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Mitigation

Mitigation

Mitigation is an effort to lessen or alleviate a burden on persons or the environment caused by some action or offense. When the offense is caused to the environment, compensatory mitigation may be required, where projects or programs must take place to offset or correct the offense. The extent to which these are affective is often questioned, as it is difficult to equate the environmental benefits of the offset to the original environmental benefits. Even when the original environment is restored, it may take centuries to regain its productivity.

CMap

Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biochemical & genetic resources are the naturally available novel biochemicals and genetic information found in coral reef organisms that can be utilized for animal breeding or development of biotechnology. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Climate regulation is the process by which ecosystems process and store carbon, which can modulate atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Educational & Research Opportunities pertain to the value derived from a natural ecosystem in regards to knowledge, scientific research, study, and breakthroughs, and the ability to pass this knowledge on to others. Existence value is the economic value or meaning humans place in a particular area, resource or organism simply for existing, separate from any derived use value. Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Mitigation is an effort to lessen or alleviate a burden on persons or the environment caused by some action or offense. Monetary valuation involves methods to quantify the worth of ecosystem goods and services in terms of economic units (e.g. Non-monetary valuation methods are used to quantify ecosystem goods and services in terms of units other than economic ones, such as stakeholder preferences or quality of life. Nutrient and contaminant processing refers to an ecosystem's ability to process and cycle contaminants and nutrients through its system. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Valuation is the process of estimating the worth, merit, or desirability of benefits derived from ecosystems. Water resources reflect the quality and quantity of seawater available for human use, including swimming, navigation, and other uses.

CMap Description

Mitigation is an effort to lessen or alleviate a burden on persons or the environment caused by some action or offense. When the offense is caused to the environment, compensatory mitigation may be required, where projects or programs must take place to offset or correct the offense. The extent to which these are affective is often questioned, as it is difficult to equate the environmental benefits of the offset to the original environmental benefits. Even when the original environment is restored, it may take centuries to regain its productivity.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Arroyo, AM; Naim, SM; Hidalgo, JZ. 2011. Vulnerability to climate change of marine and coastal fisheries in Mexico. Atmosfera 24:103-123. 2011 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Physical Variables; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Melbourne-Thomas, J., C.R. Johnson, P.M. Ali�o, R.C. Geronimo, C.L. Villanoy, and G.G. Gurney. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. 2011 China; Philippines Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fish; Mitigation
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Alino, PM; Geronimo, RC; Villanoy, CL; Gurney, GG. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. 2011 China; Philippines Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Decision Support; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Muko, S; Iwasa, Y. 2011. Optimal choice of species and size class for transplanting coral community. Journal of Theoretical Biology 273:130-137. 2011 Index or Indicator Mitigation
Negri, AP; Hoogenboom, MO. 2011. Water Contamination Reduces the Tolerance of Coral Larvae to Thermal Stress. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global Model Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
Rasheed, M; Mian, S; Aubrey, D. 2011. Guidelines for EIA of fish and shrimp hatcheries in a semi-enclosed water body. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:678-686. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Sediment
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Bischof, B. G. 2010. Negotiating uncertainty Framing attitudes, prioritizing issues, and finding consensus in the coral reef environment management "crisis". Ocean and Coastal Management 53:597-614. 2010 Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Mitigation
Edwards, A. J., editor. 2010. Reef rehabilitation manual. The Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, St Lucia, Australia. 2010 Global; Australia Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Gilman, E., J. Gearhart, B. Price, S. Eckert, H. Milliken, J. Wang, Y. Swimmer, D. Shiode, O. Abe, S. H. Peckham, M. Chaloupka, M. Hall, J. Mangel, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, P. Dalzell, and A. Ishizaki. 2010. Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 11:57-88. 2010 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Sea Turtles
Hamouda, A. Z. and K. M. Abdel-Salam. 2010. Estuarine Habitat Assessment for Construction of a Submarine Transmission Line. Surveys In Geophysics 31:449-463. 2010 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Mitigation; Pipelines; Sediment; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Depth & Sea Level
Irving, A. D., J. E. Tanner, S. Seddon, D. Miller, G. J. Collings, R. J. Wear, S. L. Hoare, and M. J. Theil. 2010. Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life-history traits. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:1119-1127. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mitigation; Seagrasses; Sediment; Valuation
Maynard, J. A., P. A. Marshall, J. E. Johnson, and S. Harman. 2010. Building resilience into practical conservation: identifying local management responses to global climate change in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 29:381-391. 2010 Global; Australia Index or Indicator Climate; Mitigation
Rounsevell, M. D. A., T. P. Dawson, and P. A. Harrison. 2010. A conceptual framework to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2823-2842. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation
Samways, M. J., C. S. Bazelet, and J. S. Pryke. 2010. Provision of ecosystem services by large scale corridors and ecological networks. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2949-2962. 2010 South Africa Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Scientific Research
Scharron, C. E. R. 2010. Sediment production from unpaved roads in a sub-tropical dry setting - Southwestern Puerto Rico. Catena 82:146-158. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Mitigation; Sediment; Transportation Policies
Yao, H., M. Dao, T. Imholt, J. Huang, K. Wheeler, A. Bonilla, S. Suresh, and C. Ortiz. 2010. Protection mechanisms of the iron-plated armor of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:987-992. 2010 India Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Molluscs; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Barber, J. S., D. M. Chosid, R. P. Glenn, and K. A. Whitmore. 2009. A systematic model for artificial reef site selection. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:283-297. 2009 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Substrate
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2009. Modelling effects of geoengineering options in response to climate change and global warming: Implications for coral reefs. Computational Biology and Chemistry 33:415-420. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review; Model Climate; CO2; Light; Mitigation; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Donner, S. D. 2009. Coping with commitment: Projected thermal stress on coral reefs under different future scenarios. PLoS One 4. 2009 Global Model Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Graham, N. A. J., S. K. Wilson, M. S. Pratchett, N. V. C. Polunin, and M. D. Spalding. 2009. Coral mortality versus structural collapse as drivers of corallivorous butterflyfish decline. Biodiversity and Conservation 12-Jan. 2009 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Chagos Archipelago; India Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Hughes, A. O., J. M. Olley, J. C. Croke, and L. A. McKergow. 2009. Sediment source changes over the last 250 years in a dry-tropical catchment, central Queensland, Australia. Geomorphology 104:262-275. 2009 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Mitigation; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McAdoo, B. G., A. Moore, and J. Baumwoll. 2009. Indigenous knowledge and the near field population response during the 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami. Natural Hazards 48:73-82. 2009 Solomon Islands Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Housing; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection
Omann, I., A. Stocker, and J. Jager. 2009. Climate change as a threat to biodiversity: an application of the DPSIR approach. Ecological Economics 69:24-31. 2009 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Primary Production; Water Depth & Sea Level
Barton, D. N., T. Saloranta, S.J. Moe, H.O. Eggestad, and S. Kuikka. 2008. Bayesian belief networks as a meta-modelling tool in integrated river basin management Pros and cons in evaluating nutrient abatement decisions under uncertainty in a Norwegian river basin. Ecological Economics 66:91-104. 2008 Norway Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Recreational Opportunities; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation
Cochard, R., S. L. Ranamukhaarachchi, G. P. Shivakoti, O. V. Shipin, P. J. Edwards, and K. T. Seeland. 2008. The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:3-40. 2008 Thailand Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
deYoung, B., M. Barange, G. Beaugrand, R. Harris, R. I. Perry, M. Scheffer, and F. Werner. 2008. Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:402-409. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dupont, J. M. 2008. Artificial reefs as restoration tools: A case study on the West Florida shelf. Coastal Management 36:495-507. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Pipelines
Hirst, R., C. Sutton, and C.-H. Chaineau. 2008. Coral transplantation, an innovative measure in the frame of environmental impact mitigation. Pages 165-181 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Fish; Mitigation; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical Damage; Substrate
Hughes, A. O., J. M. Olley, J. C. Croke, and L. A. Mckergow. 2008. Sediment sources in a dry-tropical catchment: central Queensland, Australia. IAHS-AISH Publication 351-358. 2008 Australia; Europe Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Mitigation; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lough, J. M. 2008. 10th Anniversary Review: A changing climate for coral reefs. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10:21-29. 2008 Global Review Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Mitigation
Strusinska, A. and H. Oumeraci. 2008. Geotextile reef as a coastal protection against tsunami. Pages 742-747 in Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference GEDMAR08. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
[No author name available]. 2007. Science & technology concentrates: Oil-spill dispersants are toxic to corals. Chemical and Engineering News 85:33. 2007 Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mitigation; Petroleum Spills; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 2007. Transportation: Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. 2007 Global; Qatar Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Mitigation; Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Beedlow, P.A., and D.T. Tingey, editors. 2007. A Summary of NHEERL Ecological Research on Global Climate Change. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007 Global Climate; Mitigation
Braybrook, P. J., R. Rogers, and S. Healy. 2007. Oceans acts and the false dichotomy between defence and environment. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. 2007 Australia; Europe; United Kingdom Review Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting
De Pippo, T. and C. Petrosino. 2007. Innovative littoral preserving technologies within the European coastal management. Pages 253-258 in Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field, ATEF 2006. 2007 Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Wetlands
M. P. Weinstein, R. C. Baird, D. O. Conover, M. Gross, J. Keulartz, D. K. Loomis, Z. Naveh, S. B. Peterson, D. J. Reed, E. Roe, R. L. Swanson, J. A. A Swart, J. M. Teal, R. E. Turner, and H. J. van der Windt. 2007. Managing coastal resources in the 21st century. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:43-48. 2007 Landuse Management; Mitigation
Mbui, J. M. 2007. Modelling ecological susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing, GIS, and in situ observations: a case study in the Western Indian Ocean. Masters Thesis. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; India Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Light; Mitigation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Raymundo, L. J., A. P. Maypa, E. D. Gomez, and P. Cadiz. 2007. Can dynamite-blasted reefs recover? A novel, low-tech approach to stimulating natural recovery in fish and coral populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1009-1019. 2007 Southeast Asia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. E. Bishop, M. C. Aubele, and A. E. Watkins. 2007. Environmental mitigation - Conclusion: Habitat replacement increases flora-fauna diversity, abundance. Oil and Gas Journal 105:50-54. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Environmental mitigation - 3: Limestone boulders, artificial reef modules provide seafloor mitigation. Oil and Gas Journal 105:60-64. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Octocoral; Pipelines; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. G. Bisett, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Colonization and habitat use by marine fish and epifauna of the gulfstream pipeline habitat replacement structures. Pages 397-408 in Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Spangenberg, J. H. 2007. Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind. Ecological Economics 61:146-158. 2007 Europe Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bevilacqua, S., A. Terlizzi, S. Fraschetti, G. F. Russo, and F. Boero. 2006. Mitigating human disturbance: Can protection influence trajectories of recovery in benthic assemblages? Journal of Animal Ecology 75:908-920. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Falace, A., E. Zanelli, and G. Bressan. 2006. Algal transplantation as a potential tool for artificial reef management and environmental mitigation. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:161-166. 2006 Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Mitigation
Finelli, C. M., B. S. T. Helmuth, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. 2006. Water flow influences oxygen transport and photosynthetic efficiency in corals. Coral Reefs 25:47-57. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Harborne, A. R., P. J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C. T. Perry, C. P. Dahlgren, K. E. Holmes, and D. R. Brumbaugh. 2006. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 50:57-189. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Mitigation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Pondella II, D. J., L. G. Allen, M. T. Craig, and B. Gintert. 2006. Evaluation of eelgrass mitigation and fishery enhancement structures in San Diego Bay, California. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:115-131. 2006 Fish; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral
Thanner, S. E., T. L. McIntosh, and S. M. Blair. 2006. Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:57-70. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Mitigation
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Gayle, P. M. H., P. Wilson-Kelly, and S. Green. 2005. Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:105-115. 2005 Jamaica; Panama Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Octocoral; Recreational Opportunities; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Getter, C. D. and R. R. Lewis III. 2005. Spill response that benefits the long-term recovery of oiled mangroves. Pages 10164-10175 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; Puerto Rico Review Mangroves; Mitigation; Petroleum Spills
Ismail, M., T. Kimura, Y. Suzuki, and M. Tsuchiya. 2005. Seasonal and spatial variations of total mass flux around coral reefs in the Southern Ryukyus, Japan. Journal of Oceanography 61:631-644. 2005 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. 2005 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2005. Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment, December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Technical Report. Consultative Group on Indonesia. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Military; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral
Rau, G. H., K. G. Knauss, W. H. Langer, and K. Caldeira. 2004. CO2 mitigation via accelerated limestone weathering. in ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts. 2004 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Mitigation
van Beukering, P. J. H. and H. S. J. Cesar. 2004. Ecological economic modeling of coral reefs: Evaluating tourist overuse at Hanauma Bay and algae blooms at the Kīhei Coast, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:243-260. 2004 Model Algae; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Boland, R. C. and M. J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1385-1394. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Donohue, M. J. 2003. How multiagency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: A Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:700-702. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Linton, D. M. and G. F. Warner. 2003. Biological indicators in the Caribbean coastal zone and their role in integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 46:261-276. 2003 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Marshall, N., T. Norall, R. S. Grove, and M. H. S. Elwany. 2003. Artificial reef site selection: Geophysical surveys for San Clemente kelp reef. Pages 793-803 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Review Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Sediment
National Research Council. 2003. Oil in the sea III: inputs, fates, and effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 2003 Escape & Release of Non-natives; Mitigation
Burton, W. H., J. S. Farrar, F. Steimle, and B. Conlin. 2002. Assessment of out-of-kind mitigation success of an artificial reef deployed in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors
Dahdouh-Guebas, F. 2002. The use of remote sensing and GIS in the sustainable management of tropical coastal ecosystems. Environment, Development and Sustainability 4:93-112. 2002 Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses
Decamps, H. and B. Lesaffre. 2002. Nature restoration: Towards new references and practices. Insight into five years of the research programme \Recreating Nature\" [Restauration de la nature: Vers de nouvelles references et pratiques. Apercu de CINQ annees de recherche du programme «. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:16-Sep. 2002 France Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Wetlands
Deysher, L. E., T. A. Dean, R. S. Grove, and A. Jahn. 2002. Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Review Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Substrate
Grove, R. S., K. Zabloudil, T. Norall, and L. Deysher. 2002. Effects of El Nino events on natural kelp beds and artificial reefs in southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Review Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Substrate
Heller, P. S. and M. Mani. 2002. Adapting to climate change. Finance and Development 39:29-31. 2002 India Agriculture; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Mitigation; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Leidel, D. J. 2002. Explosive operations and its regulation in the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 343-361 in Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
NOAA Marine Sanctuaries Division. 2002. Environmental assessment: M/V Wellwood grounding site restoration. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, Maryland. 2002 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Cultural Policies; Mitigation
Steimle, F., K. Foster, R. Kropp, and B. Conlin. 2002. Benthic macrofauna productivity enhancement by an artificial reef in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Mitigation
Jokiel, P. L. and J. Naughton. 2001. Coral reef mitigation and restoration techniques employed in the Pacific Islands: II. Guidelines. Pages 313-316 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Landuse Management; Mitigation
Naughton, J. and P. L. Jokiel. 2001. Coral reef mitigation and restoration techniques employed in the Pacific Islands: I. Overview. Pages 306-312 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Mitigation
Bruckner, A. W. 2000. Black-band disease (BBD) of scleractinian corals: Occurrence, impacts, and mitigation. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico). 2000 Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica Mitigation; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Cesar, H. S. J., editor. 2000. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Jamaica; India; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Marine Protected Areas; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Rao, D. V. S. 2000. The Bay of Bengal. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 269-284. 2000 Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Risk, M. J. 1999. Paradise lost: How marine science failed the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:831-837. 1999 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Nutrients
Ruitenbeek, J., M. Ridgley, S. Dollar, and R. Huber. 1999. Optimization of economic policies and investment projects using a fuzzy logic based cost-effectiveness model of coral reef quality: Empirical results for Montego Bay, Jamaica. Coral Reefs 18:381-392. 1999 Jamaica Model Economic Markets & Policies; Mitigation; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Sediment
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. 1999 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Deysher, L., T. A. Dean, R. Grove, and A. Jahn. 1998. An experimental reef program to test designs of an artificial reef for kelp mitigation. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:64-72. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Mitigation
Grimshaw, R. 1997. Floating on the margins. Pages 29-30+32 Offshore Engineer. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Mitigation; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Clark, J., T. Foy, and J. Hellin. 1995. A review of the Natural Resources Institute's bio-engineering research in the Caribbean. Pages 184-189 in Vegetation and slopes: stabilisation, protection and ecology. Proc. conference, Oxford, 1994. 1995 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Mitigation; Sediment
Ewing, LE SL EY, RI CK Page, and DA N Burden. 1995. Surf restoration collaboration in California. Pages 537-538 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Mitigation
Perez Cynthia, B. and V. Schmidt David. 1995. Can numerical models predict beach fill impacts to nearshore hardgrounds? Pages 525-526 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Florida Model Mitigation; Storms & Hurricanes
Ambrose, R. F. 1994. Mitigating the effects of a coastal power plant on a kelp forest community: rationale and requirements for an artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:694-708. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Mitigation; Remediation
Foster, K. L., F. W. Steimle, W. C. Muir, R. K. Kropp, and B. E. Conlin. 1994. Mitigation potential of habitat replacement: concrete artificial reef in Delaware Bay - preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:783-795. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation
Boc Jr. Stanley, J., J. Reynold William, and M. Dobinchick Jasmina. 1992. Coastal processes and engineering on a micronesian fringing reef. Pages 285-302 in [No source information available]. 1992 Micronesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Land & Air Transportation; Mitigation; Sediment
Fritzinger Scott, A. 1992. Subaqueous disposal area development and mitigation. Pages 728-744 in [No source information available]. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Wetlands
Spadoni Richard, H. 1992. Monitoring of the 1988 Boca Raton beach nourishment project. Pages 120-136 in [No source information available]. 1992 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
Gable, F. J., D. G. Aubrey, and J. H. Gentile. 1991. Global environmental change issues in the Western Indian Ocean region. Geoforum 22:401-419. 1991 Global; Indian Ocean; India Model Climate; CO2; Economic Markets & Policies; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Ambrose, R. F. and S. L. Swarbrick. 1989. Comparison of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs off the coast of southern California. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:718-733. 1989 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection
Demartini, E. E., D. A. Roberts, and T. W. Anderson. 1989. Contrasting patterns of fish density and abundance at an artificial rock reef and a cobble-bottom kelp forest. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:881-892. 1989 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Light; Mitigation
Hueckel, G. J., R. M. Buckley, and B. L. Benson. 1989. Mitigating rocky habitat loss using artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:913-922. 1989 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation
Rappa Peter, J. and J. Miller Bruce. 1989. Coastal resource management planning in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Pages 2147-2160 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance
Sheehy Daniel, J. and F. Vik Susan. 1989. Extending mitigation banking beyond wetlands. Pages 1242-1253 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Wetlands
Simpson, T. E. 1989. Floating hotels in the coastal environment. in [No source information available]. 1989 Australia Review Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Woodley Jeremy, D. and R. Clark John. 1989. Rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs. Pages 3059-3075 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Review Algae; Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Sheehy Daniel, J. and F. Vik Susan. 1988. Mitigation planning for port development. Pages 1470-1475 in [No source information available]. 1988 Mitigation
Hueckel Gregory, J., L. Benson Brian, and M. Buckley Raymond. 1987. Rocky Habitat Mitigation Using Artificial Reefs In Puget Sound, Washington. Pages 3635-3646 in [No source information available]. 1987 Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation
Knatz, GE RA LD IN E. 1987. Offsite Habitat Mitigation Banking: The Port Of Long Beach Experience. Pages 2530-2543 in [No source information available]. 1987 Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Solid Waste Disposal; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Hueckel Gregory, J. and M. Buckley Raymond. 1986. Mitigation Potential Of Artificial Reefs In Puget Sound, Washington. Pages 542-546 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Mitigation; Substrate
Jessee, W. N., A. L. Carpenter, and J. W. Carter. 1985. Distribution patterns and density estimates of fishes on a southern California artificial reef with comparisons to natural kelp- reef habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:214-226. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Light; Mitigation
Shabica Charles, W. 1985. Sediment Accretion Associated With Surgebreaker Offshore Reef, A Low Cost Shore Protection Device: An Update On The Corps Of Engineers Section 54 Program. Pages 575-580 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1985 Mitigation; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Coppes, JA N, AD OL F Lubbers, SO EP AN GA T Soemarto, and SU GI YO Yuwono. 1983. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE DREDGING AND RECLAMATION WORKS AT SOUTH BONTANG BAY, INDONESIA. Water Science and Technology 16:407-415. 1983 Indonesia Lab Study Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power
Grove Robert, S., E. Yuge Jennifer, and CH OU LE Sonu. 1983. Artificial Reef Technology - A Strategy For Active Impact Mitigation. Pages 951-956 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1983 Artificial Habitat; Mitigation
Waldichuk, M. 1974. Coastal marine pollution and fish. Ocean Management 2:Jan-60. 1974 Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Molluscs; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Goodsell, P. J. and M. G. Chapman. Rehabilitation of Habitat and the Value of Artificial Reefs. Pages 333-344 in Wahl, M., editor. Marine Hard Bottom Communities, Ecological Studies 206. Artificial Habitat; Mitigation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Natural Resource Injury Incident Litigation This management option involves sharing information and documentation regarding an injury incident so that litigation teams can proceed with legal action against responsible parties. This is achieved through providing vessel grounding litigation management participation in order to process the information collected during assessment phase of injury to help build a case against the responsible party. Also, it involves providing vessel grounding litigation case management support through providing reports, site reconnaissance, deposition, and witness testimonies in support of litigation. Lastly it would involve documenting and tracking costs along the way from field assessment work, reporting, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Valuation
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC.

Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges
Resource Use Management: Marine Heritage Resource Protections This management option involves protecting underwater items/sites that have historical, cultural, archaeological, or paleontological significance. This response advocates permits for action that may degrade the resource. This can be accomplished through creating an MHR field unit, monitoring MHR site degradation, and evaluating excavation and mitigation techniques. Field units can help conduct field research and coordinated, permitted research activities. Experts relating to archaeological research underwater can also be hired with additional funding. Through evaluation of excavation techniques, new technologies can be suggested such as: turbidity screens, sediment removal equipment, and seagrass restoration/relocation protocols to lead to less disturbance. Inventory and decision tools can also be used in the aid of Maritime Heritage Resource protection. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Physical Damage; Pipelines; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Valuation; Wetlands
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restoration: Monitor Restoration Resource management staff should make regular field visits to restoration sites in order to monitor restoration progress. Data gathered through monitoring restoration sites will help create a scientific evaluation of restoration methodologies. Knowing the length of time required and costs accrued to restore the original ecological functionality of a reef system is essential for estimating costs for mitigation and remediation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Remediation; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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