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Regulating Services

Regulating Services

Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Climate reflects a region's temperature, humidity, air pressure, and weather. Climate regulation is the process by which ecosystems process and store carbon, which can modulate atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas used by primary producers, such as plants and algae, to produce sugars. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improvin Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . The Health sector includes groups which provide for human health through medical and social care, and maintenance and disposal of waste. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runo The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shelter includes sectors that provide for the comfort and protection of humans in relation to their living spaces. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Storms and hurricanes are periodic events of high precipitation, winds, wave action, and flooding that can potentially cause damage to reef habitat, property, or human lives. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Valuation is the process of estimating the worth, merit, or desirability of benefits derived from ecosystems. Water depth reflects the height between the bottom of the seafloor and water surface, and is often indicative of distinct ecological communities (shallow water species; deep water species). A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

Reef organisms provide a number of regulating services, including shoreline protection and climate regulation. Carbon storage and processing by coral, algae, and wetland plants convert atmospheric CO2 into biomass, and can contribute to climate regulation. Stony coral provide the foundation for the reef structure that can attenuate wave energy, protecting the shoreline from erosion or flooding during storms or hurricanes. Regulating services can improve air quality, reduce risks of injury or death to humans, and reduce damage to homes and buildings. Many of the same socio-economic sectors that benefit from regulating services also create pressures on the reef through coastal development, pollution, and harvesting. Valuation methods and scientific research can be used to determine the value of regulating services.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Principe, P., P. Bradley, S. Yee, W. Fisher, E. Johnson, P. Allen, and D. Campbell. 2012. Quantifying Coral Reef Ecosystem Services. EPA/600/R-11/206, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2012 Global Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beach & Land Formation; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Contribution of Jamaica�s Coral Reefs. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Alvarez-Filip, L; Cote, IM; Gill, JA; Watkinson, AR; Dulvy, NK. 2011. Region-wide temporal and spatial variation in Caribbean reef architecture: is coral cover the whole story? Global Change Biology 17:2470-2477. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Boizard, SD; Mitchell, SJ. 2011. Resistance of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) seedlings to deflection and extraction. Trees - Structure and Function 25:371-381. 2011 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Mangroves; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Bostrom, C., S. J. Pittma, C. Simenstad, and R. T. Kneib. 2011. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:191-217. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Bostrom, C; Pittman, SJ; Simenstad, C; Kneib, RT. 2011. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:191-217. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Bover-Arnal, T; Jaramillo-Vogel, D; Showani, A; Strasser, A. 2011. Late Eocene transgressive sedimentation in the western Swiss Alps: Records of autochthonous and quasi-autochthonous biofacies on a karstic rocky shore. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 312:24-39. 2011 Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Burt, J; Bartholomew, A; Sale, PF. 2011. Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: A comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering 37:191-198. 2011 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Turf Algae
Cruz-Trinidad, A; Geronimo, RC; Cabral, RB; Alino, PM. 2011. How much are the Bolinao-Anda coral reefs worth? Ocean and Coastal Management 54:696-705. 2011 Philippines Model; Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Engle, V. D. 2011. Estimating the provision of ecosystem services by Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands. Wetlands DOI10.1007/s13157-010-0132-9. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Review Carbon Storage & Cycling; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Gelfenbaum, G; Apotsos, A; Stevens, AW; Jaffe, B. 2011. Effects of fringing reefs on tsunami inundation: American Samoa. Earth-Science Reviews 107:12-22. 2011 Maldives; India; Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hackradt, CW; Felix-Hackradt, FC; Pichler, HA; Spach, HL; Santos, LDOE. 2011. Factors influencing spatial patterns of the ichthyofauna of low energy estuarine beaches in southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:1345-1357. 2011 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Hamylton, S. 2011. The use of remote sensing and linear wave theory to model local wave energy around Alphonse Atoll, Seychelles. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 95:349-358. 2011 Seychelles Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Hoeke, R., C. Storlazzi, and P. Ridd. 2011. Hydrodynamics of a bathymetrically complex fringing coral reef embayment: Wave climate, in situ observations, and wave prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research 116:1-19. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Hoeke, R; Storlazzi, C; Ridd, P. 2011. Hydrodynamics of a bathymetrically complex fringing coral reef embayment: Wave climate, in situ observations, and wave prediction. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 116. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kawamata, S; Yoshimitsu, S; Tanaka, T; Igari, T; Tokunaga, S. 2011. Importance of sedimentation for survival of canopy-forming fucoid algae in urchin barrens. Journal of Sea Research 66:76-86. 2011 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Kennett, BLN; Abdullah, A. 2011. Seismic wave attenuation beneath the Australasian region. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58:285-295. 2011 Australia Model Shoreline Protection
Kushner, B., P. Edwards, L. Burke, and E. Cooper. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - Coral Reefs, Beach Erosion and Impacts to Tourism in Jamaica. Working Paper, World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Jamaica Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Social Organizations; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Laurance, WF; Dell, B; Turton, SM; Lawes, MJ; Hutley, LB; McCallum, H; Dale, P; Bird, M; Hardy, G; Prideaux, G; Gawne, B; McMahon, CR; Yu, R; Hero, JM; Schwarzkop, L; Krockenberger, A; Douglas, M; Silvester, E; Mahony, M; Vella, K; Saikia, U; Wahren, CH;. 2011. The 10 Australian ecosystems most vulnerable to tipping points. Biological Conservation 144:1472-1480. 2011 Australia Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Louhi, P; Ovaska, M; Maki-Petays, A; Erkinaro, J; Muotka, T. 2011. Does fine sediment constrain salmonid alevin development and survival? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1819-1826. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maxam, A., P. Lyew-Ayee, and K. McIntyre. 2011. A Classification of the Protection Provided by Coral Reef Systems in Jamaica - Utilizing GIS and Oceanographic Methods of Analysis. Mona Geoinformatics Institute, St. Andrew (Jamaica). 2011 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Jamaica; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Belize; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
McAdoo, BG; Ah-Leong, JS; Bell, L; Ifopo, P; Ward, J; Lovell, E; Skelton, P. 2011. Coral reefs as buffers during the 2009 South Pacific tsunami, Upolu Island, Samoa. Earth-Science Reviews 107:147-155. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Nishihara, GN; Terada, R; Shimabukuro, H. 2011. Effects of wave energy on the residence times of a fluorescent tracer in the canopy of the intertidal marine macroalgae, Sargassum fusiforme (Phaeophyceae). Phycological Research 59:24-33. 2011 Model Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Shoreline Protection
Pe�quignet, A. C., J. M. Becker, M. A. Merrifield, S. J. Boc. 2011. The dissipation of wind wave energy across a fringing reef at Ipan, Guam. Coral Reefs 2011 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pequignet, AC; Becker, JM; Merrifield, MA; Boc, SJ. 2011. The dissipation of wind wave energy across a fringing reef at Ipan, Guam. Coral Reefs 30:71-82. 2011 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Planes, S; Raventos, N; Ferrari, B; Alcoverro, T. 2011. Fish herbivory leads to shifts in seagrass Posidonia oceanica investments in sexual reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:205-213. 2011 Carbon Storage & Cycling; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Roger, J; Baptista, MA; Sahal, A; Accary, F; Allgeyer, S; Hebert, H. 2011. The Transoceanic 1755 Lisbon Tsunami in Martinique. Pure and Applied Geophysics 168:1015-1031. 2011 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; Martinique; Thailand; Caribbean; Europe; Spain Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection
Storlazzi, CD; Elias, E; Field, ME; Presto, MK. 2011. Numerical modeling of the impact of sea-level rise on fringing coral reef hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Coral Reefs 30:83-96. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Climate; Light; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Symonds, G; Zhong, LJ; Mortimer, NA. 2011. Effects of wave exposure on circulation in a temperate reef environment. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 116. 2011 Australia Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Taebi, S; Lowe, RJ; Pattiaratchi, CB; Ivey, GN; Symonds, G; Brinkman, R. 2011. Nearshore circulation in a tropical fringing reef system. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 116. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Tallis, H., T. Ricketts, A.D Guerry, E. Nelson, D. Ennaanay, S. Wolny, N. Olswero, K. Vigerstol, D. Pennington, G. Mendoza, J. Aukema, J. Foster, J. Forrest, D. Cameron, E. Lonsdorf, C. Kennedy, G. Verutes, C. K. Kim, G. Guannel, M. Papenfus, et al., editor. 2011. InVEST 2.0 Beta User�s Guide: Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs - A modeling suite developed by the Natural Capital Project to support environmental decision-making. The National Project, Stanford, Palo Alto, (CA, USA). 2011 Model Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Waite, R., E. Cooper, N. Zenny, and L. Burke. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Value of Jamaica�s Coral Reef-Related Fisheries. Working Paper, World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D. C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Wild, C; Hoegh-Guldberg, O; Naumann, MS; Colombo-Pallotta, MF; Ateweberhan, M; Fitt, WK; Iglesias-Prieto, R; Palmer, C; Bythell, JC; Ortiz, JC; Loya, Y; van Woesik, R. 2011. Climate change impedes scleractinian corals as primary reef ecosystem engineers. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:205-215. 2011 Global Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Abe, O., A. Watanabe, V. V. S. S. Sarma, Y. Matsui, H. Yamano, N. Yoshida, and T. Saino. 2010. Air-Sea Gas Transfer in a Shallow, Flowing and Coastal Environment Estimated by Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Dissolved Oxygen Analyses. Journal of Oceanography 66:363-372. 2010 Japan Shoreline Protection
Bedard, R., P. T. Jacobson, M. Previsic, W. Musial, and R. Varley. 2010. An Overview of Ocean Renewable Energy Technologies. Oceanography 23:22-31. 2010 Europe Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Bueno, M., G. A. O. Moser, B. R. C. Tocci, and A. A. V. Flores. 2010. Retention-favorable timing of propagule release in barnacles and periwinkles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:155-165. 2010 Shoreline Protection
Burt, J., D. Feary, P. Usseglio, A. Bauman, and P. F. Sale. 2010. The Influence Of Wave Exposure On Coral Community Development On Man-Made Breakwater Reefs, With A Comparison To A Natural Reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:839-859. 2010 United Arab Emirates Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Caceres, I., L. H. Trung, H. van Ettinger, A. Reniers, and W. Uijttewaal. 2010. Wave and Flow Response to an Artificial Surf Reef: Laboratory Measurements. Journal Of Hydraulic Engineering-asce 136:299-310. 2010 Lab Study Shoreline Protection
Conway, F., J. Stevenson, D. Hunter, M. Stefanovich, H. Campbell, Z. Covell, and Y. Yin. 2010. Ocean Space, Ocean Place The Human Dimensions of Wave Energy in Oregon. Oceanography 23:82-91. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Environmental Education & Outreach; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Utility Policies
do Carmo, J. A., C. S. Reis, and H. Freitas. 2010. Working with Nature by Protecting Sand Dunes: Lessons Learned. Journal of Coastal Research 26:1068-1078. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Edmunds, P. J., J. J. Leichter, and M. Adjeroud. 2010. Landscape-scale variation in coral recruitment in Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:75-89. 2010 Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Evans, S. N. and D. A. Abdo. 2010. A cost-effective technique for measuring relative water movement for studies of benthic organisms. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:1327-1335. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection
Farnsworth, C. A., D. R. Bellwood, and L. van Herwerden. 2010. Genetic structure across the GBR: evidence from short-lived gobies. Marine Biology 157:945-953. 2010 Australia Shoreline Protection
Goto, K., K. Okada, and F. Imamura. 2010. Numerical analysis of boulder transport by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape, Thailand. Marine Geology 268:97-105. 2010 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Goto, K., T. Shinozaki, K. Minoura, K. Okada, D. Sugawara, and F. Imamura. 2010. Distribution of boulders at Miyara Bay of Ishigaki Island, Japan: A flow characteristic indicator of tsunami and storm waves. Island Arc 19:412-426. 2010 Japan Index or Indicator Storms & Hurricanes
Green, D., L. Alexander, K. Mclnnes, J. Church, N. Nicholls, and N. White. 2010. An assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation for the Torres Strait Islands, Australia. Climatic change 102:405-433. 2010 Australia Climate; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Harrison, P. A., M. Vandewalle, M. T. Sykes, P. M. Berry, R. Bugter, F. de Bello, C. K. Feld, U. Grandin, R. Harrington, J. R. Haslett, R. H. G. Jongman, G. W. Luck, P. M. da Silva, M. Moora, J. Settele, J. P. Sousa, and M. Zobel. 2010. Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2791-2821. 2010 Europe Review Agriculture; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Non-Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Provisioning Services; Recreational Opportunities; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Kimura, M. R. and H. Munehara. 2010. The disruption of habitat isolation among three Hexagrammos species by artificial habitat alterations that create mosaic-habitat. Ecological Research 25:41-50. 2010 Japan Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Langhamer, O., K. Haikonen, and J. Sundberg. 2010. Wave power Sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 14:1329-1335. 2010 Global Review Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Lasagna, R., G. Albertelli, P. Colantoni, C. Morri, and C. N. Bianchi. 2010. Ecological stages of Maldivian reefs after the coral mass mortality of 1998. Facies 56:1-11. 2010 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Algae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Marriner, N., M. Guerout, and T. Romon. 2010. The forgotten slaves of Tromelin (Indian Ocean): new geoarchaeological data. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:1293-1304. 2010 Indian Ocean; India Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Mckoy, H., D. M. Kennedy, and P. S. Kench. 2010. Sand cay evolution on reef platforms, Mamanuca Islands, Fiji. Marine Geology 269:61-73. 2010 Fiji Climate; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mulligan, R. P., A. E. Hay, and A. J. Bowen. 2010. A wave-driven jet over a rocky shoal. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 115:C10038. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Munoz-Perez, J. J. and R. Medina. 2010. Comparison of long-, medium- and short-term variations of beach profiles with and without submerged geological control. Coastal Engineering 57:241-251. 2010 Spain Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Nwogu, O. and Z. Demirbilek. 2010. Infragravity Wave Motions and Runup over Shallow Fringing Reefs. Journal Of Waterway Port Coastal And Ocean Engineering-asce 136:295-305. 2010 Guam Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection
Ogston, A. S. and M. E. Field. 2010. Predictions of Turbidity Due to Enhanced Sediment Resuspension Resulting from Sea-Level Rise on a Fringing Coral Reef: Evidence from Molokai, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research 26:1027-1037. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; Light; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ogston, A. S. and M. E. Field. 2010. Predictions of turbidity due to enhanced sediment resuspension resulting from sea-level rise on f Fringing coral reef: evidence from Molokai, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research 26:1027-1037. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; Light; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pignatelli, C., A. Scheffers, S. Scheffers, and G. Mastronuzzi. 2010. Assessment of extreme wave flooding from geomorphologic evidence in Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles). Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 54:219-245. 2010 Antilles Model Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Purser, A., A. I. Larsson, L. Thomsen, and D. van Oevelen. 2010. The influence of flow velocity and food concentration on Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) zooplankton capture rates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 395:55-62. 2010 Europe; Norway Field Study & Monitoring Plankton; Stony Coral
Raina, J. B., E. A. Dinsdale, B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2010. Do the organic sulfur compounds DMSP and DMS drive coral microbial associations? Trends in Microbiology 18:101-108. 2010 Global Climate; Climate Regulation; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting
TEEB. 2010. Measuring biophysical quantities and the use of indicators. in P. Kumar, editor. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 2010 Index or Indicator Agriculture; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Forestry
TEEB. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity. in P. Kumar, editor. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 2010 Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Wellenreuther, M., M. Brock, J. Montgomery, and K. D. Clements. 2010. Comparative Morphology of the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System in a Clade of New Zealand Triplefin Fishes. Brain Behavior And Evolution 75:292-308. 2010 Fish; Shoreline Protection
Wen, C. K. C., M. S. Pratchett, K. T. Shao, K. P. Kan, and B. K. K. Chan. 2010. Effects of habitat modification on coastal fish assemblages. Journal of Fish Biology 77:1674-1687. 2010 Taiwan Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
Wicks, L. C., J. P. A. Gardner, and S. K. Davy. 2010. Spatial patterns and regional affinities of coral communities at the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve, New Zealand-a marginal high-latitude site. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:101-113. 2010 Global; Australia Algae; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Yang, R. Y., Y. C. Wu, H. H. Hwung, J. Y. Liou, and I. V. Shugan. 2010. Current countermeasure of beach erosion control and its application in Taiwan. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:552-561. 2010 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Infrastructure; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in US jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in U.S. jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, A. Bauman, A. Saif, and P. F. Sale. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:72-78. 2009 United Arab Emirates Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, P. Usseglio, A. Bauman, and P. F. Sale. 2009. Are artificial reefs surrogates of natural habitats for corals and fish in Dubai, United Arab Emirates? Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 United Arab Emirates Artificial Habitat; Fish; Shoreline Protection
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, P. Usseglio, A. Bauman, and P. F. Sale. 2009. Are artificial reefs surrogates of natural habitats for corals and fish in Dubai, United Arab Emirates? Coral Reefs 28:663-675. 2009 United Arab Emirates Artificial Habitat; Fish; Shoreline Protection
Cooley, S. R, H. L. Kite-Powell, and S. C. Doney. 2009. Ocean acidification�s potential to alter global marine ecosystem services. Oceanography 22:172-181. 2009 Global Agriculture; Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Cottin, A. G., D. L. Forbes, and B. F. Long. 2009. Shallow seabed mapping and classification using waveform analysis and bathymetry from SHOALS lidar data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35:422-434. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Das, S. 2009. Can mangroves minimize property loss during big storms? An analysis of house damage due to the super cyclone in Orissa. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, Kathmandu, Nepal. 2009 Global GIS & Maps Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Regulating Services; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Donner, S. D. 2009. Coping with commitment: Projected thermal stress on coral reefs under different future scenarios. PLoS One 4. 2009 Global Model Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection
Draut, A. E., M. H. Bothner, M. E. Field, R. L. Reynolds, S. A. Cochran, J. B. Logan, C. D. Storlazzi, and C. J. Berg. 2009. Supply and dispersal of flood sediment from a steep, tropical watershed: Hanalei Bay, Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121:574-585. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Farrell, E. J., H. Granja, L. Cappietti, J. T. Ellis, B. Li, and D. J. Sherman. 2009. Wave Transformation across a Rock Platform, Belinho, Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research 44-48. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Finelli, C. M., R. D. Clarke, H. E. Robinson, and E. J. Buskey. 2009. Water flow controls distribution and feeding behavior of two co-occurring coral reef fishes: I. Field measurements. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Hydrologic Management; Plankton; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection
Goto, K., K. Okada, and F. Imamura. 2009. Characteristics and hydrodynamics of boulders transported by storm waves at Kudaka Island, Japan. Marine Geology 262:14-24. 2009 Japan Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Hongo, C. and H. Kayanne. 2009. Holocene coral reef development under windward and leeward locations at Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sedimentary Geology 214:62-73. 2009 Japan Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kench, P. S., K. E. Parnell, and R. W. Brander. 2009. Monsoonally influenced circulation around coral reef islands and seasonal dynamics of reef island shorelines. Marine Geology 266:91-108. 2009 Maldives Index or Indicator Shoreline Protection
Kench, P. S., R. W. Brander, K. E. Parnell, and J. M. O'Callaghan. 2009. Seasonal variations in wave characteristics around a coral reef island, South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Marine Geology 262:116-129. 2009 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kleypas, J. A. and K. K. Yates. 2009. Coral reefs and ocean acidification. Oceanography 22:108-117. 2009 Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Koch, E. W., E. B. Barbier, B. R. Silliman, D. J. Reed, G. M. E. Perillo, S. D. Hacker, E. F. Granek, J. H. Primavera, N. Muthiga, S. Polasky, B. S. Halpern, C. J. Kennedy, C. V. Kappel, and E. Wolanski. 2009. Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:29-37. 2009 Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Valuation
Lackner, K. S. and S. Brennan. 2009. Envisioning carbon capture and storage: expanded possibilities due to air capture, leakage insurance, and C-14 monitoring. Climatic change 96:357-378. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; CO2; Infrastructure; Natural Gas & Electric Power
Langhamer, O. and D. Wilhelmsson. 2009. Colonisation of fish and crabs of wave energy foundations and the effects of manufactured holes - A field experiment. Marine Environmental Research 68:151-157. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars; Shoreline Protection
Layke, C. 2009. Measuring nature�s benefits: a preliminary roadmap for improving ecosystem service indicators. 2009 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Climate Regulation; Corporate Responses; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting
Lowe, R. J., J. L. Falter, S. G. Monismith, and M. J. Atkinson. 2009. A numerical study of circulation in a coastal reef-lagoon system. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 114:C06022. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection
Lowe, R. J., J. L. Falter, S. G. Monismith, and M. J. Atkinson. 2009. Wave-Driven Circulation of a Coastal Reef-Lagoon System. Journal of Physical Oceanography 39:873-893. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection
Maeno, S., L. G. Bierawski, W. Magda, and M. Ogawa. 2009. Vof-Dem-Fem Combined Model Of The Reef Breakwater Collapse. Coastal Engineering Journal 51:223-242. 2009 Lab Study; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
McAdoo, B. G., A. Moore, and J. Baumwoll. 2009. Indigenous knowledge and the near field population response during the 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami. Natural Hazards 48:73-82. 2009 Solomon Islands Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Housing; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection
Mendonca, A., M. G. Neves, and C. J. Fortes. 2009. Numerical study of hydrodynamics around an artificial surf reef for Sao. Pedro do Estoril, Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research 1010-1014. 2009 Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Mercado-Molina, A. E. and P. M. Yoshioka. 2009. Relationships between water motion and size-specific survivorship and growth of the demosponge Amphimedon compressa. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 375:51-56. 2009 Puerto Rico Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Nelson, E., G. Mendoza, J. Regetz, S. Polasky, H. Tallis, D. R. Cameron, K. M. A. Chan, G. C. Daily, J. Goldstein, P. M. Kareiva, E. Lonsdorf, R. Naidoo, T. H. Ricketts, and M. R. Shaw. 2009. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:4-11. 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Carbon Storage & Cycling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Nunes, P. A. L. D., H. Ding, and A. Markandya. 2009. The economic valuation of marine ecosystems. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 2009 Europe Review Climate; Climate Regulation; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Olbers, J. M., L. Celliers, and M. H. Schleyer. 2009. Zonation of benthic communities on the subtropical Aliwal Shoal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Zoology 44:8-23. 2009 Cuba; South Africa Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral
Recio, J. and H. Oumeraci. 2009. Process based stability formulae for coastal structures made of geotextile sand containers. Coastal Engineering 56:632-658. 2009 Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Scarfe, B. E., T. R. Healy, and H. G. Rennie. 2009. Research-Based Surfing Literature for Coastal Management and the Science of Surfing-A Review. Journal of Coastal Research 25:539-557. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Scheffers, A., S. Scheffers, D. Kelletat, and T. Browne. 2009. Wave-Emplaced Coarse Debris and Megaclasts in Ireland and Scotland: Boulder Transport in a High-Energy Littoral Environment. Journal of Geology 117:553-573. 2009 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE). 2009. Can mangroves minimize property loss during big storms? An analysis of house damage due to the super cyclone in Orissa. 2009 Global GIS & Maps Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Regulating Services; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Spiske, M. and B. E. Jaffe. 2009. Sedimentology and hydrodynamic implications of a coarse-grained hurricane sequence in a carbonate reef setting. Geology 37:839-842. 2009 Antilles Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
ten Voorde, M., J. S. A. do Carmo, and M. G. Neves. 2009. Designing a Preliminary Multifunctional Artificial Reef to Protect the Portuguese Coast. Journal of Coastal Research 25:69-79. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Ten Voorde, M., J. S. A. do Carmo, M. G. Neves, and A. Mendonca. 2009. Physical and Numerical Study of "Breaker Types" Over an Artificial Reef. Journal of Coastal Research 569-573. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Ten Voorde, M., J. S. Antunes Do Carmo, and M. G. Neves. 2009. Designing a preliminary multifunctional artificial reef to protect the Portuguese coast. Journal of Coastal Research 25:69-79. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Viyakarn, V., S. Chavanich, C. Raksasab, and T. Loyjiw. 2009. New coral community on a breakwater in Thailand. Coral Reefs 28:427. 2009 Thailand Shoreline Protection
Wismer, S., A. S. Hoey, and D. R. Bellwood. 2009. Cross-shelf benthic community structure on the Great Barrier Reef: Relationships between macroalgal cover and herbivore biomass. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376:45-54. 2009 Australia Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Fish; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Wolanski, E., J. A. Martinez, and R. H. Richmond. 2009. Quantifying the impact of watershed urbanization on a coral reef: Maunalua Bay, Hawaii. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:259-268. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Non-Monetary Valuation; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
World Resources Institute. 2009. Value of coral reefs & mangroves in the caribbean: economic valuation methodology v3.0. 2009 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Belize; Caribbean Review Collaboration & Partnering; Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Yamamoto, N., A. Kitamura, A. Ohmori, Y. Morishima, T. Toyofuku, and S. Ohashi. 2009. Long-term changes in sediment type and cavernicolous bivalve assemblages in Daidokutsu submarine cave, Okinawa Islands: evidence from a new core extending over the past 7,000 years. Coral Reefs 28:967-976. 2009 Japan Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Alongi, D. M. 2008. Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 76:1-13. 2008 Global Review; Model Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Mangroves; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Barbier, E. B., E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski, J. Primavera, E. F. Granek, S. Polasky, S. Aswani, L. A. Cramer, D. M. Stoms, C. J. Kennedy, D. Bael, C. V. Kappel, G. M. E. Perillo, and D. J. Reed. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values. Science 319:321-323. 2008 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Bicudo, P., M. Custodio, N. Cardoso, C. Fortes, M. Da Graca Neves, L. Mendes, P. Monteiro, A. Pallia, M. J. Nogueira, and L. M. Carvalho. 2008. Viability study of an artificial surf reef in S. Pedro do Estoril, Caseais, Portugal. Pages 833-840 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2008 Lab Study; Model Artificial Habitat; Civil Engineering & Construction; Shoreline Protection
Blenkinsopp, C. E. and J. R. Chaplin. 2008. The effect of relative crest submergence on wave breaking over submerged slopes. Coastal Engineering 55:967-974. 2008 Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Burke, L., S. Greenhalgh, D. Prager, and E. Cooper. 2008. Coastal capital -- economic valuation of coral reefs in Tobago and St. Lucia. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Tobago; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Cassata, L. and L. B. Collins. 2008. Coral reef communities, habitats, and substrates in and near sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Journal of Coastal Research 24:139-151. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan. 2008 Puerto Rico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Improved Technology; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Cochard, R., S. L. Ranamukhaarachchi, G. P. Shivakoti, O. V. Shipin, P. J. Edwards, and K. T. Seeland. 2008. The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:3-40. 2008 Thailand Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Coltorti, M. and P. Farabollini. 2008. Late Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial-coastal evolution of an uplifting area: The Tronto River (Central Eastern Italy). Quaternary International 189:39-55. 2008 Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Conservation International (CI). 2008. Economic values of coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses: a global compilation. Conservation International, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Arlington, Virginia. 2008 Global; Florida Carbon Storage & Cycling; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Cooper, E., L. Burke, and N. Bood. 2008. Coastal capital: Belize, the economic contribution of Belize�s coral reefs and mangroves. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Dahdouh-Guebas, F. and N. Koedam. 2008. Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using transdisciplinary approaches: A review. Aquatic Botany 89:80-92. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Mangroves; Shoreline Protection
De Falco, G., M. Baroli, A. Cucco, and S. Simeone. 2008. Intrabasinal conditions promoting the development of a biogenic carbonate sedimentary facies associated with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Continental Shelf Research 28:797-812. 2008 Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Doerge, B. C. and C. Smith. 2008. Mechanisms of erosion of volcanic soils on non-agricultural lands in guam. Pages 419-429 in American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2008. 2008 Guam Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Eckman, J. E., M. S. Andres, R. L. Marinelli, E. Bowlin, R. P. Reid, R. J. Aspden, and D. M. Paterson. 2008. Wave and sediment dynamics along a shallow subtidal sandy beach inhabited by modern stromatolites. Geobiology 6:21-32. 2008 Bahamas Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Fairley, I. and M. A. Davidson. 2008. A two-dimensional wave flume investigation into the effect of multiple vertical steps on the form of breaking waves. Journal of Coastal Research 24:51-58. 2008 Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Fernando, H. J. S., S. P. Samarawickrama, S. Balasubramanian, S. S. L. Hettiarachchi, and S. Voropayev. 2008. Effects of porous barriers such as coral reefs on coastal wave propagation. Journal of Hydro-Environment Research 1:187-194. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Sri Lanka Lab Study Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gangai, J. W., R. Lenaburg, B. Batten, E. Drei-Horgan, N. Sheffner, D. Hamilton, M. Rezakhani, and P. Shrestha. 2008. Hurricane Flood Insurance study for the Hawaiian Islands. Pages 432-443 in Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008 - Proceedings of the Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Insurance; Military; Security Policies; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Hartog, W. M., L. Benedet, D.-J.R. Walstra, M. Van Koningsveld, M. J. F. Stive, and C. W. Finkl. 2008. Mechanisms that influence the performance of beach nourishment: A case-study in Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1304-1319. 2008 Florida Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Harvey, N. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2008. Australian approaches to coastal vulnerability assessment. Pages 67-87 in Sustainability Science. 2008 Global; Australia Model; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Healthy Reef Initiative. 2008. Report Card for the Mesoamerican Reef. Healthy Reef Initiative. 2008 Index or Indicator Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Hench, J. L., J. J. Leichter, and S. G. Monismith. 2008. Episodic circulation and exchange in a wave-driven coral reef and lagoon system. Limnology and Oceanography 53:2681-2694. 2008 Shoreline Protection
Jianyu, C., M. Zhihua, and H. Xianqiang. 2008. Geomorphological diversity of Dong-Sha Atoll based on spectrum and texture analysis in high resolution remote sensing imagery. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 7150. 2008 China GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection
Johansen, J. L., D. R. Bellwood, and C. J. Fulton. 2008. Coral reef fishes exploit flow refuges in high-flow habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 360:219-226. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection
Kamenos, N. A., S. C. Strong, D. M. Shenoy, S. T. Wilson, A. D. Hatton, and P. G. Moore. 2008. Red coralline algae as a source of marine biogenic dimethylsulphoniopropionate. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:61-66. 2008 Global; Cuba Algae; Climate; Climate Regulation; Coralline Algae; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Kawasaki, K., M. Kiku, and Y. Sasada. 2008. Numerical and experimental study on wave deformation and overtopping around vertical seawall in coral reef sea area. Pages 698-705 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2008 Model Shoreline Protection
Kumar, A., P. Seralathan, and K. S. Jayappa. 2008. Distribution of coastal cliffs in Kerala, India: their mechanisms of failure and related human engineering response. Environmental Geology 18-Jan. 2008 India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Lacambra, C., T. Spencer, and I. Moeller. 2008. Literature review: tropical coastal ecosystems as coastal defences. Pages 1-15 The role of environmental management in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. ProAct Network, Tannay, Switzerland. 2008 Global Review Climate; Mangroves; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Naber. H., G.-H. Lange, and M. E. Hatziolos. 2008. Valuation of Marine Ecosystem Services: A Gap Analysis. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2008 Europe Review Climate; Climate Regulation; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Nielsen, P., P. A. Guard, D. P. Callaghan, and T. E. Baldock. 2008. Observations of wave pump efficiency. Coastal Engineering 55:69-72. 2008 Review; Model Shoreline Protection
Nunes, V. and G. Pawlak. 2008. Observations of bed roughness of a coral reef. Journal of Coastal Research 24:39-50. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection
Pizzolon, M., E. Cenci, and C. Mazzoldi. 2008. The onset of fish colonization in a coastal defence structure (Chioggia, Northern Adriatic Sea). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 78:166-178. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Samosorn, B. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2008. Nearshore wave environments around a sandy cay on a platform reef, Torres Strait, Australia. Continental Shelf Research 28:2257-2274. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Shin, M. S., K. Y. Park, and H. J. Lee. 2008. A study for wave absorbing effect of submerged breakwater. Pages 607-612 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2008 Fish; Shoreline Protection
Spiske, M., Z. Borocz, and H. Bahlburg. 2008. The role of porosity in discriminating between tsunami and hurricane emplacement of boulders - A case study from the Lesser Antilles, southern Caribbean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 268:384-396. 2008 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Marine Worms; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Strusinska, A. and H. Oumeraci. 2008. Geotextile reef as a coastal protection against tsunami. Pages 742-747 in Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference GEDMAR08. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Wang, Y.-S., Z.-P. Lou, C.-C. Sun, and S. Sun. 2008. Ecological environment changes in Daya Bay, China, from 1982 to 2004. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1871-1879. 2008 China Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Plankton; Shoreline Protection
WBCSD, WRI, and Meridian Institute. 2008. The corporate ecosystem services review: guidelines for identifying business risks and opportunities arising from ecosystem change. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. 2008 Global Review Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Climate; Corporate Responses; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Wernberg, T. and N. Goldberg. 2008. Short-term temporal dynamics of algal species in a subtidal kelp bed in relation to changes in environmental conditions and canopy biomass. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76:265-272. 2008 Australia Algae; Light; Shoreline Protection
Cooper, J. A. G., D. A. Lewis, and O. H. Pilkey. 2007. Fetch-limited barrier islands: Overlooked coastal landforms. GSA Today 17:9-Apr. 2007 Global Coastal Development; Mangroves; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Coronado, C., J. Candela, R. Iglesias-Prieto, J. Sheinbaum, M. Lopez, and F. J. Ocampo-Torres. 2007. On the circulation in the Puerto Morelos fringing reef lagoon. Coral Reefs 26:149-163. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
de Lange, W. P. and V. G. Moon. 2007. Tsunami washover deposits, Tawharanui, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology 200:232-247. 2007 Model Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Erlandson, J. M., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. A. Estes, and R. S. Steneck. 2007. The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Fishe, W. S., W. P. Davis, R. L. Quarles, J. Patrick, J. G. Campbell, P. S. Harris, B. L. Hemmer, and M. Parsons. 2007. Characterizing coral condition using estimates of three-dimensional colony surface area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 125:347-360. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Primary Production; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Froeschke, B., L. G. Allen, and D. J. Pondella II. 2007. Life history and courtship behavior of black perch, Embiotoca jacksoni (Teleostomi: Embiotocidae), from Southern California. Pacific Science 61:521-531. 2007 Cuba Index or Indicator Fish; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Hagan, A. B., T. Spencer, D. R. Stoddart, M. Loustau-Lalanne, and R. Renaud. 2007. Tsunami impacts in the Republic of Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean. Atoll Research Bulletin 149-162. 2007 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Shoreline Protection
Hardy, R., S. Jones, D. Hardy, and R. Hobbs. 2007. Seismic oceanography: Processing data from the Rockall trough, west of Ireland. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 26:894-898. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Fish; Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Hardy, R., S. M. Jones, and R. W. Hobbs. 2007. Imaging the water column using seismic reflection data. Pages 1731-1735 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 69th European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers Conference and Exhibition 2007 - \Securing the Future\"". 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Fish; Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C. D. Harvell, P. F. Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury, A. Dubi, and M. E. Hatziolos. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318:1737-1742. 2007 Global Review Climate; CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Jago, O. K., P. S. Kench, and R. W. Brander. 2007. Field observations of wave-driven water-level gradients across a coral reef flat. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 112. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jordan, J. W. and S. L. Paulius. 2007. Lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. Pages 43-58 in Forensic Engineering, Proceedings of the Congress. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Insurance; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kelletat, D., S. R. Scheffers, and A. Scheffers. 2007. Field signatures of the SE-Asian mega-tsunami along the West Coast of Thailand compared to holocene paleo-tsunami from the Atlantic Region. Pure and Applied Geophysics 164:413-431. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Mangroves; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Liu, S., D. Liu, W. Liu, S. Zhang, and L. Zhao. 2007. The hydrodynamic theory, ecological effect and risk assessment of the artificial fish-reef. Pages 615-621 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. 2007 China Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lowe, R. J., J. L. Falter, J. R. Koseff, S. G. Monismith, and M. J. Atkinson. 2007. Spectral wave flow attenuation within submerged canopies: Implications for wave energy dissipation. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 112. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection
Lynett, P. J. 2007. Effect of a shallow water obstruction on long wave runup and overland flow velocity. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 133:455-462. 2007 Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mallela, J. 2007. Coral reef encruster communities and carbonate production in cryptic and exposed coral reef habitats along a gradient of terrestrial disturbance. Coral Reefs 26:775-785. 2007 Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Marriner, N., C. Morhange, and S. Meule. 2007. Holocene morphogenesis of Alexander the Great's isthmus at Tyre in Lebanon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:9218-9223. 2007 Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Natural Resources Conservation Service, editor. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Dune Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. US Department of Agriculture. 2007 Florida; Puerto Rico; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Invasive Species; Shoreline Protection
O�Garra, Tanya. 2007. Estimating the Total Economic Value (TEV) of the Navakavu LMMA in Vitu Levu Island (Fiji). Component 2A- Project 2A2, Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), New Caledonia. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Puotinen, M. L. 2007. Modelling the risk of cyclone wave damage to coral reefs using GIS: A case study of the Great Barrier Reef, 1969-2003. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 21:97-120. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Ramos-Scharron, C. E. 2007. Sediment Production From Natural And Disturbed Surfaces In Dry Tropical Areas Of La Parguera-Pr, 2003-2005. Pages 1-5 in SEVENTH CARIBBEAN ISLANDS WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS. 2007 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Transportation Policies
Ryan, D. A., B. P. Brooke, L. B. Collins, G. A. Kendrick, K. J. Baxter, A. N. Bickers, P. J. W. Siwabessy, and C. B. Pattiaratchi. 2007. The influence of geomorphology and sedimentary processes on shallow-water benthic habitat distribution: Esperance Bay, Western Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:379-386. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Saathoff, F., H. Oumeraci, and S. Restall. 2007. Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25:251-263. 2007 Australia Model Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Sabater, M. G. and S. P. Tofaeono. 2007. Scale and benthic composition effects on biomass and trophic group distribution of reef fishes in American Samoa. Pacific Science 61:503-520. 2007 Samoa; American Samoa Algae; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
Shirlal, K. G., S. Rao, and Manu. 2007. Ocean wave transmission by submerged reef-A physical model study. Ocean Engineering 34:2093-2099. 2007 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Tewfik, A., F. Guichard, and K. S. McCann. 2007. Influence of acute and chronic disturbance on macrophyte landscape zonation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:111-121. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
VanBeukering, P., W. Haider, M. Longland, H. Cesar, J. Sablan, S. Shjegstad, B. Beardmore, Y. Liu, and G. O. Garces. 2007. The economic value of Guam�s coral reefs. Technical Report No. 116, University of Guam Marine Laboratory. 2007 Guam Fish; Monetary Valuation; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Vitousek, S., C. H. Fletcher, M. A. Merrifield, G. Pawlak, and C. D. Storlazzi. 2007. Model scenerios of shoreline change at kaanapali beach, maui, hawaii: Seasonal and extreme events. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Coastal Engineering; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Wen, K.-C., C.-M. Hsu, K.-S. Chen, M.-H. Liao, C.-P. Chen, and C. A. Chen. 2007. Unexpected coral diversity on the breakwaters: Potential refuges for depleting coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26:127. 2007 Shoreline Protection
White, I., T. Falkland, P. Perez, A. Dray, T. Metutera, E. Metai, and M. Overmars. 2007. Challenges in freshwater management in low coral atolls. Journal of Cleaner Production 15:1522-1528. 2007 Agriculture; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Waterborne Discharges
White, I., T. Falkland, T. Metutera, E. Metai, M. Overmars, P. Perez, A. Dray, and A. C. Falkland. 2007. Climatic and human influences on groundwater in low atolls. Vadose Zone Journal 6:581-590. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kiribati Climate; Non-point Source Runoff; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water
White, S. 2007. Utilization of LIDAR and NOAA's vertical datum transformation tool (VDatum) for shoreline delineation. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wilson, A. 2007. Nonwoven support - From Boscombe Pier to Palm Jumeirah. Technical Textiles International 16:25-28. 2007 Global; United Arab Emirates; Europe Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Road Construction & Maintenance; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 2006. International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. in International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. 2006 Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Brown, B. 2006. Beneath the tsunami waves. Planet Earth 14-15. 2006 Sri Lanka; India; Thailand; Indonesia Shoreline Protection
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Clynick, B. G. 2006. Assemblages of fish associated with coastal marinas in north-western Italy. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86:847-852. 2006 Docks & Marinas; Fish; Shoreline Protection
Cox, R. J. and M. Tajziehchi. 2006. 2D experimental modelling of hydrodynamic effects of submerged Breakwaters. in Coastal Dynamics 2005 - Proceedings of the Fifth Coastal Dynamics International Conference. 2006 Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection
Dominik, C. M. and R. C. Zimmerman. 2006. Dynamics of carbon allocation in a deep-water population of the deciduous kelp Pleurophycus gardneri (Laminariales). Marine Ecology Progress Series 309:143-157. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Carbon Storage & Cycling; Light; Primary Production; Storms & Hurricanes
Duzbastilar, F. O., A. Lok, A. Ulas, and C. Metin. 2006. Recent developments on artificial reef applications in Turkey: Hydraulic experiments. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:195-202. 2006 Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Goni, M. A., N. Monacci, R. Gisewhite, A. Ogston, J. Crockett, and C. Nittrouer. 2006. Distribution and sources of particulate organic matter in the water column and sediments of the Fly River Delta, Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 69:225-245. 2006 Papua New Guinea Discharges; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Grossman, E. E., W. A. Barnhardt, P. Hart, B. M. Richmond, and M. E. Field. 2006. Shelf stratigraphy and the influence of antecedent substrate on Holocene reef development, south Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Geology 226:97-114. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Hewson, I. and J. A. Fuhrman. 2006. Spatial and vertical biogeography of coral reef sediment bacterial and diazotroph communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:79-86. 2006 Global Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Karim, M. F. and T. Tingsanchali. 2006. A coupled numerical model for simulation of wave breaking and hydraulic performances of a composite seawall. Ocean Engineering 33:773-787. 2006 Model Shoreline Protection
Kench, P. S. and R. W. Brander. 2006. Response of reef island shorelines to seasonal climate oscillations: South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface 111. 2006 Global; Maldives Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kench, P. S. and R. W. Brander. 2006. Wave processes on coral reef flats: Implications for reef geomorphology using Australian case studies. Journal of Coastal Research 22:209-223. 2006 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Index or Indicator Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kench, P. S., R. W. Brander, K. E. Parnell, and R. F. McLean. 2006. Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology 81:17-Jan. 2006 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Shoreline Protection
Liria, P., P. Gyssels, I. Galparsoro, Z. Santiago, M. Gonzalez, and A. Uriarte. 2006. Morphodynamic study of the Ondarreta Beach in San Sebastian (Spain). Pages 183-192 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Spain Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Muller, J., R. A. J. Wust, and P. J. Hearty. 2006. Sediment transport along an artificial shoreline: \The Strand\", Townsville, NE-Queensland, Australia". Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:204-210. 2006 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Nakaza, E., S. M. B. Rahaman, Y. Kitamura, G. Pawlak, and S. Tsukayama. 2006. Cross-shore internal waves in Zanpa Coastal Region of Okinawa Island. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 132:36-46. 2006 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection
Ranasinghe, R. and I. L. Turner. 2006. Shoreline response to submerged structures: A review. Coastal Engineering 53:65-79. 2006 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection
Ranasinghe, R., I. L. Turner, and G. Symonds. 2006. Shoreline response to multi-functional artificial surfing reefs: A numerical and physical modelling study. Coastal Engineering 53:589-611. 2006 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Shoreline Protection
Shirlal, K. G., S. Rao, V. Ganesh, and Manu. 2006. Stability of breakwater defenced by a seaward submerged reef. Ocean Engineering 33:829-846. 2006 Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Sudmeier-Rieux, K., H. Masundire, A. Rizvi, and S. Rietbergen, editors. 2006. Ecosystems, livelihoods and disasters: an integrated approach to disaster risk management. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gl�nd (Switzerland) & Cambridge (UK). 2006 Mangroves; Shoreline Protection
Switzer, A. D., C. S. Bristow, and B. G. Jones. 2006. Investigation of large-scale washover of a small barrier system on the southeast Australian coast using ground penetrating radar. Sedimentary Geology 183:145-156. 2006 Australia Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Turner, I. L. 2006. Discriminating modes of shoreline response to offshore-detached structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 132:180-191. 2006 Australia Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Tyagi, V. K. and J. N. Mandal. 2006. Physical and numerical modelling of stacked geotubes subjected to dynamic loads. Pages 356-365 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil Engineering in the Oceans VI. 2006 Model Civil Engineering & Construction; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Protection
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Van Alstyne, K. L., P. Schupp, and M. Slattery. 2006. The distribution of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in tropical Pacific coral reef invertebrates. Coral Reefs 25:321-327. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Climate; Climate Regulation; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting; Sponges; Zooxanthellae
Weight, A. 2006. The potential development of the Newquay Surf Reef. Pages 74-88 in International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
World Resource Institute. 2006. Value of coral reefs in Caribbean islands: draft economic valuation methodology. 2006 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Review; GIS & Maps Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Ziegler, A. D. and R. A. Sutherland. 2006. Effectiveness of a coral-derived surfacing material for reducing sediment production on unpaved roads, Schoffield Barracks, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Management 37:98-110. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Transportation Policies
Angwenyi, C. M. and L. Rydberg. 2005. Wave-driven circulation across the coral reef at Bamburi Lagoon, Kenya. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:447-454. 2005 Kenya Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Arce, J. A. 2005. REMOTE SENSING OF BENTHIC HABITATS IN SOUTHWESTERN PUERTO RICO. Master's Thesis. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 2005 Puerto Rico Remote Sensing Climate; Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Baird, A. H., S. J. Campbell, A. W. Anggoro, R. L. Ardiwijaya, N. Fadli, Y. Herdiana, T. Kartawijaya, D. Mahyiddin, A. Mukminin, S. T. Pardede, M. S. Pratchett, E. Rudi, and A. M. Siregar. 2005. Acehnese reefs in the wake of the Asian tsunami. Current Biology 15:1926-1930. 2005 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Cazes-Duvat, V. 2005. The morphologic impacts of cyclone Kalunde on the beaches of Rodrigues island (Western Indian Ocean) [Les impacts morphologiques du cyclone Kalunde sur les cotes sableuses de l'Île Rodrigues (ocean Indien occidental)]. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 49:293-308. 2005 Indian Ocean; India Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cazes-Duvat, V. 2005. West Indies archipelagos coping with coastal erosion (Macarena, Seychelles and Maldives) [Les archipels de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien face à l'erosion cotiere (Mascareignes, Seychelles, Maldives)]. Annales de Geographie 114:342-361. 2005 Seychelles; Maldives Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chong, Jo. 2005. Protective values of mangrove and coral ecosystems: a review of methods and evidence. IUCN. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Forestry; Mangroves; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Depczynski, M. and D. R. Bellwood. 2005. Wave energy and spatial variability in community structure of small cryptic coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 303:283-293. 2005 Australia Fish; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Dickson, M. E. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2005. Rock coast morphology in relation of lithology and wave exposure, Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 49:239-251. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Everts, C. H. and C. D. Eldon. 2005. Sand management in hook-shaped bays. Pages 136-150 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fernando, H. J. S., S. G. Mendis, J. L. McCulley, and L. Perera. 2005. Coral poaching worsens tsunami destruction in Sri Lanka. EOS Transactions 86:301-304. 2005 Sri Lanka Shoreline Protection
Fernando_McCulley_2005.pdf. 2005. Coral poaching worsens tsunami destruction in Sri Lanka. EOS 86:301,304. 2005 Sri Lanka Shoreline Protection
Fulton, C. J. and D. R. Bellwood. 2005. Wave-induced water motion and the functional implications for coral reef fish assemblages. Limnology and Oceanography 50:255-264. 2005 Fish; Shoreline Protection
Fulton, C. J., D. R. Bellwood, and P. C. Wainwright. 2005. Wave energy and swimming performance shape coral reef fish assemblages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:827-832. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Shoreline Protection
Hall, K. and G. Thomson. 2005. A laboratory study of reef growth by electro-deposition. Journal of Coastal Research 21:383-386. 2005 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Iskander, M. M., A. E. El-Anssary, M. M. A. El-Mooty, and H. M. Nagy. 2005. Simplified method to simulate wave transformations across coral reefs. AEJ - Alexandria Engineering Journal 44:79-89. 2005 Egypt Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Shoreline Protection
James, M. K. and L. B. Mason. 2005. Synthetic tropical cyclone database. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 131:181-192. 2005 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kavanagh, K. D. 2005. Boom-or-bust growth in coral reef lagoons. Marine Ecology Progress Series 286:307-310. 2005 Fish; Plankton; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kelsey, C. 2005. On the waterfront. Industrial Fabric Products Review 90:38-40. 2005 Australia Artificial Habitat; Remediation; Shoreline Protection
Lee, J. L., M. H. Teng, and I. N. Kang. 2005. Modeling of sediment transport in a coral reef environment. Journal of Coastal Research 21:303-308. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Liu, P. L.-F., P. Lynett, H. Fernando, B. E. Jaffe, H. Fritz, B. Higman, R. Morton, J. Goff, and C. Synolaki. 2005. Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka. Science 308:1595. 2005 Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; India; Thailand; Indonesia Shoreline Protection
Lowe, R. J., J. L. Falter, M. D. Bandet, G. Pawlak, M. J. Atkinson, S. G. Monismith, and J. R. Koseff. 2005. Spectral wave dissipation over a barrier reef. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 110:C04001. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection
McComb, P. and K. Black. 2005. Detailed observations of littoral transport using artificial sediment tracer, in a high-energy, rocky reef and iron sand environment. Journal of Coastal Research 21:358-373. 2005 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
McCorquodale, J. A., W. Pramono, and S. Carnelos. 2005. Forces on armour units in a low-crested breakwater. in Proceedings, Annual Conference - Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. 2005 Review; Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Civil Engineering & Construction; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Ramos-Scharron, C. E. and L. H. MacDonald. 2005. Measurement and prediction of sediment production from unpaved roads, St John, US Virgin Islands. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30:1283-1304. 2005 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Transportation Policies
Seeling, M., A. Emmerich, T. Bechstadt, and R. Zuhlke. 2005. Accommodation/sedimentation development and massive early marine cementation: Latemar vs. Concarena (Middle/Upper Triassic, Southern Alps). Sedimentary Geology 175:439-457. 2005 Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Sheppard, C., D. J. Dixon, M. Gourlay, A. Sheppard, and R. Payet. 2005. Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: Examples from the Seychelles. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64:223-234. 2005 Seychelles Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stone, G. W., X. Zhang, and A. Sheremet. 2005. The role of barrier islands, muddy shelf and reefs in mitigating the wave field along coastal Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research 21:40-55. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Thomsen, M. S. and K. McGlathery. 2005. Facilitation of macroalgae by the sedimentary tube forming polychaete Diopatra cuprea. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 62:63-73. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Marine Worms; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Brander, R. W., P. S. Kench, and D. Hart. 2004. Spatial and temporal variations in wave characteristics across a reef platform, Warraber Island, Torres Strait, Australia. Marine Geology 207:169-184. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bryan, S. E., A. Cook, J. P. Evans, P. W. Colls, M. G. Wells, M. G. Lawrence, J. S. Jell, A. Greig, and R. Leslie. 2004. Pumice rafting and faunal dispersion during 2001-2002 in the Southwest Pacific: Record of a dacitic submarine explosive eruption from Tonga. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227:135-154. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji; Tonga Model Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Burke, L. and J. Maidens. 2004. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Climate; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Cesar, H. S. J., P. van Beukering, R. Payet, and E. Grandourt. 2004. Evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of marine ecosystem degradation in the Seychelles. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Netherlands. 2004 Seychelles Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
D'Anna, G., V. M. Giacalone, F. Badalamenti, and C. Pipitone. 2004. Releasing of hatchery-reared juveniles of the white seabream Diplodus sargus (L., 1758) in the Gulf of Castellammare artificial reef area (NW Sicily). Aquaculture 233:251-268. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dickson, M. E. 2004. The development of talus slopes around Lord Howe Island and implications for the history of island planation. Australian Geographer 35:223-238. 2004 Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dickson, M. E., D. M. Kennedy, and C. D. Woodroffe. 2004. The influence of rock resistance on coastal morphology around Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29:629-643. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection
Duval, M., D. Astruc, and D. Legendre. 2004. Two-phase flow modeling of breaking waves without interface reconstruction. Pages 270-275 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2004 Model Shoreline Protection
Engels, M. S., C. H. Fletcher III, M. E. Field, C. D. Storlazzi, E. E. Grossman, J. J. B. Rooney, C. L. Conger, and C. Glenn. 2004. Holocene reef accretion: Southwest Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74:255-269. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Falter, J. L., M. J. Atkinson, and M. A. Merrifield. 2004. Mass-transfer limitation of nutrient uptake by a wave-dominated reef flat community. Limnology and Oceanography 49:1820-1831. 2004 Nutrients; Shoreline Protection
Feary, D. A., A. C. Hine, N. P. James, and M. J. Malone. 2004. Leg 182 synthesis: Exposed secrets of the Great Australian Bight. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 182:30-Jan. 2004 Global; Australia Algae; Coralline Algae; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tunicates; Water Depth & Sea Level
Frihy, O. E., M. A. El Ganaini, W. R. El Sayed, and M. M. Iskander. 2004. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt. Ecological Engineering 22:17-25. 2004 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Grossman, E. E. and C. H. Fletcher III. 2004. Holocene reef development where wave energy reduces accomodation space, Kailua Bay, Windward Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74:49-63. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Harvey, L. D. D. 2004. Declining temporal effectiveness of carbon sequestration: Implications for compliance with the united national framework convention on climate change. Climatic change 63:259-290. 2004 Model Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jokiel, P. L., E. K. Brown, A. Friedlander, S. K. Rodgers, and W. R. Smith. 2004. Hawai'i Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program: Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics in reef coral communities. Pacific Science 58:159-174. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Kench, P. S. and R. F. Mclean. 2004. Hydrodynamics and sediment flux of Hoa in an Indian Ocean atoll. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29:933-953. 2004 Indian Ocean; India Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kolian, S. and A. Walker. 2004. Louisiana is losing critical reef habitat and job opportunities. Sea Technology 45:31-34. 2004 Agriculture; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Tourism & Recreation
Lugo-Fernandez, A., H. H. Roberts, and W. J. Wiseman Jr. 2004. Currents, water levels, and mass transport over a modern Caribbean coral reef: Tague Reef, St. Croix, USVI. Continental Shelf Research 24:1989-2009. 2004 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mallela, J., C. T. Perry, and M. P. Haley. 2004. Reef morphology and community structure along a fluvial gradient, Rio Bueno, Jamaica. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:299-311. 2004 Jamaica Discharges; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mase, H., A. Miyahira, and T. S. Hedges. 2004. Random wave runup on seawalls near shorelines with and without artificial reefs. Coastal Engineering Journal 46:247-268. 2004 Review; Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
McConochie, J. D., T. A. Hardy, and L. B. Mason. 2004. Modelling tropical cyclone over-water wind and pressure fields. Ocean Engineering 31:1757-1782. 2004 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Storms & Hurricanes
Mendoza Baldwin, E. G. and R. Silva Casarin. 2004. Beach profile model in the presence of submerged protection structures [Modelo de perfil de playa en presencia de estructuras sumergidas de proteccion]. Ingenieria Hidraulica en Mexico 19:16-May. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Ogston, A. S., C. D. Storlazzi, M. E. Field, M. K. Presto. 2004. Sediment resuspension and transport patterns on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 23:559-569. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Reid, J. M. and M. G. Winter. 2004. The use of post-consumer tyres in civil engineering. Pages 195-202 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management and Recycling: Used/Post-Consumer Tyres. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Civil Engineering & Construction; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Road Construction & Maintenance; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Rooney, J., C. Fletcher, E. Grossman, M. Engels, and M. Field. 2004. El Nino influence on Holocene reef accretion in Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:305-324. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Coralline Algae; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stevens, B. G., J. E. Munk, and P. A. Cummiskey. 2004. Utilization of log-piling structures as artificial habitats for red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Journal of Shellfish Research 23:221-226. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Storlazzi, C. D., A. S. Ogston, M. H. Bothner, M. E. Field, and M. K. Presto. 2004. Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. Continental Shelf Research 24:1397-1419. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Turner, I. L., S. G. J. Aarninkhof, T. D. T. Dronkers, and J. McGrath. 2004. CZM applications of argus coastal imaging at the Gold Coast, Australia. Journal of Coastal Research 20:739-752. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
van Duin, M. J. P., N. R. Wiersma, D. J. R. Walstra, L. C. van Rijn, and M. J. F. Stive. 2004. Nourishing the shoreface: Observations and hindcasting of the Egmond case, The Netherlands. Coastal Engineering 51:813-837. 2004 Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Wilkinson, C. 2004. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004 volume 2. Australian Institution of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 2004 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Micronesia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Tonga; Niue; Samoa; Tuvalu; Kiribati; Cook Islands; American Samoa; Caribbean Climate; Cultural Protections; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C. 2004. Status of the coral reefs of the world: 2004 Volume 1. Australian Institution of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 2004 Global Climate; Cultural Protections; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Wolanski, E., P. Colin, J. Naithani, E. Deleersnijder, and Y. Golbuu. 2004. Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 60:705-716. 2004 Palau; Micronesia Model Shoreline Protection
Zhu, L.-S., M.-Q. Li, H.-S. Zhang, and S.-F. Sui. 2004. Wave attenuation and friction coefficient on the coral-reef flat. China Ocean Engineering 18:129-136. 2004 Shoreline Protection
Armono, H. D. and K. R. Hall. 2003. Wave transmission on submerged breakwaters made of hollow hemispherical shape artificial reefs. Pages 313-322 in Proceedings, Annual Conference - Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. 2003 Lab Study; Model Artificial Habitat; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Fish; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Borger, J. L. 2003. Three scleractinian coral diseases in Dominica, West Indies: Distribution, infection patterns and contribution to coral tissue mortality. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:25-38. 2003 South & Central America; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Pathogens; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Cabioch, G., K. A. Banks-Cutler, W. J. Beck, G. S. Burr, T. Correge, R. Lawrence Edwards, and F. W. Taylor. 2003. Continuous reef growth during the last 23 cal kyr BP in a tectonically active zone (Vanuatu, SouthWest Pacific). Quaternary Science Reviews 22:1771-1786. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chapman, M. G. and F. Bulleri. 2003. Intertidal seawalls - New features of landscape in intertidal environments. Landscape and Urban Planning 62:159-172. 2003 Australia; Study Location Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection
Cruz-Pinon, G., J. P. Carricart-Ganivet, and J. Espinoza-Avalos. 2003. Monthly skeletal extension rates of the hermatypic corals Montastraea annularis and Montastraea faveolata : biological and environmental controls. Marine Biology 143:491-500. 2003 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Index or Indicator Light; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Diamond, A. 2003. Identification and assessment of scleractinians at Tarou Point, Dominica, West Indies. Coastal Management 31:409-421. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Eversole, D. and C. H. Fletcher. 2003. Longshore sediment transport rates on a reef-fronted beach: Field data and empirical models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research 19:649-663. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Giarrusso, C. C., F. Dentale, and E. P. Carratelli. 2003. On the stability of protected beaches. Pages 429-438 in Environmental Studies. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Giovannozzi, M. A., D. K. Stauble, and R. A. Wise. 2003. Innovative shore protection structures at cape may point, New Jersey. Pages 1061-1073 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Military; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Goda, Y. 2003. Wave field computation around artificial reefs with gradational breaker model. Pages 824-836 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Golbuu, Y., S. Victor, E. Wolanski, and R. H. Richmond. 2003. Trapping of fine sediment in a semi-enclosed bay, Palau, Micronesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 57:941-949. 2003 Palau; Micronesia Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Goodwin, I. D. and E. E. Grossman. 2003. Middle to late Holocene coastal evolution along the south coast of Upolu Island, Samoa. Marine Geology 202:16-Jan. 2003 Samoa Mangroves; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hardy, T. A., J. D. McConochie, and L. B. Mason. 2003. Modeling tropical cyclone wave population of the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 129:104-113. 2003 Australia Model Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Harris, L. E. 2003. Submerged reef structures for beach erosion control. Pages 1155-1163 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Hiraishi, T., K. Hirayama, K. Harasaki, and I. Uehara. 2003. Experimental Study on Directional Wave on Reef. Pages 1586-1592 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2003 Model Shoreline Protection
Hoitink, A. J. F. and P. Hoekstra. 2003. Hydrodynamic control of the supply of reworked terrigenous sediment to coral reefs in the Bay of Banten (NW Java, Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 58:743-755. 2003 Java; Indonesia Discharges; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Huang, L., Y. Tan, X. Song, X. Huang, H. Wang, S. Zhang, J. Dong, and R. Chen. 2003. The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:180-186. 2003 China Fish; Mangroves; Molluscs; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Plankton; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kirke, B. 2003. Enhancing fish stocks with wave-powered artificial upwelling. Ocean and Coastal Management 46:901-915. 2003 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Plankton; Shoreline Protection
Lewis, D. N., S. K. Donovan, and P. Sawford. 2003. Fossil echinoderms from the Carboniferous Limestone sea defence blocks at Barton-on-Sea, Hampshire, southern England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 114:307-317. 2003 Oman; England Echinoderms; Shoreline Protection
Monroy, J. and M. Sato. 2003. A VOF Numerical Model of Storm Waves on Coral Reefs. Pages 2066-2073 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2003 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Nott, J. and E. Bryant. 2003. Extreme marine inundations (Tsunamis?) of coastal Western Australia. Journal of Geology 111:691-706. 2003 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Storms & Hurricanes
Nott, J. F. 2003. The urban geology of Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Quaternary International 103:75-82. 2003 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Ramanujam, N. and R. Sudarsan. 2003. A study of coastal transformation at Tuticorin as a result of emerged and submerged natural breakwaters of Van Island, Gulf of Mannar. Environmental Geology 43:521-525. 2003 India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Ridgwell, A. J., A. J. Watson, M. A. Maslin, and J. O. Kaplan. 2003. Implications of coral reef buildup for the controls on atmospheric CO2 since the last glacial maximum. Paleoceanography 18:1-Jul. 2003 Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Sediment
Rodgers, K., E. Cox, and C. Newtson. 2003. Effects of mechanical fracturing and experimental trampling on Hawaiian corals. Environmental Management 31:377-384. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Trampling
Saitoh, T. and H. Ishida. 2003. Laboratory experiments for mass transport velocities and turbulence flows due to new type wave front breaker over artificial reef. Pages 814-823 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Santacesaria, M. 2003. The sea barrier [La barriera marina]. Industria Italiana del Cemento 73:320-333. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection
Shirlal, K. G., S. Rao, and S. K. M. Prasad. 2003. Stability of tandem breakwater. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Civil Engineering Division 84:159-164. 2003 Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sigurdarson, S., A. Jacobsen, O. B. Smarason, S. Bjordal, G. Viggosson, C. Urrang, and A. Torum. 2003. Sirevåg berm breakwater, design, construction and experience after design storm. Pages 1212-1224 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Norway; Iceland Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Stauble, D. K. and J. R. Tabar. 2003. The use of submerged narrow-crested breakwaters for shoreline erosion control. Journal of Coastal Research 19:684-722. 2003 Florida; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Storlazzi, C. D., J. B. Logan, and M. E. Field. 2003. Quantitative morphology of a fringing reef tract from high-resolution laser bathymetry: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 115:1344-1355. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Suzuki, K. and S. Takahashi. 2003. Liquefaction of loosely deposited sandbed behind a breakwater due to wave overtopping. Pages 656-662 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Shoreline Protection
Tabar, J. R. and D. K. Staubte. 2003. Evaluation of submerged narrow crested breakwaters for shoreline protection. Pages 1122-1134 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Utsuno, H., T. Oda, Y. Hanawa, Y. Hamazaki, N. Takehana, and M. Okumura. 2003. Characteristics of wave energy dissipating structures incorporating multi-slit walls and a slanted ceiling panel. R and D: Research and Development Kobe Steel Engineering Reports 53:80-85. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Whittingham, E., J. Campbell, and P. Townsley. 2003. Poverty and Reefs. DFID-IMM-IOC/UNESCO. 2003 Climate; Shoreline Protection
Yamano, H., O. Abe, E. Matsumoto, H. Kayanne, N. Yonekura, and P. Blanchon. 2003. Influence of wave energy on Holocene coral reef development: An example from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Sedimentary Geology 159:27-41. 2003 Japan Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Cesar, H. 2002. The biodiversity benefits of coral reef ecosystems: values and markets. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris. 2002 Global; Indonesia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Cheal, A. J., G. Coleman, S. Delean, I. Miller, K. Osborne, and H. Sweatman. 2002. Responses of coral and fish assemblages to a severe but short-lived tropical cyclone on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 21:131-142. 2002 Australia Fish; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Fowler, J., T. C. Stephens, M. Santiago, and P. de Bruin. 2002. Amwaj Islands constructed with geotubes, Bahrain. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 38:Jun-40. 2002 Bahrain Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Heibaum, M. H. 2002. Geosynthetic containers - A new field of application with nearly no limits [Geokunststoff-container- ein neues und nahezu unbegrenztes Anwendungsgebiet]. Geotechnik 25:254-260. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Hill, M. S. and A. L. Hill. 2002. Morphological plasticity in the tropical sponge Anthosigmella varians: Responses to predators and wave energy. Biological Bulletin 202:86-95. 2002 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Shoreline Protection; Sponges
Iijima, K. and S. Shiraishi. 2002. Response Analysis Method of VLFS in Coastal Area Considering Topographical Effects on Wave Deformations. Pages 342-349 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2002 Model Shoreline Protection
Lee, S. Y., C. J. Kwon, K.-S. Lee, and C. I. Choi. 2002. Distribution of eelgrass, Zostera marina L. on coasts of the Korean Peninsula: Preliminary study for eelgrass restoration. Ocean and Polar Research 24:55-61. 2002 Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Machado, A. J. and S. S. Moraes. 2002. A note on the occurrence of the encrusting foraminifera Homotrema rubrum in reef sediments from two distinctive hydrodynamic settings. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 74:727-735. 2002 Algae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Mohammad, L. A. and O. J. Jensen. 2002. The development of a breakwater design at Caleta La Mision Port, Argentina. Pages 213-221 in Water Studies. 2002 Model Shoreline Protection
Paskoff, R. 2002. Sea level rise: The myths and the reality [L'elevation du niveau de la mer: Le mythe et la realite]. Acta Geographica 132:65-71. 2002 Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pomar, L., A. Obrador, and H. Westphal. 2002. Sub-wavebase cross-bedded grainstones on a distally steepened carbonate ramp, Upper Miocene, Menorca, Spain. Sedimentology 49:139-169. 2002 Spain Algae; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pondella II, D. J., J. S. Stephens Jr., and M. T. Craig. 2002. Fish production of a temperate artificial reef based on the density of embiotocids (Teleostei: Perciformes). ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Model Artificial Habitat; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Restall, S. J., L. A. Jackson, G. Heerten, and W. P. Hornsey. 2002. Case studies showing the growth and development of geotextile sand containers: An Australian perspective. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20:321-342. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Serumgard, J. R. 2002. Issues in scrap tire management. Technology 8:299-300. 2002 Civil Engineering & Construction; Fish; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Stephens Jr., J. and D. Pondella II. 2002. Larval productivity of a mature artificial reef: The ichthyoplankton of King Harbor, California, 1974-1997. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Warren, A. L. 2002. Flood risk management for a Caribbean island. Water Management 154:199-205. 2002 South & Central America; Caribbean Infrastructure; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Arceo, H. O., M. C. Quibilan, P. M. Alino, G. Lim, and W. Y. Licuanan. 2001. Coral bleaching in Philippine reefs: Coincident evidences with mesoscale thermal anomalies. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:579-593. 2001 Philippines Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Bleck, M. and H. Oumeraci. 2001. Wave damping and spectral evolution at artificial reefs. Pages 1062-1071 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. 2001 Model Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Chaston, K.A.V. 2001. Sediment Nutrient Bioavailability in a Sub-tropical Catchment Dominated by Agriculture: The transition from Land to Sea. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland. 2001 Australia Agriculture; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Clauss, G. F., R. Habel, and C. Pakozdi. 2001. Non-linear wave structure interactions at artifical reefs. Pages 194-200 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cole, R. G., R. C. Babcock, V. Travers, and R. G. Creese. 2001. Distributional expansion of Carpophyllum flexuosum onto wave-exposed reefs in north-eastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35:17-32. 2001 Model Sea Urchins; Shoreline Protection
Crossman, D. J., J. H. Choat, K. D. Clements, T. Hardy, and J. McConochie. 2001. Detritus as food for grazing fishes on coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1596-1605. 2001 Australia Model Algae; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
Fulton, C. J., D. R. Bellwood, and P. C. Wainwright. 2001. The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Marine Biology 139:25-33. 2001 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Shoreline Protection
Gherardi, D. F. M. and D. W. J. Bosence. 2001. Composition and community structure of the coralline algal reefs from Atol das Rocas, South Atlantic, Brazil. Coral Reefs 19:205-219. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Boring Sponges; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges
Hayne, M. and J. Chappell. 2001. Cyclone frequency during the last 5000 years at Curacoa Island, north Queensland, Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 168:207-219. 2001 Australia Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Hearn, C., M. Atkinson, and J. Falter. 2001. A physical derivation of nutrient-uptake rates in coral reefs: Effects of roughness and waves. Coral Reefs 20:347-356. 2001 Model Nutrients; Shoreline Protection
Johnson, M. E. and J. Ledesma-Vazquez. 2001. Pliocene-pleistocene rocky shorelines trace coastal development of Bahia Concepcion, gulf coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166:65-88. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Coastal Development; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kahle, C. F. 2001. Biosedimentology of a silurian thrombolite reef with meter-scale growth framework cavities. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71:410-422. 2001 Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kraines, S. B., M. Isobe, and H. Komiyama. 2001. Seasonal variations in the exchange of water and water-borne particles at Majuro Atoll, the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Coral Reefs 20:330-340. 2001 Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection
Marsden, J. E. and M. A. Chotkowski. 2001. Lake trout spawning on artificial reefs and the effect of zebra mussels: Fatal attraction? Journal of Great Lakes Research 27:33-43. 2001 Cuba; India Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Massel, S. R. and R. M. Brinkman. 2001. Wave-induced set-up and flow over shoals and coral reefs. Part 1. A simplified bottom geometry case. Oceanologia 43:373-388. 2001 Model Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Obura, D. O. 2001. Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1264-1278. 2001 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Pandolfi, J. M. and J. B. C. Jackson. 2001. Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Ecological Monographs 71:49-67. 2001 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Shoreline Protection
Riegl, B. 2001. Inhibition of reef framework by frequent disturbance: Examples from the Arabian Gulf, South Africa, and the Cayman Islands. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175:79-101. 2001 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; Cayman Islands; India; Caribbean; South Africa Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Roseman, E. F., W. W. Taylor, D. B. Hayes, R. L. Knight, and R. C. Haas. 2001. Removal of walleye eggs from reefs in western Lake Erie by a catastrophic storm. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:341-346. 2001 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Schuttenberg, editor. 2001. Coral Bleaching: Causes, Consequences and Response - Selected Papers Presented at the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium October 2000. Coastal Management Report #2230, Coastal Resources Center, Narragansett, (Rhode Island, USA). 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia; Philippines Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Sharma, S. K., B. R. Lienert, and J. N. Porter. 2001. Scanning lidar measurements of marine aerosol fields at a coastal site in Hawaii. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4153:159-166. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Shoreline Protection
Shiraishi, S., K. Harasaki, H. Yoneyama, K. Iijima, and T. Hiraishi. 2001. Experimental study on elastic response and mooring forces of very large floating structures moored inside reef. Pages 329-337 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. 2001 Model Shoreline Protection
Siladharma, I. and M. G. Satish. 2001. Stability of low crested rubble mound breakwaters under wave attack. Pages 235-242 in Environmental Studies. 2001 Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Storlazzi, C. D., M. E. Field, J. D. Dykes, P. L. Jokiel, and E. Brown. 2001. Wave control on reef morphology and coral distribution: Molokai, Hawaii. Pages 784-793 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Thacker, R. W. and V. J. Paul. 2001. Are benthic cyanobacteria indicators of nutrient enrichment? Relationships between cyanobacterial abundance and environmental factors on the reef flats of Guam. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:497-508. 2001 Guam Index or Indicator Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Torres, R., M. Chiappone, F. Geraldes, Y. Rodriguez, and M. Vega. 2001. Sedimentation as an important environmental influence on Dominican Republic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:805-818. 2001 Dominican Republic GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Vogelzang, J. 2001. A model comparison study to the imaging of submarine reefs with synthetic aperture radar. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22:2509-2536. 2001 Model Shoreline Protection
Zhang, Q. 2001. On biogeomorphology of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya City, Hainan Island, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 46:97-102. 2001 China Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bulleri, F., M. Menconi, F. Cinelli, and L. Benedetti-Cecchi. 2000. Grazing by two species of limpets on artificial reefs in the northwest Mediterranean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 255:19-Jan. 2000 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Shoreline Protection
Clauss, G. F. and R. Habel. 2000. Artificial reefs for coastal protection - Transient viscous computation and experimental evaluation. Pages 1799-1812 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gabriel, M., S. Marshall, and S. Jennings. 2000. The Seychelles. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 233-241. 2000 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Heerten, G., A. Jackson, S. Restall, and F. Saathoff. 2000. New geotextile developments with mechanically-bonded nonwoven sand containers as soft coastal structures. Pages 2342-2355 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Ibrahim, Z. Z., A. Arshad, L. S. Chong, J. S. Bujang, L. A. Theem, N. M. R. Abdullah, and M. M. Marghany. 2000. East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 345-359. 2000 Malaysia; China Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Isla, F. I. and G. G. Bujalesky. 2000. Cannibalisation of Holocene gravel beach-ridge plains, northern Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Marine Geology 170:105-122. 2000 Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jaap, W. C. 2000. Coral reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 15:345-364. 2000 Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Lienert Barry, R., N. Porter John, K. Sharma Shiv, and KE IT H Horton. 2000. Diurnal variation of boundary layer extinction on the windward side of O'ahu, Hawai'i measured by a scanning lidar. Pages 1657-1659 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 Remote Sensing Shoreline Protection
Lindley, I. D. 2000. Acanthodian fish remains from the Lower Devonian Cavan Bluff Limestone (Murrumbidgee Group), Taemas district, New South Wales. Alcheringa 24:Nov-35. 2000 Australia Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Lugo, A. E., C. S. Rogers, and S. W. Nixon. 2000. Hurricanes, coral reefs and rainforests: Resistance, ruin and recovery in the Caribbean. Ambio 29:106-114. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Massel, S. R. and M. R. Gourlay. 2000. On the modelling of wave breaking and set-up on coral reefs. Coastal Engineering 39:27-Jan. 2000 Model Shoreline Protection
Morelock, J., J. Capella, J. Garcia, and M. Barreto. 2000. Puerto Rico. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 575-585. 2000 Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Nunn, P. D. 2000. Coastal changes over the past 200 years around Ovalau and Moturiki Islands, Fiji: Implications for coastal zone management. Australian Geographer 31:21-39. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Mangroves; Shoreline Protection
Ramachandran, S. 2000. Southeast India. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 161-173. 2000 India Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fishing Sector; Irrigation; Mangroves; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reaser, J. K., R. Pomerance, and P. O. Thomas. 2000. Coral bleaching and global climate change: Scientific findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology 14:1500-1511. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Shoreline Protection
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 2000. Mapping of benthic habitats in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt): A tool for proactive management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:127-140. 2000 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Sanderson, P. G. 2000. A comparison of reef-protected environments in Western Australia: The central west and Ningaloo coasts. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25:397-419. 2000 Australia Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Short, A. D. 2000. The distribution and impact of carbonate sands on southern Australian beach-dune systems. Pages 236-250 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Australia Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Souter, D. W. and O. Linden. 2000. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:657-688. 2000 Review Biotechnology Research & Development; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Temperatures; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Sumi, H. and A. Wada. 2000. Research on providing habitable environment for bivalves by use of artificial reefs. Mer 38:25-Nov. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Shoreline Protection
Trautman, D. A., R. Hinde, and M. A. Borowitzka. 2000. Population dynamics of an association between a coral reef sponge and a red macroalga. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 244:87-105. 2000 Australia Algae; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Wood, R. and C. Oppenheimer. 2000. Spur and groove morphology from a Late Devonian reef. Sedimentary Geology 133:185-193. 2000 Australia Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges
[No author name available]. 1999. Dredging and the Great Barrier Reef. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 35. 1999 Global; Australia Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection
Adams, J. M. and W. M. Post. 1999. A preliminary estimate of changing calcrete carbon storage on land since the Last Glacial Maximum. Global and Planetary Change 20:243-256. 1999 Global Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; CO2; Sediment
Anglin, D., K. MacIntosh, J. Prehn, and D. Werren. 1999. Monitoring and modeling of tandem breakwater system at Hammond, IN. Pages 63-76 in Breakwaters '99 First International Symposium on Monitoring of Breakwaters. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Bulatov, M. G., M. I. Mityagina, and E. I. Skvortsov. 1999. Microwave and optical combined studies of the sea surface in shallow areas. Pages 1186-1188 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Shoreline Protection
Cruickshank, M. J. 1999. Development of aggregate resources in Pacific tropical islands. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 17:101. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Samoa; Marshall Islands; American Samoa Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fujimoto, K., A. Imaya, R. Tabuchi, S. Kuramoto, H. Utsugi, and T. Murofushi. 1999. Belowground carbon storage of Micronesian mangrove forests. Ecological Research 14:409-413. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Carbon Storage & Cycling; Mangroves
Gherardi, D. F. M. and D. W. J. Bosence. 1999. Modeling of the ecological succession of encrusting organisms in recent coralline-algal frameworks from Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Palaios 14:145-158. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Hill, M. S. 1999. Morphological and genetic examination of phenotypic variability in the tropical sponge Anthosigmella varians. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:239-247. 1999 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hilton, M. J. and C. L. Ming. 1999. Sediment facies of a low-energy, meso-tidal, fringing reef, Singapore. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 20:111-130. 1999 Thailand; Malaysia Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kershaw, S. and F. R. Brunton. 1999. Palaeozoic stromatoporoid taphonomy: Ecologic and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 149:313-328. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Mead, S. and K. Black. 1999. A multipurpose, artificial reef at Mount Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. Coastal Management 27:355-365. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Construction Codes & Projects; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Munoz-Perez, J. J., L. Tejedor, and R. Medina. 1999. Equilibrium beach profile model for reef-protected beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 15:950-957. 1999 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Temporary Seeding. NRCS Planning and Design Manual. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 1999 Non-point Source Runoff; Shoreline Protection
Onda, M. 1999. The distribution of large reef blocks and the effect of geomorphic development in Kudaka Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 72:746-762. 1999 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Pet-Soede, L., H. S. J. Cesar, and J. S. Pet. 1999. An economic analysis of blast fishing on Indonesian coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 26:83-93. 1999 Indonesia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Schuhmacher, H. 1999. Korallenriffe-Bedrohungen, Schutzkonzepte und Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 51:17-23. 1999 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wright, J. and D. Morton. 1999. Promoting erosion control in the Virgin Islands. Pages 8-May in Investing in the protection of our environment. Proceedings of conference 30, Nashville, 1999. (International Erosion Control Association). 1999 US Virgin Islands Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation Policies
Friedlander, A. M. and J. D. Parrish. 1998. Temporal dynamics of fish communities on an exposed shoreline in Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 53:18-Jan. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Fish; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Goda, YO SH IM I and HI RO SH I Takagi. 1998. Lateral versus longitudinal artificial reef systems. Pages 2152-2165 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Grigg, R. W. 1998. Holocene coral reef accretion in Hawaii: A function of wave exposure and sea level history. Coral Reefs 17:263-272. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gunaratna, P. P., P. Justesen, D. S. Abeysirigunawardena, and H.-J. Scheffer. 1998. Application of mathematical modeling in optimizing layout of a large industrial fishery harbour. Pages 1276-1289 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Sri Lanka Model Coastal Engineering; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Hower Amy, E. 1998. Combining wave energy and artificial reef technology for sustainable coastal resource development. Pages 1691-1695 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1998 Review Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Jensen, TH OM AS, PE TE R Sloth, and VA GN ER Jacobsen. 1998. Wave dynamics and revetment design on a natural reef. Pages 1138-1151 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Indonesia Coastal Engineering; Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kalbfleisch, W. B. C. and B. Jones. 1998. Sedimentology of shallow, hurricane-affected lagoons: Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Journal of Coastal Research 14:140-160. 1998 Algae; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Kench, P. S. 1998. Physical processes in an Indian Ocean atoll. Coral Reefs 17:155-168. 1998 Indian Ocean; India Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lugo-Fernandez, A., H. H. Roberts, and J. N. Suhayda. 1998. Wave transformations across a caribbean fringing-barrier Coral Reef. Continental Shelf Research 18:1099-1124. 1998 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lugo-Fernandez, A., H. H. Roberts, W. J. Wiseman Jr. 1998. Tide effects on wave attenuation and wave set-up on a Caribbean coral reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 47:385-393. 1998 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mimura, N. and P. D. Nunn. 1998. Trends of beach erosion and shoreline protection in rural Fiji. Journal of Coastal Research 14:37-46. 1998 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Climate; Mangroves; Shoreline Protection
Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1998 Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Venezuela; India Model Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Nakamura, SA TO SH I and NI CH OL AS Dodd. 1998. Numerical model of low frequency wave motion on a beach and over reefs. Pages 166-180 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. 1998 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Paskoff, R. 1998. Possible consequences on coastal environments of the foreseeable sea level rise of the coming decades [Consequences possibles sur les milieux littoraux de l'elevation du niveau de la mer prevue pour les prochaines decennies]. Annales de Geographie 600:233-248. 1998 Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pirazzoli, P. A. 1998. Coral conglomerates as markers of past environments [Les conglomerats coralliens: temoins des environnements du passe]. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 42:209-219. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith, I. P., K. J. Collins, and A. C. Jensen. 1998. Movement and activity patterns of the European lobster, Homaras gammarus, revealed by electromagnetic telemetry. Marine Biology 132:611-623. 1998 Europe; England Artificial Habitat; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Shoreline Protection
Azarmsa, S. A. and T. Yasuda. 1997. Deformation and decay of different classes of breakers. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 123:200-207. 1997 Shoreline Protection
Barry, JA ME S, G. Schock Steven, and MA RC Ericksen. 1997. New broad band frequency modulated subbottom profiler developed for Hawaii. Pages 120-127 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Browder Albert, E., G. Dean Robert, and RE NJ IE Chen. 1997. Performance of a submerged breakwater for shore protection. Pages 2312-2323 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Carver, R. D. and R. R. Bottin Jr. 1997. Reef breakwater design for Burns Waterway Harbor, Indiana, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research 13:1267-1281. 1997 India Model Coastal Engineering; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Davis, H. 1997. Progress on Norfolk's coastal defences. Dredging and Port Construction 24:39. 1997 Shoreline Protection
Dean, R. G., R. Chen, and A. E. Browder. 1997. Full scale monitoring study of a submerged breakwater, Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Coastal Engineering 29:291-315. 1997 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fabricius, K. E. 1997. Soft coral abundance on the central Great Barrier Reef: Effects of Acanthaster planci, space availability, and aspects of the physical environment. Coral Reefs 16:159-167. 1997 Australia Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Fishelson, L. and O. Sharon. 1997. Spatial and foraging behaviour, diet and morphogenesis of postlarvae and juveniles of Pempheris vanicolensis in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Journal of Fish Biology 51:251-265. 1997 Fish; Plankton; Shoreline Protection
Pandolfi, J. M. and B. J. Greenstein. 1997. Taphonomic alteration of reef corals: Effects of reef environment and coral growth form. I. The Great Barrier Reef. Palaios 12:27-42. 1997 Australia Index or Indicator Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Steneck, R. S., I. G. Macintyre, and R. P. Reid. 1997. A unique algal ridge system in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas. Coral Reefs 16:29-37. 1997 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
van Gent Marcel, R. A. 1997. Numerical modelling of wave interaction with dynamically stable structures. Pages 1930-1943 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Yasuda, T., H. Mutsuda, and N. Mizutani. 1997. Kinematics of overturning solitary waves and their relations to breaker types. Coastal Engineering 29:317-346. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Shoreline Protection
Aalto, K. R. and R. F. Dill. 1996. Late Pleistocene stratigraphy of a carbonate platform margin, Exumas, Bahamas. Sedimentary Geology 103:129-143. 1996 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Cesar, H. 1996. Economic analysis of Indonesian coral reefs. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1996 Global; Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Chiappone, M., K. M. Sullivan, and C. Lott. 1996. Hermatypic scleractinian corals of the Southeastern Bahamas: A comparison to western Atlantic reef systems. Caribbean Journal of Science 32:13-Jan. 1996 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Turks and Caicos; Bermuda; Trinidad; Caribbean; Mexico Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
CPTAS,. 1996. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Duarte, C. M. and J. Cebrian. 1996. The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnology and Oceanography 41:1758-1766. 1996 Global Algae; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Mangroves; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment
Fletcher III, C. H. and A. T. Jones. 1996. Sea-level highstand recorded in holocene shoreline deposits on Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66:632-641. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gourlay, M. R. 1996. Wave set-up on coral reefs. 1. Set-up and wave-generated flow on an idealised two dimensional horizontal reef. Coastal Engineering 27:161-193. 1996 Lab Study; Model Discharges; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hardy, T. A. and I. R. Young. 1996. Field study of wave attenuation on an offshore coral reef. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 101:14311-14326. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hart, A. M., D. W. Klumpp, and G. R. Russ. 1996. Response of herbivorous fishes to crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci outbreaks. II. Density and biomass of selected species of herbivorous fish and fish-habitat correlations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 132:21-30. 1996 Australia Algae; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Hearn Clifford, J. 1996. Application of the model SPECIES to Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Pages 355-366 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kitheka, J. U. 1996. Water circulation and coastal trapping of brackish water in a tropical mangrove-dominated bay in Kenya. Limnology and Oceanography 41:169-176. 1996 Kenya Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Macintyre, I. G., R. P. Reid, and R. S. Steneck. 1996. Growth history of stromatolites in a Holocene fringing reef, Stocking Island, Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66:231-242. 1996 Bahamas Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Turf Algae
Szlauer, L. and B. Szlauer. 1996. An attempt to manipulate a lake by deploying polyethylene sheets. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 43:311-321. 1996 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Sponges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Ayvazian, S. G. and G. A. Hyndes. 1995. Surf-zone fish assemblages in south-western Australia: Do adjacent nearshore habitats and the warm Leeuwin current influence the characteristics of the fish fauna? Marine Biology 122:527-536. 1995 Australia Fish; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Cabioch, G., L. F. Montaggioni, and G. Faure. 1995. Holocene initiation and development of New Caledonian fringing reefs, SW Pacific. Coral Reefs 14:131-140. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Algae; Coralline Algae; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
McClanahan, T. R. 1995. A coral reef ecosystem-fisheries model: Impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes. Ecological Modelling 80:19-Jan. 1995 Model Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
Scholz, J. and G. Hillmer. 1995. Reef-bryozoans and bryozoan-microreefs: Control factor evidence from the philippines and other regions. Facies 32:109-143. 1995 Global; Philippines Microorganisms; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Smith, M. S. and J. B. Shepherd. 1995. Potential cauchy-poisson waves generated by submarine eruptions of kick 'em Jenny volcano. Natural Hazards 11:75-94. 1995 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Shoreline Protection
Sulaiman Dede, M., SH IG EA KI Tsutsui, HI RO SH I Yoshioka, TA KA O Yamashita, SH IN IC HI Oshiro, and YO SH IT O Tsuchiya. 1995. Prediction of the maximum wave on the coral flat. Pages 609-623 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Indonesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Symonds, G., K. P. Black, and I. R. Young. 1995. Wave-driven flow over shallow reefs. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:2639-2648. 1995 Shoreline Protection
Tegner, M. J., P. K. Dayton, P. B. Edwards, K. L. Riser, D. B. Chadwick, T. A. Dean, and L. Deysher. 1995. Effects of a large sewage spill on a kelp forest community: Catastrophe or disturbance? Marine Environmental Research 40:181-224. 1995 Light; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Burke, R. B. 1994. How have Holocene sea level rise and antecedent topography influenced Belize barrier reef development? Pages 14-20 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
Creter, R. E. 1994. Offshore erosion control takes on new dimensions. Sea Technology 35:23-26. 1994 Shoreline Protection
Gourlay, M. R. 1994. Wave transformation on a coral reef. Coastal Engineering 23:17-42. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lugo-Fernandez, A., M. L. Hernandez-Avila, and H. H. Roberts. 1994. Wave-energy distribution and hurricane effects on Margarita Reef, southwestern Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs 13:21-32. 1994 Puerto Rico Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
McCall, J., B. Rosen, and J. Darrell. 1994. Carbonate deposition in accretionary prism settings: Early miocene coral limestones and corals of the Makran mountain range in Southern Iran. Facies 31:141-177. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Middle East; Iran; Indonesia; France Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Nelson, R. C. 1994. Depth limited design wave heights in very flat regions. Coastal Engineering 23:43-59. 1994 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ogden, J. C. and N. B. Ogden. 1994. The coral reefs of the San Blas Islands: revisited after 20 years. Pages 267-272 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Okubo, HI RO SH I, IC HI O Kojima, YO IC HI Takahashi, and HI RO Moritaka. 1994. Development of new types of breakwaters. Nippon Steel Technical Report 60:16-Sep. 1994 Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Salm, R. 1994. Coral's hidden riches. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 3:19-21. 1994 Indian Ocean; India Model Aquaculture; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Forestry; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stephens Jr, J. S., P. A. Morris, D. J. Pondella, T. A. Koonce, and G. A. Jordan. 1994. Overview of the dynamics of an urban artificial reef fish assemblage at King Harbor, California, USA, 1974-1991: a recruitment driven system. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1224-1239. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Wang, XU NL IA N. 1994. The rugose coral fauna from the upper part of the Heyuanzhai Formation in western Yunnan, China. Journal - Hokkaido University, Faculty of Science, Series 4: Geology & Mineralogy 23:343-552. 1994 China Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 1993. 11th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Pages 429-726 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastlines of Japan II. in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bruno, MI CH AE L. 1993. Laboratory testing of an artificial reef erosion control device. Pages 2147-2154 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Lab Study; Model Artificial Habitat; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
De Freitas, T. A., O. A. Dixon, and U. Mayr. 1993. Silurian pinnacle reefs of the Canadian Arctic. Palaios 8:172-182. 1993 Shoreline Protection
Gourlay, M. R. 1993. Wave set-up and wave-generated currents on coral reefs. Pages 479-486 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection
Massel, S. R. 1993. Scattering of surface waves by a conical coral reef. Pages 467-471 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith Ernest, R. and C. Kraus Nicholas. 1993. Laboratory study of wave transformation on barred beach profiles. Pages 630-643 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1993 Lab Study Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1993. Coastal engineering technical note: wave attenuation over reefs. 1993 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Whitehead, T. 1993. Much binding in the marsh. Surveyor 180:12-Oct. 1993 Britain Review Shoreline Protection
Young, I. R. and T. A. Hardy. 1993. Measurement and modelling of tropical cyclone waves in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 12:85-95. 1993 Australia Model Shoreline Protection
Berryman, K. R., Y. Ota, and A. G. Hull. 1992. Holocene coastal evolution under the influence of episodic tectonic uplift: Examples from New Zealand and Japan. Quaternary International 31-45. 1992 Japan Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hubbard, D. K. 1992. Hurricane-induced sediment transport in open-shelf tropical systems - an example from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62:946-960. 1992 US Virgin Islands Octocoral; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hubbard, D. K., K. M. Parsons, J. C. Bythell, and N. D. Walker. 1992. The effects of Hurricane Hugo on the reefs and associated environments of St. Croix, US Virgin Islands - a preliminary assessment. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 8:33-48. 1992 US Virgin Islands Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
McGehee David, D. 1992. Remote automated wave and water level monitoring system deployed at Agat Harbor, Guam. Pages 898-907 in [No source information available]. 1992 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Roberts, H. H., P. A. Wilson, and A. Lugo-Fernandez. 1992. Biologic and geologic responses to physical processes: examples from modern reef systems of the Caribbean-Atlantic region. Continental Shelf Research 12:809-834. 1992 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Bermuda; Nicaragua; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Scoffin, T. P., A. W. Tudhope, B. E. Brown, H. Chansang, and R. F. Cheeney. 1992. Patterns and possible environmental controls of skeletogenesis of Porites lutea, South Thailand. Coral Reefs 11:11-Jan. 1992 Thailand Light; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Short, A. D. and N. L. Trenaman. 1992. Wave climate of the Sydney region, an energetic and highly variable ocean wave regime. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:765-791. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection
Cox Jack, C. 1991. Reef breakwater design for Lake Michigan marina. Pages 130-139 in [No source information available]. 1991 Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection
Hamaguchi, TA TS UO, TA KA AK I Uda, CH IK AR A Inoue, and AK IR A Igarashi. 1991. Field experiment on wave-dissipating effect of artificial reefs on the Niigata Coast. Coastal Engineering Journal 34:50-65. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hardy, T. A., I. R. Young, R. C. Nelson, and M. R. Gourlay. 1991. Wave attenuation on a coral reef. Transactions of the Institution of Engineers, Australia. Civil engineering 1:17-22. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hardy, T. A., I. R. Young, R. C. Nelson, and M. R. Gourlay. 1991. Wave attenuation on an offshore coral reef. Pages 330-344 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Logan, A. and T. Tomascik. 1991. Extension growth rates in two coral species from high-latitude reefs of Bermuda. Coral Reefs 10:155-160. 1991 Jamaica; Bermuda; India Light; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Osmolovskii, E. O., V. I. Simonov, N. K. Dzeranov, N. N. Zhipa, A. A. Morozov, D. V. Davydov, and V. I. Kartashov. 1991. The anesthesiological support for children in extracorporeal lithotripsy on the Urat-P apparatus [Anesteziologicheskoe obespechenie distantsionnoǐ litotripsii u deteǐ na apparate Urat-P.]. Urologiya i Nefrologiya 18-22. 1991 Pathogens; Shoreline Protection
Prager, E. J. 1991. Numerical simulation of circulation in a Caribbean-type backreef lagoon - A preliminary study. Coral Reefs 10:177-182. 1991 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection
Sebens, K. P. and A. S. Johnson. 1991. Effects of water movement on prey capture and distribution of reef corals. Hydrobiologia 226:91-101. 1991 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith Ernest, R. and C. Kraus Nicholas. 1991. Laboratory study of wave-breaking over bars and artificial reefs. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 117:307-325. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Tsutsui, SH IG EA KI and DO N Lewis. 1991. Wave height prediction in unbounded coastal domains with bathymetric discontinuity. Coastal Engineering Journal 34:144-158. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
van der Meer Jentsje, W. and W. Pilarczyk Krystian. 1991. Stability of low-crested and reef breakwaters. Pages 1375-1388 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Davies, G. R. and W. W. Nassichuk. 1990. Submarine cements and fabrics in Carboniferous to Lower Permian, reefal, shelf margin and slope carbonates, northwestern Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Bulletin - Geological Survey of Canada 399. 1990 Storms & Hurricanes
Fagoonee, I. 1990. Coastal marine ecosystems of Mauritius. Hydrobiologia 208:55-62. 1990 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Wetlands
Rosati, J. D. 1990. Functional design of breakwaters for shore protection: empirical methods. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Smith, E. R. and N. C. Kraus. 1990. Laboratory study on macro-features of wave breaking over bars and artificial reefs. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Straccia, F. G., B. H. Wilkinson, and G. R. Smith. 1990. Miocene lacustrine algal reefs-southwestern Snake River Plain, Idaho. Sedimentary Geology 67:23-Jul. 1990 Molluscs; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Uda, TA KA AK I. 1990. Damages caused by storm surges in Maldives. NIST Special Publication 796:431-433. 1990 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Coastal Development; Storms & Hurricanes
Walker, H. J. 1990. The coastal zone. Pages 271-294 The Earth as transformed by human action. 1990 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; China Shoreline Protection; Wetlands
Ahrens John, P. 1989. Stability of reef breakwaters. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 115:221-234. 1989 Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Ambrose, R. F. and S. L. Swarbrick. 1989. Comparison of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs off the coast of southern California. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:718-733. 1989 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection
Boc Jr. Stanley, J. and DA VI D McGehee. 1989. Agat small boat harbor. Guam monitoring plan. Pages 1492-1497 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
Fairchild, I. J. and P. M. Herrington. 1989. A tempestite-stromatolite-evaporite association (late Vendian, East Greenland): a shoreface-lagoon model. Precambrian Research 43:101-127. 1989 Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Graus, R. R. and I. G. Macintyre. 1989. The zonation patterns of Caribbean coral reefs as controlled by wave and light energy input, bathymetric setting and reef morphology: computer simulation experiments. Coral Reefs 8:18-Sep. 1989 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Hanson, H. and N. Kraus. 1989. Genesis: Generalized model for simulating shoreline change. CERC-89-19 Report 1, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Department of the Army, Vicksburg,(Mississippi, USA). 1989 Model Coastal Engineering; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Lin, N. K. 1989. Effects of artificial reefs on nearshore currents. in [No source information available]. 1989 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Lincoln Smith, M. P., J. D. Bell, D. A. Pollard, and B. C. Russell. 1989. Catch and effort of competition spearfishermen in Southeastern Australia. Fisheries Research 8:45-61. 1989 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Shoreline Protection
McManus John, W. 1989. Earth observing system and coral reef fisheries. Pages 4936-4949 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection
Pratte, T. P., J. R. Walker, E. Gadd Peter, and B. Leidersdorf Craig. 1989. New wave on the horizon towards building surfing reefs nearshore. Pages 3403-3411 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Wells, S. and A. Edwards. 1989. Gone with the waves. New Scientist 124:1989. 1989 Global; Maldives Shoreline Protection; Water
Yoshioko, P.M., B.B. Yoshioko. 1989. Effects of wave energy, topographic relief and sediment transport on the distribution of shallow-water gorgonians of Puerto. Coral Reefs 145-52. 1989 Octocoral; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 1988. Berm breakwaters: unconventional rubble-mound breakwaters. in [No source information available]. 1988 Australia; Iceland Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
[No author name available]. 1988. Stemming the tide on the Wirral. OFFSHORE RES. FOCUS 67:-4. 1988 Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Ahrens John, P. 1988. Reef breakwater response to wave attack. Pages 22-40 in [No source information available]. 1988 Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Ahrens John, P. and T. Fulford Edward. 1988. Wave energy dissipation by reef breakwaters. Pages 1244-1249 in [No source information available]. 1988 Lab Study; Model Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Daniel, J. R. K. 1988. Sea defence strategies and their impact on a coast subject to a cyclic pattern of erosion and accretion. Ocean and Shoreline Management 11:159-175. 1988 Guyana Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith, G. W. 1988. Influence of microbial deamination on ammonium pools in marine waters. Science of the Total Environment 75:319-324. 1988 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Cuba Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Ahrens, J. P. 1987. Characteristics of reef breakwaters. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1987 Lab Study Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Cambers, G. 1987. A programme for beach erosion control in Barbados, West Indies. Pages ChiOceanPress-1987 in IN: 1987 PROC. COASTAL & PORT ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, SECOND INT. CONF., (BEIJING, CHINA: SEP. 7-11, 1987). 1987 South & Central America; China; Caribbean Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Dixon, SU SE TT E. 1987. Aust Consultant Designs Tongan Harbor. Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia 59:33. 1987 Australia; Tonga Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
Fleming, C. A. 1987. Holderness coast protection scheme. in [No source information available]. 1987 Review Shoreline Protection
Kakuris Paul, A. 1987. Combination Of Cobble And Sill Controls Erosion. Pages 4589-4599 in [No source information available]. 1987 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Potts, G. W. and J. M. Edwards. 1987. The impact of a Gyrodinium aureolum bloom on inshore young fish populations. Journal - Marine Biological Association 67:293-297. 1987 Fish; Shoreline Protection
Varma, M. M. and J. Alfaro. 1987. Coastal water quality and its effect on beach erosion: A case study. Journal of Environmental Systems 17. 1987 Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Shoreline Protection; Wastewater Discharge
Adams Jr., C. E., J. T. Wells, and J. M. Coleman. 1986. Transverse bedforms on the Amazon shelf. Continental Shelf Research 6:175-187. 1986 Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bhargava, O. N. and U. K. Bassi. 1986. Silurian reefal buildups: Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal Himalaya, India. Facies 15:35-51. 1986 India Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kjerfve, B., K. E. Magill, J. W. Porter, and J. D. Woodley. 1986. Hindcasting of hurricane characteristics and observed storm damage on a fringing reef, Jamaica, West Indies. Journal of Marine Research 44:119-148. 1986 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Mader, C. L., M. Vitousek, and S. Lukas. 1986. Numerical modeling of atoll reef harbors. in [No source information available]. 1986 Model Shoreline Protection
Tsuchiya, Y., I. Shibano, T. Yamashita, T. Shirai, and A. Yamamoto. 1986. Beach processes and their control in Itoigawa coast, Niigata [Beach processes and their control in Itoigawa coast, Niigata]. Annuals - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 29:727-762. 1986 Japan Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Wilson, T. C. and S. J. Krenn. 1986. Construction And Evaluation Of An Artificial Reef Designed To Enhance Nearshore Rockfish Production. Pages 547-551 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Birkeland, C. and D. Grosenbaugh. 1985. Ecological interactions between tropical coastal ecosytems. UNEP regional seas reports and studies No. 73. UNEP. 1985 Mangroves; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection
Brown, B. E., L. Sya'rani, and M. Le Tissier. 1985. Skeletal form and growth in Acropora aspera (Dana) from the Pulau Seribu, Indonesia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 86:139-150. 1985 Indonesia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Fulford, E. T. 1985. Reef type breakwaters for shoreline stabilization. Pages Am.Soc.Civ.Engrs.-1985 in IN: COASTAL ZONE'85, PROC. FOURTH SYMP. ON COASTAL & OCEAN MANAGEMENT, (BALTIMORE, U.S.A.: JUL. 30-AUG. 2, 1985), O.T. MAGOON. 1985 Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Heron, M. L., P. E. Dexter, and B. T. McGann. 1985. Parameters of the air- sea interface by high-frequency ground- wave Doppler radar ( Australia). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36:655-670. 1985 Australia Shoreline Protection
Hopley, D. 1985. Queensland. in [No source information available]. 1985 Australia Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kilpatrick, DA VI D. 1985. Tyres Help Holderness To Tread New Ground In Coastal Protection. Surveyor 165:11-Oct. 1985 Shoreline Protection
Patton, M. L., R. S. Grove, and R. F. Harman. 1985. What do natural reefs tell us about designing artificial reefs in Southern California? Bulletin of Marine Science 37:279-298. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Shabica Charles, W. 1985. Sediment Accretion Associated With Surgebreaker Offshore Reef, A Low Cost Shore Protection Device: An Update On The Corps Of Engineers Section 54 Program. Pages 575-580 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1985 Mitigation; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Stark, K. P., L. Bode, and L. B. Mason. 1985. Simulation Of Tides And Storm Surges In The Great Barrier Reef Region. Pages 226-242 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1985 Australia Model Coastal Engineering; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Storms & Hurricanes
Stewart Jr. Harris, B. 1985. Man-Made Offshore Islands: An Innovative Solution To Coastal Erosion. Pages 1145-1149 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1985 Shoreline Protection
Tanner, W. F. 1985. Florida. in [No source information available]. 1985 Florida Shoreline Protection
Campbell Thomas, J. and KI M Beachler. 1984. Engineering For Beach Restoration Dredging. Pages 1014-1023 in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Ryland, J. S., R. A. Wigley, and A. Muirhead. 1984. Ecology and colonial dynamics of some Pacific reef flat Didemnidae (Ascidiacea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 80:261-282. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Algae; Shoreline Protection
Stephens Jr., J. S., P. A. Morris, K. Zerba, and M. Love. 1984. Factors affecting fish diversity on a temperate reef: the fish assemblage of Palos Verdes Point, 1974-1981. Environmental Biology of Fishes 11:259-275. 1984 Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Welsh, N. 1984. Saving the beaches at New Brighton. CONSTR. NEWS 5892:1984. 1984 Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Gourlay, M. R. 1983. Interaction between natural processes and engineering works on the leeward side of a coral cay: a case study of Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. Page Conventions in IN: PROC. INT. CONF. ON COASTAL AND PORT ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, (COLOMBO, SRI LANKA: MAR. 20-26, 1983). 1983 Australia; Sri Lanka Coastal Engineering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection
Kjerfve, B. and S. P. Dinnel. 1983. Hindcast hurricane characteristics on the Belize barrier reef. Coral Reefs 1:203-207. 1983 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize; Caribbean Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Robert, P. K. and R. Mitchell. 1983. Environmental implications of wave energy proposals for the outer hebrides and Moray Firth. Ocean Engineering 10:459-469. 1983 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Shoreline Protection; Whales & Dolphins
Roberts, H. H. and J. N. Suhayda. 1983. Wave-current interactions on a shallow reef (Nicaragua, Central America). Coral Reefs 1:209-214. 1983 South & Central America; Nicaragua Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Yahya, M. 1983. Perpendicular groyne system along the particular beach of Sanur - Bali. Page Conventions in IN: PROC. INT. CONF. ON COASTAL AND PORT ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, (COLOMBO, SRI LANKA: MAR. 20-26, 1983). 1983 Sri Lanka; Indonesia Shoreline Protection
Baird, A. V. and N. W. Ross. 1982. Field experiences with floating breakwaters in the eastern United States. US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report. 1982 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Barthel, V. 1982. Wave motion in estuary. in [No source information available]. 1982 Coastal Engineering; Large Ships; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dollar, S. J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs 1:71-81. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Kono, T. and S. Tsukayama. 1982. Wave deformation on a barrier reef. TRANS. JAPAN SOC. CIV. ENGRS13:-147. 1982 Shoreline Protection
Murray, S. P., S. A. Hsu, H. H. Roberts, E. H. Owens, and R. L. Crout. 1982. Physical processes and sedimentation on a broad, shallow bank. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 14. 1982 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Nicaragua; Caribbean Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Wurm, D. 1982. Microfacies, paleontology and palecology of the Dachstein Reef Limestones (Norian) of the Gosaukamm Range, Austria [Mikrofazies, Palaontologie und Palokologie der Dachsteinriffkalke (Nor) des Gosaukammes, Österreich]. Facies 6:203-295. 1982 Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Echinoderms; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Barthel, V. 1981. Wave energy distribution in an estuary. Pages 2340-2359 in IN: PROC. SEVENTEENTH COASTAL ENGNG. CONF., (SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA: MAR.23-28, 1980). 1981 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Shoreline Protection
Gerritsen, F. 1981. Wave attenuation and wave set-up on a coastal reef. Look Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 1981 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Knowlton, N., J. C. Lang, M. Christine Rooney, and P. Clifford. 1981. Evidence for delayed mortality in hurricane-damaged Jamaican staghorn corals. Nature 294:251-252. 1981 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Pathogens; Salinity; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Sheppard, C. R. C. 1981. The groove and spur structures of Chagos atolls and their coral zonation. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 12. 1981 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Sobey, J. R. and M. G. Mitchell. 1981. Numerical modelling of tropical cyclone storm surge. Pages 725-745 in IN: PROC. SEVENTEENTH COASTAL ENGNG. CONF. (SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA: MAR. 23-28, 1980). 1981 Australia Model Storms & Hurricanes
Stephens Jr., J. S. and K. E. Zerba. 1981. Factors affecting fish diversity on a temperate reef. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:111-121. 1981 Fish; Invertebrates; Shoreline Protection
Paul, J. 1980. Upper Permian algal stromatolite reefs, Harz Mountains (F.R. Germany). Pages 253-268 The Zechstein basin with emphasis on carbonate sequences. 1980 Europe; Germany Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Spadoni, RI CH AR D and TH OM AS Campbell. 1980. Coral Reef Protection During Beach Restoration In Florida. Pages 152-159 in Proceedings of SOUTHEASTCON Region 3 Conference. 1980 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Lee Theodore, T. and P. Black Kerry. 1979. Energy Spectra Of Surf Waves On A Coral Reef. Pages 588-608 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1979 US Pacific & Hawaii Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Adey, W. H. 1978. Coral reef morphogenesis: A multidimensional model. Science 202:831-837. 1978 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Greene, RI CH AR D. 1978. Finding Offbeat Uses For Scrap Tires. Chemical Engineering (New York) 85. 1978 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection
Mushala, H. M. 1978. Coastal processes along Kunduchi beach ( Tamzania). Journal Geographical Association of Tanzania 17:41-73. 1978 Tanzania Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Stark, K. P. 1978. Cyclonic storm surges and sea characteristics associated with tropical cyclones. UNIV. OF NORTH BQUEENSLAND, SEP.1978, PAPER E. 1978 Model Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Amin, M. 1977. Investigation of storm surges in the Torres Strait. in [No source information available]. 1977 Indian Ocean; India Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Black, K. P. 1977. LOOK LAB/HAWAII. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Shoreline Protection
Connor, J. L. and W. H. Adey. 1977. The benthic algal composition, standing crop, and productivity of a caribbean algal ridge. 1977 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection
DeWall, A. E. and J. J. Richter. 1977. Beach and neashore processes in southeastern Florida. in [No source information available]. 1977 Florida; Bahamas Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Garbe, C. W. 1977. Coast development in the Middle East in general, Saudi Arabia in particular. World dredging & marine construction 12:-18. 1977 Middle East; Saudi Arabia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Leverette, FL OY D. 1977. Stop Beach, Shoreline Erosion Permanently With Concrete Block. Mod Concr 41:36-40. 1977 Shoreline Protection
Walton, T. L. 1977. Equilibrium shores and coastal design. in [No source information available]. 1977 Florida Model Shoreline Protection
Bottin Jr. Robert, R., E. Chatham Jr. Claude, and D. Carver Robert. 1976. Waianae Small-Boat Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, Design For Wave Protection. US Waterw Exp Stn Tech Rep H-76-8. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Hamner, W. M. and M. S. Jones. 1976. Distribution, burrowing, and growth rates of the clam Tridacna crocea on interior reef flats - Formation of structures resembling micro atolls. Oecologia 24:207-227. 1976 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Suhayda, J. N., H. H. Roberts, and S. P. Murray. 1976. Nearshore processes on a fringing reef. in [No source information available]. 1976 Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Taira, K. 1976. A wave-like pattern of holocene crustal warping in eastern Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 19:249-254. 1976 Taiwan Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 1975. Power Plus Proteins From The Sea. Energy Dig 4:21-24. 1975 Mauritius; United Kingdom Aquaculture; Discharges; Shoreline Protection
CHATHAM, C. E. 1975. Design Of Agana Small-Boat Harbour, Territory Of Guam: Hydraulic Model Investigation. in [No source information available]. 1975 Guam Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
DAMSGAARD, A. and A. F. DINSMORE. 1975. Numerical Simulation Of Storm Surges In Bays. in PROC. 2ND. ANNUAL SYMP. OF WATERWAYS, HARBOURS AND COASTAL ENGNG. DIV. ASCE ON MODELING TECHNIQUES, (MODELING '75 : SAN FRANC. 1975 Florida; Australia Model Storms & Hurricanes
Roberts, H. H., S. P. Murray, and J. N. Suhayda. 1975. Physical processes in a fringing reef system. Journal of Marine Research 33:233-260. 1975 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Sediment; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 1974. First offshore runway grows 30,000 cu. yd. daily. ENR (Engineering News-Record) 193:1974. 1974 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Land & Air Transportation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Shoreline Protection
Ashworth Joseph, A. 1974. 'Nature'S Cooling Pond' - Thermal Discharges Atlantic Generating Station. Pages 113-129 in [No source information available]. 1974 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Shoreline Protection
Beckman, J. A., G. Crane, E. L. Kay, and J. R. Laman. 1974. Scrap tire disposal. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 47:597-624. 1974 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Petroleum Spills; Shoreline Protection
Crosby Leroy, G. 1974. Design Of An Interisland Barge Harbor For The Island Of Tau, American Samoa. Hydraulic Model Investigation. US Waterw Exp Stn Tech Rep H-74-16. 1974 Samoa; American Samoa Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal
CROSBY, L. G. 1974. Design Of An Inter Island Barge Harbor For The Island Tau, American Samoa; Hydraulic Model Investigation. in [No source information available]. 1974 Samoa; American Samoa Model Irrigation; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes
Heinsohn, G. E. and A. V. Spain. 1974. Effects of a tropical cyclone on littoral and sub-littoral biotic communities and on a population of Dugongs (Dugong dugon (Muller)). Biological Conservation 6:143-152. 1974 Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves; Storms & Hurricanes
SIEFERT, W. 1974. Critical Travel Distance Of Waves In Shallow Water. in PROC. 14TH ASCE COASTAL ENGNG. CONF. (COPENHAGEN, DENMARK). 1974 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Embry III, A. F. and J. E. Klovan. 1972. Absolute water depth limits of late devonian paleoecological zones. Geologische Rundschau 61:672-686. 1972 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Tait, R. J. 1972. Wave set-up on coral reefs. Journal of Geophysical Research 77:2207-2211. 1972 Sediment; Shoreline Protection
ANON,. 1971. Hemmed in island airport must go to sea to expand. ENR (Engineering News-Record) 187:22-23. 1971 US Pacific & Hawaii Land & Air Transportation; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ladd, H. S. 1961. Reef Building. Science 134:703-715. 1961 Shoreline Protection
Anon,. Colloque International Sur L'Exploitation Des Oceans, 2Nd, 1974, Volume 1: Politiques De Developpement Oceanique, Volume 2: Mise En Valeur Industrielle Des Plateaux Continentaux, Volume 3: Systemes Des Mesures Pour L'Analyse Et La Prevision De L'Environne. in [No source information available]. Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Microorganisms; Pipelines; Salinity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Imrie, J. A. and M. P. Rogers. Boat harbour construction in coral reef flat - Nuku'Alofa, Tonga. Pages 219-222 in IN: SECOND AUSTRALASIAN PORT, HARBOUR & OFFSHORE ENGNG. CONF. 1988, PREPRINT OF PAPERS, (BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA: OCT. 25-27, 198. Australia; Fiji; Tonga Finfish Harvest; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
O'Garra, T. ESTIMATING THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE (TEV) OF THE NAVAKAVU LMMA (Locally Managed Marine Area) in Vitu Levu island (Fiji). Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific. US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Valuation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Mass Coral Bleaching Events There are several actions managers can take to prepare for and respond to bleaching events. These strategies typically focus on developing and communicating reliable information about the bleaching event and its impacts, rather than providing a "cure." Developing a Bleaching response plan in advance allows managers to respond more effectively during these rapid onset events. Predicting the risk and severity of bleaching events can allow for more timely yet credible information for decision makers. After the bleaching event it is important to quickly access the ecological impacts for further management decisions. Bleached coral are in a vulnerable state, and are therefore less resilient to degraded water quality, physical damage from recreation, or pressure from fishing activities. This heightened sensitivity means that current protections may need to be increased temporarily following a bleaching event. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Atmospheric Emissions; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Climate Regulation; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sea Temperatures
Data Management & Decision Tools: Research and Model Causal Linkage Between Pollutants and Ecological Impact This involves conducting research to identify and document causal linkages between discharge water pollutants and specific, quantifiable ecological problems. The natural environment naturally assimilates some pollutants, but has thresholds for this type of contaminant processing. Different hydrology, biology and spatial/temporal factors are all going to play a roll in the linkage between pollutants and ecological problems, meaning modeling and risk assessment can be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Sewage Treatment; Stormwater Management; Sunscreen Use; Supporting Services; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Discharge Controls: Air Filtration & Scrubbing The management option reduces emissions of air contaminants from structures through interception and/or collection. These filters and scrubbers can be implemented on ventilation emitting particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, odorous sulfur compounds, methane or other greenhouse gasses. There are many alternative filters and scrubbers depending on the ventilation system and the characteristics of the emissions. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; CO2; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Regulating Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Energy Efficiency Initiatives Energy efficiency is one of the lowest cost strategies for reducing greenhouse gases. Energy efficiency is also one of the few options that actually reduce user costs as well, since using less energy should reduce energy bills. Energy efficiency can be promoted across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. In the US, the ENERGY STAR program has served as a trusted source of information to help consumers and organizations throughout the nation adopt energy-efficient products and practices. Other ways to incentivize energy improvements include subsidizing (e.g. tax exemption) or issuing lower interest loans for investments in energy use reduction technologies and infrastructure (e.g. more efficient heating/cooling systems). Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR and Other Climate Protection Partnerships. 2009 Annual Report. US EPA.

Atmospheric Emissions; City Planning; Climate Regulation; CO2; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Improved Technology; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Oil & Gas Industry; Shelter; Utilities; Utility Policies; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Forestry Policy: Forestry Management Planning There are many aspects to properly managing forestry sites to reduce point source and non-point source pollutants. Forestry activities can degrade water quality with several types of pollutants and impacts, including: sediment, nutrients, forest chemicals like pesticides, organic debris from tree litter, increased water temperature and increased streamflow. The Forestry management plan and practices include, but are not limited to: pre-harvest planning, road construction and use, prescribed burning and fire management, brush management, timber harvest, regeneration, and application of forest chemicals. Wetlands Forest Management has additional best practices. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Biological Harvest; Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Marine Zoning: Develop Baseline Data Baseline surveys of existing resources need to be conducted before monitoring can begin. The surveys must be conducted in Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary Preservation Areas, and Special-Use Areas to characterize the status of important marine species and their habitats. Establishing baseline data allows for later comparisons to monitoring data to gauge changes over time and revaluate current management actions being taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Monitor & Research: Monitor Water Temperature Extreme water temperature fluctuations can lead to bleaching and disease in corals and mass mortality of seagrass. Recording thermographs are deployed throughout the sanctuary area to monitor seawater temperatures. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, meaning monitoring should be continued long term, and that historic data must be considered to discern trends. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Climate; Climate Regulation; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Sea Temperatures
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Research Artificial Reef Siting, Size, and Materials Impact for Future Management Decisions The effects of artificial reefs on fish and invertebrate abundance and community composition and on other sanctuary resources need to be assessed. Siting and size considerations should include spatial components such as nearest natural reef, species connectivity, currents, distance to shore, expected use, hurricane occurances, etc. The longevity of artificial reefs composed of different materials needs to be evaluated and considered heavily. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Debris; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Water Resources; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Monitor & Research: Utilize Managed Areas for Socioeconomic Research Data are needed to test hypotheses about the socioeconomic impact of marine zoning and user-group perceptions about changes in natural resources within the sanctuary area. User-group perception of changes in natural resources can be compared with quantitative ecological data to identify misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Providing funding opportunities for external scientists to conduct research in the managed area is another option. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Permitting & Zoning; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Valuation
Restoration: Beach Vegatation Restoration Natural beaches are often host to important costal dune ecosystems. Due to tourism, much of the vegetation that comprises these dune ecosystems may be compromised. The natural vegetation provides an important ecosystem service, with roots providing deep stabilization against physical damage and removal of that sand. Without such vegetation sand and dunes can be completely washed away during hurricanes and other surge events. The dunes themselves offer some protection to nearby inland infrastructure during these same storm events. When the beach past the dunes is for public access it is beneficial to build raised walk-overs over the dune vegetation. This prevents trampling, which leads to dune blowouts. Natural Resources Conservation Service, editor. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Dune Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. US Department of Agriculture.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Culture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invasive Species; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Damage; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Restoration: Beach Renourishment and Nourishment Beaches are subject to natural accretion and erosion. Tourism is often best supported by wide, accessible, public sandy beaches. Beaches can be restored to counteract natural erosion by transporting large quantities of sand onto the beach. This sand often comes from nearby dredging. Caution should be used when restoring long sections of beaches, as often the area above the mean high tide line is littoral, or privately owned, and restoration of these beaches can impact these property rights, see "Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2010) U.S. Supreme Court decision." Beach protection or nourishment offers an alternative to this often expensive and abrupt type of renourishment, nourishment involves practices which encourage coastal accretion and discourage erosional forces. See "Florida's Beach and Shore Preservation Act" for some restrictions on this. NOAA Coastal Services Center. Beach Nourishment: A Guide for Local Government Officials. Coastal Services Center Accessed 6/17/2011.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Culture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Stormwater BMPs: Sustained Reservoir Minimum Release of Minimum Baseflow to Sustain Aquatic Habitat In some regions, even high intensity rivers (e.g. Rio Loco, Puerto Rico) are seasonal, drying for long enough to kill aquatic vegetation. Creating a constant baseflow would help sustain aquatic life and ultimately help to process nutrients. High intensity rivers are already prone to extreme channel erosion from the high flow rates, this erosion is even greater without any benthic biota to hold sediment on the river bottom. Restricting the release of reservoir water to that required to maintain aquatic biota would reduce the intensity of flow, stabilize the river bottom, create habitat and naturally process nutrients that could potentially contribute to eutrophication out on the coral reef. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Algae; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Climate; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Primary Production; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utilities; Waste Management; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Transportation Policy: Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards The purpose of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF�) standards is to reduce fuel consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. NHTSA sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the US while EPA calculates the average fuel economy for each manufacturer. Since the standard only dictates the average fuel economy, manufacturers can sell vehicles with higher or lower fuel economy than the standard. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Accessed 8/11/2011.

Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Industry; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Supporting Services; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Transportation Policy: Airline Carbon Policy Civil aviation is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, and this contribution has grown as the industry has grown. Some regions are implementing policies such as cap and trade that apply to the airline industry. Bruce Duguid. 2009. Fasten Your Seat Belt: Airlines and cap-and-trade. CTC764, Carbon Trust, United Kingdom.

Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Political Pressure; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Supporting Services; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Waterway Management: Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure Canal and irrigation infrastructure typically includes concrete structures to control the flow of water. These low head dams, bulkheads, concrete footers, and other structures act as constricting forces in channels. This constriction leads to debris becoming lodged and thus changing the erosive forces. In turn, banks become destabilized. Channel erosion then increases along with bed scour and sediment transport. Removing these structures and making banks more gradual has the added benefit of allowing for riparian vegetation to be planted, which acts as a natural buffer. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Chapter 3: Trees and vegetation next to waterways, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes buffer zone for protecting natural watercourses from vegetation clearing. The buffer zone either 30 feet from the center of the natural watercourse, or 25 feet from its edge, whichever is greater.

Application to Coral Reefs:Assists in erosion control and can protect reefs from harmful sedimentation, if the stream or river sediment is capable of reaching the coral reef. Vegetation along river and stream banks will remove nutrients and assist in preventing eutrophocation of waters that can reach coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Enforcement is by conservation officers with assistance from local police when required. Penalties are fines of not more than $100, or 180 days in jail, or both

Comments:Permits can be obtained if the purpose of clearing is for development. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management; Shoreline Protection; Wetlands
Clean Air Act, 42 United States Code §§ 7400 et seq. To ensure Americans have clean air to breath, and to protect the environment from air pollution. Regulates air emmissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Charges federal land managers with direct responsibility to protect the "air quality and related values" of land under their control. The "related values" include fish and widlife and their habitats. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibility for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act would decrease carbon dioxide emissions from sources in the United States, thereby making a contribution toward reducing ocean acidification, which is one of the problems contributing to coral reef decline.

Legislative Actions:Response will differ from State to State because many Sates have been delegated to administer the Clean Air Act. However, States cannot have air quality standards less stringent then the federal standards. State air pollution agencies hold permit hearings and fines industries that violate air quality limits. States must develop state implementation plans that require approval by EPA.

Comments:The 1990 amendments authorized the Acid Deposition Control Program, a program to control 189 toxic pollutants, established permit program requirements, expanded and modified the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and expanded and modified enforcement authority. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Transportation Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Conceptual Agency Review, 62-029 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter is limited in application to dredge and fill permit applications for projects in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District which, pursuant to Section 373.4145, F.S., are to be reviewed and processed under the rules authorized and adopted under Sections 403.91-.929, F.S. (1984 Supp.), as amended. (1) The purpose of this rule is to establish those procedures applicable to review of requests for conceptual agency review pursuant to Section 380.06(9), F.S., for projects that undergo development of regional impact review (DRIs). (2) Conceptual agency review is a licensing action and approval or denial shall constitute final agency action. (3) Under this rule, applicants who must obtain construction or operation permits for potential sources of water pollution or for dredging and filling activities may apply for conceptual agency review of certain aspects of a proposed development, including the location, densities, intensity of use, character and major design features.

Application to Coral Reefs:Limited to projects in Northwest Florida.

Legislative Actions:The legislation applies only to dredge and fill projects in the area of the Northwest Florida Water Mkanagement District.

Comments:The purpose of this rule is to establish those procedures for dredge and fill permit applications for projects in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District that require conceptual agency review of certain aspects of a proposed development, including the location, densities, intensity of use, character and major design features. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Electric Power Siting, 62-017 Florida Administrative Code. 62-17.011 General. (1) The purpose of Part I is to implement the provisions of the Florida Electrical Power Plant Siting Act, Sections 403.501 - 403.518, F.S., as amended. (2) The department promulgates Part I pursuant to the charge of the legislature to provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. (3) This Part addresses applications for certification of: (a) A new site for a steam or solar electrical power plant; (b) The construction and operation of additional steam or solar electrical generating units to be located at sites which have been previously certified for an ultimate site capacity; and (c) An existing power plant site which had or had applied for permits prior to the effective date of the Act. Specific Authority 403.504(1), 403.517(1)(a), FS. Law Implemented 403.504(2)(3)(5), 403.517, 403.5175, FS. History - New 5-7-74, Amended 12-27-77, Formerly 17-17.01, Amended 5-9-83, Formerly 17-17.011, Amended 2-1-99.

Application to Coral Reefs: To provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. (3) This Part addresses applications for certification of: (a) A new site for a steam or solar electrical power plant;

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Building & Home Construction; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; Energy Policy & Development; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Point & Mobile Source Controls
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction, 62-285 Florida Administrative Code. Florida LEV Program. The Department of Environmental Protection (Department) adopts this rule to establish a Florida low emission vehicle (LEV) program that implements California motor vehicle emission standards pursuant to s. 177 of the Clean Air Act. This rule refers to many sections of chapter 1, division 3, title 13 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR), adopted and incorporated by reference at subsection 62-285.400(9), F.A.C. This rule also includes provisions specific to implementation in Florida.

Application to Coral Reefs:Reducing greenhouse gases will contibute to a decrease in ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To protect air quality, this rule applies to any heavy-duty diesel engine powered motor vehicle. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Climate Regulation; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Transportation Policies
Joint Coastal Permits and Concurrent Processing of Proprietary Authorizations, 62B-049 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. In the event that there is a conflict between the procedural requirements of this chapter and other procedural rules promulgated pursuant to the referenced statutes, then this chapter shall govern. The standards and criteria for issuance of joint coastal permits include the criteria for environmental resource or wetland resource permits pursuant to Chapter 62-312, F.A.C., and the rules adopted under Chapter 62-330, F.A.C., the coastal construction criteria pursuant to Chapter 62B-41, F.A.C., and any specific criteria for issuance of a joint coastal permit listed in this chapter. The criteria for the associated proprietary authorizations are found in Chapters 18-18, 18-20, 18-21, F.A.C. Specific Authority 161.055, 373.427 FS. Law Implemented 161.041, 161.055, 373.427 FS. History�New 10-12-95, Amended 2-19-98, 5-17-07.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project, in a joint review of wetland and submerged land issues, will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, 403.9321-403.9333 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). It is the intent of the Legislature to protect and preserve mangrove resources valuable to our environmentand economy from unregulated removal, defoliation, and destruction.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and preservation of wetland systems, including mangroves, allow the systems to act as buffers to remove nutrients and sediment that could reach coral reefs and cause damage.

Legislative Actions:Permits are required prior to any trimming. A Professional Mangrove Trimmer must be present when work is being performed. Penalties can include restoration and/or mitigation.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Test Procedures, 62-242 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter pursuant to the Florida Clean Outdoor Air Law, Section 325.201, F.S., and in order to provide the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles with the necessary rules, standards, and criteria to administer the Florida Motor Vehicle Inspection Program. (2) The Legislature has directed that in order to implement the Motor Vehicle Inspection Program, the Department of Environmental Protection will set the standards and criteria listed below. (a) Designation of program area (Section 325.204, F.S.). (b) Emissions testing and inspection procedures (Section 325.206, F.S.). (c) Inspection pass/fail criteria (Section 325.206, F.S.). (d) Test equipment performance specifications (Sections 325.206, .212, and .213, F.S.). (e) Definition of low emission adjustment (Section 325.209, F.S.). (f) Inspection personnel training criteria (Section 325.213(1)(d), F.S.). (3) The Department has set the vehicle in-use emission standards at levels that are achievable with proper operation and maintenance of the various model year vehicles, if they have not been tampered with, and which will result in a significant reduction in ozone-causing air pollutant emissions from automobiles and light duty trucks. It is the Department�s intent that eligibility for emission control system performance warranty repairs of these vehicles be protected by reference to 40 CFR 85.2201 (Subpart W) � Emission Control System Performance Warranty Short Tests. (4) This chapter, and the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles rules it references, are intended as an integral part of the Department�s program to achieve and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter; and to control nuisance exhaust.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation and stanards for air emissions will contribute to lower greenhouse gasses and assist in combating ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Climate Regulation; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Nutrients; Transportation Policies
Requirements for Sources Subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program, 62-214 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter outlines the additional permitting requirements for Title V sources that are subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The rules under this chapter set forth requirements for the Acid Rain Part of an operation permit for a Title V source which is subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The Department intends that this chapter shall implement and be consistent with the federal requirements of 40 C.F.R. Part 72. Words and phrases used in this chapter, unless clearly indicated otherwise, are defined at either 40 CFR 72.2 or 76.2 or Rule 62-210.200, F.A.C. The provisions of 40 CFR Parts 72, 73, 74, 75, and 76 referenced in this rule are adopted and incorporated by reference at Rule 62-204.800, F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling toxic air emissions will contribute to a decrease in greenhouse gasses and assist in reducing ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter outlines the additional permitting requirements for Title V sources that are subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The rules under this chapter set forth requirements for the Acid Rain Part of an operation permit for a Title V source which is subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The Department intends that this chapter shall implement and be consistent with the federal requirements of 40 CFR. Part 72. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Ocean Acidity
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 include (1) Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990, (2) Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2000, (3) Coastal Barriers Resources Reauthorization Act of 2005,. (1) Added additional areas along the Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys and the Virgin Islands and established "Otherwise Protected Areas OPAs); (2) amended the guidelines for making recommendations regarding additions to the CBRS and reqired a pilot digital mapping project; (3) reauthorized CBRA and required the submission of the final digital mapping pilot project.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restricted most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Forestry; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Stationary Sources - Emission Standards, 62-296 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to establish emission limiting standards and compliance requirements for stationary sources of air pollutant emissions. (2) The chapter includes emission limitations for specific categories of facilities and emissions units, and it establishes reasonably available control technology requirements. Where work practice standards, including requirements for specific types of pollution control equipment, are provided for in this chapter, such standards shall be of the same force and effect as emission limiting standards. The emission limiting and work practice standards of Rule 62-296.320, F.A.C., and Rules 62-296.401 through 62-296.480, F.A.C., are applicable statewide. The reasonably available control technology requirements are established for specific areas of the state as set forth in Rules 62-296.500, 62-296.600, and 62-296.700, F.A.C. (3) A facility or emissions unit subject to any standard or requirement of 40 CFR. Part 60, 61, 63 or 65, adopted and incorporated by reference at Rule 62-204.800, F.A.C., shall comply with such standard or requirement. Nothing in this chapter shall relieve a facility or emissions unit from complying with such standard or requirement, provided, however, that where a facility or emissions unit is subject to a standard established in this chapter, such standard shall also apply. (4) Words and phrases used in this chapter, unless clearly indicated otherwise, are defined at Rule 62-210.200, F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling air emission pollutants can assist in controlling ocean acid acidification and the damaging effect of ocean water acidification on coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To protect air quality, the chapter includes emission limitations for specific categories of facilities and emissions units, and it establishes reasonably available control technology requirements. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate Regulation; CO2; Corporate Responses; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients
The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act, Public Law 101-605 (H.R. 5909 United States Code (1990). To protect the resources of the area delineated in section 5(b) of the Act, to educate and interpret for the public regarding the Florida Keys marine environment, and to manage such human uses of the Sanctuary consistent with the Act. Nothing in the Act is intended to restrict activities that do not cause adverse effects to the resources or property of the Sanctuary or that do not pose harm to the users of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the thrid largest coral reef barrier in the world. Included in the FKNMS are Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 squared nautical miles of coral reefs.The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive in the Sanctuary. From Miami to the Marquesas Keys there are over 6000 patch reefs. The Act also protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, futher protecting mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act required the preparation of a comprehensive mangement plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:Large vessel groundings on coral reefs in the Florida Keys was a major driver for the designation of the Sanctuary. In 1989, there were three groundings of large commercial vessels on the coral reef tract within an eighteen day period. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as lead agency and Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, and Monroe County as Co-Trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation

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