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Octopus & Squid

Octopus & Squid

Octopi and Squid are Mollusks that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Octopi and Squid eat crustaceans and a variety of fish.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed limbs and segmented bodies, such as lobster, crab, and shrimp. Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Bivalves are a class of molluscs known for their hinged shells, including clams, oysters, and scallops. A number of reef organisms, including stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves, deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical marine invertebrates, such as starfish and sea urchins. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Invertebrate Harvesting is the act of collecting marine invertebrates, including sponges, lobsters, and other invertebrates, for seafood or other marine products. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Invertivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on invertebrates. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Lobster, Crab, and Shrimp are crustaceans that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Molluscs are marine invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, such as clams, squid, and snails. Octopi and Squid are Mollusks that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Seastars are echinoderms that are notable for their five arms that extend from their central body. Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems.

CMap Description

Octopus & squid consume crustaceans and fish, providing a link in the trophic food web as they are consumed by humans. A few octopus species are important as aquarium stock, and all species are important to cultural services of coral reefs. Socio-economic drivers lead to octopus & squid removal & mortality through harvesting pressures; also, the survival, growth, and reproduction of octopus & squid are reduced by disease-causing microorganisms and a disturbed physical & chemical environment. Biological monitoring, mapping, and restoration is needed to identify changes in the abundance and condition of octopus & squid; and ultimately, to determine the appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Crowther, AL; Fautin, DG; Wallace, CC. 2011. Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria,Actiniaria,Actiniidae) from eastern Australia. Zookeys 33-48. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Anemones & Zooanthids; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Dunstan, A; Bradshaw, CJA; Marshall, J. 2011. Nautilus at Risk - Estimating Population Size and Demography of Nautilus pompilius. PLoS One 6. 2011 Australia; Palau; Fiji Model Octopus & Squid
Dunstan, AJ; Ward, PD; Marshall, NJ. 2011. Nautilus pompilius Life History and Demographics at the Osprey Reef Seamount, Coral Sea, Australia. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid
Dunstan, AJ; Ward, PD; Marshall, NJ. 2011. Vertical Distribution and Migration Patterns of Nautilus pompilius. PLoS One 6. 2011 Australia; Palau; Fiji Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Lecchini, D. 2011. Visual and chemical cues in habitat selection of sepioid larvae. Comptes Rendus - Biologies 334:911-915. 2011 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Martins, VS; Schiavetti, A; Souto, FJB. 2011. Ethnoecological knowledge of the artisan fishermen of octopi (Octopus spp.) in the community of Coroa Vermelha (Santa Cruz Cabralia, Bahia). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 83:513-522. 2011 Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Nair, JR; Pillai, D; Joseph, SM; Gomathi, P; Senan, PV; Sherief, PM. 2011. Cephalopod research and bioactive substances. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:13-27. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Tunicates
Osborn, KJ; Madin, LP; Rouse, GW. 2011. The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats. Biology Letters 7:449-453. 2011 Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid
Sinclair, W; Newman, SJ; Vianna, GMS; Williams, S; Aspden, WJ. 2011. Spatial Subdivision and Genetic Diversity in Populations on the East and West Coasts of Australia: The Multi-Faceted Case of Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Reviews in Fisheries Science 19:52-61. 2011 Australia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Tziouveli, V; Hall, M; Smith, G. 2011. The Effect of Maturation Diets on the Reproductive Output of the White-striped Cleaner Shrimp, Lysmata amboinensis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 42:56-65. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Yasumuro, H; Ikeda, Y. 2011. Effects of environmental enrichment on the behavior of the tropical octopus Callistoctopus aspilosomatis. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 44:143-157. 2011 Fish; Octopus & Squid
Capezzuto, F., R. Carlucci, P. Maiorano, L. Sion, D. Battista, A. Giove, A. Indennidate, A. Tursi, and G. D'Onghia. 2010. The bathyal benthopelagic fauna in the north-western Ionian Sea: structure, patterns and interactions. Chemistry and Ecology 26:199-217. 2010 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Leigh, E. G. 2010. The evolution of mutualism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23:2507-2528. 2010 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Octopus & Squid
Makino, A. and T. Miyazaki. 2010. Topographical distribution of visual cell nuclei in the retina in relation to the habitat of five species of Decapodiformes (Cephalopoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 76:180-185. 2010 Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Mather, J. A. 2010. Vigilance and antipredator responses of Caribbean reef squid. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 43:357-370. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Mather, J. A., U. Griebel, and R. A. Byrne. 2010. Squid dances: an ethogram of postures and actions of Sepioteuthis sepioidea squid with a muscular hydrostatic system. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 43:45-61. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Octopus & Squid
Piche, J., S. J. Iverson, F. A. Parrish, and R. Dollar. 2010. Characterization of forage fish and invertebrates in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands using fatty acid signatures: species and ecological groups. Marine Ecology Progress Series 418:1-U410. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid
Platell, M. E., S. A. Hesp, S. M. Cossington, E. Lek, S. E. Moore, and I. C. Potter. 2010. Influence of selected factors on the dietary compositions of three targeted and co-occurring temperate species of reef fishes: implications for food partitioning. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1255-1276. 2010 Australia Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Villanueva, R. D., A. J. Edwards, and J. D. Bell. 2010. Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications. Restoration Ecology 18:803-809. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Wood, J. B., A. E. Maynard, A. G. Lawlor, E. K. Sawyer, D. M. Simmons, K. E. Pennoyer, and C. D. Derby. 2010. Caribbean reef squid, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, use ink as a defense against predatory French grunts, Haemulon flavolineatum. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 388:20-27. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Barnes, D. K. A. and K. A. Rawlinson. 2009. Traditional coastal invertebrate fisheries in south-western Madagascar. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:1589-1596. 2009 Madagascar Echinoderms; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Bouwma, P. E. and W. F. Herrnkind. 2009. Sound production in Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus and its role in escape during predatory attack by Octopus briareus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:3-13. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Butler, M. J. and J. A. Lear. 2009. Habitat-based intraguild predation by Caribbean reef octopus Octopus briareus on juvenile Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 386:115-122. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Crook, R. J., R. T. Hanlon, and J. A. Basil. 2009. Memory of Visual and Topographical Features Suggests Spatial Learning in Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius L.). Journal Of Comparative Psychology 123:264-274. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Galvan, D. E., F. Botto, A. M. Parma, L. Bandieri, N. Mohamed, and O. O. Iribarne. 2009. Food partitioning and spatial subsidy in shelter-limited fishes inhabiting patchy reefs of Patagonia. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2585-2605. 2009 Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Headley, M., H. A. Oxenford, M. S. Peterson, and P. Fanning. 2009. Size related variability in the summer diet of the blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus Lesson, 1831) from Tobago, the Lesser Antilles. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25:669-675. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; Tobago Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid; Planktivorous Fish
Krajewski, J. P., R. M. Bonaldo, C. Sazima, and I. Sazima. 2009. Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish. Journal of Natural History 43:185-190. 2009 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Lachica-Alino, L., L. T. David, M. Wolff, P. M. Alino, and M. C. G. Ranola. 2009. Distributional Patterns, Habitat Overlap and Trophic Interactions of Species Caught by Trawling in the Ragay Gulf, Philippines. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:46-65. 2009 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Leite, T. S., M. Haimovici, and J. Mather. 2009. Octopus insularis (Octopodidae), evidences of a specialized predator and a time-minimizing hunter. Marine Biology 156:2355-2367. 2009 Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Mathger, L. M., E. J. Denton, N. J. Marshall, and R. T. Hanlon. 2009. Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural coloration in cephalopods. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6:S149-S163. 2009 Review Fish; Octopus & Squid
Pernice, M., J. Boucher, R. Boucher-Rodoni, P. Joannot, and P. Bustamante. 2009. Comparative bioaccumulation of trace elements between Nautilus pompilius and Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:365-371. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Vanuatu; New Caledonia Mining; Octopus & Squid
Revill, A. T., J. W. Young, and M. Lansdell. 2009. Stable isotopic evidence for trophic groupings and bio-regionalization of predators and their prey in oceanic waters off eastern Australia. Marine Biology 156:1241-1253. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Nutrients; Octopus & Squid
Vaske, T., C. M. Vooren, and R. P. Lessa. 2009. Feeding Strategy Of The Night Shark (Carcharhinus Signatus) And Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna Lewini) Near Seamounts Off Northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57:97-104. 2009 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid
Warner, R. R., S. L. Hamilton, M. S. Sheehy, L. D. Zeidberg, B. C. Brady, and J. E. Caselle. 2009. Geographic variation in natal and early larval trace-elemental signatures in the statoliths of the market squid Doryteuthis (formerly Loligo) opalescens. Marine Ecology Progress Series 379:109-121. 2009 Commercial Fisheries; Octopus & Squid
Zeeh, K. M. and J. B. Wood. 2009. Impact of visible implant elastomer tags on the growth rate of captive Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea. Fisheries Research 95:362-364. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Octopus & Squid
Cheney, K. L., A. S. Grutter, and N. J. Marshall. 2008. Facultative mimicry: Cues for colour change and colour accuracy in a coral reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:117-122. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Octopus & Squid; Planktivorous Fish
Du, Y. and D. O'Hare. 2008. Synthesis of layered hydroxides using controlled ammonia vapor diffusion. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 69:1040-1043. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Octopus & Squid
Hanlon, R. T. and J. W. Forsythe. 2008. Sexual cannibalism by Octopus cyanea on a Pacific coral reef. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 41:19-28. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Micronesia Octopus & Squid
Jackson, G. D., M. G. Meekan, S. Wotherspoon, and C. H. Jackson. 2008. Distributions of young cephalopods in the tropical waters of Western Australia over two consecutive summers. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65:140-147. 2008 Australia Octopus & Squid
Kanzawa, N., T. Ogawa, M. Asakura, K. Okiyama, M. Honda, and T. Tsuchiya. 2008. Comparative expression and tissue distribution analyses of astacin-like squid metalloprotease in squid and cuttlefish. Zoological Science 25:14-21. 2008 Japan Fish; Octopus & Squid
Miller, C. G. and M. Lowe. 2008. The Natural History Museum Blaschka collections. Historical Biology 20:51-62. 2008 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Octopus & Squid
Mills, D. J., C. R. Johnson, and C. Gardner. 2008. Bias in lobster tethering experiments conducted for selecting low-predation release sites. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364:13-Jan. 2008 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Planktivorous Fish
Rosa, R., H. M. Dierssen, L. Gonzalez, and B. A. Seibel. 2008. Ecological biogeography of cephalopod molluscs in the Atlantic Ocean: Historical and contemporary causes of coastal diversity patterns. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:600-610. 2008 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Model Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Primary Production
Taylor, S. M. and M. B. Bennett. 2008. Cephalopod dietary specialization and ontogenetic partitioning of the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno. Journal of Fish Biology 72:917-936. 2008 Australia Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Seagrasses
Weiss, H. M., E. Lozano-Alvarez, and P. Briones-Fourzan. 2008. Circadian shelter occupancy patterns and predator-prey interactions of juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters in a reef lagoon. Marine Biology 153:953-963. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Wells, R. J. D., J. H. Cowan Jr., and B. Fry. 2008. Feeding ecology of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 361:213-225. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Wood, J. B., K. E. Pennoyer, and C. D. Derby. 2008. Ink is a conspecific alarm cue in the Caribbean reef squid, Sepioteuthis sepioidea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 367:16-Nov. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Fleshy Macroalgae; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Bedry, R. and L. De Haro. 2007. Venomous and poisonous animals. v. envenomations by venomous marine invertebrates [Envenimations ou intoxications par les animaux venimeux ou veneneux v - invertebres marins venimeux]. Medecine Tropicale 67:223-231. 2007 Europe Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Light; Medical Care; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Hanlon, R. T., M.-J. Naud, J. W. Forsythe, K. Hall, A. C. Watson, and J. McKechnie. 2007. Adaptable night camouflage by cuttlefish. American Naturalist 169:543-551. 2007 Australia Fish; Octopus & Squid
Kaneko, N. and T. Kubodera. 2007. A new intertidal octopus species, Octopus incella (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae), from Okinawa, southern Japan. Zootaxa 39-49. 2007 Japan Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology 210:495-504. 2007 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Seawater Flow
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey. Nature 449:79-82. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Nunes, J. D. A. C. C., L. D. C. T. Chaves, R. Maia-Nogueira, and C. L. S. Sampaio. 2007. Association between juvenile reef fish and the Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea on north-eastern Brazilian coastal reefs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:761-762. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Papastamatiou, Y. P., S. J. Purkis, and K. N. Holland. 2007. The response of gastric pH and motility to fasting and feeding in free swimming blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:129-140. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Replinger, S. E. and J. B. Wood. 2007. A preliminary investigation of the use of subcutaneous tagging in Caribbean reef squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Fisheries Research 84:308-313. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Octopus & Squid
Sinclair, B., L. Briskey, W. Aspden, and G. Pegg. 2007. Genetic diversity of isolated populations of Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) in the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17:223-235. 2007 Australia Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, S. G. Wilson, C. K. S. Jenner, M. N. Jenner, G. S. Boggs, C. C. Steinberg, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2007. Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:608-623. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Physical Variables; Whales & Dolphins
Warrell, D. A. 2007. Venomous animals. Medicine 35:659-662. 2007 Australia Octopus & Squid; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes; Textiles & Apparel
Zumholz, K., T. Hansteen, F. Hillion, F. Horreard, and U. Piatkowski. 2007. Elemental distribution in cephalopod statoliths: NanoSIMS provides new insights into nano-scale structure. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17:487-491. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Furuya, H. 2006. A new species of Dicyemennea Whitman, 1883 (Phylum Dicyemida) from Sepia latimanus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Decapodidae) off Okinawa, Japan. Systematic Parasitology 65:205-213. 2006 Japan Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Gerhardinger, L. C., R. C. Marenzi, A. A. Bertoncini, R. P. Medeiros, and M. Hostim-Silva. 2006. Local ecological knowledge on the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Serranidae) in southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:441-450. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tonga Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Substrate
Llewellyn, L., A. Negri, and A. Robertson. 2006. Paralytic shellfish toxins in tropical oceans. Toxin Reviews 25:159-196. 2006 Algae; Arthropods; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Lunn, K. E. and P. Dearden. 2006. Monitoring small-scale marine fisheries: An example from Thailand's Ko Chang archipelago. Fisheries Research 77:60-71. 2006 Global; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Resource Use Management; Small Boats
Lusseau, S. M. and S. R. Wing. 2006. Importance of local production versus pelagic subsidies in the diet of an isolated population of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops sp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:283-293. 2006 Model Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
McElroy, W. D., B. M. Wetherbee, C. S. Mostello, C. G. Lowe, G. L. Crow, and R. C. Wass. 2006. Food habits and ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76:81-92. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid
Sampaio, C. L. S. and I. L. Rosa. 2006. Predation of an alien species of crab (Charybdis hellerii Milne Edwards) by a native Octopus species on NE Brazilian reefs. Coral Reefs 25:58. 2006 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Sazima, I., C. Sazima, and J. M. Da Silva Jr. 2006. Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:451-455. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Southward, A. J., C. M. Young, and L. A. Fuiman, editors. 2006. Advances in marine biology: volume 50. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Mangroves; Octopus & Squid; Seagrasses
Aitken, J. P., R. K. O'Dor, and G. D. Jackson. 2005. The secret life of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Cephalopoda): Behaviour and energetics in nature revealed through radio acoustic positioning and telemetry (RAPT). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 320:77-91. 2005 Australia Fish; Octopus & Squid
Amir, O. A., P. Berggren, S. G. M. Ndaro, and N. S. Jiddawi. 2005. Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:429-437. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tanzania Index or Indicator Fish; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Smale, M. J. 2005. The diet of the ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 27:331-335. 2005 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Watters, M. R. 2005. Tropical marine neurotoxins: Venoms to drugs. Seminars in Neurology 25:278-289. 2005 Europe Anemones & Zooanthids; Invertivorous Fish; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch
Ashworth, J. S., R. F. G. Ormond, and H. T. Sturrock. 2004. Effects of reef-top gathering and fishing on invertebrate abundance across take and no-take zones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 303:221-242. 2004 Egypt Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Chapman, B. and J. R. Turner. 2004. Development of a geographical information system for the marine resources of Rodrigues. Journal of Natural History 38:2937-2957. 2004 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Szedlmayer, S. T. and J. D. Lee. 2004. Diet shifts of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus compechanus) with changes in habitat and fish size. Fishery Bulletin 102:366-375. 2004 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Thompson, F. L., T. Iida, and J. Swings. 2004. Biodiversity of vibrios. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68:403-431. 2004 Review Algae; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Pathogens; Plankton; Sponges
Horiuchi, Y., R. Kimura, N. Kato, T. Fujii, M. Seki, T. Endo, T. Kato, and K. Kawashima. 2003. Evolutional study on acetylcholine expression. Life Sciences 72:1745-1756. 2003 Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Surman, C. A. and R. D. Wooller. 2003. Comparative foraging ecology of five sympatric terns at a sub-tropical island in the eastern Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology 259:219-230. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid
Young, R. F. and H. E. Winn. 2003. Activity patterns, diet, and shelter site use for two species of moray eels, Gymnothorax moringa and Gymnothorax vicinus, in Belize. Copeia 44-55. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral
Barros, N. B., T. A. Jefferson, and E. C. M. Parsons. 2002. Food habits of finless porpoises (Neophocaena Phocaenoides) in Hong Kong waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 115-123. 2002 China Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Hall, K. C. and R. T. Hanlon. 2002. Principal features of the mating system of a large spawning aggregation of the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology 140:533-545. 2002 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Ikeda, Y., J. Okazaki, Y. Sakurai, and W. Sakamoto. 2002. Periodic variation in Sr/Ca ratios in statoliths of the Japanese common squid todarodes pacificus steenstrup, 1880 (cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) maintained under constant water temperature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 273:161-170. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Octopus & Squid
O'Dor, R. K., S. Adamo, J. P. Aitken, Y. Andrade, J. Finn, R. T. Hanlon, and G. D. Jackson. 2002. Currents as environmental constraints on the behavior, energetics and distribution of squid and cuttlefish. Bulletin of Marine Science 71:601-617. 2002 Australia Review Fish; Octopus & Squid; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rogers, C. N., R. De Nys, and P. D. Steinberg. 2002. Effects of algal diet on the performance and susceptibility to predation of the sea hare Aplysia parvula. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236:241-254. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Cronin, T. W. and N. Shashar. 2001. The linearly polarized light field in clear, tropical marine waters: Spatial and temporal variation of light intensity, degree of polarization and e-vector angle. Journal of Experimental Biology 204:2461-2467. 2001 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Light; Octopus & Squid
Forsythe, J. W., L. S. Walsh, P. E. Turk, and P. G. Lee. 2001. Impact of temperature on juvenile growth age at first egg-laying of the Pacific reef squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana reared in captivity. Marine Biology 138:103-112. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Howe, J. C. 2001. Diet composition of Juvenile pigfish, Orthopristis chrysoptera (Perciformes: Haemulidae), from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 19:55-60. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid
Norman, M. D. and J. Finn. 2001. Revision of the Octopus horridus species-group, including erection of a new subgenus and description of two member species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15:13-35. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Octopus & Squid
Weaver, D. C. and G. R. Sedberry. 2001. Trophic subsidies at the Charleston Bump: Food web structure of reef fishes on the continental slope of the Southeastern United States. Pages 137-152 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Boutilier, R. G., T. G. West, D. M. Webber, G. H. Pogson, K. A. Mesa, J. Wells, and M. J. Wells. 2000. The protective effects of hypoxia-induced hypometabolism in the Nautilus. Journal of comparative physiology B 170:261-268. 2000 Papua New Guinea Lab Study Octopus & Squid; Special Use Permitting
Buckman, J. O. 2000. Palaeoecology of a condensed section (carboniferous leitrim group, north-west ireland). Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 18:51-67. 2000 Octopus & Squid; Sediment
Hill, B. J. and T. J. Wassenberg. 2000. The probable fate of discards from prawn trawlers fishing near coral reefs: A study in the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 48:277-286. 2000 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Becker, G. 1999. Silicified Ostracods from the Thuringian Ecotype Devonian/Carboniferous boundary layers (topmost Wocklumer limestone and lowest Hangenberg limestone) in Drewer Quarry (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). The 'natural' D/C boundary [Verkieselte Ostracoden vom Th. CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1-159. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Octopus & Squid; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Becker, G. 1999. Verkieselte ostracoden vom thuringer okotyp aus den devon/karbon-grenzschichten (top wocklumer kalk und basis hangenberg-kalk) im steinbruch drewer (rheinisches schiefergebirge) die naturliche\ d/c-grenze mit 23 abbildungen, 5 tabellen und 17 tafeln". CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1-159. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Octopus & Squid; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Hanlon, R. T., J. W. Forsythe, and D. E. Joneschild. 1999. Crypsis, conspicuousness, mimicry and polyphenism as antipredator defences of foraging octopuses on Indo-Pacific coral reefs, with a method of quantifying crypsis from video tapes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66:22-Jan. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Murray, S. N., T. G. Denis, J. S. Kido, and J. R. Smith. 1999. Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in southern California marine reserves. Pages 100-106 in California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation
Perrin, W. F., MA .L .L . Dolar, and D. Robineau. 1999. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) of the western Pacific and Southeast Asia: Pelagic and shallow-water forms. Marine Mammal Science 15:1029-1053. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Japan; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan Review Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Smale, M. J. and A. J. J. Goosen. 1999. Reproduction and feeding of spotted gully shark, Triakis megalopterus, off the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Fishery Bulletin 97:987-998. 1999 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Southgate, P. C. and K. Kavanagh. 1999. The effect of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids on growth, survival and biochemical composition of the coral reef damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Aquatic Living Resource 12:31-36. 1999 Lab Study Aquarium & Pet Trade; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish
Takama, K., T. Suzuki, K. Yoshida, H. Arai, and T. Mitsui. 1999. Phosphatidylcholine levels and their fatty acid compositions in teleost tissues and squid muscle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 124:109-116. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid
Becerro, M. A., V. J. Paul, and J. Starmer. 1998. Intracolonial variation in chemical defenses of the sponge Cacospongia sp. and its consequences on generalist fish predators and the specialist nudibranch predator Glossodoris pallida. Marine Ecology Progress Series 168:187-196. 1998 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid; Sponges
Goodman-Lowe, G. D. 1998. Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands during 1991 to 1994. Marine Biology 132:535-546. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid
McPherson, C. 1998. Ciguatoxin and Tetrodotoxin Poisonings in the Cat: Their Diagnosis, Treatment and Management. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 28:26-34. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Anderson, T. J. 1997. Habitat selection and shelter use by Octopus tetricus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150:137-148. 1997 Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Octopus & Squid; Sediment
Erzini, K., C. C. Monteiro, J. Ribeiro, M. N. Santos, M. Gaspar, P. Monteiro, and T. C. Borges. 1997. An experimental study of gill net and trammel net 'ghost fishing' off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Marine Ecology Progress Series 158:257-265. 1997 Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Forsythe, J. W. and R. T. Hanlon. 1997. Foraging and associated behavior by Octopus cyanea Gray, 1849 on a coral atoll, French Polynesia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209:15-31. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Octopus & Squid
Griffiths, M. H. 1997. Feeding ecology of South African Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae), with emphasis on the Eastern Cape surf zone. South African Journal of Marine Science 249-264. 1997 South Africa Octopus & Squid
Schwartz, S. and T. Meinking. 1997. Venomous marine animals of Florida: morphology, behavior, health hazards. The Journal of the Florida Medical Association 84:433-440. 1997 Florida Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Wetherbee, B. M., G. L. Crow, and C. G. Lowe. 1997. Distribution, reproduction and diet of the gray reef shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:181-189. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid
Nelson, B. D. and S. A. Bortone. 1996. Feeding guilds among artificial-reef fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 14:66-80. 1996 South & Central America; Florida; Panama; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid
Doino, J. A. and M. J. McFall-Ngai. 1995. A Transient Exposure to Symbiosis-Competent Bacteria Induces LIght Organ Morphogenesis in the Host Squid. Biological Bulletin 189:347-355. 1995 Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. and P. J. Doherty. 1995. Cross-shelf distribution patterns of tropical juvenile cephalopods sampled with light-traps. Marine and Freshwater Research 46:707-714. 1995 Octopus & Squid
Sauer, W. H. H. 1995. South Africa's Tsitsikamma National Park as a protected breeding area for the commercially exploited chokka squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii. South African Journal of Marine Science 365-371. 1995 South Africa Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid
Smale, M. J., W. H. Sauer, and R. T. Hanlon. 1995. Attempted ambush predation on spawning squids Loligo vulgaris reynaudii by benthic pyjama sharks, Poroderma africanum, of South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75:739-742. 1995 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid
Wendt, J. 1995. Shell directions as a tool in palaeocurrent analysis. Sedimentary Geology 95:161-186. 1995 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Octopus & Squid; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Frazer, T. K. and W. J. Lindberg. 1994. Refuge spacing similarly affects reef-associated species from three phyla. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:388-400. 1994 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. and P. J. Doherty. 1994. Distribution and abundance of two juvenile tropical Photololigo species (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in the central Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Fishery Bulletin 92:302-312. 1994 Australia Octopus & Squid
Muntz, W. R. A. 1994. Effects of light on the efficacy of traps for Nautilus pompilius. Marine Behaviour & Physiology 24:189-193. 1994 Fiji Octopus & Squid
O'Dor, R. K., J. Forsythe, D. M. Webber, J. Wells, and M. J. Wells. 1993. Activity levels of Nautilus in the wild. Nature 362:626-628. 1993 Octopus & Squid
Norman, M. D. 1992. Ameloctopus litoralis, gen. et sp. nov. (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae), a new shallow-water octopus from tropical Australian waters. Invertebrate Taxonomy 6:567-582. 1992 Australia Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Sauer, W. H. H., M. J. Smale, and M. R. Lipinski. 1992. The location of spawning grounds, spawning and schooling behaviour of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (Cephalopoda: Myopsida) off the Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa. Marine Biology 114:97-107. 1992 South Africa Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Thorrold, S. R. 1992. Evaluating the performance of light traps for sampling small fish and squid in open waters of the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 89:277-285. 1992 Australia Fish; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish
Wada, K., T. Hamanaka, T. Nakaoka, and K. Tanahashi. 1992. Food and feeding habits of Kuril and Largha seals in southeastern Hokkaido. Mammalia 56:555-566. 1992 Fish; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid
Tilney, R. L. and T. Hecht. 1990. The food and feeding habits of two co-occurring marine catfish Galeichthys feliceps and G. ater (Osteichthyes: Ariidae) along the south-east coast of South Africa. Journal of Zoology 221:171-193. 1990 South Africa Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Polovina, J. J. and I. Sakai. 1989. Impacts of artificial reefs on fishery production in Shimamaki, Japan. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:997-1003. 1989 Japan Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid
Grober, M. S. 1988. Responses of tropical reef fauna to brittle-star luminescence (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 115:157-168. 1988 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Moran, D. 1988. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico) - red snapper. Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service 82. 1988 South & Central America; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Gonoi, T. and B. Hille. 1987. Gating of Na channels. Inactivation modifiers discriminate among models. Journal of General Physiology 89:253-274. 1987 Model Octopus & Squid
Longhurst, A. R. and D. Pauly. 1987. Ecology of tropical oceans. Ecology of tropical oceans. 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Reed, J. K. and P. M. Mikkelsen. 1987. The molluscan community associated with the scleractinian coral Oculina varicosa. Bulletin of Marine Science 40:99-131. 1987 Bivalves; Light; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Schmitt, R. J. 1987. Indirect interactions between prey: apparent competition, predator aggregation, and habit segregation. Ecology 68:1887-1897. 1987 Bivalves; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch
Lottmann, J., C. A. Sandberg, E. Schindler, O. H. Walliser, and W. Ziegler. 1986. Devonian events at the Ense area (excursion to the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, FRG). Pages 17-21 in Global bio-events. Proc. 1st meeting of the IGCP Project 216. 1986 Global Octopus & Squid; Water Depth & Sea Level
Diamant, A. and M. Shpigel. 1985. Interspecific feeding associations of groupers (Teleostei: Serranidae) with octopuses and moray eels in the Gulf of Eilat (Agaba). Environmental Biology of Fishes 13:153-159. 1985 Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Hanken, N.-M. and D. A. T. Harper. 1985. The taxonomoy, shell structure, and palaeoecology of the trimerellid brachiopod Gasconsia Northrop. Palaeontology 28:243-254. 1985 Norway Algae; Octopus & Squid
Delong, R. L., G. L. Kooyman, W. G. Gilmartin, and T. R. Loughlin. 1984. Hawaiian monk seal diving behavior. Acta Zoologica Fennica 172:129-131. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid
Stevens, J. D. 1984. Life-history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Pages 79-106 in Proceedings - Royal Society of London, Series B. 1984 Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Smale, M. J. and P. R. Buchan. 1981. Biology of Octopus vulgaris off the east coast of South Africa. Marine Biology 65:12-Jan. 1981 South Africa Octopus & Squid
Yarnall, J. L. 1969. Aspects of the behaviour of Octopus cyanea gray. Animal Behaviour 17:747-754. 1969 US Pacific & Hawaii Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Bivalve Aquaculture Biofouling Control These management options reduce, clean or remove biofouling organisms and other waste from bivalve production areas while minimizing environmental risk. Aquaculture shellfish production requires adequate food availability and water of dependable quantity and quality. Aquaculture operations and gear must have a minimal adverse impact on the surrounding water, plant, animal and human resources. Biofouling is detrimental to shellfish production, increasing exposure to pathogens, reducing the available food stuffs, and increasing organic loading. Only environmentally appropriate biofoul control methods should be used, and fouling organisms and algae should be disposed of appropriately to avoid local degradation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA.

Algae; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Domestic Animal Waste; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Improved Technology; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Octopus & Squid; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Snails & Conch; Supplemental Feeding
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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