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ReefLink Database

Military

Military

The Military is authorized by the government to use force in order to defend its country, and includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, as well as organizations involved in the manufacturing and supply of military equipment.

CMap

Artificial habitat includes structures such as oil rigs, debris, sunken ships, and even abandoned bombs that can provide substrate for coral and sponges, or habitat for fish and invertebrates, potentially creating an artificial coral reef ecosystem. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Coastal Defense is the protection of the country's coastline, including the Coast Guard and federal, state, or local agencies involved in coastal law enforcement. The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving). Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Decision Support is a broad, generic term that encompasses all aspects related to supporting people in making decisions. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. The Military is authorized by the government to use force in order to defend its country, and includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, as well as organizations involved in the manufacturing and supply of military equipment. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Public Administration includes government institutions that administer, oversee, and manage governmental programs. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. Security and public administration policies are responses to improve the decision-making and enforcement abilities of governmental institutions. Security policies include all actions that ensure the public is safe and secure. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways.

CMap Description

Coastal defense is dependent on large ships that may require dredging of reefs or coastal vegetation to enable transportation into ports. In some areas, such as Vieques, Puerto Rico, Armed Forces training exercises have left discarded ammunition in coastal areas that may provide artificial habitat or discharge contaminants into coastal waters. Security sectors benefit indirectly from ecosystem services that improve the well-being of other sectors, such as culture or fishing, which pressure public administration to enact responses to protect reef ecosystems. Public administrators may improve decision-making through collaboration & partnering, and may improve effectiveness of regulations through law enforcement.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Garcia-Reyero, N; Habib, T; Pirooznia, M; Gust, KA; Gong, P; Warner, C; Wilbanks, M; Perkins, E. 2011. Conserved toxic responses across divergent phylogenetic lineages: a meta-analysis of the neurotoxic effects of RDX among multiple species using toxicogenomics. Ecotoxicology 20:580-594. 2011 Military; Stony Coral
Gardner, JPA; Garton, DW; Collen, JD. 2011. Near-surface mixing and pronounced deep-water stratification in a compartmentalised, human-disturbed atoll lagoon system. Coral Reefs 30:271-282. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Climate; Military; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment
US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet. 2011 Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, GJ; Knapp, IS; Maragos, JE; Davy, SK. 2011. Proximate environmental drivers of coral communities at Palmyra Atoll: Establishing baselines prior to removing a WWII military causeway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:1842-1851. 2011 Australia; India; Palmyra Atoll Model Climate; Hydrocoral; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hiscock, K., S. Sharrock, J. Highfield, and D. Snelling. 2010. Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England-ex-HMS 'Scylla'. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:69-94. 2010 England Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Wu, W., X. H. Wang, D. Paull, and J. Kesby. 2010. Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 28:667-676. 2010 Global; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Special Use Permitting
Brewer, P. G. and K. Hester. 2009. Ocean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean to low-frequency sound. Oceanography 22:86-93. 2009 Global CO2; Military; Ocean Acidity; Whales & Dolphins
Burrage, D. M., J. W. Book, and P. J. Martin. 2009. Eddies and filaments of the Western Adriatic Current near Cape Gargano: Analysis and prediction. Journal of Marine Systems 78:S205-S226. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Collen, J. D., D. W. Garton, and J. P. A. Gardner. 2009. Shoreline Changes and Sediment Redistribution at Palmyra Atoll (Equatorial Pacific Ocean): 1874-Present. Journal of Coastal Research 25:711-722. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Military; Sediment
Garcia, S. S., K. MacDonald, E. H. De Carlo, M. L. Overfield, T. Reyer, and J. Rolfe. 2009. Discarded Military Munitions Case Study: Ordnance Reef (HI-06), Hawaii. Marine Technology Society Journal 43:85-99. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Model Coastal Defense; Fish; Military; Sediment
Graham, J. S., R. S. Stevenson, L. W. Mitcheltree, T. A. Hamilton, R. R. Deckert, R. B. Lee, and A. M. Schiavetta. 2009. Medical management of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries. Toxicology 263:47-58. 2009 Florida Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Palmer Sr., K., B. Byrd, and J. Garrett. 2009. One-call system addresses offshore damage prevention. Oil and Gas Journal 107:80-83. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Infrastructure; Military; Pipelines
Sand, P. H. 2009. Diego Garcia: British-American legal black hole in the Indian ocean? Journal of Environmental Law 21:113-137. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Climate; Housing; Invasive Species; Military; Ocean Acidity
Stone, R., D. White, R. Guest, and B. Francis. 2009. The Virtual Scylla: An exploration of \serious games\", artificial life and simulation complexity". Virtual Reality 13:13-25. 2009 Europe; England Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Doerge, B. C. and C. Smith. 2008. Mechanisms of erosion of volcanic soils on non-agricultural lands in guam. Pages 419-429 in American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2008. 2008 Guam Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Gangai, J. W., R. Lenaburg, B. Batten, E. Drei-Horgan, N. Sheffner, D. Hamilton, M. Rezakhani, and P. Shrestha. 2008. Hurricane Flood Insurance study for the Hawaiian Islands. Pages 432-443 in Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008 - Proceedings of the Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Insurance; Military; Security Policies; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Lei, Z.-M. and M. Zhang. 2008. Study of root canal filling in dogs by using compound coral paste. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 12:1983-1986. 2008 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Military; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Riegl, B., R. P. Moyer, B. K. Walker, K. Kohler, D. Gilliam, and R. E. Dodge. 2008. A tale of germs, storms, and bombs: Geomorphology and coral assemblage structure at Vieques (Puerto Rico) compared to St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands). Journal of Coastal Research 24:1008-1021. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Slingerland, R., R. W. Selover, A. S. Ogston, T. R. Keen, N. W. Driscoll, and J. D. Milliman. 2008. Building the Holocene clinothem in the Gulf of Papua: An ocean circulation study. Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface 113. 2008 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tang, Y.-C., Y.-Q. Wang, and W. Tang. 2008. Repairing mandibular defect by gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with coral hydroxyapatite scaffold in osteoporotic rats. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 12:2601-2605. 2008 Lab Study; Model Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
[No author name available]. 2007. Sediment remediation & aquatic enhancement of former Campbell Shipyard Port of San Diego, California. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 43:13-Oct. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Military; Remediation; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Fu, Z.-H. and A.-M. Wang. 2007. Tissue-engineered bone grafts in the repair of bone defects in rabbits: Evaluation of radionuclide bone imaging. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:4500-4503. 2007 Medical Centers; Military; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Li, J., Q.-S. Yin, Y. Zhang, J. C. Yang, and H. W. Zhou. 2007. Biological properties of Ag-impregnated composite coralline hydroxyapatite. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:3472-3475. 2007 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Nassiri, N. 2007. Materials: Coral bone substitute proves able to heal bone fast and effectively. Pages 3-Jan Biomedical Materials. 2007 Europe; France Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Walker, S. J., T. A. Schlacher, and M. A. Schlacher-Hoenlinger. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity of epibenthos on artificial reefs: Fouling communities in the early stages of colonization on an East Australian shipwreck. Marine Ecology 28:435-445. 2007 Australia Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Military; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Yang, J.-C., Q.-S. Yin, J. Lin, J. Li, H. Y. Huang, and Y. Zhang. 2007. Anti-tumor activity of self-made composite anti-tumor coral hydroxyapatite: An in vitro study. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:3508-3511. 2007 Cuba; China Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Yin, B., Y. Zhang, H.-B. Zhang, and Q.-S. Yin. 2007. Biocompatibility of coralline hydroxyapatite/bone morphogenic protein composite for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 11:191-193. 2007 Lab Study; Index or Indicator Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Aslan, O. 2006. Off-shore nursing [Kiyilarin otesindeki hemşirelik]. SENDROM 18:99-101. 2006 Coastal Defense; Military
Babinsky, H., L. Cattafesta, and G. Abate. 2006. Design considerations for a micro aerial vehicle aerodynamic characterization facility at the University of Florida research and engineering education facility. Pages 713-722 in Collection of Technical Papers - 25th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. 2006 Florida Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Bostock, I. 2006. Canberra merges maritime security operations. Jane's Navy International. 2006 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Chen, B., G.-X. Pei, K. Wang, D. Jin, and K.-H. Wei. 2006. Experimental study on the repair of goat tibia defects with revascularized tissue engineered bone. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 10:164-169. 2006 Index or Indicator Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Keen, T. R., D. S. Ko, R. L. Slingerland, S. Riedlinger, and P. Flynn. 2006. Potential transport pathways of terrigenous material in the Gulf of Papua. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pearn, J. and P. Fenner. 2006. The Jellyfish hunter-Jack Barnes: A pioneer medical toxinologist in Australia. Toxicon 48:762-767. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Invertebrates; Medical Care; Military
Zhao, G.-Y., Y.-Y. Hu, J. Liu, and R. Lu. 2006. Enlarging effect of three various carriers on bone formation induced by recombinant human bone morphogenic protein 2. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 10:54-56. 2006 Lab Study Military
Ziegler, A. D. and R. A. Sutherland. 2006. Effectiveness of a coral-derived surfacing material for reducing sediment production on unpaved roads, Schoffield Barracks, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Management 37:98-110. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Transportation Policies
George, R. D., C. R. In, R. K. Johnston, P. F. Seligman, R. D. Gauthier, and W. J. Wild. 2005. Seawater leaching investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls from solid matrices. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military
Heal, G. M., E. B. Barbier, K. J. Boyle, A. P. Covich, S. P. Gloss, C. H. Hershner, J. P. Hoehn, C. M. Pringle, S. Polasky, K. Segerson, and K. Shrader-Frechette. 2005. Valuing ecosystem services: toward better environmental decision making. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. 2005 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation; Wetlands
Planes, S., R. Galzin, J.-P. Bablet, and P. F. Sale. 2005. Stability of coral reef fish assemblages impacted by nuclear tests. Ecology 86:2578-2585. 2005 Fish; Fishing Sector; Military
Sordelli, C. and N. Garcia. 2005. Venezuelan national oil spill training program. Page 8972 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Venezuela Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Mangroves; Military; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2005. Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment, December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Technical Report. Consultative Group on Indonesia. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Military; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral
Vandegrift, S. 2005. Peanut Island/Snook Islands environmental restoration project. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 41. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Storms & Hurricanes
Wood, B. 2005. A rescue first at Penfield Reef. Vertiflite 51:34. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military
Zhang, X.-D., J.-Y. Song, W.-D. Yang, Y. Feng, Q.-C. Qian, and F.-L. Chen. 2005. Repairing femur defects with bone marrow stromal cells and coral composites strengthened by titanium plank. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 9:42-44. 2005 Lab Study Military
[No author name available]. 2004. US completes destruction of chemical-warfare rockets. Jane's Missiles and Rockets. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Military
Bostock, I. 2004. Australia 'odds on' to buy Boeing 737 MMA. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2004 Australia Military
Goodrich, M. S., J. Garrison, P. Tong, and A. Lunsford. 2004. Risk assessment model for evaluating ex-navy vessels as reef material. Pages 537-550 in Remediation of Contaminated Sediments - 2003: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. 2004 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Remediation; Sediment
Lobel, P. S. and L. K. Lobel. 2004. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Wake Atoll. Pacific Science 58:65-90. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Military
McConnell, A. 2004. L.F. Marsigli (1658-1730): Early contributions to marine science and hydrography. International Hydrographic Review 5:15-Jun. 2004 France Military
Parsons, B. S., P. R. Vogt, H. Haflidason, and W.-Y. Jung. 2004. Seafloor reconnaissance and classification of the Storegga Slide headwall region, Norwegian Sea, using side-scan sonar, video, and photographs acquired on submarine NR-1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 88:841-855. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ren, G.-H., X.-J. Liu, and G.-X. Pei. 2004. Biocompatibility of coral hydroxyapatite and adult human osteoblasts derived from bone marrow. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 8:4883-4885. 2004 Lab Study Medical Centers; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Sun, W. H., J. B. Lo, F. M. Robert, C. Ray, and C.-S. Tang. 2004. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils: I. Selection of promising woody plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 11:260-266. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Military; Remediation; Salinity; Sediment
[No author name available]. 2003. Aeroderivative gas turbines offer alternative power. Pages 31-32 Ship and Boat International. 2003 Coastal Defense; Cruise Ships; Military
Austin, G. 2003. Unwanted entanglement: The Philippines' Spratly policy as a case study in conflict enhancement? Security Dialogue 34:41-54. 2003 China; Philippines; Taiwan Hotel & Food Services; Military
Giovannozzi, M. A., D. K. Stauble, and R. A. Wise. 2003. Innovative shore protection structures at cape may point, New Jersey. Pages 1061-1073 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Military; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 2002. Preparing a ship to form an artificial reef. Shiprepair and Conversion Technology 4:15-17. 2002 Florida Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Military
Hutchings, P. A., R. W. Hilliard, and S. L. Coles. 2002. Species introductions and potential for marine pest invasions into tropical marine communities, with special reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science 56:223-233. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Large Ships; Military; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Small Boats
Lambert, G. 2002. Nonindigenous Ascidians in tropical waters. Pacific Science 56:291-298. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Guam; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Ballast Discharge; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Military; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Salinity
Paulay, G., L. Kirkendale, G. Lambert, and C. Meyer. 2002. Anthropogenic biotic interchange in a coral reef ecosystem: A case study from Guam. Pacific Science 56:403-422. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Guam Ballast Discharge; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Military; Ports & Harbors; Tourism & Recreation
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 2001 Philippines Military; Resource Use Management
Sternlicht, D. D., D. W. Lemonds, R. D. Dikeman, M. Ericksen, and S. G. Schock. 2001. Detection and classification of buried objects with an adaptive acoustic mine-hunting system. Pages 212-219 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 Cuba GIS & Maps Coastal Defense; Military
Thorburn, C. C. 2001. The house that poison built: Customary marine property rights and the live food fish trade in the Kei Islands, southeast Maluku. Development and Change 32:151-180. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Fishing Sector; Housing; Military
[No author name available]. 2000. Permit modification sought for artificial reef. Gulf of Mexico Newsletter 15:4. 2000 Artificial Habitat; Military
Collina-Girard, J. 2000. The submerged palaeolagoons of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies) [Les paleolagons submerges de l'ile de Marie-Galante (Antilles)]. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences - Serie IIa: Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 331:367-372. 2000 Antilles Coastal Defense; Military
Gladstone, W. 2000. The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015-1032. 2000 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Kraas, F. 2000. Conflicts and cooperation in the South China Sea: The dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands [Konflikte und kooperation im Sudchinesischen Meer: Der disput um die Spratly und Paracel Islands]. Geographische Rundschau 52:36-42. 2000 Global; Japan; China; Philippines; Europe Finfish Harvest; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Paull, C. K., A. C. Neumann, B. A. Am Ende, W. Ussler Iii, and N. M. Rodriguez. 2000. Lithoherms on the Florida-Hatteras slope. Marine Geology 166:83-101. 2000 Florida Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ran, E. 2000. Petrel 5424 3-D sonar. Sea Technology 41:42-45. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Coastal Defense; Military
Sheehy Daniel, J. 2000. Developing methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability on a coral atoll. Pages 509-515 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Fish; Military; Ports & Harbors
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 221-232. 2000 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Military; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Wozencraft, J. M. and J. L. Irish. 2000. SHOALS surveys and carbonate beaches. Pages 24-37 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military
Hamilton, L. J. 1999. Classification, grainsize relations and sediment distributions inferred from visual sediment descriptions on RAN hydrographie Office bathymetry charts of the northern Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46:501-514. 1999 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment
Morhange, C., J.-P. Goiran, M. Bourcier, P. Carbonel, B. Kabouche, J. Le Campion, A. Prone, F. B. Pyatt, J.-M. Rouchy, J.-C. Sourisseau, and M. Yon. 1999. 3000 Years of coastal evolution of Kition Bamboula (Larnaca, Cyprus, Mediterranean sea) [3000 ans de modifications des environnements littoraux a Kition Bamboula (Lanarca, Chypre, Mediterranee Orientale)]. Quaternaire 10:133-149. 1999 Oman Military; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Snyder, R. 1999. What's happening offshore...Hazard database. World Oil 220:27. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Military; Pipelines
Proni John, R., CH RI S McArthur, and GL EN N Schuster. 1998. Adaptive dredged material discharge for the Port of Miami. Pages 1249-1257 in Ports - Proceedings. 1998 Florida Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military
Jones Anthony, T. and W. Welsford Richard. 1997. Artificial reefs in British Columbia, Canada. Pages 415-418 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1997 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; Columbia; India; Caribbean Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Simon, S. L. 1997. A brief history of people and events related to atomic weapons testing in the Marshall Islands. Health Physics 73:20-May. 1997 Micronesia; Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Remediation
[No author name available]. 1996. Dutra's environmental dredging pilot projects. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 32:10-11+28. 1996 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Abbot, R. H., D. W. Lane, M. J. Sinclair, and T. A. Spurling. 1996. Lasers chart the waters of Australia's great barrier reef. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 2964:72-90. 1996 Australia Review; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military
Flathman Paul, E., L. Laski Mary, R. Trausch Jason, H. Carson Jr. John, M. Woodhull Patrick, E. Jerger Douglas, and R. Lear Paul. 1996. Effect of micronutrient addition on the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated coral sand at a U.S. Navy facility on Midway Island in the Pacific. in Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Coastal Defense; Military; Nutrients; Remediation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Fukuda, T. 1996. What does the red-tiled roof mean? The conservation movement in the historic district of Taketomi Island, Okinawa. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 69:727-743. 1996 Japan Building & Home Construction; Cultural Protections; Housing; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Osborn, TI M, KE VI N Bodge, MI LE S Croom, MA RK Schroeder, and CH AR LI E Wahle. 1996. Structural restoration of two coral reefs in the Florida keys national marine sanctuary. Pages 14-17 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Sylwester, R. E., J. L. Dasler, and T. C. Sullivan. 1996. A marine geophysical investigation to determine the cause for failure of the yaquina bay jetty, newport, oregon. Geotechnical Special Publication 62:42-55. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Antonelli, P. and P. Auger. 1995. Corals and starfish devastation of the great barrier reef: Aggregation methods. Acta Biotheoretica 43:481-493. 1995 Global; Australia Model Military; Seastars; Stony Coral
Chen, K. M. 1995. Disappearance of ALS from Guam: Implications for exogenous causes. Pages 1549-1553 in Clinical Neurology. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Guam Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Military; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Tunstall, B. R. 1994. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water Resources. 1994 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Military
Connell, J. 1993. Climatic change: a new security challenge for the atoll states of the South Pacific. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 31:173-192. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Tuvalu; Marshall Islands; Kiribati Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
Valencia, M. J. 1993. Spratly solution still at sea. Pacific Review 6:155-170. 1993 Malaysia; Southeast Asia; China; Vietnam; Philippines; Taiwan Military
Cullyer, W. J., S. J. Goodenough, and B. A. Wichmann. 1991. Choice of computer languages for use in safety-critical systems. Software engineering journal 6:51-58. 1991 Review Military
Rosati, J. D. 1990. Functional design of breakwaters for shore protection: empirical methods. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Smith, E. R. and N. C. Kraus. 1990. Laboratory study on macro-features of wave breaking over bars and artificial reefs. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Torrey, B. B. and W. W. Kingkade. 1990. Population dynamics of the United States and the Soviet Union. Science 247:1548-1552. 1990 Military
Boc Jr. Stanley, J. and DA VI D McGehee. 1989. Agat small boat harbor. Guam monitoring plan. Pages 1492-1497 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
Ruff, T. A. 1989. Ciguatera in the pacific: A link with military activities. Lancet 1:201-205. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Infrastructure; Military; Pathogens
Myres, J. A. L. 1988. From Quadrant to Laser: 200 years of nautical charting in Australia - part two. Land & Minerals Surveying 6:632-641. 1988 Australia Coastal Defense; Military
Tucker, T. and B. T. Doughty. 1988. Naval Facilities, Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory: Management And Administration. Pages 191-215 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London). 1988 Indian Ocean; India Coastal Defense; Military
Ahrens, J. P. 1987. Characteristics of reef breakwaters. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1987 Lab Study Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Lin, S. S. 1987. A universal footing with jetting. Pages 299-306 in IN: OTC 87 PROC., NINETEENTH ANNUAL OFFSHORE TECHNOL. CONF., (HOUSTON, U.S.A.: APR. 27-30, 1987). 1987 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military
Maynard John, K. and S. D. Chung David. 1986. Design Of Wharf Facilities, Guam, M. I. , To Accommodate Difficult Site Conditions. Pages 159-170 in [No source information available]. 1986 Guam Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Ports & Harbors
Evans, C., J. E. Maragos, and P. Holtus. 1985. Reef corals in Kaneohe Bay six years before and after termination of sewage discharges (Oahu, Hawaiian Archipelago). Pages 189-194 in Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress. Tahiti. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Algae; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Grover, D. H. 1985. Army hopper dredges in World War II. World dredging & marine construction 21:-29. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii; Europe Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Stony Coral
Moyer, J. T., H. Higuchi, K. Matsuda, and M. Hasegawa. 1985. Threat to unique terrestrial and marine environments and biota in a Japanese National Park. Environmental Conservation 12:293-301. 1985 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Caribbean Agriculture; Fish; Forestry; Housing; Land & Air Transportation; Military; Stony Coral
Seelig, W. N. 1984. Salvage and demolition of two navy offshore platforms. in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida; Panama Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Military
Macintyre, I. G., B. Raymond, and R. Stuckenrath. 1983. Recent history of a fringing reef, Bahia Salina del Sur, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Atoll Research Bulletin 1983 Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Antonius, A. and A. Weiner. 1982. Coral reefs under fire. Marine Ecology 3:255-277. 1982 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Baird, A. V. and N. W. Ross. 1982. Field experiences with floating breakwaters in the eastern United States. US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report. 1982 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Hollett, K. J. and R. Moberly. 1982. Sedimentation, dredging, and spoil disposal in a subtropical estuarine lagoon. Environmental Geology 4:31-42. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Conti, H., D. G. True, and M. Jansen. 1979. Design Of A Lighweight Portable Single Point Mooring System For U. S. Navy Amphibious Logistic Suport. Pages 131-153 in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Ocean Engineering Division (Proceedings) OED. 1979 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Military
Tausig, W. R. 1978. Nearshore trenching technology development. PORT HUENEME, U.S.A.,U.S. DEPT. NAVY, JUN. 1978. 1978 Review Coastal Defense; Military
Saunders David, J. 1977. Coral 66: British High-Order Language For Real-Time Applications. Pages 1220-1226 in [No source information available]. 1977 Military
[No author name available]. 1976. Propellant Anchors Used For Mooring. INT. DREDGING AND PORT CONSTRUCT., SERIES II 3. 1976 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
Erchul Ronald, A. and D. G. True. 1975. Installation Of Tanker Moorings Incorporating Large Propellant Embedment Anchors. Marine Technology Society Journal 9:14-22. 1975 Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
HUDDELL, H. D., J. C. WILLET, and G. MARCHAND. 1974. Nearshore Currents And Coral Reef Ecology Of The West Coast Of Guam, Mariana Islands. in [No source information available]. 1974 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Military; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Miyamoto, OW EN. 1974. Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway. Pages 100-105 in [No source information available]. 1974 Land & Air Transportation; Military
Nidiffer Kenneth, E., J. T. Webb, P. Bernhard, R. Bate Roger, K. L. Hunt, A. Tonkin, R. Malcolm, R. S. Newton, K. Jackson, H. R. Simpson, HE IN Z Knetsch, E. Loper Warren, S. Miller James, K. A. Helps, and N. J. F. Neve. 1974. Real Time Computer Based Systems. in AGARD Conf Proc. 1974 Field Study & Monitoring Military
Pfannenstiel, M. 1970. Das Meer in der Geschichte der Geologie. Geologische Rundschau 60:Mar-72. 1970 Oman Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Salinity; Sediment
Peddicord, R. K. Impacts of open-water dredged material discharge. in [No source information available]. Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Nutrients

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels Semi- permanent/permanent vessels can have a negative impact on the surrounding local environment both due to the effects of shade and from the direct contact with the substrate. Sunken vessels that cannot be seen from the surface may present a danger to navigation. Derelict vessels that do not remain stationary may cause harm in multiple locations before becoming stationary. If fishing gear is still intact, it may cause further biological damage through "ghost fishing� (#283). Early response, creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels, reduces the impact of these vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Military; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Stony Coral; Substrate; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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