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ReefLink Database

Recreational Fishing

Recreational Fishing

Recreational Fishing includes the activity of tourists and residents fishing for enjoyment, as well as the associated establishments, equipment, location, and/or instruction needed to support their activities.

CMap

Aquarium and Pet Trade involves the preservation and exhibition of aquatic species for public view or individual hobbies, and the sale of animals. Beaches, Conservation Lands, and Nature Parks deals with the beautification and upkeep of outdoor areas for recreation, tourism, environmental protection, or aesthetic value, including their establishment, operation, and maintenance. The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving). Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural policies are responses that impact the distribution and functioning of cultural sectors, including tourism, recreation, education, and social organization. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. The Dive, Snorkeling, and Swimming Tourism sector includes businesses that provide equipment, instruction, and location to allow tourists to swim, snorkel, and SCUBA dive. Economic markets and policies can influence financing and insurance, as well as drive consumer demand for certain types of goods and services. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Entertainment and Accommodation Services are businesses that provide attractions, lodging, and food services for tourists, and to some degree for local residents. Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. Existence value is the economic value or meaning humans place in a particular area, resource or organism simply for existing, separate from any derived use value. Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Infrastructural policies are responses, including zoning, codes, or regulations, that impact the distribution and functioning of socio-economic sectors that provide infrastructure. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Manufacturing and trade regulations are laws and policies enacted to control production, distribution, and sale of goods and services. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Recreational Fishing includes the activity of tourists and residents fishing for enjoyment, as well as the associated establishments, equipment, location, and/or instruction needed to support their activities. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. The Souvenir and Decorative Trade is involved in producing and selling souvenirs and novelty decorative items, including those derived from marine products. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Tourism and recreation policies can be use to control the distribution and intensity of recreational activities such as through advertising, incentives, or visitors centers. Water resources reflect the quality and quantity of seawater available for human use, including swimming, navigation, and other uses. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways.

CMap Description

Tourism & recreation requires construction of hotels, restaurants, docks, marinas, beaches and natural areas, which contribute to landscape changes and alter pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Tourism activities involving contact uses (boating, swimming, fishing) may cause physical damage to reef species,. Tourism & recreation sectors directly benefit from many ecosystem services, including the aesthetic value of the reef and clean, calm waters, which provide recreational opportunities and contribute to the cultural identity of the local community. The reef ecosystem also provides seafood and marine products, such as ornamental jewelry and other souvenirs. Decision-makers can enact policies to increase tourism, alter the location or intensity of recreational activities, or educate the public to modify their behavior.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Farmer, BM; Wilson, SK. 2011. Diet of finfish targeted by fishers in North West Australia and the implications for trophic cascades. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91:71-85. 2011 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gao, L; Hailu, A. 2011. Evaluating the effects of area closure for recreational fishing in a coral reef ecosystem: The benefits of an integrated economic and biophysical modeling. Ecological Economics 70:1735-1745. 2011 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Genzano, G; Giberto, D; Bremec, C. 2011. Benthic survey of natural and artificial reefs off Mar del Plata, Argentina, southwestern Atlantic. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 39:553-566. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Simon, T; Pinheiro, HT; Joyeux, JC. 2011. Target fishes on artificial reefs: Evidences of impacts over nearby natural environments. Science of the Total Environment 409:4579-4584. 2011 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Taylor, SM; Loew, ER; Grace, MS. 2011. Developmental shifts in functional morphology of the retina in Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus (Elopomorpha: Teleostei) between four ecologically distinct life-history stages. Visual Neuroscience 28:309-323. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico; Europe Fish; Fishing Sector; Light; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Veilleux, HD; van Herwerden, L; Evans, RD; Travers, MJ; Newman, SJ. 2011. Strong genetic subdivision generates high genetic variability among eastern and western Australian populations of Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson). Fisheries Research 108:74-80. 2011 Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Papua New Guinea Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Albouy, C., D. Mouillot, D. Rocklin, J. M. Culioli, and F. Le Loc'h. 2010. Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 412:207-221. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Armi, Z., S. Turki, E. Trabelsi, and N. Ben Maiz. 2010. First recorded proliferation of Coolia monotis (Meunier, 1919) in the North Lake of Tunis (Tunisia) correlation with environmental factors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164:423-433. 2010 Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hardiman, N. and S. Burgin. 2010. Recreational impacts on the fauna of Australian coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2096-2108. 2010 Australia; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Boating Activities; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Johnson, M. W., S. P. Powers, C. L. Hightower, and M. Kenworthy. 2010. Age, Growth, Mortality, and Diet Composition of Vermilion Snapper from the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139:1136-1149. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tunicates
La Mesa, G., A. Molinari, and L. Tunesi. 2010. Coastal fish assemblage characterisation to support the zoning of a new Marine Protected Area in north-western Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology 77:197-210. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Love, M. S., B. Lenarz, and L. Snook. 2010. A Survey Of The Reef Fishes, Purple Hydrocoral (Stylaster Californicus), And Marine Debris Of Farnsworth Bank, Santa Catalina Island. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:35-52. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Lynch, A. M. J., S. G. Sutton, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:312-318. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Marriott, R. J., N. D. C. Jarvis, D. J. Adams, A. E. Gallash, J. Norriss, and S. J. Newman. 2010. Maturation and sexual ontogeny in the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1396-1414. 2010 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Murphy, H. M. and G. P. Jenkins. 2010. Observational methods used in marine spatial monitoring of fishes and associated habitats: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:236-252. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2010. Fisheries of the United States 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Allman, R. J. and L. A. Goetz. 2009. Regional Variation In The Population Structure Of Gray Snapper, Lutjanus Griseus, Along The West Florida Shelf. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:315-330. 2009 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Di Franco, A., S. Bussotti, A. Navone, P. Panzalis, and P. Guidetti. 2009. Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:275-285. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Ghermandi, A., P. A. L. D. Nunes, R. Portela, N. Rao, and S. S. Teelucksingh. 2009. Recrational, cultural, aesthetic services from estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 2009 Europe Review Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Gordoa, A. 2009. Characterization of the infralittoral system along the north-east Spanish coast based on sport shore-based fishing tournament catches. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 82:41-49. 2009 Spain Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Guillemot, N., M. Leopold, M. Cuif, and P. Chabanet. 2009. Characterization and management of informal fisheries confronted with socio-economic changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Fisheries Research 98:51-61. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Hardt, M. J. 2009. Lessons from the past: The collapse of Jamaican coral reefs. Fish and Fisheries 10:143-158. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Columbia; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Howard, K. G., B. D. Schumacher, and J. D. Parrish. 2009. Community structure and habitat associations of parrotfishes on Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 12-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Kerwath, S. E., E. B. Thorstad, T. F. Naesje, P. D. Cowley, F. Okland, C. Wilke, and C. G. Attwood. 2009. Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa. Conservation Biology 23:653-661. 2009 South Africa Model Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kruck, N. C., C. A. Chargulaf, U. Saint-Paul, and I. R. Tibbetts. 2009. Early post-settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during Sillago spp. recruitment in Moreton Bay, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:207-219. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Love, M. S., M. Yoklavich, and D. M. Schroeder. 2009. Demersal fish assemblages in the Southern California Bight based on visual surveys in deep water. Environmental Biology of Fishes 84:55-68. 2009 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McClenachan, L. 2009. Documenting loss of large trophy fish from the florida keys with historical photographs. Conservation Biology 23:636-643. 2009 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2009. Fisheries of the United States 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2009 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Parsons, D. M., M. A. Morrison, A. B. MacDiarmid, B. Stirling, P. Cleaver, I. W. G. Smith, and M. Butcher. 2009. Risks of shifting baselines highlighted by anecdotal accounts of New Zealand's snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:965-983. 2009 Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pattrick, P. and N. A. Strydom. 2009. Swimming abilities of wild-caught, late-stage larvae of Diplodus capensis and Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) from temperate South Africa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 85:547-554. 2009 South Africa Lab Study Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Stewart, J. and J. M. Hughes. 2009. Biological and fishery characteristics of rubberlip morwong Nemadactylus douglasii (Hector, 1875) in eastern Australia. Fisheries Research 96:267-274. 2009 Australia Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sutton, S. G. and R. C. Tobin. 2009. Recreational fishers' attitudes towards the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 36:245-252. 2009 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wall, C. C., F. E. Muller-Karger, and M. A. Roffer. 2009. Linkages between environmental conditions and recreational king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) catch off west-central Florida. Fisheries Oceanography 18:185-199. 2009 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Allen, T. and R. Southwick. 2008. Sportfishing in America: an economic engine and conservation powerhouse. American Sportfishing Association. 2008 Finfish Harvest; Manufacturing & Trade; Medical Centers; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bauer, L. J., M. S. Kendall, and C. F. G. Jeffrey. 2008. Incidence of marine debris and its relationships with benthic features in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Southeast USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:402-413. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Eggleston, D. B., D. M. Parsons, G. T. Kellison, G. R. Plaia, and E. G. Johnson. 2008. Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management. Ecological Applications 18:258-272. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Frisch, A. J., R. Baker, J.-P.A. Hobbs, and L. Nankervis. 2008. A quantitative comparison of recreational spearfishing and linefishing on the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for management of multi-sector coral reef fisheries. Coral Reefs 27:85-95. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Gibson. T., H. Wanless, J. Klaus, P. Foster-Turley, K. Florini, T. Olson. 2008. Corals and Climate Change: Florida�s Natural Treasures at Risk. Environmental Defense Fund. 2008 Global; Florida Climate; CO2; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Recreational Fishing; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Granek, E. F., E. M. P. Madin, M. A. Brown, W. Figueira, D. S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, J. E. Williams, J. Post, S. Zahn, and R. Arlinghaus. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22:1125-1134. 2008 Global; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gunderson, D. R., A. M. Parma, R. Hilborn, J. M. Cope, D. L. Fluharty, M. L. Miller, R. D. Vetter, S. S. Heppell, and H. G. Greene. 2008. The challenge of managing nearshore rocky reef resources. Fisheries 33:172-179. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Kleczkowski, M., R. C. Babcock, and G. Clapin. 2008. Density and size of reef fishes in and around a temperate marine reserve. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:165-176. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Leitao, F., M. N. Santos, K. Erzini, and C. C. Monteiro. 2008. Fish assemblages and rapid colonization after enlargement of an artificial reef off the Algarve coast (Southern Portugal). Marine Ecology 29:435-448. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Lloret, J. and V. Riera. 2008. Evolution of a mediterranean coastal zone: Human impacts on the marine environment of cape creus. Environmental Management 42:977-988. 2008 Cuba Boating Activities; Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Mapstone, B. D., L. R. Little, A. E. Punt, C. R. Davies, A. D. M. Smith, F. Pantus, A. D. McDonald, A. J. Williams, and A. Jones. 2008. Management strategy evaluation for line fishing in the Great Barrier Reef: Balancing conservation and multi-sector fishery objectives. Fisheries Research 94:315-329. 2008 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2008. Fisheries of the United States 2007. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Patterson, H. M. and S. E. Swearer. 2008. Origin of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, from Lord Howe Island, Australia, inferred from otolith chemistry. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:409-416. 2008 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Russell, D. J. and A. J. McDougall. 2008. Reproductive biology of mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in northeastern Queensland, Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:219-232. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Stuart-Smith, R. D., N. S. Barrett, C. M. Crawford, S. D. Frusher, D. G. Stevenson, and G. J. Edgar. 2008. Spatial patterns in impacts of fishing on temperate rocky reefs: Are fish abundance and mean size related to proximity to fisher access points? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:116-125. 2008 Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Planktivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Valentine, J. F., K. L. Heck Jr., D. Blackmon, M. E. Goecker, J. Christian, R. M. Kroutil, B. J. Peterson, M. A. Vanderklift, K. D. Kirsch, and M. Beck. 2008. Exploited species impacts on trophic linkages along reef seagrass interfaces in the Florida Keys. Ecological Applications 18:1501-1515. 2008 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Arena, P. T., L. K. B. Jordan, and R. E. Spieler. 2007. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia 580:157-171. 2007 Florida; Cuba Artificial Habitat; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Babcock, R. C., J. C. Phillips, M. Lourey, and G. Clapin. 2007. Increased density, biomass and egg production in an unfished population of Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus cygnus) at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:286-292. 2007 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Johnston, R. J., D. S. Holland, V. Maharaj, and T. W. Campson. 2007. Fish harvest tags: An alternative management approach for recreational fisheries in the US Gulf of Mexico. Marine Policy 31:505-516. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Review Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Meyer, C. G. 2007. The impacts of spear and other recreational fishers on a small permanent Marine Protected Area and adjacent pulse fished area. Fisheries Research 84:301-307. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Reed, J. K., C. C. Koenig, and A. N. Shepard. 2007. Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:481-496. 2007 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sutton, S. G. and S. L. Bushnell. 2007. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:829-846. 2007 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Villareal, T. A., S. Hanson, S. Qualia, E. L. E. Jester, H. R. Granade, and R. W. Dickey. 2007. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 6:253-259. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Wolfe, D., C. Dolan, and D. Hoskins. 2007. Stormy voyage. Environmental Forum 24:26-30. 2007 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Aspden, W., G. Pegg, L. Briskey, and W. Sinclair. 2006. Species-specific PCR primers for the mitochondrial genome control region hypervariable region 1 of the reef fish Lutjanus sebae. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:499-501. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-Jones, and P. J. B. Hart. 2006. Conservation benefits of temperate marine protected areas: Variation among fish species. Conservation Biology 20:811-820. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing
Hancock, B. and N. Caputi. 2006. The Roe's abalone fishery near the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. Journal of Shellfish Research 25:167-178. 2006 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Heasman, M. P. 2006. In pursuit of cost-effective fisheries enhancement of New South Wales blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach) fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 25:211-224. 2006 Review; Model Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Last, P. R., J. A. Chidlow, and L. J. V. Compagno. 2006. A new wobbegong shark, Orectolobus hutchinsi n. sp. (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae) from southwestern Australia. Zootaxa 35-48. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Morrisey, D. J., R. G. Cole, N. K. Davey, S. J. Handley, A. Bradley, S. N. Brown, and A. L. Madarasz. 2006. Abundance and diversity of fish on mussel farms in New Zealand. Aquaculture 252:277-288. 2006 Algae; Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Stephens, S. A., N. Broekhuizen, A. B. Macdiarmid, C. J. Lundquist, L. McLeod, and R. Haskew. 2006. Modelling transport of larval New Zealand abalone (Haliotis iris) along an open coast. Marine and Freshwater Research 57:519-532. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Tinsman, J. C. and W. H. Whitmore. 2006. Aerial flight methodology to estimate and monitor trends in fishing effort on Delaware artificial reef sites. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:167-176. 2006 Global Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2006. Site fidelity and seasonal movement patterns of adult California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae): An acoustic monitoring study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326:257-267. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Walsh, H. J., K. E. Marancik, and J. A. Hare. 2006. Juvenile fish assemblages collected on unconsolidated sediments of the southeast United States continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin 104:256-277. 2006 Complex Habitat & Resources; Recreational Fishing; Salinity; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2005. Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Biological Conservation 121:221-230. 2005 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Clua, E., B. Beliaeff, C. Chauvet, G. David, J. Ferraris, M. Kronen, M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, D. Pelletier, O. Thebaud, and M. Leopold. 2005. Towards multidisciplinary indicator dashboards for coral reef fisheries management. Aquatic Living Resource 18:199-213. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Fischer, A. J., M. S. Baker Jr., C. A. Wilson, and D. L. Nieland. 2005. Age, growth, mortality, and radiometric age validation of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from Louisiana. Fishery Bulletin 103:307-319. 2005 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N. A. 2005. MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2005 Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
McGinnis, M. V. 2005. The political ecology of the offshore oil platform rig-to-reef policy debate. Pages 506-520 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Parsons, D. M. and D. B. Eggleston. 2005. Indirect effects of recreational fishing on behavior of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 303:235-244. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sharp, W. C., R. D. Bertelsen, and V. R. Leeworthy. 2005. Long-term trends in the recreational lobster fishery of Florida, United States: Landings, effort, and implications for management. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39:733-747. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
St. John, J. and C. J. Syers. 2005. Mortality of the demersal West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum (Richardson 1845) following catch and release: The influence of capture depth, venting and hook type. Fisheries Research 76:106-116. 2005 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2005. Home range and habitat utilization of adult California sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae), in a temperate no-take marine reserve. Marine Biology 147:301-311. 2005 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Asoh, K., T. Yoshikawa, R. Kosaki, and E. A. Marschall. 2004. Damage to cauliflower coral by monofilament fishing lines in Hawaii. Conservation Biology 18:1645-1650. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Coleman, F. C., P. B. Baker, and C. C. Koenig. 2004. A Review of Gulf of Mexico Marine Protected Areas: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned. Fisheries 29:21-Oct. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Davis, K. L. F., G. R. Russ, D. H. Williamson, and R. D. Evans. 2004. Surveillance and poaching on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 32:373-387. 2004 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Denny, C. M. and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biological Conservation 116:119-129. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hart, N. S., T. J. Lisney, N. J. Marshall, and S. P. Collin. 2004. Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:4587-4594. 2004 Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Meester, G. A., A. Mehrotra, J. S. Ault, and E. K. Baker. 2004. Designing marine reserves for fishery management. Management Science 50:1031-1043. 2004 Global; Florida Model Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Campbell, R. A., J. G. Pepperell, and T. L. O. Davis. 2003. Use of charter boat data to infer the annual availability of black marlin, Makaira indica, to the recreational fishery off Cairns, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:447-457. 2003 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Eggleston, D. B., E. G. Johnson, G. T. Kellison, and D. A. Nadeau. 2003. Intense removal and non-saturating functional responses by recreational divers on spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257:197-207. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Holdsworth, J., P. Saul, and G. Browne. 2003. Factors affecting striped marlin catch rate in the New Zealand recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:473-481. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Patterson, W. F. and J. H. Cowan. 2003. Site fidelity and dispersion of red snapper associated with artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 181-193 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Model Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. 2003 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Recreational Fishing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Westera, M., P. Lavery, and G. Hyndes. 2003. Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294:145-168. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Crabtree, R. E., P. B. Hood, and D. Snodgrass. 2002. Age, growth, and reproduction of permit (Trachinotus falcatus) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin 100:26-34. 2002 Florida Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Herrera, R., F. Espino, M. Garrido, and R. J. Haroun. 2002. Observations on fish colonization and predation on two artificial reefs in the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hesp, S. A., I. C. Potter, and N. G. Hall. 2002. Age and size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology, and habitats of the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and their relevance to the management of this species. Fishery Bulletin 100:214-227. 2002 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lok, A., C. Metin, A. Ulas, F. O. Duzbastilar, and A. Tokac. 2002. Artificial reefs in Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Parker Jr., R. O. and R. L. Dixon. 2002. Reef faunal response to warming middle U.S. continental shelf waters. Pages 141-154 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Reed, J. K. 2002. Deep-water Oculina coral reefs of Florida: Biology, impacts, and management. Hydrobiologia 471:43-55. 2002 Florida Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Schwartz, S. E. 2002. Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs. Sea Technology 43:33-37. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Baker M.S., JR . and C. A. Wilson. 2001. Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1819-1824. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Eggleston, D. B. and C. P. Dahlgren. 2001. Distribution and abundance of Caribbean spiny lobsters in the Key West National Wildlife Refuge: Relationship to habitat features and impact of an intensive recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1567-1576. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001. Fisheries of the United States 2000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2001 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Patterson III, W. F., J. C. Watterson, R. L. Shipp, and JR . Cowan J.H. 2001. Movement of tagged red snapper in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:533-545. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Svane, I. and J. K. Petersen. 2001. On the problems of epibioses, fouling and artificial reefs, a review. Marine Ecology 22:169-188. 2001 Review Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Lucy, J. and K. Davy. 2000. Benefits of angler-assisted tag and release programs. Fisheries 25:18-23. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. 2000. Northeastern Australia: The Great Barrier Reef region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 611-628. 2000 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Heise, R. J. and S. A. Bortone. 1999. Estuarine artificial reefs to enhance seagrass planting and provide fish habitat. Gulf of Mexico Science 17:59-74. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Penney, A. J., J. B. Mann-Langer, R. P. Van Der Elst, and C. G. Wilke. 1999. Long-term trends in catch and effort in the KwaZulu-Natal nearshore linefisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science 51-76. 1999 Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pepperell, J. G. and T. L. O. Davis. 1999. Post-release behaviour of black marlin, Makaira indica, caught off the Great Barrier Reef with sportfishing gear. Marine Biology 135:369-380. 1999 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Schleyer, M. H. 1999. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. 1999 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Carr Mark, H., E. Forrester Graham, and V. McGinnis Michael. 1998. Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities: Contrasts between southern California and the Gulf of Mexico and implications for ecological research. Page 1383 in Proceedings of the Conference on California and the World Ocean. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Done, T. 1998. Science for management of the Great Barrier Reef. Nature and Resources 34:16-29. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Hower Amy, E. 1998. Combining wave energy and artificial reef technology for sustainable coastal resource development. Pages 1691-1695 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1998 Review Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Hyndes, G. A., M. E. Platell, I. C. Potter, and R. C. J. Lenanton. 1998. Age composition, growth, reproductive biology, and recruitment of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata, in coastal waters of southwestern Australia. Fishery Bulletin 96:258-270. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Major, J. 1998. Do marine 'no-take' zones work? Australasian Science 19:20-22. 1998 Global; Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Parker Jr., R. O. and R. L. Dixon. 1998. Changes in a North Carolina reef fish community after 15 years of intense fishing - Global warming implications. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:908-920. 1998 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Peachey, A. 1998. An economic valuation of water based recreation in the Great Barrier Reef marine park. Australian Parks and Recreation 34:14-16. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Schirripa, M. J. and K. M. Burns. 1997. Growth estimates for three species of reef fish in the eastern gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 61:581-591. 1997 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wassenberg, T. J., S. J. M. Blaber, C. Y. Burridge, D. T. Brewer, J. P. Salini, and N. Gribble. 1997. The effectiveness of fish and shrimp trawls for sampling fish communities in tropical Australia. Fisheries Research 30:241-251. 1997 Florida; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Ainley, D. G., L. B. Spear, S. G. Allen, and C. A. Ribic. 1996. Temporal and spatial patterns in the diet of the Common Murre in California waters. Condor 98:691-705. 1996 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Recreational Fishing
Burrage, D. M., C. R. Steinberg, W. J. Skirving, and J. A. Kleypas. 1996. Mesoscale circulation features of the great barrier reef region inferred from NOAA satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 56:21-41. 1996 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gledhill, C. T., J. Lyczkowski-Shultz, K. Rademacher, E. Kargard, G. Crist, and M. A. Grace. 1996. Evaluation of video and acoustic index methods for assessing reef-fish populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53:483-485. 1996 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McConnell K. E., I. E. Strand, and L. Blake-Hedges. 1995. Random utility models of recreational fishing: catching fish using a poisson process. Marine Resource Economics 10:247-261. 1995 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bohnsack, J. A., D. E. Harper, and D. B. McClellan. 1994. Fisheries trends from Monroe County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:982-1018. 1994 Florida Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Branden, K. L., D. A. Pollard, and H. A. Reimers. 1994. A review of recent artificial reef developments in Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:982-994. 1994 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Primary Production; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Lucy, J. A. and C. G. Barr. 1994. Experimental monitoring of Virginia artificial reefs using fishermen's catch data. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:524-537. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Boehlert, G. W. 1993. Fisheries of Hawaii and US-associated Pacific islands. Marine Fisheries Review 55. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Designate Protected Species; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Bres, M. 1993. The behaviour of sharks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3:133-159. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Bockstael, N. E., K. E. McConnell, and I. E. Strand. 1989. A aandom utility model for sportfishing: some preliminary results for florida. Marine Resource Economics 6:245-260. 1989 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing
Davis, G. E. and J. W. Dodrill. 1989. Recreational fishery and population dynamics of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, 1977-1980. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:78-88. 1989 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Feigenbaum, D., A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. Determination of the feasibility of fish attracting devices for enhancing fisheries in Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:950-959. 1989 Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Parker, M. E. and E. J. Henkhaus. 1989. High Island A-343 'A' and 'B'. A case history of offshore platform abandonment and artificial reef planning. Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE 1989 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Essig Ronald, J. 1988. Outer continental shelf fishery resources of the south Atlantic. Pages 127-131 in [No source information available]. 1988 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Matthews, D. 1987. From rigs to reefs. LAMP 69:-2. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
McGurrin Joseph, M. 1987. New Directions In Atlantic Artificial Reef Development. Pages 3629-3634 in [No source information available]. 1987 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Reggio, V. C. 1987. Rigs-to-Reefs. The use of obsolete petroleum structures as artificial reefs. in [No source information available]. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bell, ME LV IN. 1986. Needs Of Marine Artificial Reef Programs In The United States: A State Manager'S Viewpoint. Pages 552-555 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson Charles, A. and VI RG IN IA Van Sickle. 1986. Development And Implementation Of An Artificial Reef Program For The State Of Louisiana. Pages 531-537 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bohnsack, J. A. and D. L. Sutherland. 1985. Artificial reef research: a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:Nov-39. 1985 Japan Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Solonsky, A. C. 1985. Fish colonization and the effect of fishing activities on two artificial reefs in Monterey Bay, California. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:336-347. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Parker Jeffrey, H. and M. J. Woodhead Peter. 1983. New Resource For Recreational Fishing Reef Construction. Pages 961-964 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1983 Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Buckley, R. M. 1982. Marine habitat enhancement and urban recreational fishing in Washington. Marine Fisheries Review 44:28-37. 1982 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Stone, R. B. 1978. Artificial reefs. Water Spectrum 10:24-29. 1978 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Stone, R. B. and R. O. Parker Jr. 1974. Brief History Of Artificial Reef Research In The United States. in [No source information available]. 1974 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Guillemot, N., M. Leopold, M. Cuif, and P. Chabanet. Characterization and management of informal fisheries confronted with socio-economic changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Fisheries Research US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Monitor & Respond to Damages From Fishing Gear When a habitat is damaged or an injury occurs to natural resources as a result of fishing gear, it is beneficial to respond and assess. Responding appropriately is likely to involve other management options such as #91 if the injury was due to a violation. It is important to assess the damage and gather information as to why the injury occurred, so as to be able to find alternative fishing gear or practices that are less likely to cause such damages, for research such as #42. There should be protocols and methodologies for collecting damage assessment data to ensure it can be added to information systems such as #76 to track recovery, especially if repairing or restorative actions are taken. Standardized methods are also important when sharing this information with state and federal fisheries management (#64). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Print Marine Etiquette on Marine-Related Products Packaging Printing information on marine-related products regarding proper marine etiquette could be a possibility for raising awareness and improving public stewardship. Partnerships will be explored to help print etiquette information on materials such as bait boxes, ice bags, water buckets, etc. that are commonly used by stakeholders. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Environmental Education: Develop Standardized Voluntary Certification Programs This management option involves coordinating with leaders of various target businesses related to diving and snorkeling, marine mammal viewing, kayaking, eco-tours, and fishing. Through collaborations with these businesses, management areas can create a voluntary certification program for employees of these businesses to learn and receive accurate information about nearby corals, the ecosystem, and how they can better protect reefs in their everyday actions. These voluntary certifications can be used to educate employees and/or to develop self-regulating standards for these businesses. Depending on the standards and curriculum, voluntary certification programs can then be used by these businesses to convey knowledge or environmentally safe practices to customers through marketing. Educating employees of these businesses helps to assure that they are disseminating accurate information to visitors. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Conduct research on the ecological impacts on sanctuary preservation areas of baiting fishing and catch-and-release fishing by trolling It is necessary to asses the ecological effects of catch�and-release fishing by trolling and bait-fishing in order to make informed decisions regarding their provisions in protected areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Evaluate impacts of existing fishing gear and methods on habitats Research is needed to investigate impact on habitat of commercial and recreation fishing gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Derelict Fishing Gear & Ghost Fishing The term "ghost fishing" is used to describe the capture of marine organisms by lost or abandoned fishing gear. This is particularly a problem with gillnets, trammel nets and pots. Gear is usually lost because it becomes stuck on rough bottoms containing corals and stones, causing the buoy line to break during retrieval. Nets or pots may continue to fish for years, with captured fish and crustaceans dying and serving as attracting bait for more fish and organisms. Ghost fishing may therefore represent a serious problem in many areas, causing hidden fishing mortality over a long period of time. This management option co-insides with (#63) Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels. Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Research Low-impact Fishing Gear & Methods Facilitating research to develop gear designs and fishing methods that minimize impacts is multifaceted. Ideal fishing gear is selective for the target species and sizes, with negligible direct or indirect impact on non-target species, sizes and habitats; but also efficient, giving quality, high catches at the lowest possible cost. Newly developed low-impact gear allows fishermen to fulfill their needs, providing food and income, while lessening the unintended environmental impact of those activities, like by-catch. Before an agency should promote new fishing gear or methods research is important to ensure there are no un-intended environmental tradeoffs. Biodegradable fishing line, modified traps, and buoy lines are examples of gear types that could be studied. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boat Movement; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Improved Technology; Invasive Species; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Debris; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Research Queen Conch Reproduction and Restoration Inshore Queen Conch may be experiencing reproductive failure. Research on various snails in other parts of the world has shown that snails are susceptible to endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic contaminants. This activity will determine the cause of reproductive failure, possibly by endocrine disruption, of queen conch in reef areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Applied Chemicals; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants; Snails & Conch; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Public Participation: Assist Seafood Watch Assist Seafood Watch and other sustainable seafood consumption initiatives, in their efforts to educate the public and promote sustainable seafood. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Sectors Filling Human Needs
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Personal Watercraft & Other Small Vessels Practices This activity would aim to reduce noise and pollution, and conflicts among PWC users, the resources, and Sanctuary users. Practices could be changed through requiring certain training to drive such vessels, or restricting which types can be used in designated coastal areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Designated Uses; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Consider Regulations for Catch & Release Trolling This plan seeks to reduce or eliminate catch-and-release fishing in many fragile areas. First an assessment must be conducted to measure the effects of catch-and -release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Develop Mobile Source Discharge Controls Pollution discharge controls regulate where different types of discharges are allowed and what acceptable quantities released are. Typically discharge controls target point sources in the form of effluent pipes (#280), but discharges also occur from mobile sources such as boats and ships. There may need to be revisions on where depositing fish, fish parts, bait, cooling water, engine exhaust, deck wash, and effluent can be released. In many areas, these items are often excluded as prohibited, and they should possibly be included. Pollution discharge controls are different from Water Quality Standards (#22) which set acceptable environmental limits and leave it up to the manager to meet those criteria. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Chemical Variables; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Large Ships; Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Bait Fishing and/or Catch & Release Trolling Regulations This option seeks to reduce or eliminate bait fishing, and catch & release trolling in fragile areas. First assessments must be conducted to measure the effects of bait fishing and catch & release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Channel & Reef Navigation Markers This option would evaluate the need for proper marking to ensure better navigation. There are many types of markers, including buoys, charts, beacons, and GPS mapping. Such markers can also be used to advocate prohibition on vessel speeds greater than idle speed in areas designated as idle-speed only/no-wake and around shallow reef locations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beach & Land Formation; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fish Feeding Regulations Divers in FL are already prohibited from fish feeding. Further review may show a need to prohibited anyone in state water from feeding fish. There will need to be investigations on the biological and behavioral impacts of fish feeding. This investigation can be used to keep the status quo, or may encourage further regulations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Supplemental Feeding; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fishing Gear/Fishing Methods Regulations In most regions there are already regulations that prohibit fishing methods that incorporate explosives, poisons, oil, and bleach. Further investigation may reveal additional methods, materials, or gear that should be prohibited as well. Regulations should aim to increase the use of low-impact gear (#194) in place of more destructive gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Vessel Grounding Regulations In many areas, there are already regulations that target prop scarring to seagrasses and the seabed. Current boat grounding regulations should be evaluated to determine if additional regulations would be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Spearfishing Regulations Spearfishing is already prohibited in ecological reserves, sanctuary preservation areas, management areas, and special-use areas. There are additional considerations to be made to see if restrictions need to be extended in high priority areas. There may also be need to be further scientific study on the impacts of spearfishing. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Water Quality Plans: Reducing Pollution Discharges from Marinas and Live-Aboards This plan strives to reduced pollution discharges through more strictly enforcing already-existing regulations for discharging. This includes enforcing regulations that restrict boaters from releasing sewage into state waters and requiring connecting toilets to shore-side plumbing. Also, this entails enforcing "no-discharge" zones where live-aboard vessels congregate or where there is history of violation issues with sewage release. The third component to this plan would be to develop and education plan to educate boaters on how/why to reduce pollution from their vessels. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet.

2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas.

Biological Addition; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Sewage Treatment; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Mooring Buoy Management Installing mooring buoys is encouraged in order to prevent damage to corals from anchors. Areas that experience a lot of traffic from recreation and fishing will experience damage from vessel groundings and boat gear. Mooring buoys help to minimize damage to corals and at the same time provide access to water resources. Mooring buoys protect as well as lower resource-use conflicts. Mooring buoy management is achieved through maintaining existing mooring buoys; assessing current buoy technology; reviewing visitor-use and boating data; developing sitting criteria; recommending new sites; conducting site assessments; installing additional buoys; and implementing vessel size limits in high-use and sensitive areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Altmeier, Bernie. FKNMS Mooring Buoy Mainenance. NOAA: FKNMS Mooring Buoy Manual Accessed 3/23/2011.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Waterway Management: Boat Access Plan An optimal boat access strategy involves conducting a survey of all public and private boat access points throughout the area. Once entry and exit sites are identified, channel markings can be placed accordingly. An effective strategy must also consider boat access needs, location, and intensity of use. This will help to efficiently mark the waterways so that there can be a reduction in damage to reefs, seagrasses and wetlands. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Amendment to the U.S. Caribbean Fishery Management Plans, Code of Federal Regulations § 600 and 622. NMFS issues this final rule to implement a comprehensive amendment prepared by the Caribbean Fishery Management Council (Council) to amend its Reef Fish, Spiny Lobster, Queen Conch, and Coral Fishery Management Plans (FMPs). The comprehensive amendment is designed to ensure the FMPs are fully compliant with the provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act). This final rule redefines the fishery management units for the FMPs; establishes seasonal closures; imposes gear restrictions and requirements; revises requirements for marking pots and traps; and prohibits the filleting of fish at sea. In addition, the comprehensive amendment establishes biological reference points and stock status criteria; establishes rebuilding schedules and strategies to end overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks; provides for standardized collection of bycatch data; minimizes bycatch and bycatch mortality to the extent practicable; designates essential fish habitat (EFH) and EFH habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs); and minimizes adverse impacts on such habitat to the extent practicable. The intended effect of this final rule is to achieve optimum yield in the fisheries and provide social and economic benefits associated with maintaining healthy stocks.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects coral reefs in the USVI and Puerto Rico from overfishing reef resources, specifically reef fish, lobster, and queen conch taking. It establishs seasonal closures, restrictions on the gear used, lists areas of specific biological reference points, and has a schedule and strategy for restocking fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; Final Rule, 73 Federal Register § 72210. We, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final rule designating critical habitat for elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which we listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four specific areas are designated: the Florida area, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area, which comprises approximately 121 square miles (313 sq km) of marine habitat; and the St. Croix area, which comprises approximately 126 square miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We are excluding one military site, comprising approximately 5.5 square miles (14.3 sq km), because of national security impacts.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law protects coral habitat for elkhorn and staghorn coral which strenghtens their protection in the FKNMS, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final
rule designating critical habitat for
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and
staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which
we listed as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four
specific areas are designated: the Florida
area, which comprises approximately
1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of
marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area,
which comprises approximately 1,383
square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine
habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area,
which comprises approximately 121
square miles (313 sq km) of marine
habitat; and the St. Croix area, which
comprises approximately 126 square
miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We
are excluding one military site,
comprising approximately 5.5 square
miles (14.3 sq km), because of national
security impacts. 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 12962, Recreational Fisheries, 60 Federal Register (1995). Federal agencies are directed to improve the quantity, function, sustainable productivity, and distribution of U.S. aquatic resources for increased recreational fishing opportunities in cooperation with states and tribes.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Service Act of 1956, 16 United States Code § 742. Establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also includes the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment, and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. Among other things, it authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources, including, but not limited to, research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interests therein.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act is written for the support of commercial and recreational fisherpersons so that they enjoy the benefits of the Nation's fishery resources.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
 Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Anchoring on Tortugas Bank, Federal Register § Volume 63, Number 158 (1998). The regulation reinstates and makes permanent the temporary prohibition on anchoring by vessels 50 meters or greater in registered length on the Tortugas Bank west of the Dry Tortugas National Park within the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition on anchoring protects coral reefs and benthic habitats from physical damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

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