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ReefLink Database

Landscape Conservation & Restoration

Landscape Conservation & Restoration

Landscape conservation and restoration refers to efforts to protect and restore disturbed natural landscapes, such as through hydroseeding or beach renourishment.

CMap

City planning refers to the development of guidelines, integrating landuse and transportation planning, to improve the economic, social, and structural functioning of cities. Civil Engineering and Construction specializes in the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings and homes, roads, utility lines, and ports. Coastal Development is the construction of infrastructure, buildings, homes, and roads in coastal communities. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Deforestation and Devegetation are the removal of trees and plants, including clear-cutting, to provide clear land for farms, roads, homes, buildings, and other infrastructure. Ditching & Soil Disturbance pertains to large-scale changes to the terrestrial landscape through channeling for irrigation, grading for roads & construction, and mining which disrupt and dislodge soil and can lead to sediment runoff into the watershed. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. Impervious surfaces are surfaces, such as asphalt roads and concrete sidewalks. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landscape conservation and restoration refers to efforts to protect and restore disturbed natural landscapes, such as through hydroseeding or beach renourishment. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. Permitting is documentation required for new construction and remodeling/renovation,  in compliance with national, regional, and local zoning and building codes. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sediment includes dirt, sand, silt, clay, and small rocks that form soil on land or soft substrate in marine habitats, and may be transported by water, wind, or human activities. Shelter includes sectors that provide for the comfort and protection of humans in relation to their living spaces. Shoreline armoring is the construction of bulkheads, seawalls, riprap or any other structure used to harden a shoreline against erosion. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Surface and groundwater flow reflects the patterns of water movement across the landscape, including rivers, streams, underground water, or stormwater. Toxics are chemical pollutants that are poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful to humans, plants, or animals. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent.

CMap Description

A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses to reduce or manage changes to the landscape that can create pressures on the reef. Coastal development contributes to landscape changes, including impervious surfaces, devegetation, shoreline armoring, dredging, or filling for construction of roads and buildings, which can alter rates of pollutant runoff, directly impact coastal vegetation, and alter patterns of water flow. Landscape restoration, such as hydroseeding, may be used to reduce runoff along roads or other disturbed areas. Many of the same socio-economic sectors that drive coastal development and landscape changes, also benefit from reef ecosystem services, including aesthetic value, seafood, and shoreline protection.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Principe, P., P. Bradley, S. Yee, W. Fisher, E. Johnson, P. Allen, and D. Campbell. 2012. Quantifying Coral Reef Ecosystem Services. EPA/600/R-11/206, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2012 Global Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beach & Land Formation; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Alvarez-Filip, L; Dulvy, NK; Cote, IM; Watkinson, AR; Gill, JA. 2011. Coral identity underpins architectural complexity on Caribbean reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2223-2231. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Stony Coral
Collado-Vides, L; Mazzei, V; Thyberg, T; Lirman, D. 2011. Spatio-temporal patterns and nutrient status of macroalgae in a heavily managed region of Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA. Botanica Marina 54:377-390. 2011 Florida Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hamasaki, K; Sugizaki, M; Sugimoto, A; Murakami, Y; Kitada, S. 2011. Emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the coconut crab Birgus latro: Effects of gastropod shells, substrata, shelters and humidity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 403:81-89. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Hughes, L. 2011. Climate change and Australia: key vulnerable regions. Regional Environmental Change 11:S189-S195. 2011 Australia Review Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Kreyling, J; Bittner, T; Jaeschke, A; Jentsch, A; Steinbauer, MJ; Thiel, D; Beierkuhnlein, C. 2011. Assisted Colonization: A Question of Focal Units and Recipient Localities. Restoration Ecology 19:433-440. 2011 Complex Habitat & Resources; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
McCloskey, J. T., R. J. Lilieholm, and C. Cronan. 2011. Using Bayesian belief networks to identify potential compatibilities and conflicts between development and landscape conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning 101:190-203. 2011 Model; GIS & Maps Economic Markets & Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mumby, PJ; Vitolo, R; Stephenson, DB. 2011. Temporal clustering of tropical cyclones and its ecosystem impacts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:17626-17630. 2011 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Haiti; Jamaica; Belize; Honduras; Costa Rica; Caribbean Model Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Storms & Hurricanes
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Nava, H; Ramirez-Herrera, MT. 2011. Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working? Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1487-1501. 2011 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Nowak, K; Lee, PC. 2011. Demographic Structure of Zanzibar Red Colobus Populations in Unprotected Coral Rag and Mangrove Forests. Pages 24-45 in 22nd Congress of the International-Primatological-Society. NEW YORK. 2011 Global Index or Indicator Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Sanvicente-Anorve, L; Hermoso-Salazar, M. 2011. RELATIVE GROWTH OF THE LAND HERMIT CRAB, COENOBITA CLYPEATUS (ANOMURA, COENOBITIDAE) FROM A CORAL REEF ISLAND, SOUTHERN GULF OF MEXICO. Crustaceana 84:689-699. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Model; Index or Indicator Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Scholte, P; Al-Okaishi, A; Suleyman, AS. 2011. When conservation precedes development: a case study of the opening up of the Socotra archipelago, Yemen. ORYX 45:401-410. 2011 Indian Ocean; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Special Use Permitting
Assogbadjo, A. E., R. Glelekakai, T. Kyndt, and B. Sinsin. 2010. Conservation Genetics of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in the Parklands Agroforestry Systems of Benin (West Africa). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-napoca 38:136-140. 2010 Global; Sudan Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Bartley, R., J. P. Corfield, B. N. Abbott, A. A. Hawdon, S. N. Wilkinson, and B. Nelson. 2010. Impacts of improved grazing land management on sediment yields, Part 1: Hills lope processes. Journal of Hydrology 389:237-248. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Littering; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bartley, R., S. N. Wilkinson, A. A. Hawdon, B. N. Abbott, and D. A. Post. 2010. Impacts of improved grazing land management on sediment yields. Part 2: Catchment response. Journal of Hydrology 389:249-259. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Clarke, P. and S. D. Jupiter. 2010. Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji). Environmental Conservation 37:98-106. 2010 Fiji Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Croquer, A., D. Debrot, E. Klein, M. Kurten, S. Rodriguez, and C. Bastidas. 2010. What can two years of monitoring tell us about Venezuelan coral reefs? The Southern Tropical America node of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (STA-GCRMN). Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:51-65. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges; Stony Coral
Ford, J. R., R. J. Williams, A. M. Fowler, D. R. Cox, and I. M. Suthers. 2010. Identifying critical estuarine seagrass habitat for settlement of coastally spawned fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:181-193. 2010 Australia Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Seagrasses
Hamel, M. A. and S. Andrefouet. 2010. Using very high resolution remote sensing for the management of coral reef fisheries: Review and perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1397-1405. 2010 Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Hansen, L., J. Hoffman, C. Drews, and E. Mielbrecht. 2010. Designing Climate-Smart Conservation: Guidance and Case Studies. Conservation Biology 24:63-69. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; Tanzania; Madagascar; India; Fiji; Caribbean Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Harrison, P. A. 2010. Ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation: an introduction to the RUBICODE project. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2767-2772. 2010 Climate; Invasive Species; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hickey, T. D., A. C. Hine, E. A. Shinn, S. E. Kruse, and R. Z. Poore. 2010. Pleistocene Carbonate Stratigraphy of South Florida: Evidence for High-Frequency Sea-Level Cyclicity. Journal of Coastal Research 26:605-614. 2010 Florida
Honorio, P. P. F., R. T. C. Ramos, and B. M. Feitoza. 2010. Composition and structure of reef fish communities in Paraiba State, north-eastern Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology 77:907-926. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish
Iacona, G. D., L. K. Kirkman, and E. M. Bruna. 2010. Effects of resource availability on seedling recruitment in a fire-maintained savanna. Oecologia 163:171-180. 2010 Index or Indicator Water
Jenkins, A. P., S. D. Jupiter, I. Qauqau, and J. Atherton. 2010. The importance of ecosystem-based management for conserving aquatic migratory pathways on tropical high islands: a case study from Fiji. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:224-238. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji; Papua New Guinea GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jones, K. B., E. T. Slonecker, M. S. Nash, A. C. Neale, T. G. Wade, and S. Hamann. 2010. Riparian habitat changes across the continental United States (1972-2003) and potential implications for sustaining ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology 1-15. 2010 Model; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Wetlands
Jordan, L. K. B., K. W. Banks, L. E. Fisher, B. K. Walker, and D. S. Gilliam. 2010. Elevated sedimentation on coral reefs adjacent to a beach nourishment project. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:261-271. 2010 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Kininmonth, S., M. Drechsler, K. Johst, and H. P. Possingham. 2010. Metapopulation mean life time within complex networks. Marine Ecology Progress Series 417:139-149. 2010 Australia Model Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Lirman, D., A. Bowden-Kerby, S. Schopmeyer, B. Huntington, T. Thyberg, M. Gough, T. Gough, R. Gough, and Y. Gough. 2010. A window to the past: documenting the status of one of the last remaining 'megapopulations' of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis in the Dominican Republic. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:773-781. 2010 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Algae; Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Maldonado, A. L. and P. J. Noble. 2010. Radiolarians from the upper Guadalupian (Middle Permian) Reef Trail Member of the Bell Canyon Formation, West Texas and their biostratigraphic implications. Micropaleontology 56:69-115. 2010 China
Mendoza-Carranza, M., D. J. Hoeinghaus, A. M. Garcia, and A. Romero-Rodriguez. 2010. Aquatic food webs in mangrove and seagrass habitats of Centla Wetland, a Biosphere Reserve in Southeastern Mexico. Neotropical Ichthyology 8:171-178. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Wetlands
Osmond, D. L. 2010. USDA water quality projects and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Conservation Effects Assessment Project watershed studies. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35:142A-146A. 2010 India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges
Pearlstine, L. G., E. V. Pearlstine, and N. G. Aumen. 2010. A review of the ecological consequences and management implications of climate change for the Everglades. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29:1510-1526. 2010 Florida Review Climate; CO2; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Renshaw, G. M. C., G. Wise, and P. R. Dodd. 2010. Ecophysiology of neuronal metabolism in transiently oxygen-depleted environments: Evidence that GABA is accumulated pre-synaptically in the cerebellum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 155:486-492. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Reza, M. I. H. and S. A. Abdullah. 2010. Regional Index of ecological integrity: a need for sustainable management of natural resources. Ecological Indicators 11:220-229. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Rush, J. and C. Kerans. 2010. Stratigraphic Response Across A Structurally Dynamic Shelf: The Latest Guadalupian Composite Sequence At Walnut Canyon, New Mexico, Usa. Journal of Sedimentary Research 80:808-828. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Sediment
Samways, M. J., C. S. Bazelet, and J. S. Pryke. 2010. Provision of ecosystem services by large scale corridors and ecological networks. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2949-2962. 2010 South Africa Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Scientific Research
Serrano, X., M. Grosell, and J. E. Serafy. 2010. Salinity selection and preference of the grey snapper Lutjanus griseus: field and laboratory observations. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1592-1608. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
TEEB. 2010. Socio-cultural context of ecosystem and biodiversity valuation. in P. Kumar, editor. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Vandewalle, M., F. de Bello, M. P. Berg, T. Bolger, S. Doledec, F. Dubs, C. K. Feld, R. Harrington, P. A. Harrison, S. Lavorel, P. M. da Silva, M. Moretti, J. Niemela, P. Santos, T. Sattler, J. P. Sousa, M. T. Sykes, A. J. Vanbergen, and B. A. Woodcock. 2010. Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2921-2947. 2010 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Winfree, R. 2010. The conservation and restoration of wild bees. Pages 169-197 Year In Ecology And Conservation Biology 2010. 2010 Global Agriculture; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Anderson, T. J., C. Syms, D. A. Roberts, and D. F. Howard. 2009. Multi-scale fish-habitat associations and the use of habitat surrogates to predict the organisation and abundance of deep-water fish assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 379:34-42. 2009 GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sediment
Bainbridge, Z. T., J. E. Brodie, J. W. Faithful, D. A. Sydes, and S. E. Lewis. 2009. Identifying the land-based sources of suspended sediments, nutrients and pesticides discharged to the Great Barrier Reef from the Tully-Murray Basin, Queensland, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1081-1090. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Barletta, M. and M. F. Costa. 2009. Living and Non-living Resources Exploitation in a Tropical Semi-arid Estuary. Journal of Coastal Research 371-375. 2009 Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Salinity; Tourism & Recreation
Bohlen, P. J., S. Lynch, L. Shabman, M. Clark, S. Shukla, and H. Swain. 2009. Paying for environmental services from agricultural lands: an example from the northern Everglades. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:46-55. 2009 Florida Agriculture; Nutrients
Brewer, T. D., J. E. Cinner, A. Green, and J. M. Pandolfi. 2009. Thresholds and multiple scale interaction of environment, resource use, and market proximity on reef fishery resources in the Solomon Islands. Biological Conservation 142:1797-1807. 2009 Solomon Islands Index or Indicator Climate; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Chartrand, K. M. and M. J. Durako. 2009. Distribution and photobiology of siderastrea radians and thalassia testudinum in florida bay, florida, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:153-166. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Index or Indicator Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2009. Climate change and tropical marine agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 60:2839-2844. 2009 Global Review Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Cumberlidge, N., P. K. L. Ng, D. C. J. Yeo, C. Magalhaes, M. R. Campos, F. Alvarez, T. Naruse, S. R. Daniels, L. J. Esser, F. Y. K. Attipoe, F.-L. Clotilde-Ba, W. Darwall, A. McIvor, J. E. M. Baillie, B. Collen, and M. Ram. 2009. Freshwater crabs and the biodiversity crisis: Importance, threats, status, and conservation challenges. Biological Conservation 142:1665-1673. 2009 Global; Europe Deforestation & Devegetation; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Stony Coral
Daily, G.C., S. Polasky, J. Goldstein, P.M. Kareiva, H.A. Mooney, L. Pejchar, T.H. Ricketts, J. Salzman, and R. Shallenberger. 2009. Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:21-28. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Das, S. 2009. Can mangroves minimize property loss during big storms? An analysis of house damage due to the super cyclone in Orissa. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, Kathmandu, Nepal. 2009 Global GIS & Maps Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Regulating Services; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
deGroot, R. S., R. Alkemade, L. Braat, L. Hein, and L. Willemen. 2009. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity (inpress). 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Fancy, S. G., J. E. Gross, and S. L. Carter. 2009. Monitoring the condition of natural resources in US national parks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 151:161-174. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Greiner, R., L. Patterson, and O. Miller. 2009. Motivations, risk perceptions and adoption of conservation practices by farmers. Agricultural Systems 99:86-104. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Kareiva, P., editor. 2009. Special Issue of Frontiers in Ecology - focusing on ecosystem services. Issue 1, Volume 7, The Ecological Society of America. 2009 Global Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Mandal, D. and K. P. Tripathi. 2009. Soil erosion limits for Lakshadweep Archipelago. Current Science 96:276-280. 2009 Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Nelson, E., G. Mendoza, J. Regetz, S. Polasky, H. Tallis, D. R. Cameron, K. M. A. Chan, G. C. Daily, J. Goldstein, P. M. Kareiva, E. Lonsdorf, R. Naidoo, T. H. Ricketts, and M. R. Shaw. 2009. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:4-11. 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Carbon Storage & Cycling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Pellegrini, J. A. C., M. L. G. Soares, F. O. Chaves, G. C. D. Estrada, and V. F. Cavalcanti. 2009. A Method for the Classification of Mangrove Forests and Sensitivity/Vulnerability Analysis. Journal of Coastal Research 443-447. 2009 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Plummer, M. L. 2009. Assessing benefit transfer for the valuation of ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:38-45. 2009 Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Rasheed, M., E. El-Hihi, S. Al-Rousan, and A. Abu-Hilal. 2009. Chemical evaluation of sand material sources for beach replenishment along the coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Chemistry and Ecology 25:371-384. 2009 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Nutrients
Risk, M. J., B. E. Lapointe, O. A. Sherwood, and B. J. Bedford. 2009. The use of delta N-15 in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:793-802. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment
Risk, M.J., B.E. Lapointe, O.A. Sherwood, B.J. Bedford. 2009. The use of d15N in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:793-802. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment
Roberts, J. M., A. J. Davies, L. A. Henry, L. A. Dodds, G. C. A. Duineveld, M. S. S. Lavaleye, C. Maier, R. W. M. van Soest, M. J. N. Bergman, V. Huhnerbach, V. A. I. Huvenne, D. J. Sinclair, T. Watmough, D. Long, S. L. Green, and H. van Haren. 2009. Mingulay reef complex: an interdisciplinary study of cold-water coral habitat, hydrography and biodiversity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:139-151. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sanchirico, J. N. and P. Mumby. 2009. Mapping ecosystem functions to the valuation of ecosystem services: Implications of species-habitat associations for coastal land-use decisions. Theoretical Ecology 2:67-77. 2009 Model; GIS & Maps Coastal Development; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Sheppard, C. 2009. Large temperature plunges recorded by data loggers at different depths on an Indian Ocean atoll: Comparison with satellite data and relevance to coral refuges. Coral Reefs 28:399-403. 2009 Indian Ocean; India Substrate
Shokri, M. R., W. Gladstone, and A. Kepert. 2009. Annelids, arthropods or molluscs are suitable as surrogate taxa for selecting conservation reserves in estuaries. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:1117-1130. 2009 Australia Arthropods; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Molluscs
South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE). 2009. Can mangroves minimize property loss during big storms? An analysis of house damage due to the super cyclone in Orissa. 2009 Global GIS & Maps Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Regulating Services; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Tallis, H., R. Goldman, M. Uhl, and B. Brosi. 2009. Integrating conservation and development in the field: implementing ecosystem service projects. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:12�20. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
UNCWI. 2009. Healthy Watersheds through Healthy Forests. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering; Drinking Water Supply; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Vosoghi, G. H., M. R. Fatemi, S. Jamili, A. R. Nikoyab, and M. Rabbaniba. 2009. The fluctuation of coralline fish larvae of Khark and Kharko (Persian Gulf). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 4:136-142. 2009 Iran; Oman Index or Indicator Fish; Mangroves; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wasmund, K., D. I. Kurtboke, K. A. Burns, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Microbial diversity in sediments associated with a shallow methane seep in the tropical Timor Sea of Australia reveals a novel aerobic methanotroph diversity. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:142-151. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Sediment
Watts, M. E., I. R. Ball, R. S. Stewart, C. J. Klein, K. Wilson, C. Steinback, R. Lourival, L. Kircher, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software 24:1513-1521. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Banth, V. K., K. P. Singh, G. S. Patnaik, P. Abhishak, and V. Manoj. 2008. Use of Calcium Carbonate as filler with ASAA-successful story at bilt-ashti. Pages 89-92 in IPPTA: Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association. 2008 India Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Manufacturing & Trade; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Barbier, E. B., E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski, J. Primavera, E. F. Granek, S. Polasky, S. Aswani, L. A. Cramer, D. M. Stoms, C. J. Kennedy, D. Bael, C. V. Kappel, G. M. E. Perillo, and D. J. Reed. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values. Science 319:321-323. 2008 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Celliers, L. and M. H. Schleyer. 2008. Coral community structure and risk assessment of high-latitude reefs at Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3097-3117. 2008 South Africa Index or Indicator Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Octocoral
Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan. 2008 Puerto Rico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Improved Technology; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
De Mitcheson, Y. S., A. Cornish, M. Domeier, P. L. Colin, M. Russell, and K. C. Lindeman. 2008. A global baseline for spawning aggregations of reef fishes. Conservation Biology 22:1233-1244. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Piscivorous Fish
Demopoulos, A. W. J., N. Cormier, K. C. Ewel, and B. Fry. 2008. Use of multiple chemical tracers to define habitat use of Indo-Pacific mangrove crab, Scylla serrata (Decapoda: Portunidae). Estuaries and Coasts 31:371-381. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Model Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Drew, C. A. and D. B. Eggleston. 2008. Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:233-243. 2008 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Duarte, C. M., W. C. Dennison, R. J. W. Orth, and T. J. B. Carruthers. 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: Addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31:233-238. 2008 Collaboration & Partnering; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Finkl, C. W., J. E. Becerra, V. Achatz, and J. L. Andrews. 2008. Geomorphological mapping along the upper southeast Florida Atlantic continental platform; I: Mapping units, symbolization and geographic information system presentation of interpreted seafloor topography. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1388-1417. 2008 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gibson, P. J., J. N. Boyer, and N. P. Smith. 2008. Nutrient mass flux between Florida Bay and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Estuaries and Coasts 31:21-32. 2008 Florida Discharges; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Granek, E. and B. I. Ruttenberg. 2008. Changes in biotic and abiotic processes following mangrove clearing. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 80:555-562. 2008 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Greiner, R. and O. Miller. 2008. Reducing diffuse water pollution by tailoring incentives to region specific requirements: Empirical study for the Burdekin River basin (Australia). Pages 31-42 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2008 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Hartog, W. M., L. Benedet, D.-J.R. Walstra, M. Van Koningsveld, M. J. F. Stive, and C. W. Finkl. 2008. Mechanisms that influence the performance of beach nourishment: A case-study in Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1304-1319. 2008 Florida Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Jupiter, S. D. and G. S. Marion. 2008. Changes in forest area along stream networks in an agricultural catchment of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Environmental Management 42:66-79. 2008 Australia GIS & Maps Agriculture; Landscape Changes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kumar, A., P. Seralathan, and K. S. Jayappa. 2008. Distribution of coastal cliffs in Kerala, India: their mechanisms of failure and related human engineering response. Environmental Geology 18-Jan. 2008 India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Lee, T. N., N. Melo, E. Johns, C. Kelble, R. H. Smith, and P. Ortner. 2008. On water renewal and salinity variability in the northeast subregion of Florida Bay. Bulletin of Marine Science 82:83-105. 2008 Florida Discharges; Mangroves; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Linares, C., R. Coma, J. Garrabou, D. Diaz, and M. Zabala. 2008. Size distribution, density and disturbance in two Mediterranean gorgonians: Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella singularis. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:688-699. 2008 Index or Indicator Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Octocoral
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Military; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Oyamada, K., M. Tsukidate, K. Watanabe, T. Takahashi, T. Isoo, and T. Terawaki. 2008. A field test of porous carbonated blocks used as artificial reef in seaweed beds of Ecklonia cava. Journal of Applied Phycology 20:863-868. 2008 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Pares-Ramos, I., W. A. Gould, and T. M. Aide. 2008. Suburban growth and forest expansion following agricultural abandonment in Puerto Rico (1991-2000). Pages 1-24 in Berlin Conference "Long-Term Policies: Governing Social-Ecological Change" International Conference of the Social-Ecological Research. Berlin, (Germany). 2008 Global; Puerto Rico Agriculture; Housing; Manufacturing & Trade
Rinkevich, B. 2008. Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1821-1824. 2008 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sloan, N. J. B. and E. A. Irlandi. 2008. Burial tolerances of reef-building Sabellariid worms from the east coast of Florida. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 77:337-344. 2008 Florida Marine Worms; Sediment
Taggart, S. J., J. Mondragon, A. G. Andrews, and J. K. Nielsen. 2008. Spatial patterns and movements of red king and Tanner crabs: Implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:151-163. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Tepedino, V. J., B. A. Bradley, and T. L. Griswold. 2008. Might flowers of invasive plants increase native bee carrying capacity? Intimations from Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. Natural Areas Journal 28:44-50. 2008 Invasive Species
Wolanski, E., K. E. Fabricius, T. F. Cooper, and C. Humphrey. 2008. Wet season fine sediment dynamics on the inner shelf of the Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 77:755-762. 2008 Australia Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Light; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
World Bank Group. 2008. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Nature based solutions from the world bank portfolio. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Iran; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Invasive Species; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
[No author name available]. 2007. Beach restoration in the Bahama Islands. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 43:11-Oct. 2007 Florida Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling
Benedet, L., C. W. Finkl, and W. M. Hartog. 2007. Processes controlling development of erosional hot spots on a beach nourishment project. Journal of Coastal Research 23:33-48. 2007 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Remediation; Sediment
De Pippo, T. and C. Petrosino. 2007. Innovative littoral preserving technologies within the European coastal management. Pages 253-258 in Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field, ATEF 2006. 2007 Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Wetlands
Fleitmann, D., R. B. Dunbar, M. McCulloch, M. Mudelsee, M. Vuille, T. R. McClanahan, J. E. Cole, and S. Eggins. 2007. East African soil erosion recorded in a 300 year old coral colony from Kenya. Geophysical Research Letters 34. 2007 Kenya Deforestation & Devegetation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hwang, S. 2007. Page 111 in SEVENTH CARIBBEAN ISLANDS WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS. St. Croix, USVI. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Drinking Water Supply; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Montgomery, C. E., R. N. Reed, H. J. Shaw, S. M. Boback, and J. M. Walker. 2007. Distribution, habitat, size, and color pattern of Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) on Cayo Cochino Pequeno, Honduras. Southwestern Naturalist 52:38-45. 2007 South & Central America; Honduras; Caribbean
Mulhall, M. 2007. Saving rainforests of the sea: an analysis of international efforts to conserve coral reefs. Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 19:321-351. 2007 Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Ocean Acidity
Rigby, J. K., G. L. Bell Jr., and K. Thompson. 2007. Hexactinellid and associated sponges from the upper reef trail member of the bell canyon formation, southern Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 81:1241-1256. 2007 Sponges
Ronnback, P., B. Crona, and L. Ingwall. 2007. The return of ecosystem goods and services in replanted mangrove forests: Perspectives from local communities in Kenya. Environmental Conservation 34:313-324. 2007 Kenya Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Valuation
Tepedino, V. J., D. G. Alston, B. A. Bradley, T. R. Toler, and T. L. Griswold. 2007. Orchard pollination in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah, USA. Honey bees or native bees? Biodiversity and Conservation 16:3083-3094. 2007
Vann, A. 2007. Marine protected areas (MPAs): federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2007 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Wanless, H. R. and K. L. Maier. 2007. An evaluation of beach renourishment sands adjacent to reefal settings, Southeast Florida. Southeastern Geology 45:25-42. 2007 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment
Ando, A. W. and M. Getzner. 2006. The roles of ownership, ecology, and economics in public wetland-conservation decisions. Ecological Economics 58:287-303. 2006 Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Political Pressure; Wetlands
Burke, L. and Z. Sugg. 2006. Hydrologic Modeling of Watersheds Discharging Adjacent to the Mesoamerican Reef. World Resource Institute. 2006 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Hviding, E. 2006. Knowing and managing biodiversity in the Pacific Islands: Challenges of environmentalism in Marovo Lagoon. International Social Science Journal 58:69-85. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Solomon Islands Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Kahn, A. E. and M. J. Durako. 2006. Thalassia testudinum seedling responses to changes in salinity and nitrogen levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335:12-Jan. 2006 Florida Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Kelley Hart. 2006. The upper Neuse Clean Water Iniative Conservation Plan. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Drinking Water Supply; Improved Technology; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Utilities Policies
Lan, C.-H. and C.-Y. Hsui. 2006. Insight from complexity: A new approach to designing the deployment of artificial reef communities. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:21-28. 2006 Model Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Lan, Z.-H., Y. Liao, Y.-Z. Xiao, and G.-Z. Chen. 2006. Degradation and conservation of coastal wetlands in South China Sea. Wetland Science 4:204-209. 2006 Global; China Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Wetlands
McLeod, E. and R. V. Salm. 2006. Managing mangroves for resilience to climate change. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2006 Climate; CO2; Coastal Development; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Menza, C., J. Ault, J. Beets, J. Bohnsack, C. Caldow, J. Christensen, A. Friedlander, C. Jeffrey, M. Kendall, J. Luo, M. Monaco, S. Smith, and K. Woody. 2006. A guide to monitoring reef fish in the National Park Service�s South Florida/Caribbean Network. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 39. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Muller, J., R. A. J. Wust, and P. J. Hearty. 2006. Sediment transport along an artificial shoreline: \The Strand\", Townsville, NE-Queensland, Australia". Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:204-210. 2006 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Rigby, J. K. and G. L. Bell Jr. 2006. Sponges from the Reef Trail Member of the Upper Guadalupian (Permian) Bell Canyon Formation, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 80:Jan-42. 2006 Sponges
Thanner, S. E., T. L. McIntosh, and S. M. Blair. 2006. Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:57-70. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Mitigation
Zhao, M.-X., K.-F. Yu, and Q.-M. Zhang. 2006. Review on coral reefs biodiversity and ecological function. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26:186-194. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); China Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Salinity; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Auble, G. T., M. L. Scott, and J. M. Friedman. 2005. Use of individualistic streamflow-vegetation relations along the Fremont River, Utah, USA to assess impacts of flow alteration on Wetland and riparian areas. Wetlands 25:143-154. 2005 Model; Index or Indicator Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Ault, J. S., J. A. Bohnsack, S. G. Smith, and J. Luo. 2005. Towards sustainable multispecies fisheries in the Florida, USA, coral reef ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science 76:595-622. 2005 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Auster, P. J. 2005. Are deep-water corals important habitats for fishes? Pages 747-760 in Freiwald, A. and J. M. Roberts, editors. Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag. 2005 Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Chapman, D. J. and B. E. Julius. 2005. The use of preventative projects as compensatory restoration. Journal of Coastal Research 21:120-131. 2005 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Petroleum Spills
Cunningham, R. B. and D. B. Lindenmayer. 2005. Modeling count data of rare species: Some statistical issues. Ecology 86:1135-1142. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. First part. Geomorphology [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Premiere partie. Geomorphologie]. Oceanis 31:Jan-90. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Fauth, J. E., P. Dustan, E. Ponte, K. Banks, B. Vargas-Angel, and C. A. Downs. 2005. Final report: southeast Florida coral biomarker local action study. 2005 Florida; Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Substrate
Finkl, C. W., L. Benedet, and J. L. Andrews. 2005. Interpretation of seabed geomorphology based on spatial analysis of high-density airborne laser bathymetry. Journal of Coastal Research 21:501-514. 2005 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Finkl, C. W., R. H. Charlier, and S. L. Krupa. 2005. Vulnerability of coastal environments to land use and abuse: The example of southeast Florida. International Journal of Environmental Studies 62:535-554. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Govender, Y., M. R. Jury, A. Mthembu, S. Hatesse, and E. Bulfoni. 2005. Socio-economic status and development potential for a rural community on the Maputaland coast of South Africa. South African Geographical Journal 87:37-42. 2005 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Tourism & Recreation
Hunter Jr., M. L. 2005. A mesofilter conservation strategy to complement fine and coarse filters. Conservation Biology 19:1025-1029. 2005 Agriculture; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Keller, B. D. and B. D. Causey. 2005. Linkages between the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:869-900. 2005 Florida Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas
Marchetti, D. W. and T. E. Cerling. 2005. Cosmogenic 3He exposure ages of Pleistocene debris flows and desert pavements in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. Geomorphology 67:423-435. 2005 Surface & Groundwater Flow
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
O'Reagain, P. J., J. Brodie, G. Fraser, J. J. Bushell, C. H. Holloway, J. W. Faithful, and D. Haynes. 2005. Nutrient loss and water quality under extensive grazing in the upper Burdekin river catchment, North Queensland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:37-50. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. 2005 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rasiah, V, J. D. Armour, and A. L. Cogle. 2005. Assessment of variables controlling nitrate dynamics in groundwater: Is it a threat to surface aquatic ecosystems? Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:60-69. 2005 Australia Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rigby, J. K. and G. L. Bell. 2005. A new hexactinellid sponge from the reef trail member of the upper Guadalupian bell canyon formation, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 79:200-204. 2005 Sponges
Rinkevich, B. 2005. Conservation of coral reefs through active restoration measures: Recent approaches and last decade progress. Environmental Science and Technology 39:4333-4342. 2005 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Schweizer, D., R. A. Armstrong, and J. Posada. 2005. Remote sensing characterization of benthic habitats and submerged vegetation biomass in Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26:2657-2667. 2005 Venezuela Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Seagrasses
Smith, S. A. and E. Bermingham. 2005. The biogeography of lower Mesoamerican freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography 32:1835-1854. 2005 Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Zaczek-Peplinska, J. 2005. Testing changes of landscape form shapes - Experiences from research and didactic projects implemented in \the migrating dunes\" reserve area [Badanie zmian kształtu formy krajobrazowej - Doświadczenia z projektow naukowo-dydaktycznych realizowanych w. Pages 365-372 Prace Naukowe Instytutu Gornictwa Politechniki Wroclawskiej. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Mining Policies
Baron, R. M., L. K. B. Jordan, and R. E. Spieler. 2004. Characterization of the marine fish assemblage associated with the nearshore hardbottom of Broward County, Florida, USA. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 60:431-443. 2004 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Index or Indicator Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Beck, M. W., T. D. Marsh, S. E. Reisewitz, and M. L. Bortman. 2004. New tools for marine conservation: The leasing and ownership of submerged lands. Conservation Biology 18:1214-1223. 2004 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Bivalves; Seagrasses; Sponges
Flynn, A. M. 2004. Marine protected areas: federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2004 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Guzman, H. M., C. A. Guevara, and O. Breedy. 2004. Distribution, diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba Island). Environmental Conservation 31:111-121. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Algae; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Jameson, S. C., R. A. Kelty. 2004. A review of indicators of land-based pollution stress on coral reefs. Honolulu, HI. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Karr, J. R. 2004. Beyond definitions: maintaining biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health in national wildlife refuges. Natural Resources Journal 44:1067-1092. 2004
Lapointe, B. E., P. J. Barile, and W. R. Matzie. 2004. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of seagrass and coral reef communities in the Lower Florida Keys: Discrimination of local versus regional nitrogen sources. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 308:23-58. 2004 Global; Florida Agriculture; Algae; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mendoza Baldwin, E. G. and R. Silva Casarin. 2004. Beach profile model in the presence of submerged protection structures [Modelo de perfil de playa en presencia de estructuras sumergidas de proteccion]. Ingenieria Hidraulica en Mexico 19:16-May. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Mumby, P. J., A. J. Edwards, J. E. Arias-Gonzalez, K. C. Lindeman, P. G. Blackwell, A. Gall, M. I. Gorczynska, A. R. Harborne, C. L. Pescod., H. Renken, C. C. C. Wabnitz, and G. Llewenyn. 2004. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427:533-536. 2004 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Commercial Fisheries; Deforestation & Devegetation; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Thompson, G., R. Smith, A. Lunn, D. Hutt, D. W. Burlton, and A. Charman. 2004. Bogged down with conservation work: Restoration of internationally important mire sites in Northern England. Biologist 51:45-48. 2004 England Landscape Conservation & Restoration
van Duin, M. J. P., N. R. Wiersma, D. J. R. Walstra, L. C. van Rijn, and M. J. F. Stive. 2004. Nourishing the shoreface: Observations and hindcasting of the Egmond case, The Netherlands. Coastal Engineering 51:813-837. 2004 Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Borghesio, L. and P. K. Ndang'ang'a. 2003. Habitat selection and the conservation status of Fischer's turaco Tauraco fischen on Unguja, Tanzania. ORYX 37:444-453. 2003 Tanzania Agriculture; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Brammer, C. A. and J. F. MacDonald. 2003. Benthic insect fauna of a clean-water stream on Utah's Colorado Plateau, USA. Western North American Naturalist 63:21-34. 2003 Index or Indicator Surface & Groundwater Flow
Caviglia-Harris, J. L., J. R. Kahn, and T. Green. 2003. Demand-side policies for environmental protection and sustainable usage of renewable resources. Ecological Economics 45:119-132. 2003 Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Finkl, C. W. and R. H. Charlier. 2003. Sustainability of Subtropical Coastal Zones in Southeastern Florida: Challenges for Urbanized Coastal Environments Threatened by Development, Pollution, Water Supply, and Storm Hazards. Journal of Coastal Research 19:934-943. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Model Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water; Wetlands
Fourqurean, J. W., J. N. Boyer, M. J. Durako, L. N. Hefty, and B. J. Peterson. 2003. Forecasting response of seagrass distributions to changing water quality using monitoring data. Ecological Applications 13:474-489. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Guzman, H. M., C. Guevara, and A. Castillo. 2003. Natural Disturbances and Mining of Panamanian Coral Reefs by Indigenous People. Conservation Biology 17:1396-1401. 2003 South & Central America; Panama; India; Caribbean Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Water Depth & Sea Level
Karr, J. R. and D. N. Kimberling. 2003. A terrestrial arthropod index of biological integrity for shrub-steppe landscapes. Northwest Science 77:202-213. 2003 Lab Study; Index or Indicator Arthropods; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Toxics
Lirman, D., B. Orlando, S. Macia, D. Manzello, L. Kaufman, P. Biber, and T. Jones. 2003. Coral communities of Biscayne Bay, Florida and adjacent offshore areas: Diversity, abundance, distribution, and environmental correlates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:121-135. 2003 Florida Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williams, J. C., G. V. Byrd, and N. B. Konyukhov. 2003. Whiskered Auklets Aethia pygmaea, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong. Marine Ornithology 31:175-180. 2003 Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Bouchet, P., P. Lozouet, P. Maestrati, and V. Heros. 2002. Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: Exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75:421-436. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Molluscs
Cook, C. B., E. M. Mueller, M. D. Ferrier, and E. Annis. 2002. The influence of nearshore waters on corals of the Florida Reef Tract. Pages 771-788 in J. W. Porter and K. G. Porter, editors. The Everglades, Florida Bay, and coral reefs of the Florida Keys: and ecosystem sourcebook. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 2002 Florida
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Jackson, C. Rhett; Kolka, Randy. 2002. Forestry Best Management Practices And Their Effectiveness. in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Chemical Use Regulations; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Forestry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Porter, J. W., V. Kosmynin, K. L. Patterson, K. G. Porter, W. C. Jaap, J. L. Wheaton, K. Hackett, M. Lybolt, C. P. Tsokos, G. Yanev, D. M. Marcinek, J. Dotten, D. Eaken, M. Patterson, O. W. Meier, M. Brill, and P. Dustan. 2002. Detection of coral reef change by Florida Keys Coral Reef Monitoring Project. Pages 749-769 in J. W. Porter and K. G. Porter, editors. The Everglades, Florida bay, and coral reefs of the Florida Keys: and ecosystem sourcebook. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Pathogens
Richmond, R., R. Kelty, P. Craig, C. Emaurois, A. Green, C. Birkeland, G. Davis, A. Edward, Y. Golbuu, J. Gutierrez, P. Houk, N. Idechong, J. Maragos, G. Paulay, J. Starmer, A. Tafileichig, M. Trianni, and N. V. Velde. 2002. Status of the coral reefs in micronesia and American Samoa: US affiliated and freely associated islands in the Pacific. Pages 217-236 in C.R. Wilkinson, editor. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2002. GCRMN Report. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Palau; Micronesia; Samoa; Marshall Islands; American Samoa; Guam; Northern Mariana Islands Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Seastars; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Suganuma, U. 2002. Economic growth vs. environmental conservation in Okinawa: The case of the Ishigaki Island airport construction. Regional Development Dialogue 23:69-82. 2002 Civil Engineering & Construction; Land & Air Transportation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Wozencraft, J. M. 2002. Complete coastal mapping with airborne lidar. Pages 1194-1198 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2002 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Water Depth & Sea Level
[No author name available]. 2001. WWF calls for more action on global warning. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:253. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Climate; CO2; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Bingham, B. L. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40:81-251. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Munoz-Perez, J. J., B. Lopez De San Roman-Blanco, J. M. Gutierrez-Mas, L. Moreno, and G. J. Cuena. 2001. Cost of beach maintenance in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Coastal Engineering 42:143-153. 2001 Spain Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Olson, M. D. 2001. Development discourse and the politics of environmental ideologies in Samoa. Society and Natural Resources 14:399-410. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman; Samoa Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Salafsky, N., H. Cauley, G. Balachander, B. Cordes, J. Parks, C. Margoluis, S. Bhatt, C. Encarnacion, D. Russell, and R. Margoluis. 2001. A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 15:1585-1595. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Banks, Credit, & Securities; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Tourism & Recreation
Wheaton, J., W.C. Japp, J.W. Porter, V. Kosminyn, K. Hackett, M. Lybolt, M.K. Callahan, J. Kidney, S. Kupfner, C. Tsokos, G. Yanev. 2001. EPA/FKNMS Coral Reef Monitoring Project. 2001 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2000. First International Symposium on Carbonate Sand Beaches 2000. in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Remote Sensing
Baker, J. 2000. The Eastern Bristlebird: Cover-dependent and fire-sensitive. Emu 100:286-298. 2000 Littering
Boak, L., J. McGrath, and L. A. Jackson. 2000. IENCE - A case study - The northern gold coast beach protection strategy. Pages 3710-3717 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Infrastructure; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Cesar, H .J. S., M. C. Ohman, P. Espeut, and M. Honkanen. 2000. An economic valuation of Portland Bight, Jamaica: an integrated terrestrial and marine protected area. Working paper 00/03. Institute for Environmental Studie, Free University, Amsterdam. 2000 Jamaica Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Cotsapas, L., S. A. Zengel, and E. J. Barraza. 2000. El Salvador. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 545-558. 2000 Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Wastewater Discharge
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Finkl, C. W., S. M. Khalil, and R. H. Spadoni. 2000. A geomorphological approach to carbonate sand searches. Pages 53-66 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Florida Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Hardman-Mountford, N. J., K. A. Koranteng, and A. R. G. Price. 2000. The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 773-796. 2000 Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Ibrahim, Z. Z., A. Arshad, L. S. Chong, J. S. Bujang, L. A. Theem, N. M. R. Abdullah, and M. M. Marghany. 2000. East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 345-359. 2000 Malaysia; China Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jaap, W. C. 2000. Coral reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 15:345-364. 2000 Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Price, A. R. G. and S. Clark. 2000. The Maldives. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 199-219. 2000 Global; Seychelles; Maldives Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Schleyer, M. H., L. E. Beckley, S. T. Fennessy, P. J. Fielding, A. Govender, B. Q. Mann, W. D. Robertson, B. J. Tomalin, and R. P. Van Der Elst. 2000. South Africa. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 133-144. 2000 South Africa Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Soja, C. M., B. White, A. Antoshkina, S. Joyce, L. Mayhew, B. Flynn, and A. Gleason. 2000. Development and decline of a Silurian stromatolite reef complex, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Palaios 15:273-292. 2000 Sediment; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Tepsongkoh, P. 2000. Geoecology of Karst Topography in southern Thailand. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 122:247-272. 2000 Thailand; China Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Thorburn, C. C. 2000. Changing customary marine resource management practice and institutions: The case of Sasi Lola in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. World Development 28:1461-1479. 2000 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Vierros, M. 2000. Jamaica. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 559-574. 2000 Jamaica Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Waldman, M. and Y. Shevah. 2000. Biological diversity - An overview. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:299-310. 2000 Global Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Wong, P. P. 2000. Malacca Strait including Singapore and Johore Straits. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 331-344. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Yap, H. T. 2000. The case for restoration of tropical coastal ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:841-851. 2000 Global Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
[No author name available]. 1999. Proceedings of the Sand Rights'99. Bringing back the beaches. in Sand Rights 1999 Bringing Back the Beaches. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Security Policies; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134. 1999 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Boyer, J. N., J. W. Fourqurean, and R. D. Jones. 1999. Seasonal and Long-term Trends in the Water Quality of Florida Bay (1989-1997). Estuaries 22:417-430. 1999 Florida Index or Indicator Non-point Source Runoff; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow
Cruickshank Michael, J. and JU N Dai. 1999. Progress in beach maintenance efforts for the State of Hawaii. Pages 277-283 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering
Goth, A. and U. Vogel. 1999. Notes on breeding and conservation of birds on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:103-114. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tonga Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Harper, D. M., M. Ebrahimnezhad, E. Taylor, S. Dickinson, O. Decamp, G. Verniers, and T. Balbi. 1999. A catchment-scale approach to the physical restoration of lowland UK rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9:141-157. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Heyman, W. D. and B. Kjerfve. 1999. Hydrological and oceanographic considerations for integrated coastal zone management in Southern Belize. Environmental Management 24:229-245. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Model Agriculture; Aquaculture; Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Temporary Seeding. NRCS Planning and Design Manual. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 1999 Non-point Source Runoff; Shoreline Protection
Osborn, T., P. Williams, D. Burkholder, and D. Rabalais. 1999. NOAA and the state of Louisiana. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 35:7-Jun. 1999 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Schleyer, M. H. 1999. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. 1999 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wright, J. and D. Morton. 1999. Promoting erosion control in the Virgin Islands. Pages 8-May in Investing in the protection of our environment. Proceedings of conference 30, Nashville, 1999. (International Erosion Control Association). 1999 US Virgin Islands Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation Policies
Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8:559-568. 1998 Review Agriculture; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Chichilnisky, G. and G. Heal. 1998. Economic returns from the biosphere. Nature 391:629-630. 1998 China Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting
Morgan, C. L., J. H. Barry Jr., and M. J. Cruickshank. 1998. Characterization of marine aggregates off Waikiki, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 16:75-94. 1998 GIS & Maps Algae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Stony Coral
Thewlis, R. M., R. J. Timmins, T. D. Evans, and J. W. Duckworth. 1998. The conservation status of birds in Laos: A review of key species. Bird Conservation International 8:1-159. 1998 Global; Thailand Review Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 1997. Special Issue: 5th symposium on our environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 44:1-615. 1997 Global; Malaysia; Southeast Asia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davis, H. 1997. Progress on Norfolk's coastal defences. Dredging and Port Construction 24:39. 1997 Shoreline Protection
Fontaine, M. 1997. Ethics, bioethics and medical sciences [ethique, bioethique(s) et sciences medicales]. Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de Medecine 181:1477-1486. 1997 Health Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Special Use Permitting
Kricher, J. 1997. A Neotropical companion: an introduction to the animals, plants and ecosystems of the New World tropics. Second edition. A Neotropical companion: an introduction to the animals, plants and ecosystems of the New World tropics. Second edition. 1997 Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dubinsky, Z. and N. Stambler. 1996. Marine pollution and coral reefs. Global Change Biology 2:511-526. 1996 Deforestation & Devegetation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Waterborne Discharges; Zooxanthellae
Fukuda, T. 1996. What does the red-tiled roof mean? The conservation movement in the historic district of Taketomi Island, Okinawa. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 69:727-743. 1996 Japan Building & Home Construction; Cultural Protections; Housing; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Mittermeier, R. A., T. B. Werner, and A. Lees. 1996. New Caledonia - A conservation imperative for an ancient land. ORYX 30:104-112. 1996 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Madagascar; New Caledonia Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Myers, N. 1996. The biodiversity crisis and the future of evolution. Environmentalist 16:37-47. 1996 Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Wetlands
Swart, P. K., R. E. Dodge, and H. J. Hudson. 1996. A 240-year stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record in a coral from South Florida: implications for the prediction of precipitation in Southern Florida. Palaios 11:362-375. 1996 Florida CO2
Szmant, A. M. and A. Forrester. 1996. Water column and sediment nitrogen and phosphorus distribution patterns in the Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 15:21-41. 1996 Florida Docks & Marinas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 1995. Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone. in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Storms & Hurricanes
Ingram, G. B. 1994. Institutional obstacles to conservation: Fergusson Island, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Affairs 67:26-45. 1994 Papua New Guinea Banks, Credit, & Securities; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
McIvor, C. C., J. A. Ley, and R. D. Bjork. 1994. Changes in freshwater inflow from the Everglades to Florida Bay including effects on biota and biotic processes: A review. Pages 117-146 in S.M. Davis;J.C. Ogden, editor. Evergaldes: The Ecosystem and its Restoration. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida. 1994 Florida Review
Sebens K.P. 1994. Biodiversity of coral reefs: what are we losing and why? American Zoologist 34:115-133. 1994 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Thomas, P. M. E. 1994. Everglades nutrient removal project. Pages 27-Nov in Proc. conference on explosives and blasting technique, Austin Texas, 1994. 1994 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Veron, J. E. N. 1994. Biodiversity of reef corals: is there a problem in the Indo-Pacific centre of diversity? Pages 365-370 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Matthews, W. S., A. E. van Wyk, and G. J. Bredenkamp. 1993. Endemic flora of the north-eastern Transvaal Escarpment, South Africa. Biological Conservation 63:83-94. 1993 South Africa Forestry; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Substrate
Prins, H. H. T. and J. Wind. 1993. Research for nature conservation in south-east Asia. Biological Conservation 63:43-46. 1993 Indonesia Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Wetlands
Walters, C. J. 1993. Dynamic models and large scale field experiments in environmental impact assessment and management. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:53-61. 1993 Florida; Australia; Columbia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Boc Jr. Stanley, J., J. Reynold William, and M. Dobinchick Jasmina. 1992. Coastal processes and engineering on a micronesian fringing reef. Pages 285-302 in [No source information available]. 1992 Micronesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Land & Air Transportation; Mitigation; Sediment
Spadoni Richard, H. 1992. Monitoring of the 1988 Boca Raton beach nourishment project. Pages 120-136 in [No source information available]. 1992 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
Adey, W. H. and K. Loveland. 1991. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. 1991 Australia Model Domestic Animal Waste; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Wetlands
Galli, G. 1991. Mangrove-generated structures and depositional model of the pleistocene fort thompson formation (Florida plateau). Facies 25:297-314. 1991 Florida Model Mangroves; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Merlin, M. D. 1991. Woody vegetation on the raised coral limestone of Mangaia, southern Cook Islands. Pacific Science 45:131-151. 1991 Tonga; Cook Islands
Harris, A. G., E. Tuttle, and S. D. Tuttle. 1990. Geology of National Parks. Fourth edition. Geology of National Parks. Fourth edition. 1990 Index or Indicator Sediment
Davis, G. E. and J. W. Dodrill. 1989. Recreational fishery and population dynamics of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, 1977-1980. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:78-88. 1989 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. J. E. and A. Barnes. 1989. Census and distribution of wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus burrows on Heron Island, November 1985. Emu 89:135-139. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Hotel & Food Services
Smith III, T. J., J. H. Hudson, M. B. Robblee, G. V. N. Powell, and P. J. Isdale. 1989. Freshwater flow from the Everglades to Florida Bay: a historical reconstruction based on fluorescent banding in the coral Solenastrea bournoni. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:274-282. 1989 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Main, M. B. and W. G. Nelson. 1988. Tolerance of the sabellariid polychaete Phragmatopoma lapidosa Kinberg to burial, turbidity and hydrogen sulfide. Marine Environmental Research 26:39-55. 1988 Lab Study Marine Worms; Sediment
Kakuris Paul, A. 1987. Combination Of Cobble And Sill Controls Erosion. Pages 4589-4599 in [No source information available]. 1987 Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Petuch, E. J. 1986. The Pliocene reefs of Miami: their geomorphological significance in the evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, southeastern Florida, USA. Journal of Coastal Research 2:391-408. 1986 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA)
Al-Sayed, I. 1984. Nature conservation in Saudi Arabia - the Asir National Park: first wildlife refuge for Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 6:10-May. 1984 Saudi Arabia
Campbell Thomas, J. and KI M Beachler. 1984. Engineering For Beach Restoration Dredging. Pages 1014-1023 in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Horodyski, R. J. 1983. Sedimentary geology and stromatolites of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana. Precambrian Research 20:391-425. 1983 Columbia Sediment
Finn, D. P. 1982. Soil loss in developing countries and its relationship to marine resources: examples from East Africa. in [No source information available]. 1982 Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Okude, T. and S. Matsumoto. 1982. Development of removal system for spilt oil sticking to beaches and coastal structures. REPORT PORT & HARBOUR RES. INST., JAPAN 21:-315. 1982 Beaches & Nature Parks
White, A. T. and S. M. Wells. 1982. Coral reefs in the Philippines. ORYX 16:445-451. 1982 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Malm, W. C., E. G. Walther, K. O'Dell, and M. Kleine. 1981. Visibility in the southwestern United States from summer 1978 to spring 1979. Atmospheric Environment 15:2031-2042. 1981 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Variables
Courtenay Jr, W. R., B. C. Hartig, and G. R. Loisel. 1980. Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale ( Broward County), Florida. Volume I. Evaluation of fish populations adjacent to borrow areas of beach nourishment project, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida ( USA). Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Dept of Biological Sciences, Miscellaneous Report. 1980 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Sediment; Substrate
Spadoni, RI CH AR D and TH OM AS Campbell. 1980. Coral Reef Protection During Beach Restoration In Florida. Pages 152-159 in Proceedings of SOUTHEASTCON Region 3 Conference. 1980 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Umali Ricardo, M. 1980. Application Of Satellite Remote Sensing To Natural Resources Management In The Philippines. Pages 307-313 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1980 Philippines Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Spadoni, R. H. 1979. Reef monitoring of the Delray Beach Erosion Project. SHORE & BEACH 47:-12. 1979 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Balazs, G. H. 1976. Green turtle migrations in the Hawaiian archipelago. Biological Conservation 9:125-140. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sea Turtles
Raymond William, F. 1975. Sand And Coral Monitoring At Two Artificial Reefs In Florida. SHORE & BEACH 43:10-Mar. 1975 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat
Smith Donald, A. 1974. Electronic System Used In Beach Nourishment Plans. World dredging & marine construction 10:45-47. 1974 Florida Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Risk, M. J., B. E. Lapointe, O. A. Sherwood, and B. J. Bedford. The use of δ 15N in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Hydroseeding High Risk Soils Hydroseeding is a process that creates a slurry of seeds, water, and mulch. This slurry can be applied with the use of trucks, trailers, and even aircrafts. This method is particularly useful because it promotes quick germination and reduces erosion. It is especially beneficial to use this method where there is a vastness of bare soil due to clearing vegetation for roads, homes, and farming. Higher elevations are typically steeper and often experience heavy rainfall, and ultimately an extreme amount of erosion occurs if soil is bare. Erosion from the highlands can fill the reservoirs in the drainage basin with sediment. Using hydroseeding would increase vegetation and ultimately the stabilization of the soil. Also, increased vegetation through hydroseeding would help with infiltration rates because the roots would aerate the soil. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Temporary Seeding. NRCS Planning and Design Manual. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Reef Life; Sediment
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Sodic Soil Management In coastal agriculture it is important to manage and reduce accumulations of salts on the soil surface and down to the crop rooting depth. Saline seep often occurs in crop areas where the water table is very shallow. Irrigation management or drainage improvements may be necessary. Another option may be subsoiling, where internal soil drainage is restricted by layers of contrasting permeability and soil moisture levels are low enough to allow shattering and mixing of soil layers. Vegetative measures include planting deep rooted crops such as wheatgrass and alfalfa. Soil amendments can be used to treat sodium, displacing it with calcium depending on the specific chemistry of the soil. Though crop yield does not directly impact coral reefs, ground water restoration projects may change the raise the water table, making sodic soil management important. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Coastal Development; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Raw Materials; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Geographic Information System Incorporating Satellite and Aerial Images This option involves the acquisition of high-resolution, low altitude photos of management areas and grounding hotspots. These photos can then be used for baseline documentation for natural resource litigation, research, and management decisions. If these images are to be incorporated into larger geodatabase, such as that proposed in # 166, a standardized protocol should be developed in advance, as suggested in management option #166. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Roadside Signs Roadside signs and billboards in local reef watershed areas should be created to inform travelers that they are entering/exiting the reef watershed. Partnerships should be explored to create multi-logo signs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Establish VHF Radio Stations The local sanctuary staff should work to secure a VHF radio station dedicated to provide information about local boating and water activities in multiple languages. Broadcast messages can include, but are not limited to information about regulations, navigation, resources, weather, and reef conditions. This will help prevent boaters, divers, and fishermen from negatively affecting the ecosystem. Assessments regarding cost and target audience areas must be conducted and external funding pursued to supplement the expense. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Forestry Policy: Forestry Management Planning There are many aspects to properly managing forestry sites to reduce point source and non-point source pollutants. Forestry activities can degrade water quality with several types of pollutants and impacts, including: sediment, nutrients, forest chemicals like pesticides, organic debris from tree litter, increased water temperature and increased streamflow. The Forestry management plan and practices include, but are not limited to: pre-harvest planning, road construction and use, prescribed burning and fire management, brush management, timber harvest, regeneration, and application of forest chemicals. Wetlands Forest Management has additional best practices. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Biological Harvest; Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Forestry Policy: Forestry Streamside Management Areas There are often surface waters, such as streams and lakes, within forestry areas that require special protection. This management option involves establishing and maintaining management areas (35 to 50 feet) around these surface waters to buffer against changes in temperature, increases in sediments and nutrients, and to provide bank stability. Canopy species in these areas also provide woody debris needed for instream channel structure and aquatic species habitat. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Landuse Management: Household Landscaping Best Management Practices Homeowners manipulate the visible features of the land surrounding their home through landscaping. This includes flora, fauna, and terrain. Best Management Practices (BMPs) for landscaping include selection of indigenous flora and fauna, landscape irrigation (sprinkler systems etc), stormwater runoff BMPs, reducing water use, integrated pest management, composting, and incorporation of permeable surfaces. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Addition; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Discharge Limitations; Environmental Education & Outreach; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Impervious Surfaces; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Shelter; Supplemental Feeding; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC.

Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges
Landuse Management: Temporary Road Planning and Construction This management option involves minimizing sediment discharges from forestry and other temporary roads through their planning and construction. Since these roads are seasonal or temporary, less time and effort is normally invested in construction. Road construction has four main phases, clearing, leveling, construction and surfacing. Construction timing should be targeted to avoid sensitive spawning periods and during low stream flow at water passes. Road surface drainage shaping requires proper moisture content, surfacing, and grading. Drainage should be installed to reduce the volume and velocity of runoff water passing over sensitive areas. Methods for road surface drainage include: broad-based dip construction, pole culverts, ditch relief culverts, road outsloping and grading, ditch and turnout construction. Roadway runoff should be prevented from flowing directly into watercourses by using turnouts, wing ditches and dips. Brush barriers, silt fences, riprap and filter strips can be used to trap sediment in runoff water. Where roads cross streams it is important to guard against erosion, as such erosion may necessitate road repairs. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Resource Use Management: Prevent Introduction of Invasive Species Preventing the introduction of invasive species involves public awareness of the invasive species, minimizing modes and prone areas for invasion, and detecting small populations for early eradication. Some common modes of terrestrial transportation include livestock and domestic animals, mowing equipment, and firewood. Clean equipment before transport to a new location. Remove soil from plants, and plant bare-root. Use high grade seed and weed free livestock feeds. Reduce opportunities for invasive plants by keeping native plant populations strong and healthy and seeding in cover crops to reduce barren soil. Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Ballast Discharge; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Environmental Education & Outreach; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Manufacturing & Trade; Transportation; Water Transportation
Restoration: Land Reclamation Integrating Landslide Treatments This management option is exercised to prevent down slope movement of earthen materials, including natural soils, and spoil/waste from mining or forestry activities. Extreme caution and planning must be exercised before permitting any personnel, equipment or other machinery into the slide area. An experienced engineer should analyze the stability of the site both before and after alterations are made to evaluate stability. Water Control: sources of water that enter the area can be controlled to keep the material dry, as it is typically more stable when dry. Loading Control: where appropriate, consider removing excess material from upper portions of the slide area to reduce slide mass. Slope Reduction: where practice, use grading to reduce the slope of the slide area. Increasing Internal Strength: consider the impact of removing and recompacting of material at designed levels of moisture and with biotechnical slope stabilization practices. External Restraints: external restraints can be used where slope movements must be limited due to surrounding valued improvements (e.g. structures), where manipulation of the material may not achieve desired improvements. External restraints must be designed to prevent overturning, sliding at or below the base, and bearing failure of the foundation. Vegetative Treatment: deep rooted grasses and shrubs with proven performance in soil bioengineering applications can be planted using selected soil bioengineering or biotechnical slope stabilization techniques appropriate to the site. Transpiration and infiltration should be considered when choosing vegetation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Forestry; Infrastructure; Insurance; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Restoration: Beach Renourishment and Nourishment Beaches are subject to natural accretion and erosion. Tourism is often best supported by wide, accessible, public sandy beaches. Beaches can be restored to counteract natural erosion by transporting large quantities of sand onto the beach. This sand often comes from nearby dredging. Caution should be used when restoring long sections of beaches, as often the area above the mean high tide line is littoral, or privately owned, and restoration of these beaches can impact these property rights, see "Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2010) U.S. Supreme Court decision." Beach protection or nourishment offers an alternative to this often expensive and abrupt type of renourishment, nourishment involves practices which encourage coastal accretion and discourage erosional forces. See "Florida's Beach and Shore Preservation Act" for some restrictions on this. NOAA Coastal Services Center. Beach Nourishment: A Guide for Local Government Officials. Coastal Services Center Accessed 6/17/2011.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Culture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Restoration: Beach Vegatation Restoration Natural beaches are often host to important costal dune ecosystems. Due to tourism, much of the vegetation that comprises these dune ecosystems may be compromised. The natural vegetation provides an important ecosystem service, with roots providing deep stabilization against physical damage and removal of that sand. Without such vegetation sand and dunes can be completely washed away during hurricanes and other surge events. The dunes themselves offer some protection to nearby inland infrastructure during these same storm events. When the beach past the dunes is for public access it is beneficial to build raised walk-overs over the dune vegetation. This prevents trampling, which leads to dune blowouts. Natural Resources Conservation Service, editor. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Dune Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. US Department of Agriculture.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Culture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invasive Species; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Damage; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementing engineering techniques that allow natural processes and plants to act as filters. Such techniques would include using grass parking and turf covered swales. Many of these techniques, such as reversed elevations for planted areas in parking lots, can demonstrate benefits both as natural filters and for the vegetation that are used since it eliminates the need to water them with irrigation systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Basic Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bioretention System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Constructed Wetland. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Filter Strips. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Reversed Elevations System for Parking Lots and Planting Areas. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Riparian Forest Buffer. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Roadway Landscape Treatment System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Pond Design. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Retention/Detention This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of natural structures that retain runoff water for further treatment or controlled release. These structures are typically characterized as retention ponds and incorporate natural vegetation such as grass. These ponds may be dry, or may drain into nearby wetlands. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Extended Detention Ponds. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Poresky, A., Clary, J., Strecker, E., and Earles, A. 2011. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Technical Summary: Volume Reduction. Geosyntec Consultants.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Structural Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of engineering structures that trap or filter impurities out of runoff water. These include but are not limited to, using swales, filter strips, oil/water separators, oil/grit separators, and sand filters. Often structural retrofitting is coupled with biological filters/controls to direct water as desired and to fully reap the benefits of both systems. Structural filters are often incorporated into retention/detention and infiltration systems as well. One disadvantage of structural filters is that they are often higher maintenance as sand and chambers fill and clog with pollutants over time. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Compost Filter System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Median Strip Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Montgomery County Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Off-Line Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Oil/Water Separators. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Organic Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Peat Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Perimeter Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pocket Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rockville Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Sediment Basin (Water Quality Enhancement). Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Side-by-Side Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Surface Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Trench with Oil/Grit Chamber. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Under-the-Swale Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Water Quality Volume (WQV) Storage Tank. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

US EPA. EPA Filtration BMPs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Manufactured Products for Stormwater Inlets. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Alum Injection. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Stormwater Runoff Controls. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2005. Solid/liquid Waste Separation Facility. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Stormwater Pollution Reduction Through Instituting Preventitive Best Management Practices This method focuses on reducing the amount of harmful contaminants in stormwater runoff by establishing Best Management Practices that prevent the generation of the pollutant to begin with. These BMPs include educational programs, infrastructure improvements and agricultural BMPs. Examples of educational programs would be programs that educate the public on the importance of, and how to avoid depositing hazardous wastes, such as oil, into storm drains, or how to use landscape management controls to limit the chemical and debris that from enter stormwater runoff from their personal lawns. Infrastructure improvement could include the use of alternative turnarounds and street cleaning. Agricultural practices such as roofs and covers for pesticides and equipment, or use of bedding are both preventative stormwater practices. Some additional specific practices include: controlling fertilizer application, properly using and disposing of fertilizers, pesticides, motor oil, and other harmful chemicals, debris removal, exposure reduction, minimization of pollutants, parking lot cleaning, stormwater catch basin insert, eliminate curbs and gutters, green parking, green roofs, street design and patterns, bedding. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. Alternative Turnarounds. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Eliminate Curbs and Gutters. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Parking. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Roofs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Street Design and Patterns. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Agriculture; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Housing; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Mining; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Industry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Treating Effluent Water Through Wetlands Additional treatment of sewage is often a necessary management option because secondary treatment alone leaves 20,000 times more nutrients in the water than the safe limit for corals. High concentrations of nutrients in the water leads to eutrophication, and coral reefs are more sensitive to nutrient enrichment than any other coastal system. Wetlands are extremely successful at reducing nitrogen levels in water. Using natural wetlands or "living machines" to perform this task can actually be more cost effective than further sewage treatment. Each successive wetland treatment cell of the series can provide incredible levels of denitrification, and thus protect corals from nutrient enrichment. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2003. Waste Treatment Lagoon. CODE 359. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Sewage Treatment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Lagoon Restoration Many times lagoons/wetlands are filled for urban development, agricultural development, etc. Lagoons/wetlands are a sink for nutrients, sediment, and contaminants. Wetlands close to reef watersheds can be huge contributors to reef health. This is because wetlands intercept surface-water runoff from higher, drier land and retain excess nutrients and pollutants. Also, lagoons are beneficial because they provide habitat for an array of wildlife. Overall, they can greatly reduce the amount nutrient-contaminated water that reaches corals. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure Canal and irrigation infrastructure typically includes concrete structures to control the flow of water. These low head dams, bulkheads, concrete footers, and other structures act as constricting forces in channels. This constriction leads to debris becoming lodged and thus changing the erosive forces. In turn, banks become destabilized. Channel erosion then increases along with bed scour and sediment transport. Removing these structures and making banks more gradual has the added benefit of allowing for riparian vegetation to be planted, which acts as a natural buffer. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Stream Bank Riparian Plantings Planting native vegetation and trees in riparian zones helps to reduce erosion within channels. Such vegetation helps anchor the soil and sediment in place. Planting in riparian zones goes in hand with Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure (#274). This management option can be exercised in streams, canals used for boat passage, stormwater drainage ditches, or in agricultural irrigation channels. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Carbon Storage & Cycling; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Sediment; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Utilities; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
American Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 United States Code §§ 431-433. The Act provides penalties for unauthorized collection, excavation, or destruction of historic or prehistoric ruins, monuments, or objects of antiquity on lands owned or controlled by the United States. It authorized that areas of extrodinary geographical, historical , aesthetic value can be designated national monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:Has been used by Presidential Proclamation in 2001 to expand or create two national monuments; the Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument and the Buck Island Reef National Monument. The monuments include coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:
National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States
City Planning; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Docks & Marinas; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, 18-18 Florida Administrative Code. 18-18.001 Intent. (1) The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, the boundaries of which are fully described in Rule 18-18.002, F.A.C., was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (2) These rules shall apply to all lands public and private within the boundaries of the preserve. However, privately owned uplands shall be excluded from these rules except as otherwise provided for herein. (3) In promulgating and implementing these rules, it is the intent of the Department to construe the provisions of Sections 258.397 and 258.35 through 258.46, F.S., together and to apply the more stringent statutory provisions for the maintenance of the preserve. (4) The preserve shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserve through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserve so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the legislature in creating the preserve; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the Act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserve; (e) To encourage activities that protect or enhance the biological and aesthetic values of the preserve, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions towards their natural condition, when reviewing applications or developing and implementing management plans for the preserve; (f) To preserve and promote indigenous life forms and habitats including but not limited to sponges, soft corals, hard corals, seagrasses, mangroves, mud flats, marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, marine mammals, tropical marine invertebrates, birds and shellfish; (g) To acquire additional title interests in land wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological or aesthetic values of the preserve.

Application to Coral Reefs:Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve protection of water quality will contribute to a lowering of contaminants leaving the preserve on tides and thus limiting the contaminants that reach off-shore ecosystems including the FKNMS and the reef system within the sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter establishes the rules to protect the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, which was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations.
Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas
Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Chapter 3: Trees and vegetation next to waterways, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes buffer zone for protecting natural watercourses from vegetation clearing. The buffer zone either 30 feet from the center of the natural watercourse, or 25 feet from its edge, whichever is greater.

Application to Coral Reefs:Assists in erosion control and can protect reefs from harmful sedimentation, if the stream or river sediment is capable of reaching the coral reef. Vegetation along river and stream banks will remove nutrients and assist in preventing eutrophocation of waters that can reach coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Enforcement is by conservation officers with assistance from local police when required. Penalties are fines of not more than $100, or 180 days in jail, or both

Comments:Permits can be obtained if the purpose of clearing is for development.
US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands
Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management; Shoreline Protection; Wetlands
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended through 2004,. A voluntary national program to encourage coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans and requires that "any federal activity within or outside of the coastal zone that affects any land or water use or natural resource of the coastal zone" shall be "consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies" of a state's coastal zone management plan. The law includes an Enhancement Grants program for protecting, restoring, or enhancing existing coastal wetlands or creating new coastal wetlands. It also establishes the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, guidelines for estuarine research, and financial assistance for land acquisition.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:The 1985 amendments (PL 99-272) established the National Estuarine Reserve Research System a State-Federal process for designating national reserves and guidelines for estuarine research.The 1990 amendments (PL 101-508) established new Enhancement Grants for eight specific areas, including protecting, restoring or enhancing existing coastal wetlands or creating new coastal wetlands and assessing the cumulative effects of coastal development on coastal wetlands and fishery resource. Also, the 1990 statute established a new Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program. The 1998 and 2004 (PL 105-383 and PL 108-456) established a program for the prevention and control of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia, and included authorization for a representative of the Department of Interior to assess the economic and ecological impacts of algal blooms and hypoxia.

Comments:If implemented, the programs for economic, ecological and control of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia would be useful for coral reef issues.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States
Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Economic Markets & Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Mangroves; Permitting & Zoning; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Environmental Resource Permitting, 62-330 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2005). Under the Chapter, DEP exercises its independent authority under Part IV, Chapter 373, F.S., to regulate surface water management systems, including activities in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters. The term "surface water management system" or "system" include stormwater mangement systems, dams, impoundments, reservoirs, appurtenant works, or works, or any combination thereof, and includes dredging and filling. "Dredging" means excavation, by any means, in surface waters or wetlands

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulating stormwater management systems, dams, reservoirs and dredging will contribute to controlling contaminates from entering estuarine and marine environments and protect ecosystems including coral reefs.,

Legislative Actions:Individual permits will contain the conditions for environmental protection.

Comments:
Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas
City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge
Florida Aquatic Preserves, 18-20 Florida Administrative Code. 18-20.001 Intent. (1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. (2) Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (3) The preserves shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged lands by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserves through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating, and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the Legislature in creating the preserves; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the act and these rules, and to assist in managing the preserves; (e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions toward their natural condition, and discourage activities which would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or the quality, or utility of a preserve, when reviewing applications, or when developing and implementing management plans for the preserves; (f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life forms and habitats, including but not limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses, mangroves, salt water marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats, estuarine, aquatic, and marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine, aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks; (g) To acquire additional title interests in lands wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves; (h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and biologic functions, the benefits of which accrue to the public at large. (4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or alter the requirements or authority of other governmental agencies, including counties and municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves provided that such requirements or authority are not inconsistent with the act and this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:By maintaining coastal aquatic preserves in their natural condition, mangrove forests, wetlands and submerged aquatic vegetation will perform the functions of being sediment traps and removing some contaminants such as nutrients. Therefore, they will not reach marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations.  All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency.
Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters
Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Waste Management Policies
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments:
Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters
Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, 16 United States Code § 4601. Provides funding through receipts from the sale of surplus federal land, appropriations from oil and gas receipts from the outer continental shelf, and other sources of land acquisition. Appropriations from the fund may be used for matching grants to states for outdoor recreation projects and for land acquisition by various federal agencies, including the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands benefits coral reefs through nutrient removal and the control of sedimentation so that they do not enter near shore waters.

Legislative Actions:The legislation was amended in 1986 by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act and required the States to identify the agencies and organizations involved in wetland management, evaluate existing and proposed wetlands protection mechanisms, assess wetlands resources, identify wetlands loss and degradation factors, and establish priorities for protection.

Comments:
National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States
Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management
Mitigation Banking, 62-342 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department recognizes that, in certain instances, adverse impacts of activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., can be offset through the utilization of mitigation credits from a permitted Mitigation Bank. This rule provides criteria for this mitigation alternative to complement existing mitigation criteria and requirements. This chapter is supplemental to and does not supersede any other criteria and requirements in rules promulgated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S. (2) The Department intends that Mitigation Banks be used to minimize mitigation uncertainty associated with traditional mitigation practices and provide greater assurance of mitigation success. It is anticipated that the consolidation of multiple mitigation projects into larger contiguous areas will provide greater assurance that the mitigation will yield long-term, sustainable, regional ecological benefits. Mitigation Banks shall be consistent with Department endorsed watershed management objectives and emphasize restoration and enhancement of degraded ecosystems and the preservation of uplands and wetlands as intact ecosystems rather than alteration of landscapes to create wetlands. This is best accomplished through restoration of ecological communities that were historically present. The establishment and use of Mitigation Banks in or adjacent to areas of national, state, or regional ecological significance is encouraged, provided the area in which the Mitigation Bank is proposed to be located is determined appropriate for a Mitigation Bank and the Mitigation Bank meets all applicable permitting criteria. (3) Nothing in this chapter shall affect the mitigation requirements set forth in any Mitigation Bank agreement or any permit issued under Chapter 84-79, Laws of Florida, or Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., prior to February 2, 1994. If a permittee wishes to substantially modify a Mitigation Bank previously established by agreement or permit, the permittee must comply with this chapter. Additionally, some Mitigation Banks may be subject to the version of this section existing prior to July 1, 1996, under subsections 373.4136(9) and (10), F.S., and will not be affected by amendments adopted after that date. This chapter does not prohibit an applicant from proposing project-specific, pre-construction on-site or off-site mitigation, without establishing a Mitigation Bank.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mitigation banking in coastal wetlands, as presented in the Chapter, can provide large areas of functioning wetlands. The wetlands can function as sediment and nutrient traps keeping sediment and nutrients from entering coastal waters and damaging marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the regulations and permitting requirements for mitigation banks.
Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Armoring; Waste Management Policies
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 United States Code §§ 4321-4377. Requires analysis, public comment, and reporting for environmental impacts of federal actions. It stipulates the factors to be considered in environmental impact statements, and requires that federal agencies employ an interdisciplinary approach in related decision-making and develop means to ensure unqualified environmental values are given appropriate consideration, along with economic and technical considerations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requires an Environmental Assessment(EA), and potentially an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if the project review finds there will be a significant impact. The EIS must detail the environmental impacts of the proposed action, unavoidable adverse environmental impacts, and alternatives to the proposed action. The resulting studies could protect sensitive environmental ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The Act is completely procedural; it does not include specific regulations. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was created by the Act. CEQ is part of the Executive Office of the President and one of the CEQ directives is to ensure that federal programs comply with NEPA. The puprose of the EIS is to disclose to the public and resource managers the probable long- and short-term impacts of the proposed project as well as consideration of less environmentally damaging alternatives to the recommended course of action.
Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Permitting & Zoning; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments:
Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas
Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
The DPNR states that wetlands in the Virgin Islands are covered by the Clean water Act and the Endangered and Indigenous Species Act of 1990 (Title 12, Chapter 2, US Virgin Island Code,. To protect wetlands and wetland species from degradation, loss as a result of dredging and filling.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands assists in controlling sedimentation and nutrient runoff from terrstrial locations, thus protecting coral reefs that are influenced by terrestrial sources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The wetlands portion of the USVI Division of Environmental Protection website was under construction at the time of this atlas preparation.  However, it appears that DEP works with the USACE and USEPA on matters related to wetlands.
US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands
Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Wetlands
Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-345 (2005). Establishes a methodology that provides a standard procedure for assessing the functions provided by wetlands and other surface waters, the amount that those functions are reduced by a proposed impact, and the amount of mitigation necessary to offset that loss.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting wetlands provides wetland areas that can act as buffers against nutrients, pollutants and contaminants from reaching habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is administrative and provides methods to assess wetland value and appropriate mitigation to offset impact.

Comments:
Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands

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