Schiel. 1988. Temporal and spatial variation in an island fish fauna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 121:91-111. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sea Temperatures; Storms & Hurricanes
Hatcher, B. G., H. Kirkman, and W. F. Wood. 1987. Growth of the kelp Ecklonia radiata near the northern limit of its range in Western Australia. Marine Biology 95:63-73. 1987 Australia Nutrients; Sea Temperatures
Babcock, R. C., G. D. Bull, P. L. Harrison, A. J. Heyward, J. K. Oliver, C. C. Wallace, and B. L. Willis. 1986. Synchronous spawnings of 105 scleractinian coral species on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 90:379-394. 1986 Australia Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Sorauf, J. E. and A. E. H. Pedder. 1986. Late Devonian rugose corals and Frasnian-Famennian crisis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23:1265-1287. 1986 Sea Temperatures
Zann, L. P. and L. Bolton. 1985. The distribution, abundance and ecology of the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (Pallas) in the Pacific. Coral Reefs 4:125-134. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; Tuvalu Octocoral; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Forster, G. R. 1984. The distribution of fishes on the outer reef slopes of Aldabra (Indian Ocean) in relation to bottom temperatures. Environmental Biology of Fishes 10:129-136. 1984 Indian Ocean; India Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Temperatures
Shepherd, S. A. and H. B. S. Womersley. 1981. The algal and seagrass ecology of Waterloo Bay, South Australia. Aquatic Botany 11:305-371. 1981 Australia; Cuba GIS & Maps Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Gilligan, M. R. 1980. Beta diversity of a Gulf of California rocky-shore fish community. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5:109-116. 1980 Fish; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting
Tricart, J. 1967. Certaines formes de sedimentation calcaire quaternaires sont-elles dues à des desequilibres geochimiques periodiques? Chemical Geology 2:233-248. 1967 South & Central America; Mexico Model Algae; Climate; CO2; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Special Use Permitting

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Mass Coral Bleaching Events There are several actions managers can take to prepare for and respond to bleaching events. These strategies typically focus on developing and communicating reliable information about the bleaching event and its impacts, rather than providing a "cure." Developing a Bleaching response plan in advance allows managers to respond more effectively during these rapid onset events. Predicting the risk and severity of bleaching events can allow for more timely yet credible information for decision makers. After the bleaching event it is important to quickly access the ecological impacts for further management decisions. Bleached coral are in a vulnerable state, and are therefore less resilient to degraded water quality, physical damage from recreation, or pressure from fishing activities. This heightened sensitivity means that current protections may need to be increased temporarily following a bleaching event. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Atmospheric Emissions; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Climate Regulation; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sea Temperatures
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Monitor & Research: Monitor Water Temperature Extreme water temperature fluctuations can lead to bleaching and disease in corals and mass mortality of seagrass. Recording thermographs are deployed throughout the sanctuary area to monitor seawater temperatures. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, meaning monitoring should be continued long term, and that historic data must be considered to discern trends. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Climate; Climate Regulation; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Sea Temperatures

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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