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ReefLink Database

Mining

Mining

The Mining Industry consists of the operation of mines, quarries, and wells, and the extraction of natural resources, such as solid and liquid minerals and gases, from the earth (NAICS 2007). This sector includes coal, mineral and metal mining.

CMap

The Mining Industry consists of the operation of mines, quarries, and wells, and the extraction of natural resources, such as solid and liquid minerals and gases, from the earth. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Deforestation and Devegetation are the removal of trees and plants, including clear-cutting, to provide clear land for farms, roads, homes, buildings, and other infrastructure. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ditching & Soil Disturbance pertains to large-scale changes to the terrestrial landscape through channeling for irrigation, grading for roads & construction, and mining which disrupt and dislodge soil and can lead to sediment runoff into the watershed. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Energy policy & development includes policies and regulations adopted to control the production, distribution, and consumption of energy. Food & energy policies are legislation, restrictions, and guidelines that pertain to sectors that harvest or extract natural resources. The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). The Mining Industry consists of the operation of mines, quarries, and wells, and the extraction of natural resources, such as solid and liquid minerals and gases, from the earth. The Mining Industry consists of the operation of mines, quarries, and wells, and the extraction of natural resources, such as solid and liquid minerals and gases, from the earth. Mining policies are specific to where, when, what and how non-living natural resources can be extracted. Non-point source pollution is runoff from diffuse sources that is caused by rainwater moving over and through the ground, carrying pollutants with it and depositing them in coastal waters. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Rock production is the processes by which calcified coral skeletons can be harvested to form rocks and building blocks. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Waterborne discharges include direct and indirect discharges of pollutants into the aquatic environment, including chemicals, nutrients, sediment, and pathogens.

CMap Description

Mining activities often lead to devegetation and soil disturbance that can increase runoff of sediments and toxic chemicals into the physical & chemical environment, and affect survival and growth of reef species. Mining sectors benefit indirectly from ecosystem services that improve the well-being of sectors, such as tourism & recreation, which drive coastal development and the need for mining activities. Energy and mining policies can be enacted to regulate mining activities to reduce erosion or discharge. Landuse management can be applied in permitting and remediation.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Fedorowski, J. 2010. Some peculiar rugose coral taxa from Upper Serpukhovian strata of the Czech Republic. Acta Geologica Polonica 60:165-198. 2010 Coal Mining
Musingwini, C. 2010. Techno-economic optimization of level and raise spacing in Bushveld Complex platinum reef conventional breast mining. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 110:425-436. 2010 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies; Valuation
Shen, S. Z., M. Y. Zhu, X. D. Wang, G. X. Li, C. Q. Cao, and H. Zhang. 2010. A comparison of the biological, geological events and environmental backgrounds between the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian and Permian-Triassic transitions. Science China-earth Sciences 53:1873-1884. 2010 Global Coal Mining
Clark, M. R. and A. A. Rowden. 2009. Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56:1540-1554. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Stony Coral; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
du Pisani, P., S. Coomber, G. Chitiyo, V. Daniso, and S. Mampa. 2009. The use of borehole radar in detecting disruptions in platiniferous horizons in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa-the financial implication. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 109:1-4. 2009 South Africa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Hedouin, L., P. Bustamante, C. Churlaud, O. Pringault, R. Fichez, and M. Warnau. 2009. Trends in concentrations of selected metalloid and metals in two bivalves from the coral reefs in the SW lagoon of New Caledonia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:372-381. 2009 New Caledonia Index or Indicator Bivalves; Mining; Sediment
Pernice, M., J. Boucher, R. Boucher-Rodoni, P. Joannot, and P. Bustamante. 2009. Comparative bioaccumulation of trace elements between Nautilus pompilius and Nautilus macromphalus (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:365-371. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Vanuatu; New Caledonia Mining; Octopus & Squid
Sharma, A., H. Kawashima, I. Saito, and T. Takanohashi. 2009. Structural characteristics and gasification reactivity of chars prepared from K2CO3 mixed HyperCoals and coals. Energy and Fuels 23:1888-1895. 2009 Coal Mining
Shul'ga, V. F. and V. V. Ogar. 2009. Organic (coral) buildups in the carboniferous at the southwestern margin of the East European Platform. Lithology and Mineral Resources 44:379-388. 2009 Europe Coal Mining
Voordouw, R. J. and N. J. Beukes. 2009. Alteration and metasomatism of the UG2 melanorite and its stratiform pegmatoids, Bushveld Complex, South Africa - characteristics, timing and origins. South African Journal of Geology 112:47-64. 2009 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Alcicek, M. C. and J. H. ten Veen. 2008. The late Early Miocene Aci{dotless}payam piggy-back basin: Refining the last stages of Lycian nappe emplacement in SW Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 208:101-113. 2008 Model Coal Mining; Sediment
Edinger, E. N., K. Azmy, W. Diegor, and P. R. Siregar. 2008. Heavy metal contamination from gold mining recorded in Porites lobata skeletons, Buyat-Ratototok district, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1553-1569. 2008 Indonesia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment; Stony Coral; Toxics
Kislig, R. E. and J. H. Quilliam. 2008. Comprehensive report on airflow resistance of No. 1 shaft, Vaal Reefs Exploration and Mining Company. Journal of the Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa 61:16-25. 2008 Review; Model Mining; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Labonne, M., E. Morize, M. Kulbicki, D. Ponton, and L. Marec. 2008. Otolith chemical signature and growth of Chaetodon speculum in coastal areas of New Caledonia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 78:493-504. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Review; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mining
Maier, W. D. and S.-J. Barnes. 2008. Platinum-group elements in the UG1 and UG2 chromitites, and the Bastard reef, at Impala platinum mine, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Evidence for late magmatic cumulate instability and reef constitution. South African Journal of Geology 111:159-176. 2008 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Metian, M., E. Giron, V. Borne, L. Hedouin, J.-L. Teyssie, and M. Warnau. 2008. The brown alga Lobophora variegata, a bioindicator species for surveying metal contamination in tropical marine environments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 362:49-54. 2008 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mining
Wantiez, L. 2008. Coral reefs of New Caledonia in 2006: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de nouvelle-caledonie en 2006: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:117-132. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Cruise Ships; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Mining; Mining Policies; Seastars; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Yao, Y.-J., N.-Y. Wu, B. Xia, and R.-S. Wan. 2008. Petroleum geology of the Zengmu basin in the southern South China Sea. Geology in China 35:503-513. 2008 China Coal Mining; Sediment
Bandyopadhyay, S., A. Bahuguna, and S. Sharma. 2007. Development of neural network algorithm to classify coral reefs through satellite data. Pages 7879-7887 in International Astronautical Federation - 58th International Astronautical Congress 2007. 2007 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coal Mining
Dambacher, J. M., D. T. Brewer, D. M. Dennis, M. Macintyre, and S. Foale. 2007. Qualitative modelling of gold mine impacts on Lihir Island's socioeconomic system and reef-edge fish community. Environmental Science and Technology 41:555-562. 2007 Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment
Jia, C., B. Li, X. Zhang, and C. Li. 2007. Formation and evolution of the Chinese marine basins. Chinese Science Bulletin 52:11-Jan. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; India; China Coal Mining; Sediment
Kang, L., J. Zhang, H. Lian, and M. Luo. 2007. Co-pyrolysis characteristics of coal and natural gas. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 24:508-511. 2007 Coal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power
Mabuza, M. 2007. Two Rivers Platinum mine: The orebody, the mining method - A perfect match. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 107:43-49. 2007 Agriculture; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mei, M. X., Y. S. Ma, J. Deng, H. M. Chu, and K. B. Zheng. 2007. Sequence-stratigraphic frameworks and their palaeogeographic patterns for the Permian Lopingian of the Dianqiangui Basin and its adjacent areas of Southwestern China. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 50:869-885. 2007 China GIS & Maps Coal Mining; Sediment; Sponges
Perrings, C. 2007. Future challenges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:15179-15180. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining
Yamano, H., H. Kayanne, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Kuwahara, H. Yokoki, H. Shimazaki, and M. Chikamori. 2007. Atoll island vulnerability to flooding and inundation revealed by historical reconstruction: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Global and Planetary Change 57:407-416. 2007 Global; Tuvalu; Kiribati Mining; Water Depth & Sea Level
Zhang, G., L. Mi, S. Wu, W. Tao, S. He, and J. Lu. 2007. Deepwater area - The new prospecting targets of northern continental margin of South China Sea. Shiyou Xuebao/Acta Petrolei Sinica 28:15-21. 2007 China Coal Mining; Water Depth & Sea Level
[No author name available]. 2006. The further adventures of. Pages 44-47 Dredging and Port Construction. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Balaram, V., M. L. Patil, A. K. Agrawal, D. V. Subba Rao, S. N. Charan, M. Satyanarayanan, R. Mathur, K. Kapilavastu, D. S. Sarma, M. Sankara Gowda, S. L. Ramesh, P. Sangurmath, K. V. Anjaiah, B. Dasaram, R. K. Saxena, and Z. Begum. 2006. Preparation and certification of high-grade gold geochemical reference material. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 11:329-335. 2006 Tanzania; India; China Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Campbell, G. 2006. High resolution aeromagnetic mapping of \loss-of-ground\" features at platinum and coal mines in South Africa". South African Journal of Geology 109:439-458. 2006 South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coal Mining; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Stix, G. 2006. A climate repair manual. Scientific American 295:46-49. 2006 Global Climate; Coal Mining; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure
Van Schoor, M., P. Du Pisani, and D. Vogt. 2006. High-resolution, short-range, in-mine geophysical techniques for the delineation of South African orebodies. South African Journal of Science 102:355-360. 2006 South Africa Mining
Blunt, J., P. Ganza, and D. Moss. 2005. Specialised equipment and mining techniques for narrow vein mining. Pages 225-234 in Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series. 2005 Australia; South Africa Coal Mining; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mining
Mei, M.-X., Y.-S. Ma, J. Deng, H.-M. Chu, Z.-R. Liu, and H. Zhang. 2005. Carboniferous to Permian sequence stratigraphie framework of the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi basin and its adjacent areas and global correlation of third-order sea-level change. Geology in China 32:13-24. 2005 Global; Europe Coal Mining; Sponges
Cosack, C. 2004. Energy supply in the extended European union [Energieversorgung in der erweiterten Europaischen Union]. Gluckauf: Die Fachzeitschrift fur Rohstoff, Bergbau und Energie 140:249-252+206. 2004 Europe; Poland Coal Mining
Lin, J.-Y., S. Huang, S.-H. Chen, W.-C. Chen, and S. L. Yu. 2004. A BMP system for A clay mining facility in Taiwan. Pages 477-485 in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management. 2004 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Pontie, M., A. Lhassani, C. K. Diawara, A. Elana, C. Innocent, D. Aureau, M. Rumeau, J. P. Croue, H. Buisson, and P. Hemery. 2004. Seawater nanofiltration for the elaboration of usable salty waters. Desalination 167:347-355. 2004 France Field Study & Monitoring; Model Coal Mining; Salinity
Prichard, H. M., S.-J. Barnes, W. D. Maier, and P. C. Fisher. 2004. Variations in the nature of the platinum-group minerals in a cross-section through the Merensky reef at impala platinum: Implications for the mode of formation of the reef. Canadian Mineralogist 42:423-437. 2004 South Africa Model Agriculture; Hotel & Food Services; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Tsuchida, N., Y. Ozaki, O. Nakai, and H. Kobayashi. 2004. Development of process design for coral bay nickel project. Pages 151-160 in International Laterite Nickel Symposium. 2004 Japan; Philippines Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Bracher, P., G. Van den Berg, and W. Von der Linden. 2003. Developments of mechanized technologies for low seam height mining in platinum. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 103:35-41. 2003 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Carr, R. S., M. Nipper, and G. S. Plumlee. 2003. Survey of marine contamination from mining-related activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines: Porewater toxicity and chemistry. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 6:369-379. 2003 Philippines Mining; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pulfrich, A., C. A. Parkins, G. M. Branch, R. H. Bustamante, and C. R. Velasquez. 2003. The effects of sediment deposits from Namibian diamond mines on intertidal and subtidal reefs and rock lobster populations. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:257-278. 2003 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mining; Sediment
Thomas, S., P. V. Ridd, and G. Day. 2003. Turbidity regimes over fringing coral reefs near a mining site at Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1006-1014. 2003 Papua New Guinea Discharges; Mining; Sediment
Charlier, R. H. 2002. Impact on the coastal environment of marine aggregates mining. International Journal of Environmental Studies 59:297-322. 2002 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mining
Fallon, S. J., J. C. White, and M. T. McCulloch. 2002. Porites corals as recorders of mining and environmental impacts: Misima Island, Papua New Guinea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66:45-62. 2002 Papua New Guinea Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Stony Coral
Hartman, W. and M. Handley. 2002. The application of the Q-tunnelling quality index to rock mass assessment at Impala Platinum Mine. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 102:155-165. 2002 South Africa Review; Index or Indicator Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies
Kress, N., M. Tom, and E. Spanier. 2002. The use of coal fly ash in concrete for marine artificial reefs in the southeastern Mediterranean: Compressive strength, sessile biota, and chemical composition. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coal Mining; Marine Worms
Ogola, J. S., W. V. Mitullah, and M. A. Omulo. 2002. Impact of gold mining on the environment and human health: A case study in the Migori Gold Belt, Kenya. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 24:141-158. 2002 Kenya Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Wilding, T. A. and M. D. J. Sayer. 2002. The physical and chemical performance of artificial reef blocks made using quarry by-products. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects
Akgun, F. and H. Sozbilir. 2001. A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse. Geodinamica Acta 14:71-93. 2001 GIS & Maps Coal Mining; Sediment
Cox, R., R. K. Atkinson, B. R. Bear, M. E. Brandriss, C. B. Chokel, J. C. Comstock, E. D. Gutmann, L. B. Interess, T. F. Schildgen, S. J. Teplitzky, and M. P. Willis. 2000. Changes in a fringing reef complex over a thirty-year period: coal loss and lagoon infilling at Mary Creek, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:269-277. 2000 US Virgin Islands Coal Mining; Stony Coral
LeDrew Ellsworth, F., MI KE Wulder, and HE AT HE R Holden. 2000. Change detection of satellite imagery for reconnaissance of stressed tropical corals. Pages 2678-2680 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 Fiji Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies; Shoreline Armoring; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wang, H.-F., X.-T. Ji, and Y.-X. Ma. 2000. Ertan formation of the Ertan region, Miyi, Sichuan. Journal of the Chengdu Institute of Technology 27:23-30. 2000 Coal Mining
Barnes, D. J. and J. M. Lough. 1999. Porites growth characteristics in a changed environment: Misima Island, Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs 18:213-218. 1999 Australia; Papua New Guinea Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Sediment; Stony Coral
Cawthorn, R. G. 1999. The platinum and palladium resources of the Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Science 95:481-489. 1999 Global Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Letourneur, Y., P. Labrosse, and M. Kulbicki. 1999. Commercial fish assemblages on New Caledonian fringing reefs submitted to different levels of ground erosion. Oceanologica Acta 22:609-622. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; New Caledonia Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Lomberg, K. G., E. S. Martin, M. A. Patterson, and J. E. Venter. 1999. The morphology of potholes in the UG2 Chromitite layer and Merensky Reef (pothole reef facies) at Union Section, Rustenburg Platinum Mines. South African Journal of Geology 102:209-220. 1999 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Hatcher, A. M. 1998. Epibenthic colonisation patterns on slabs of stabilised coal-waste in Poole Bay, UK. Hydrobiologia 367:153-162. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms
Malinowska, L. 1998. Biostratygraphy of the deposits of the Upper Jurassic of the north-eastern margin of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin [Biostratygrafia utworow jury gornej polnocno-wschodniego obrzezenia Gornoslaskiego Zaglebia Weglowego]. Biuletyn - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 378:131-206. 1998 Coal Mining; Echinoderms; Fish; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges
Rehfeld, U. and G. Ernst. 1998. Hydrozoan build-ups of Millepora irregularis sp. nov. and fungiid coral meadows of Cunnolites Alloiteau (Anthozoa) - palaeoecological and palaeoceanographical implications for the Upper Cretaceous of north Cantabria (northern Spain). Facies 125-138. 1998 Spain Coal Mining; Hydrocoral; Sediment; Sponges
Shao, L., P. Zhang, D. Ren, and J. Lei. 1998. Late Permian coal-bearing carbonate successions in southern China: Coal accumulation on carbonate platforms. International Journal of Coal Geology 37:235-256. 1998 China Coal Mining; Mangroves
Vose, F. E. and W. G. Nelson. 1998. An assessment of the use of stabilized coal and oil ash for construction of artificial fishing reefs: Comparison of fishes observed on small ash and concrete reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36:980-988. 1998 Florida Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Duane, M. J., G. Pigozzi, and C. Harris. 1997. Geochemistry of some deep gold mine waters from the western portion of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 24:105-123. 1997 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies
Hatcher, A. M. 1997. Comparison of biomass and percentage cover of sessile epibiota on the poole bay artificial reef. Ophelia 47:55-62. 1997 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sponges
Ilgner, H. J. and C. P. Kramers. 1997. Lateral hydraulic transportation of comminuted reef and waste in future concentrated mining operations. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 97:83-88. 1997 South Africa Review Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Kholodov, V. N. and R. I. Nedumov. 1996. Problems of the Caucasus paleoland existence during the Oligocene-Miocene time. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 4:181-190. 1996 Coal Mining; Sediment
Ohtsuka, Y. and K. Asami. 1996. Ion-exchanged calcium from calcium carbonate and low-rank coals: High catalytic activity in steam gasification. Energy and Fuels 10:431-435. 1996 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Coal Mining
Brits, P. C., A. L. R. Carvalho, and J. T. Pressly. 1995. Evaluation of the effectiveness of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin as a disinfectant for mine underground service water. Pages 25-34 in Water Supply. 1995 South Africa Drinking Water Supply; Microorganisms; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Pathogens; Water
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
Sampaolo, A. and G. Relini. 1994. Coal ash for artificial habitats in Italy. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1277-1294. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Leinfelder, R. and H. Seyfried. 1993. Sea level change: a philosophical approach. Geologische Rundschau 82:159-172. 1993 Global Model Climate; CO2; Coal Mining; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Special Use Permitting; Water Depth & Sea Level
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, and A. P. M. Lockwood. 1992. Stability of a coal waste artificial reef. Chemistry & Ecology 6:79-93. 1992 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs
Frease, R. A. and J. G. Windsor Jr. 1991. Behaviour of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with stabilized oil and coal ash artificial reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22:15-19. 1991 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Pahl, A. and L. Liedtke. 1991. In-situ determination of air permeability and diffusion properties of helium in sedimentary iron ore. Pages 595-602 in [No source information available]. 1991 Germany Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment
Paw, J. N. and T.-E. Chua. 1991. Managing coastal resources in Cilacap, Indonesia, and Lingayen Gulf, Philippines - an ASEAN initiative. Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:779-783. 1991 Java; Indonesia; Philippines Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bacher Jonathan, R. 1990. Ash is cash. Fly ash applications. Public Works 121:44-45. 1990 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Coal Mining
Matthews, M. 1990. Ventilation of backfilled stopes. Theoretical and practical considerations. Journal of the Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa 43:22-28. 1990 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
McKenna, PE TE R. 1989. Application of estimation error studies for decision-making regarding sampling patterns on a South African gold mine. Pages 304-318 in Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry. 1989 South Africa Model Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Chansang, H. 1988. Coastal tin mining and marine pollution in Thailand. Ambio 17:223-228. 1988 Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mining; Sediment; Waterborne Discharges
Dillon, W. P., J. S. Schlee, and K. D. Klitgord. 1988. The development of the continental margin of eastern North America-conjugate continental margin to West Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 7:361-367. 1988 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Coal Mining; Sediment
Reinhardt, J. W. 1988. Uppermost permian reefs and permo-triassic sedimentary facies from the southeastern margin of Sichuan Basin, China. Facies 18:231-287. 1988 China GIS & Maps Climate; Coal Mining; Echinoderms; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hamilton, L. H. 1987. Gold mining history of Woodlark Island, Papua New Guinea. Pages 809-810 in Proceedings Pacific Rim Congress 87, (Australasian Institution of Mining & Metallurgy). 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
McKelvey, V. E. 1987. Subsea mineral resources. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1987 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coal Mining; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Glikson, M. and J. A. K. Owen. 1986. A New Ireland coal and associated sediments: hydrocarbon generation from pollen exines at low maturation. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 1:221-234. 1986 Coal Mining; Sediment
Ludwig David, F. 1986. Perspectives For Research On Coal-Waste Artificial Reefs. Pages 556-559 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Salamon, M. D. G. 1986. Role Of Automation In The Mining Of Tabular Deposits At Depth. Pages 11-Jul in IFAC Proceedings Series. 1986 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Anon,. 1985. Coal-Waste Artificial Reef Program. Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division, (Report) EPRI CS. 1985 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Fish; Natural Gas & Electric Power
Anon,. 1985. Proceedings Of The Seventh International Ash Utilization Symposium And Exposition. in United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (Report) DOE/METC. 1985 Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Finfish Harvest; Solid Waste Disposal
Harrington, H. J. and R. J. Korsch. 1985. Late Permian to Cainozoic tectonics of the New England Orogen ( USA). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 32:181-203. 1985 Australia; Oman; England Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Sediment
Hornibrook, C. A. and J. H. Parker. 1985. Technical Review Of The Energy Authority Coal Waste Artificial Reef Program (C-Warp). Pages 249-268 in Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings. 1985 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coal Mining; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Michaud David, T. and E. Sohns Lyle. 1985. Stabilized Flyash As Artificial Reef Construction Material. Pages 674-682 in United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (Report) DOE/METC. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Solid Waste Disposal
Abu Gideiri, Y. B. 1984. Implications of sea mining for the Red Sea environment. Hydrobiologia 110:15-19. 1984 Sudan Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dewhirst, R. F., S. P. Moult, and J. A. Coetzee. 1984. Intensive Cyanidation For The Recovery Of Coarse Gold. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 84:159-163. 1984 Mining; Toxics
McInnes, D. B. 1984. Geotechnical Aspects Of Coal Mining Waste Disposal In The Sydney Basin. Pages 461-465 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1984 Australia Coal Mining
Nawab, Z. A. 1984. Red Sea mining: A new era. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:813-822. 1984 Sudan; Saudi Arabia Discharges; Mining
Verster, D. M. 1984. Practical Experience With The Replicast Fm (Full Mould) Process At The Standard Brass Iron And Steel Foundries. in Proceedings of the Annual Conference - Steel Castings Research and Trade Association. 1984 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Brand, U. 1983. Mineralogy and chemistry of the lower Pennsylvanian Kendrick fauna, eastern Kentucky, U.S.A. 3. Diagenetic and paleoenvironmental analysis. Chemical Geology 40:167-181. 1983 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coal Mining; Echinoderms; Salinity
Edelman, N. and M. Jaanus-Jarkkala. 1983. A plate tectonic interpretation of the Precambrian of the archipelago of southwestern Finland. Bulletin, Geological Survey of Finland 325. 1983 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment
Parker, J. H., P. M. J. Woodhead, I. W. Duedall, and H. R. Carleton. 1983. Ocean disposal and construction with stabilized coal waste blocks. Water Science and Technology 15:83-95. 1983 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Lab Study Coal Mining; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Roethel, F. J., I. A. Duedall, and P. M. J. Woodhead. 1983. Coal Waste Artificial Reef Program: Conscience Bay Studies. Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division, (Report) EPRI CS. 1983 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power
ANON,. 1982. Beisa Uranium And Gold Mine Opens. Page 138 ENG MIN J. 1982 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Carleton, H. R., I. W. Duedall, P. M. J. Woodhead, and J. H. Parker. 1982. Coal combustion wastes as material for artificial reef construction. in [No source information available]. 1982 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
PARKER, J. H., P. M. J. WOODHEAD, I. W. DUEDALL, and H. R. CARLETON. 1982. Coal Waste Artificial Reef Program, Phase 4A. Electr Power Res Inst Coal Combus Syst Div Rep EPRI CS. 1982 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Fish; Substrate
Woodhead, P. M. J., J. H. Parker, and I. W. Duedall. 1982. The coal-waste artificial reef program (C-WARP): a new resource potential for fishing reef construction. Marine Fisheries Review 44:16-23. 1982 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Hayward, J. C., E. H. Rothfuss Jr., W. J. Flick, and J. M. Balestrino. 1981. Coal Waste Artificial Reef Program, Phase 3: Volume 3 - Engineering-Economic Evaluation Of Fixed Coal Waste Block Production And Disposal. Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division, (Report) EPRI CS 3. 1981 Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Parker, J. H., P. M. J. Woodhead, and I. W. Duedall. 1981. Coal-waste artificial-reef program, phase 3. Volume 2: comprehensive report ( Long Island, Atlantic). in [No source information available]. 1981 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Parker, J. H., P. M. J. Woodhead, I. W. Duedall, and H. R. Carleton. 1981. Coal waste artificial reef program, phase 3. Volume 1: summary report. Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division, (Report) EPRI CS 1. 1981 Review; Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Collins, R. J. 1980. Utilization of fluidized bed combustion wastes. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 8:259-264. 1980 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coal Mining
Crane, G., R. A. Elefritz, E. L. Kay, and J. R. Laman. 1978. Scrap tire disposal procedures. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 51:577-599. 1978 Review Coal Mining; Fish; Solid Waste Disposal
Owen, R. M. 1977. An assessment of the environmental impact of mining on the continental shelf. Marine Mining 1:-85. 1977 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Mining; Mining Policies; Primary Production; Sediment
Molotlegi, GE OR GE. 1975. Mining In The Homelands. South African Mining and Engineering Journal 88:11-Oct. 1975 South Africa Agriculture; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Pretorius, D. A. 1975. Depositional Environment Of The Witwatersrand Goldfields: A Chronological Review Of Speculations And Observations. Miner Sci Eng 7:18-47. 1975 Review; Index or Indicator Mining; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Archer, A. A. 1974. Progress And Prospects Of Marine Mining. Mining Magazine 130:150-151. 1974 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Toxics
MASCH, F. D. and N. J. SHANKER. 1973. Circulation In Shallow Estuaries. in PROC. IAHR INT. SYMP. ON RIVER MECHANICS (BANGKOK, THAILAND). 1973 Thailand Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mining; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
JULYAN, GD. 1970. Footwell raising on President Steyn Cold Mine, using the Geiger Counter. Pages 169-176 Ass Mine Managers of South Africa, Pap and Discussions. 1970 South Africa Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies; Waste Management Policies
WISLON, JW and RC MORE-O'FERRALL. 1970. Application of the electrical resistance analogue to mining operations. Pages 209-280 Ass Mine Managers of South Africa, Pap and Discussions. 1970 South Africa Model Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining
Wilson, R. C. L. 1968. Upper Oxfordian palaeogeography of southern England. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4:28-May. 1968 England Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment
Clark, M. R. and A. A. Rowden. Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Stony Coral; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC. Mining; Mining Policies; Special Use Permitting

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Hydroseeding High Risk Soils Hydroseeding is a process that creates a slurry of seeds, water, and mulch. This slurry can be applied with the use of trucks, trailers, and even aircrafts. This method is particularly useful because it promotes quick germination and reduces erosion. It is especially beneficial to use this method where there is a vastness of bare soil due to clearing vegetation for roads, homes, and farming. Higher elevations are typically steeper and often experience heavy rainfall, and ultimately an extreme amount of erosion occurs if soil is bare. Erosion from the highlands can fill the reservoirs in the drainage basin with sediment. Using hydroseeding would increase vegetation and ultimately the stabilization of the soil. Also, increased vegetation through hydroseeding would help with infiltration rates because the roots would aerate the soil. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Temporary Seeding. NRCS Planning and Design Manual. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Reef Life; Sediment
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Energy Efficiency Initiatives Energy efficiency is one of the lowest cost strategies for reducing greenhouse gases. Energy efficiency is also one of the few options that actually reduce user costs as well, since using less energy should reduce energy bills. Energy efficiency can be promoted across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. In the US, the ENERGY STAR program has served as a trusted source of information to help consumers and organizations throughout the nation adopt energy-efficient products and practices. Other ways to incentivize energy improvements include subsidizing (e.g. tax exemption) or issuing lower interest loans for investments in energy use reduction technologies and infrastructure (e.g. more efficient heating/cooling systems). Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR and Other Climate Protection Partnerships. 2009 Annual Report. US EPA.

Atmospheric Emissions; City Planning; Climate Regulation; CO2; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Improved Technology; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Oil & Gas Industry; Shelter; Utilities; Utility Policies; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Landuse Management: Temporary Road Planning and Construction This management option involves minimizing sediment discharges from forestry and other temporary roads through their planning and construction. Since these roads are seasonal or temporary, less time and effort is normally invested in construction. Road construction has four main phases, clearing, leveling, construction and surfacing. Construction timing should be targeted to avoid sensitive spawning periods and during low stream flow at water passes. Road surface drainage shaping requires proper moisture content, surfacing, and grading. Drainage should be installed to reduce the volume and velocity of runoff water passing over sensitive areas. Methods for road surface drainage include: broad-based dip construction, pole culverts, ditch relief culverts, road outsloping and grading, ditch and turnout construction. Roadway runoff should be prevented from flowing directly into watercourses by using turnouts, wing ditches and dips. Brush barriers, silt fences, riprap and filter strips can be used to trap sediment in runoff water. Where roads cross streams it is important to guard against erosion, as such erosion may necessitate road repairs. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC.

Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Dredging Regulations Dredging is oftentimes prohibited with certain exceptions. Dredging regulation often falls under other controls over the alteration of the seabed, discharging or depositing materials. At times dredging is necessary for navigation or other activities, necessitating .permitting mechanisms for allowing otherwise prohibited activities. Revising the regulations to help eliminate negative dredge-and-fill activities within a certain distance of corals would be beneficial because it would help promote the reestablishment of sensitive benthic communities. Reservoirs may require periodic dredging to remove sediment that may have collected. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sand & Rock Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Transportation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Transportation
Restoration: Land Reclamation Integrating Toxic Discharge Controls This option aims to eliminate unsightly residues, reduce erosion and control acid or otherwise toxic aqueous discharges from abandoned coal mines, coalmine waste or other types of land change. For toxic mine drainage, preventative actions include mine sealing, infiltration control, day lighting, and neutralization with alkaline material such as hydrated lime. Which action to take relies heavily on groundwater and runoff in the region of the mine. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Aquaculture; Coal Mining; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Hydrologic Management; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Restoration: Land Reclamation Integrating Landslide Treatments This management option is exercised to prevent down slope movement of earthen materials, including natural soils, and spoil/waste from mining or forestry activities. Extreme caution and planning must be exercised before permitting any personnel, equipment or other machinery into the slide area. An experienced engineer should analyze the stability of the site both before and after alterations are made to evaluate stability. Water Control: sources of water that enter the area can be controlled to keep the material dry, as it is typically more stable when dry. Loading Control: where appropriate, consider removing excess material from upper portions of the slide area to reduce slide mass. Slope Reduction: where practice, use grading to reduce the slope of the slide area. Increasing Internal Strength: consider the impact of removing and recompacting of material at designed levels of moisture and with biotechnical slope stabilization practices. External Restraints: external restraints can be used where slope movements must be limited due to surrounding valued improvements (e.g. structures), where manipulation of the material may not achieve desired improvements. External restraints must be designed to prevent overturning, sliding at or below the base, and bearing failure of the foundation. Vegetative Treatment: deep rooted grasses and shrubs with proven performance in soil bioengineering applications can be planted using selected soil bioengineering or biotechnical slope stabilization techniques appropriate to the site. Transpiration and infiltration should be considered when choosing vegetation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Forestry; Infrastructure; Insurance; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Stormwater BMPs: Stormwater Pollution Reduction Through Instituting Preventitive Best Management Practices This method focuses on reducing the amount of harmful contaminants in stormwater runoff by establishing Best Management Practices that prevent the generation of the pollutant to begin with. These BMPs include educational programs, infrastructure improvements and agricultural BMPs. Examples of educational programs would be programs that educate the public on the importance of, and how to avoid depositing hazardous wastes, such as oil, into storm drains, or how to use landscape management controls to limit the chemical and debris that from enter stormwater runoff from their personal lawns. Infrastructure improvement could include the use of alternative turnarounds and street cleaning. Agricultural practices such as roofs and covers for pesticides and equipment, or use of bedding are both preventative stormwater practices. Some additional specific practices include: controlling fertilizer application, properly using and disposing of fertilizers, pesticides, motor oil, and other harmful chemicals, debris removal, exposure reduction, minimization of pollutants, parking lot cleaning, stormwater catch basin insert, eliminate curbs and gutters, green parking, green roofs, street design and patterns, bedding. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. Alternative Turnarounds. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Eliminate Curbs and Gutters. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Parking. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Roofs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Street Design and Patterns. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Agriculture; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Housing; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Mining; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Industry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Transportation Policy: Dust Control Application This action is taken to control dust from unpaved roads and other surfaces, which is generated by traffic and/or wind. Some dust control products (palliatives) for application include: water, hydroscopic palliatives, adhesive, petroleum emulsion, polymer emulsion, clay additive, and bituminous. There are specific considerations for application of each, including seasons and when to use which. For example, hygroscopic palliatives (control dust by absorbing water from the air) shall not be used in arid and semi-arid environments. Calcium chloride and magnesium chloride shall not be used in locations where the daily summertime relative humidity averages below 30%. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land & Air Transportation; Mining; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Transportation; Transportation Policies

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Clean Air Act, 42 United States Code §§ 7400 et seq. To ensure Americans have clean air to breath, and to protect the environment from air pollution. Regulates air emmissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Charges federal land managers with direct responsibility to protect the "air quality and related values" of land under their control. The "related values" include fish and widlife and their habitats. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibility for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act would decrease carbon dioxide emissions from sources in the United States, thereby making a contribution toward reducing ocean acidification, which is one of the problems contributing to coral reef decline.

Legislative Actions:Response will differ from State to State because many Sates have been delegated to administer the Clean Air Act. However, States cannot have air quality standards less stringent then the federal standards. State air pollution agencies hold permit hearings and fines industries that violate air quality limits. States must develop state implementation plans that require approval by EPA.

Comments:The 1990 amendments authorized the Acid Deposition Control Program, a program to control 189 toxic pollutants, established permit program requirements, expanded and modified the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and expanded and modified enforcement authority. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Transportation Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended through 1982,. Declared a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment : promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere: stimulate the health and welfare of resources important to the Nation and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

Application to Coral Reefs:Re-athorizes NEPA of 1969. Provides additional funding.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The amendments did not add regulations to the Act 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Educational & Research Opportunities; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Toxics; Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Water quality based effluent limitations, 62-650 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To implement the provisions of Section 403.051, 403.085 through 403.088 concerning the development of effluent limitations for wastewater facilities.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Florida Air and Water Pollution Act establishes that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessay to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Requiring treatment of industrial and domestic waste water indirectly protects adjoining ecosystem, such as reefs, by limiting the pollutant that reach these other systems.

Legislative Actions:The Department shall not issue a permit for a discharge to waters of the state, unless the Department has established an efflent limit for those pollutants in the discharge that are present in quantities or concentrations which can be reasonably expected to cause or contribute, directly or indirectly, to a violation of any water quality standard established in rule 62-302. The effluent limit may be a technology based effluent limit (TBEL), a water quality based effluent limit (WQBEL) determined by a Level 1 process, or where applicable, a WQBEL determined by a Level 2 process.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Domestic Animal Waste; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products

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