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ReefLink Database

Hydrocoral

Hydrocoral

Hydrocorals (millepora) are a taxonomic class of very small, predatory cnidarians that can be solitary or colonial.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Anemones & zooanthids are cnidarians very similar to coral, but are not characteristic reef builders. Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biochemical & genetic resources are the naturally available novel biochemicals and genetic information found in coral reef organisms that can be utilized for animal breeding or development of biotechnology. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Coralline algae is a low-growing type of algae on reefs that has calcareous deposits. Corallivorous fish are fish whose diet primarily consists of live coral. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. Hydrocorals (millepora) are a taxonomic class of very small, predatory cnidarians that can be solitary or colonial. Invasive species are plants, animals, or other organisms that are foreign to a particular environment, and whose introduction may be detrimental when invasives compete with or consume native species. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Large herbivorous fish are any large bodied fish that primarily feed on algae, such as parrotfish and chubs. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Molluscs are marine invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, such as clams, squid, and snails. Octocorals are thick and fleshy, colonial marine animals resembling stony corals in polyp size, but lacking calcium carbonite skeletons. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Skeletal coral is the calcium carbonate structure that remains after the coral animals have died. Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Scleractinian, or stony corals, are marine animals with hard skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. Zooxanthellae are flagellate protozoa that are golden-brown intracellular endosymbionts of various marine animals and protozoa, especially anthozoans such as the scleractinian corals

CMap Description

Hydrocorals are taxonomically very different from the other coral; however, they share many functional similarities with stony corals. Hydrocorals are minor contributors to carbon storage & cycling via the creation of their calcium carbonate skeleton and the resulting physical structures create complex habitat & resources for reef inhabitants. Ultimately, the skeletons are processed and contribute to sand & land production. Hydrocoral species compete for space and resources with algae, sponges, anemones & zooanthids and other coral species. Reef inhabitants maintain the balance between reef habitat species by selectively under grazing coral relative species it competes with. Pressures from socio-economic drivers can stress or kill coral by introducing competing invasive species, disease causing microorganisms, and by disturbing the physical & chemical environment. To ensure the flow of services from coral and coral reef ecosystems, monitoring, mapping, research and restoration is paramount.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Al-Sofyani, A; Al-Farawati, RK; ElMaradny, AA; Niaz, GR. 2011. Long-Chain Aliphatic Wax Esters Isolated From The Sponge Chalinula Saudensis (Demospongia) Along The Jeddah Coast Of The Red Sea. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59:1-6. 2011 Hydrocoral; Sponges
Ballantine, DL; Ruiz, H. 2011. Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides, a new species of coral-killing red alga (Peyssonneliaceae) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea. Botanica Marina 54:47-51. 2011 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Boch, CA; Ananthasubramaniam, B; Sweeney, AM; Doyle, FJ; Morse, DE. 2011. Effects of Light Dynamics on Coral Spawning Synchrony. Biological Bulletin 220:161-173. 2011 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Galliot, B; Quiquand, M. 2011. A two-step process in the emergence of neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 34:847-862. 2011 China Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Garcia-Arredondo, A; Rojas-Molina, A; Ibarra-Alvarado, C; Iglesias-Prieto, R. 2011. Effects of bleaching on the pharmacological and toxicological activities elicited by the aqueous extracts prepared from two "fire corals" collected in the Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 396:171-176. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Zooxanthellae
Glynn, PW. 2011. In Tandem Reef Coral And Cryptic Metazoan Declines And Extinctions. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:767-794. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Panama; India Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Gondim, AI; Dias, TLP; Campos, FF; Alonso, C; Christoffersen, ML. 2011. Benthic macrofauna from Areia Vermelha Marine State Park, Cabedelo, Paraiba, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 11:75-86. 2011 China Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Hydrocoral; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Grasso, LC; Negri, AP; Foret, S; Saint, R; Hayward, DC; Miller, DJ; Ball, EE. 2011. The biology of coral metamorphosis: Molecular responses of larvae to inducers of settlement and metamorphosis. Developmental Biology 353:411-419. 2011 China; Europe Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Hoadley, KD; Szmant, AM; Pyott, SJ. 2011. Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Coral Favia fragum over Diel and Lunar Reproductive Cycles. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Kenkel, CD; Aglyamova, G; Alamaru, A; Bhagooli, R; Capper, R; Cunning, R; deVillers, A; Haslun, JA; Hedouin, L; Keshavmurthy, S; Kuehl, KA; Mahmoud, H; McGinty, ES; Montoya-Maya, PH; Palmer, CV; Pantile, R; Sanchez, JA; Schils, T; Silverstein, RN; Squiers. 2011. Development of Gene Expression Markers of Acute Heat-Light Stress in Reef-Building Corals of the Genus Porites. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Leggat, W; Seneca, F; Wasmund, K; Ukani, L; Yellowlees, D; Ainsworth, TD. 2011. Differential Responses of the Coral Host and Their Algal Symbiont to Thermal Stress. PLoS One 6. 2011 Hydrocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Levy, O; Kaniewska, P; Alon, S; Eisenberg, E; Karako-Lampert, S; Bay, LK; Reef, R; Rodriguez-Lanetty, M; Miller, DJ; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Complex Diel Cycles of Gene Expression in Coral-Algal Symbiosis. Science 331:175-175. 2011 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Mason, B; Beard, M; Miller, MW. 2011. Coral larvae settle at a higher frequency on red surfaces. Coral Reefs 30:667-676. 2011 Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T; Karnauskas, M. 2011. Relationships between benthic cover, current strength, herbivory, and a fisheries closure in Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 30:9-19. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Miller, DJ; Ball, EE; Foret, S; Satoh, N. 2011. Coral genomics and transcriptomics - Ushering in a new era in coral biology. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:114-119. 2011 Review Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Scaps, P. 2011. Associations between the Scallop Pedum spondyloideum (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia, Pectinidae) and Hard Corals on the West Coast of Thailand. Zoological Studies 50:466-474. 2011 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Sweeney, AM; Boch, CA; Johnsen, S; Morse, DE. 2011. Twilight spectral dynamics and the coral reef invertebrate spawning response. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:770-777. 2011 Hydrocoral; Light; Sponges; Stony Coral
Tang, SL; Hong, MJ; Liao, MH; Jane, WN; Chiang, PW; Chen, CB; Chen, CA. 2011. Bacteria associated with an encrusting sponge (Terpios hoshinota) and the corals partially covered by the sponge. Environmental Microbiology 13:1179-1191. 2011 Cyanobacteria; Encrusting Sponges; Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Thurber, RLV; Correa, AMS. 2011. Viruses of reef-building scleractinian corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:102-113. 2011 Global; Florida Review; Model Algae; Hydrocoral; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Williams, GJ; Knapp, IS; Maragos, JE; Davy, SK. 2011. Proximate environmental drivers of coral communities at Palmyra Atoll: Establishing baselines prior to removing a WWII military causeway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:1842-1851. 2011 Australia; India; Palmyra Atoll Model Climate; Hydrocoral; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Zvuloni, A; Armoza-Zvuloni, R; Shaked, Y. 2011. Multifocal bleaching of Millepora dichotoma in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 441:25-32. 2011 Florida Hydrocoral; Pathogens
Garcia, T. M., H. Matthews-Cascon, and W. Franklin. 2010. Sipuncula Associated With Branching Fire Coral (Millepora Alcicornis) In A Marine Protected Area In Northeastern Brazil. Thalassas 26:9-12. 2010 Cuba Lab Study Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Gonzalez-Diaz, P., G. Gonzalez-Sanson, S. A. Fernandez, and O. P. Perez. 2010. High spatial variability of coral, sponges and gorgonian assemblages in a well preserved reef. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:621-634. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Love, M. S., B. Lenarz, and L. Snook. 2010. A Survey Of The Reef Fishes, Purple Hydrocoral (Stylaster Californicus), And Marine Debris Of Farnsworth Bank, Santa Catalina Island. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:35-52. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Mbije, N. E. J., E. Spanier, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Testing the first phase of the 'gardening concept' as an applicable tool in restoring denuded reefs in Tanzania. Ecological Engineering 36:713-721. 2010 Tanzania Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Naumann, M. S., A. Haas, U. Struck, C. Mayr, M. El-Zibdah, and C. Wild. 2010. Organic matter release by dominant hermatypic corals of the Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 29:649-659. 2010 Cuba Lab Study Hydrocoral; Light; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Navas-Camacho, R., D. L. Gil-Agudelo, A. Rodriguez-Ramirez, M. C. Reyes-Nivia, and J. Garzon-Ferreira. 2010. Coral diseases and bleaching on Colombian Caribbean coral reefs. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:95-106. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Post, A. L., P. E. O'Brien, R. J. Beaman, M. J. Riddle, and L. De Santis. 2010. Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science 22:371-378. 2010 Hydrocoral; Sponges
Rodriguez, S., A. Croquer, D. Bone, and C. Bastidas. 2010. Severity of the 1998 and 2005 bleaching events in Venezuela, southern Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:189-196. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Schittone, J. 2010. Restoration and monitoring of a vessel grounding on a shallow reef in the Florida Keys. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:151-161. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Substrate
Stella, J. S., G. P. Jones, and M. S. Pratchett. 2010. Variation in the structure of epifaunal invertebrate assemblages among coral hosts. Coral Reefs 29:957-973. 2010 Australia Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Wagner, D. E., P. Kramer, and R. van Woesik. 2010. Species composition, habitat, and water quality influence coral bleaching in southern Florida. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:65-78. 2010 Florida Discharges; Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Amaral, F. M. D., C. A. C. Ramos, Z. M. A. N. Leao, R. K. P. Kikuchi, K. K. M. Lima, L. L. Longo, R. T. S. Cordeiro, S. M. A. Lira, and S. L. Vasconcelos. 2009. Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50:277-290. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Clark, R., C. Jeffrey, K. Woody, Z. Hillis-Starr, and M. Monaco. 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns of coral bleaching around buck island reef national monument, st croix, U.S. virgin ISLANDS. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:167-182. 2009 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Clark, R., C. Jeffrey, K. Woody, Z. Hillis-Starr, and M. Monaco. 2009. Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Coral Bleaching Around Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix, Us Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:167-182. 2009 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Crabbe, M. J. C. and J. P. Carlin. 2009. Multiple Symbiodinium clades in Acropora species scleractinian corals from the Ningaloo reef, Australia. International Journal of Integrative Biology 5:72-74. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Garcia, T. M., H. Matthews-Cascon, and W. Franklin. 2009. Macrofauna Associated With The Branching Fire Coral Millepora Alcicornis (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57:153-155. 2009 Hydrocoral
Heifetz, J., R. P. Stone, and S. K. Shotwell. 2009. Damage and disturbance to coral and sponge habitat of the Aleutian Archipelago. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:295-303. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Latypov, Y. Y. 2009. Species composition and distribution of scleractinians on the reefs of the Seychelles Islands. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 35:454-462. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Seychelles Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Tsang, L. M., B. K. K. Chan, F. L. Shih, K. H. Chu, and C. A. Chen. 2009. Host-associated speciation in the coral barnacle Wanella milleporae (Cirripedia: Pyrgomatidae) inhabiting the Millepora coral. Molecular Ecology 18:1463-1475. 2009 Taiwan Hydrocoral
Tsang, L. M., B. K. K. Chan, F.-L. Shih, K. H. Chu, and C. Allen Chen. 2009. Host-associated speciation in the coral barnacle Wanella milleporae (Cirripedia: Pyrgomatidae) inhabiting the Millepora coral. Molecular Ecology 18:1463-1475. 2009 Taiwan Hydrocoral
Weil, E., A. Croquer, and I. Urreiztieta. 2009. Temporal variability and impact of coral diseases and bleaching in La Parguera, Puerto Rico from 2003-2007. Caribbean Journal of Science 45:221-246. 2009 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Amaral, F. M. D., A. Q. Steiner, M. K. Broadhurst, and S. D. Cairns. 2008. An overview of the shallow-water calcified hydroids from Brazil (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria), including the description of a new species. Zootaxa 56-68. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Gross-Aviv, T., B. B. DiCarlo, M. M. French, K. A. Athanasiou, and R. Vago. 2008. A study of crystalline biomaterials for articular cartilage bioengineering. Materials Science and Engineering C 28:1388-1400. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Iguchi, A., S. Iwanaga, and H. Nagai. 2008. Isolation and characterization of a novel protein toxin from fire coral. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 365:107-112. 2008 Hydrocoral
Laine, J., M. Labady, A. Albornoz, and S. Yunes. 2008. Porosities and pore sizes in coralline calcium carbonate. Materials Characterization 59:1522-1525. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Toxics
Latypov, YU .Y A. 2008. Species composition and structure of coral community of a platform reef at Bach Long Vi Island in the South China Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34:249-253. 2008 Australia; Indian Ocean; India; China Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Page, C. A. and B. L. Willis. 2008. Epidemiology of skeletal eroding band on the Great Barrier Reef and the role of injury in the initiation of this widespread coral disease. Coral Reefs 27:257-272. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Peretz, H., P. Blinder, D. Baranes, and R. Vago. 2008. Aragonite crystalline matrix as an instructive microenvironment for neural development. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2:463-471. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Hydrocoral
Somerfield, P. J., W. C. Jaap, K. R. Clarke, M. Callahan, K. Hackett, J. Porter, M. Lybolt, C. Tsokos, and G. Yanev. 2008. Changes in coral reef communities among the Florida Keys, 1996-2003. Coral Reefs 27:951-965. 2008 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Van Nguyen, L. and H. Kim Phan. 2008. Distribution and factors influencing on structure of reef fish communities in Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area, South-Central Vietnam. Environmental Biology of Fishes 82:309-324. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; China; Vietnam Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Baranes, D., J. Cove, P. Blinder, B. Shany, H. Peretz, and R. Vago. 2007. Interconnected network of ganglion-like neural cell spheres formed on hydrozoan skeleton. Tissue Engineering 13:473-482. 2007 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Hydrocoral
Brooke, S. and R. Stone. 2007. Reproduction of deep-water hydrocorals (family Stylasteridae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:519-532. 2007 Cuba Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges
Haussermann, V. and G. Forsterra. 2007. Extraordinary abundance of hydrocorals (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae) in shallow water of the Patagonian fjord region. Polar Biology 30:487-492. 2007 Cuba Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral
Herler, J. 2007. Microhabitats and ecomorphology of coral- and coral rock-associated gobiid fish (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology 28:82-94. 2007 Fish; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ibarra-Alvarado, C., J. Alejandro Garcia, M. B. Aguilar, A. Rojas, A. Falcon, and E. P. Heimer de la Cotera. 2007. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of toxins obtained from the fire coral Millepora complanata. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 146:511-518. 2007 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Hydrocoral
Macintyre, I. G., P. W. Glynn, and M. A. Toscano. 2007. The demise of a major Acropora palmata bank-barrier reef off the southeast coast of Barbados, West Indies. Coral Reefs 26:765-773. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Agriculture; Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Okolodkov, Y. B., G. Campos-Bautista, I. Garate-Lizarraga, J. A. G. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, M. Hoppenrath, and V. Arenas. 2007. Seasonal changes of benthic and epiphytic dinoflagellates in the Veracruz reef zone, Gulf of Mexico. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 47:223-237. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Hydrocoral; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Simon-Blecher, N., D. Huchon, and Y. Achituv. 2007. Phylogeny of coral-inhabiting barnacles (Cirripedia; Thoracica; Pyrgomatidae) based on 12S, 16S and 18S rDNA analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44:1333-1341. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Hydrocoral
Lewis, J. B. 2006. Biology and Ecology of the Hydrocoral Millepora on Coral Reefs. Advances in Marine Biology 50:Jan-55. 2006 Algae; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Plankton; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Prasad, G. V. R., L. Vincent, R. Hamilton, and K. Lim. 2006. Minimal change disease in association with fire coral (Millepora Species) exposure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 47. 2006 Cuba; Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Pathogens
Southward, A. J., C. M. Young, and L. A. Fuiman, editors. 2006. Advances in marine biology: volume 50. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Mangroves; Octopus & Squid; Seagrasses
Stone, R. P. 2006. Coral habitat in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska: Depth distribution, fine-scale species associations, and fisheries interactions. Coral Reefs 25:229-238. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Zhukova, N. V. and E. A. Titlyanov. 2006. Effect of light intensity on the fatty acid composition of dinoflagellates symbiotic with hermatypic corals. Botanica Marina 49:339-346. 2006 Hydrocoral; Light; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2005. Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Biological Conservation 121:221-230. 2005 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Mohammed, T. E. E.-A. A, and M. A. E.-W. Mohamed. 2005. Some ecological factors affecting coral reef assemblages off Hurghada, Red Sea Eqypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 31:133-142. 2005 Egypt Algae; Hydrocoral; Light; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pasternak, G., R. Vago, and D. Itzhak. 2005. Interaction between various metals and the hydrozoan millepora dichotoma in a coral-reef environment. Corrosion Reviews 23:415-423. 2005 Hydrocoral
Reed, J. K., S. A. Pomponi, D. Weaver, C. K. Paull, and A. E. Wright. 2005. Deep-water sinkholes and bioherms of south Florida and the pourtales terrace - Habitat and fauna. Bulletin of Marine Science 77:267-296. 2005 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Echinoderms; Fish; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Piscivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Ruiz-Zarate, M. A. and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2005. Recruitment of Acropora, Millepora and Stylaster roseus on an experimental substratum. Coral Reefs 24:56. 2005 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Wild, C., H. Woyt, and M. Huettel. 2005. Influence of coral mucus on nutrient fluxes in carbonate sands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287:87-98. 2005 Australia; Cuba Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Alker, A. P., K. Kim, D. H. Dube, and C. D. Harvell. 2004. Localized induction of a generalized response against multiple biotic agents in Caribbean sea fans. Coral Reefs 23:397-405. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Pathogens
Guillaume, M. M. M. 2004. Corals and coral trade [Les coraux et leur commerce]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 129:28-Nov. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Fiji; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan; Europe; Spain; France Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Monetary Valuation; Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art
Harrington, L., K. Fabricius, G. De'ath, and A. Negri. 2004. Recognition and selection of settlement substrata determine post-settlement survival in corals. Ecology 85:3428-3437. 2004 Australia Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Lapid, E. D., J. Wielgus, and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2004. Sweeper tentacles of the brain coral Platygyra daedalea: Induced development and effects on competitors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 282:161-171. 2004 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. Marine Biology 144:1239-1245. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Miller, K. J., C. N. Mundy, and W. L. Chadderton. 2004. Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:75-94. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Nagelkerken, I. and W. P. Nagelkerken. 2004. Loss of coral cover and biodiversity on shallow Acropora and Millepora reefs after 31 years on Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Bulletin of Marine Science 74:213-223. 2004 Antilles Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Nevalainen, T. J., H. J. Peuravuori, R. J. Quinn, L. E. Llewellyn, J. A. H. Benzie, P. J. Fenner, and K. D. Winkel. 2004. Phospholipase A2 in Cnidaria. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 139:731-735. 2004 Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Radwan, F. F. Y. and H. M. Aboul-Dahab. 2004. Milleporin-1, a new phospholipase A2 active protein from the fire coral Millepora platyphylla nematocysts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 139:267-272. 2004 Lab Study Hydrocoral; Substrate
Ruiz-Zarate, M. A. and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2004. Spatial study of juvenile corals in the Northern region of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). Coral Reefs 23:584-594. 2004 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Hydrocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Winkler, R., A. Antonius, and D. A. Renegar. 2004. The skeleton eroding band disease on coral reefs of aqaba, red sea. Marine Ecology 25:129-144. 2004 Australia; Mauritius; Saudi Arabia Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Abramovitch-Gottlib, L., D. Katoshevski, and R. Vago. 2003. Responses of Stylophora pistillata and Millepora dichotoma to seawater temperature elevation. Bulletin of Marine Science 73:745-755. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Banaszak, A. T., B. N. Ayala-Schiaffino, A. Rodriguez-Roman, S. Enriquez, and R. Iglesias-Prieto. 2003. Response of Millepora alcicornis (Milleporina: Milleporidae) to two bleaching events at Puerto Morelos reef, Mexican Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:57-66. 2003 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Hydrocoral; Light
Bianchi, C. N., M. Pichon, C. Morri, P. Colantoni, F. Benzoni, G. Baldelli, and M. Sandrini. 2003. Monitoring coral bleaching in the Maldives: Lessons to be learned and new hypotheses [Le suivi du blanchissement des coraux aux Maldives: Lecons à tirer et nouvelles hypotheses]. Oceanis 29:325-354. 2003 Maldives Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Cervino, J. M., R.L. Hayes, M. Honovich, T.J. Goreau, S. Jones, and P.J. Rubec. 2003. Changes in zooxanthellae density, morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:573-586. 2003 Southeast Asia Index or Indicator Anemones & Zooanthids; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Hydrocoral; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Toxics; Zooxanthellae
Feingold, J. S., S. L. Thornton, K. W. Banks, N. J. Gasman, D. Gilliam, P. Fletcher, and C. Avila. 2003. A rapid assessment of coral reefs near Hopetown, Abaco Islands, Bahamas (stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bulletin 58-75. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas Index or Indicator Algae; Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Turf Algae
Innes, J. K., R. Vago, and B. Ben-Nissan. 2003. Hydrothermal conversion and sol-gel coating of Red Sea coral. Key Engineering Materials 43-46. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biotechnology Research & Development; Hydrocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
McGrath, T. A. and G. W. Smith. 2003. Comparisons of the 1995 and 1998 coral bleaching events on the patch reefs of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:67-75. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Meroz-Fine, E., I. Brickner, Y. Loya, and M. Ilan. 2003. The hydrozoan coral Millepora dichotoma: Speciation or phenotypic plasticity? Marine Biology 143:1175-1183. 2003 Hydrocoral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Steiner, S. C. C. 2003. Stony corals and reefs of Dominica, lesser antilles. Atoll Research Bulletin 15-Jan. 2003 Antilles Algae; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Wielgus, J., D. Glassom, and L. Fishelson. 2003. Long-term persistence of low coral cover and abundance on a disturbed coral reef flat in the northern Red Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 297:31-41. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Zhukova, N. V. 2003. A biochemical approach for assessment of the diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29:328-332. 2003 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Zhukova, N. V. and E. A. Titlyanov. 2003. Fatty acid variations in symbiotic dinoflagellates from Okinawan corals. Phytochemistry 62:191-195. 2003 Japan Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Abramovitch-Gottlib, L., D. Katoshevski, and R. Vago. 2002. A computerized tank system for studying the effect of temperature on calcification of reef organisms. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 50:245-252. 2002 Global Lab Study Hydrocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Zooxanthellae
Al-Lihaibi, S. S., A. Al-Sofyani, G. R. Niaz, V. U. Ahmad, M. Noorwala, and F. Vali Mohammad. 2002. Long-chain wax esters and diphenylamine in fire coral Millepora dichotoma and Millepora platyphylla from Saudi Red Sea Coast. Scientia Marina 66:95-102. 2002 Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Stony Coral
Chong, A. K. and P. Stratford. 2002. Underwater digital stereo-observation technique for red hydrocoral study. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68:745-751. 2002 Model Hydrocoral
Dinsdale, E. A. 2002. Abundance of black-band disease on corals from one location on the Great Barrier Reef: a comparison with abundance in the caribbean region. Pages 1239-1243 in Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Bali, Indonesia. 2002 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Gittings, S. 2002. Pre-Construction Coral Survey of the M/V Wellwood Grounding Site. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-03-01. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Heifetz, J. 2002. Coral in Alaska: Distribution, abundance, and species associations. Hydrobiologia 471:19-28. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Radwan, F. F. Y. 2002. Comparative toxinological and immunological studies on the nematocyst venoms of the Red Sea fire corals Millepora dichotoma and M. platyphylla. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 131:323-334. 2002 Hydrocoral
Rojas, A., M. Torres, J. I. Rojas, A. Feregrino, and E. P. Heimer-De La Cotera. 2002. Calcium-dependent smooth muscle excitatory effect elicited by the venom of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata. Toxicon 40:777-785. 2002 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Hydrocoral
Vago, R., D. Plotquin, A. Bunin, I. Sinelnikov, D. Atar, and D. Itzhak. 2002. Hard tissue remodeling using biofabricated coralline biomaterials. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 50:253-259. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biotechnology Research & Development; Hydrocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Van Oppen, M. J. H., B. L. Willis, T. Van Rheede, and D. J. Miller. 2002. Spawning times, reproductive compatibilities and genetic structuring in the Acropora aspera group: Evidence for natural hybridization and semi-permeable species boundaries in corals. Molecular Ecology 11:1363-1376. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Papua New Guinea Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Glynn, P. W., J. L. Mate, A. C. Baker, and M. O. Calderon. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997-1998 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event: Spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982-1983 event. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:79-109. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Jimenez, C. 2001. Bleaching and mortality of reef organisms during a warming event in 1995 on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:233-238. 2001 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Kizner, Z., R. Vago, and L. Vaky. 2001. Growth forms of hermatypic corals: Stable states and noise-induced transitions. Ecological Modelling 141:227-239. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Kojis, B. L. and N. J. Quinn. 2001. The importance of regional differences in hard coral recruitment rates for determining the need for coral restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:967-974. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Fiji; Northern Mariana Islands; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Macintyre, I. G., P. W. Glynn, and R. S. Steneck. 2001. A classic Caribbean algal ridge, Holandas Cays, Panama: An algal coated storm deposit. Coral Reefs 20:95-105. 2001 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, and S. Mangi. 2001. Coral and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: Interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19:380-391. 2001 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Pasternak, Z., A. Rix, and A. Abelson. 2001. Episymbionts as possible anti-fouling agents on reef-building hydrozoans. Coral Reefs 20:318-319. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Hydrocoral
Vytopil, E. and B. L. Willis. 2001. Epifaunal community structure in Acropora spp. (Scleractinia) on the Great Barrier Reef: Implications of coral morphology and habitat complexity. Coral Reefs 20:281-288. 2001 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Hydrocoral; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Stony Coral
Zuschin, M., J. Hohenegger, and F. F. Steininger. 2001. Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the northern red sea. Coral Reefs 20:107-116. 2001 Bivalves; Hydrocoral; Molluscs; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate
Diaz, J. M., G. Diaz-Pulido, and J. A. Sanchez. 2000. Distribution and structure of the southernmost Caribbean coral reefs: Golfo de Uraba, Colombia. Scientia Marina 64:327-336. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Discharges; Hydrocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., L. Alicea-Rodriguez, C. G. Toledo, and A. M. Sabat. 2000. Baseline characterization of coral reefs and fish communities within the proposed Culebra Island Marine Fishery Reserve, Puerto Rico. Pages 537-555 in Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. 2000 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Marshall, P. A. and A. H. Baird. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: Differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19:155-163. 2000 Australia Hydrocoral
Plathong, S., G. J. Inglis, and M. E. Huber. 2000. Effects of self-guided snorkeling trails on corals in a tropical marine park. Conservation Biology 14:1821-1830. 2000 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
T., BA NA SZ AK, A., T. C. LaJeunesse, and R. K. Trench. 2000. The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAS) by cultured, symbiotic dinoflagellates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249:219-233. 2000 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Hydrocoral; Light; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Verlaque, M., E. Ballesteros, and A. Antonius. 2000. Metapeyssonnelia corallepida sp. nov. (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), an Atlantic encrusting red alga overgrowing corals. Botanica Marina 43:191-200. 2000 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Edmunds, P. J. 1999. The role of colony morphology and substratum inclination in the success of Millepora alcicornis on shallow coral reefs. Coral Reefs 18:133-140. 1999 US Virgin Islands Hydrocoral; Storms & Hurricanes
Fenner, D. 1999. New observations on the stony coral (Scleractinia, Milleporidae, and Stylasteridae) species of Belize (Central America) and Cozumel (Mexico). Bulletin of Marine Science 64:143-154. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Kaandorp, J. A. 1999. Morphological analysis of growth forms of branching marine sessile organisms along environmental gradients. Marine Biology 134:295-306. 1999 Model Hydrocoral; Primary Production; Sponges; Stony Coral
Nishiyama, G. K. and G. J. Bakus. 1999. Release of allelochemicals by three tropical sponges (Demospongiae) and their toxic effects on coral substrate competitors. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:411-417. 1999 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Hydrocoral; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Ross, A. 1999. On the occurrence of Megabalanus stultus (Darwin), 1854 (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) in Taiwan: A reappraisal. Zoological Studies 38:275-278. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Taiwan Hydrocoral
Yamashiro, H., H. Oku, H. Higa, I. Chinen, and K. Sakai. 1999. Composition of lipids, fatty acids and sterols in Okinawan corals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 122:397-407. 1999 Japan Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Kok, F. 1998. Coral Meandra and Coral Millepora [Coral Meandra en Coral Millepora]. Pages 18-24 Schip en Werf de Zee. 1998 China Hydrocoral; Oil & Gas Tankers
Lewis, J. B. 1998. Reproduction, larval development and functional relationships of the burrowing, spionid polychaete Dipolydora armata with the calcareous hydrozoan Millepora complanata. Marine Biology 130:651-662. 1998 Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Plankton
Moshchenko, A. V. 1998. Distribution of the hydroid Millepora platyphylla on the reefs of southern Vietnam. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 24:296-305. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Thailand; Vietnam Hydrocoral
Rehfeld, U. and G. Ernst. 1998. Hydrozoan build-ups of Millepora irregularis sp. nov. and fungiid coral meadows of Cunnolites Alloiteau (Anthozoa) - palaeoecological and palaeoceanographical implications for the Upper Cretaceous of north Cantabria (northern Spain). Facies 125-138. 1998 Spain Coal Mining; Hydrocoral; Sediment; Sponges
Soong, K. and L. C. Cho. 1998. Synchronized release of medusae from three species of hydrozoan fire corals. Coral Reefs 17:145-154. 1998 Taiwan Hydrocoral
Vago, R., Y. Achituv, L. Vaky, Z. Dubinsky, and Z. Kizner. 1998. Colony architecture of Millepora dichotoma Forskal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 224:225-235. 1998 Model Hydrocoral; Sediment
Vago, R., Z. Dubinsky, A. Genin, M. Ben-Zion, and Z. Kizner. 1998. Growth rates of three symbiotic corals in the Red Sea. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1814-1819. 1998 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., D. Obura. 1997. Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209:103-122. 1997 Kenya Algae; Discharges; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 1997. Distribution and environmental control of coral assemblages in Northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt). Facies 140-162. 1997 Egypt GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Schonwald, H., Z. Dubinsky, and Y. Achiutuv. 1997. Diel carbon budget of the zooxanthellate hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma. Pages 939-46 in Proceedings of the 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1997 Hydrocoral
Glynn, P. W., J. E. N. Veron, and G. M. Wellington. 1996. Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): Oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs 15:71-99. 1996 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Algae; Coralline Algae; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hall, V. R. and T. P. Hughes. 1996. Reproductive strategies of modular organisms: Comparative studies of reef-building corals. Ecology 77:950-963. 1996 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Hunter, I. G. and B. Jones. 1996. Coral associations of the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation, Grand Cayman. Coral Reefs 15:249-267. 1996 South & Central America; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lewis, J. B. 1996. Spatial distributions of the calcareous hydrozoans Millepora complanata and Millepora squarrosa on coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 59:188-195. 1996 Hydrocoral
Lewis, John B., and Richard E. Crooks. 1996. Foragindg cycles of the amphinomid polychaete Hermodice carunculata preying on the calcareous hydrozoan Millepora complanat. Bulletin of Marine Science 58:853-6. 1996 Hydrocoral; Marine Worms
Riegl, B. 1996. Hermatypic coral fauna of subtropical Southeast Africa: A checklist. Pacific Science 50:404-414. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Pacific Ocean; South Africa Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Shulman, M. J. and D. R. Robertson. 1996. Changes in the coral reefs of San Bias, Caribbean Panama: 1983 to 1990. Coral Reefs 15:231-236. 1996 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Simon-Blecher, N., Y. Achituv, and Z. Malik. 1996. Effect of epibionts on the microdistribution of chlorophyll in corals and its detection by fluorescence spectral imaging. Marine Biology 126:757-763. 1996 GIS & Maps Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Frank, U. 1995. Allogeneic and xenogeneic interactions in reef-building corals may induce tissue growth without calcification. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:181-188. 1995 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Morri, C. and C. N. Bianchi. 1995. Cnidarian zonation at Ilha do Sal (Arquipelago de Cabo Verde). Beitrage zur Palaontologie 20:41-49. 1995 Cuba Hydrocoral; Octocoral
Moshchenko, A. V. 1995. Ecotypic plasticity of the shape of colonies of the hydroid Millepora platyphylla on Vietnamese reefs. Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) 21:201-210. 1995 Vietnam Hydrocoral
Schuhmacher, H., K. Kroll, and G. B. Reinicke. 1995. Long-term fluctuations of coral communities at Aqaba and on Sanganeb- Atoll (northern and central Red Sea) over more than a decade. Beitrage zur Palaontologie 20:89-97. 1995 Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Chiappone, M. and K. M. Sullivan. 1994. Ecological structure and dynamics of nearshore hard-bottom communities in the Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:747-756. 1994 Florida Hydrocoral; Octocoral
Frank, U., B. Rinkevich. 1994. Nontransitive patterns of historecognition phenomena in the red Sea hydrocoral, Millepora dichotoma. Marine Biology 118:723-9. 1994 Hydrocoral
Frank, U., C. Rabinowitz, and B. Rinkevich. 1994. In vitro establishment of continuous cell cultures and cell lines from ten colonial cnidarians. Marine Biology 120:491-499. 1994 Panama Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and M. Kielman. 1994. Extensive mortality of corals in the Colombian Caribbean during the last two decades. Pages 247-253 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Scoffin, T. P. 1994. History of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados 1974-1992. Pages 273-278 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Glynn, P. W. 1993. Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs 12:17-Jan. 1993 Global Hydrocoral; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Marsden, J. R. 1993. Factors influencing the abundance of the seven-spined morphotype of Spirobranchus polycerus (Schmarda), (Serpulidae), on upright blades of the hydrozoan coral, Millepora complanata. Marine Biology 115:123-132. 1993 Hydrocoral; Marine Worms
Geister, J. 1992. Modern reef development and cenozoic evolution of an oceanic island/reef complex: Isla de Providencia (Western Caribbean sea, Colombia). Facies 27:Jan-69. 1992 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jaap, W. C., J. L. Wheaton, and K. B. Donnelly. 1992. A three-year evalutaion of community dynamics of coral reefs at Fort Jefferson National monument (Dry Tortugas National Park) Dry Tortugas, Florida, USA. Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL. 1992 Florida Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges
Keats, D. 1992. Sodwana Bay: a coral paradise. African Wildlife 46:124-125. 1992 Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertebrate Harvest; Octocoral; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Lewis, J. B. 1992. Heterotrophy in corals: zooplankton predation by the hydrocoral Millepora complanata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 90:251-256. 1992 Hydrocoral; Plankton; Stony Coral
Lewis, J. B. 1992. Recruitment, growth and mortality of a coral-inhabiting barnacle Megabalanus stultus (Darwin) upon the hydrocoral Millepora complanata Lamarck. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 162:51-64. 1992 Hydrocoral
Muhs, D. R., T. K. Rockwell, and G. L. Kennedy. 1992. Late quaternary uplift rates of marine terraces on the Pacific coast of North America, southern Oregon to Baja California sur. Quaternary International 121-133. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii Hydrocoral
Witman, J. D. 1992. Physical disturbance and community structure of exposed and protected reefs: a case study from St John, US Virgin Islands. American Zoologist 32:641-654. 1992 US Virgin Islands Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Ben-Zion, M., Y. Achituv, N. Stambler, and Z. Dubinsky. 1991. A photographic, computerized method for measurements of surface area in Millepora. Symbiosis 10:115-121. 1991 Hydrocoral
Glynn, P. W. and W. H. d. Weerdt. 1991. Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982-83 El Nino warming event. Science 253:69-71. 1991 Hydrocoral
Glynn, P. W. and W. H. De Weerdt. 1991. Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982-83 El Nino warming event. Science 253:69-71. 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Lewis, J. B. 1991. Banding, age and growth in the calcareous hydrozoan Millepora complanata Lamarck. Coral Reefs 9:209-214. 1991 Hydrocoral
Martin, A. and F. Losada. 1991. Regeneration of injuries caused by the amphinomid polychaete Hermodice carunculata on scleractinian corals, hydrocorals and octocorals - Cnidaria [Regeneracion de heridas causadas por el poliqueto anfinomido Hermodice carunculata sobre corales escleractin. Ecotropicos 4:18-26. 1991 Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Stony Coral
McMillan, J., T. Mahony, J. E. N. Veron, and D. J. Miller. 1991. Nucleotide sequencing of highly repetitive DNA from seven species in the coral genus Acropora (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) implies a division contrary to morphological criteria. Marine Biology 110:323-327. 1991 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Rahav, O., M. Ben-Zion, Y. Achituv, and Z. Dubinsky. 1991. A photographic, computerized method for in situ growth measurements in reef-building cnidarians. Coral Reefs 9:204. 1991 Hydrocoral
Riegl, B. and B. Velimirov. 1991. How many damaged corals in Red Sea reef systems? A quantitative survey. Hydrobiologia 249-256. 1991 Egypt Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Thomas, M. L. H. and J.-A. Stevens. 1991. Communities of constructional lips and cup reef rims in Bermuda. Coral Reefs 9:225-230. 1991 Bermuda Algae; Boring Sponges; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges
Antonius, A., G. Scheer, and C. Bouchon. 1990. Corals of the eastern Red Sea. Atoll Research Bulletin 1990 Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Cook, C. B., A. Logan, J. Ward, B. Luckhurst, and C. J. Berg Jr. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. Coral Reefs 9:45-49. 1990 South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Ghiold, J. and S. H. Smith. 1990. Bleaching and recovery of deep-water, reef-dwelling invertebrates in the Cayman Islands, BWI. Caribbean Journal of Science 26:52-61. 1990 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Algae; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Hunte, W., B. E. Conlin, and J. R. Marsden. 1990. Habitat selection in the tropical polychaete Spirobranchus giganteus. I. Distribution on corals. Marine Biology 104:87-92. 1990 Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Stony Coral
Rezak, R., S. R. Gittings, and T. J. Bright. 1990. Biotic assemblages and ecological controls on reefs and banks of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. American Zoologist 30:23-35. 1990 South & Central America; Mexico Hydrocoral; Salinity; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Goenaga, C., V. P. Vicente, and R. A. Armstrong. 1989. Bleaching induced mortalities in reef corals from La Parguera, Puerto Rico: a precursor of change in the community structure of coral reefs? Caribbean Journal of Science 25:59-65. 1989 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Jokiel, P. L. 1989. Rafting of reef corals and other organisms at Kwajalein Atoll. Marine Biology 101:483-493. 1989 Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Lewis, J. B. 1989. The ecology of Millepora - A review. Coral Reefs 8:99-107. 1989 Review Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Seastars; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Jaap, W. C., J. C. Halas, and R. G. Muller. 1988. Community dynamics of stony corals (Milleporina and Sclerictinia) at Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, During 1981-1986. Page 7 in Proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium, Australia. 1988 Florida; Australia Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Witman, J. D. 1988. Effects of predation by the fireworm Hermodice carunculata on milleporid hydrocorals. Bulletin of Marine Science 42:446-458. 1988 US Virgin Islands Algae; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., L. R. McCloskey, and L. Muscatine. 1987. Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 5:201-204. 1987 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kobluk, D. R. and M. A. Lysenko. 1987. Southern Caribbean cryptic scleractinian reef corals from Bonaire, NA ( Netherlands Antilles). Palaios 2:205-218. 1987 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Antilles; Panama; Caribbean Hydrocoral
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and P. R. Taylor. 1987. Animal-plant defense associations: Effects on the distribution and abundance of tropical reef macrophytes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 105:107-121. 1987 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mah, A. J. and C. W. Stearn. 1986. The effect of Hurricane Allen on the Bellairs fringing reef, Barbados. Coral Reefs 4:169-176. 1986 Index or Indicator Hydrocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Farrow, G. E. and G. P. Durant. 1985. Carbonate-basaltic sediments from Cobb Seamount, Northeast Pacific: Zonation, bioerosion and petrology. Marine Geology 65:73-102. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Plankton; Sediment
Jaap, W. C. 1985. An epidemic zooxanthellae expulsion during 1983 in the lower Florida Keys coral reefs: hyperthermic etiology. Page 6 in Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress, Tahiti. 1985 Florida Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Mergner, H. and H. Schuhmacher. 1985. Quantitative analysis of coral communities of Sanganeb-Atoll (central Red Sea). I. The community structure of outer and inner reefs exposed to different hydrodynamic regimes [Quantitative Analyse von Korallengemeinschaften des Sanganeb-Atolls (mittleres R. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 39:375-417. 1985 Sudan GIS & Maps Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Sheppard, C. R. C. 1985. Reefs and coral assemblages of Saudi Arabia: 2. Fringing reefs in the southern region, Jeddah to Jizan. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:37-58. 1985 Saudi Arabia Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Mangroves; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Faure, G., M. Guillaume, C. Payri, B. A. Thomassin, M. Van Praet, and P. Vasseur. 1984. (Massive bleaching and death of corals in the Mayotte reef ecosystem, SW Indian Ocean). [Sur un phenomene remarquable de blanchiment et de mortalite massive des madreporaires dans le complexe recifal de l'ile Mayotte (SW Ocean Indien).]. Comptes Rendus des Seances - Academie des Sciences, Serie III 299:637-642. 1984 Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Lasker, H. R., E. C. Peters, and M. A. Coffroth. 1984. Bleaching of reef coelenterates in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Coral Reefs 3:183-190. 1984 Panama Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Salinity; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Glynn, P. W. 1983. Extensive 'bleaching' and death of reef corals on the Pacific coast of Panama. Environmental Conservation 10:149-154. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama; Pacific Ocean Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Zooxanthellae
Lamberts, A. E. 1983. An annotated check list of the corals of American Samoa. Atoll Research Bulletin 1983 Samoa; American Samoa Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Muller, Werner E.G. 1983. Histoincompatibility reactions in the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma. Coral Reefs 1:237-41. 1983 Hydrocoral
Rogers, C. S., M. Gilnack, and H. C. I. Fitz. 1983. Monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects: a study of storm damage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66:285-300. 1983 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Hydrocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Bellamy, N. and M. J. Risk. 1982. Coral gas: Oxygen production in Millepora on the great barrier reef. Science 216:1618-1619. 1982 Australia Algae; CO2; Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Substrate
Sammarco, P. W. 1982. Echinoid grazing as a structuring force in coral communities: Whole reef manipulations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61:31-55. 1982 Jamaica Algae; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral
Veervoort, W., and H. Zibrowius. 1981. Annotations on H Boschma's work on hydrocorals (Milleporina, Axoporina, Stylasterina), with additions to his list of the de. Zoologische verhandelingen 181:1-37. 1981 Hydrocoral
Shinn, E. A. 1980. Geologic history of Grecian Rocks, Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary. Bulletin of Marine Science 30:646-656. 1980 Hydrocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wahle, C. M. 1980. Detection, pursuit, and overgrowth of tropical gorgonians by milleporid hydrocorals: Perseus and Medusa revisited. Science 209:689-691. 1980 Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Seawater Flow
Jaap, W. C. 1979. Observations on zooxanthellae expulsion at middle sambo reef, Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 29:414-422. 1979 Florida Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Ronneberg, Harald, Denis L. Fox, and Synnove Liaaen-Jensen. 1979. Animal carotenoids - carotenoproteins from hydrocorals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 407-8. 1979 Hydrocoral
Benayahu, Y. and Y. Loya. 1977. Space partitioning by stony corals soft corals and benthic algae on the coral reefs of the northern Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 30:362-382. 1977 Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Stony Coral
de Kruijf, Hans A.M. 1977. Individual polyp behavior and colonial organization in the hydrocorals Millepora complanata (Milleporina) andStylaster rose. Pages 445-51 in Proceedings of the 3rd Int Coral Reef Sym. 1977 Hydrocoral
Schuhmacher, H. 1977. Initial phases in reef development, studied at artificial reef types off Eilat, (Red Sea). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 30:400-411. 1977 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Hydrocoral; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Stromgren, Tor. 1976. Skeleton growth of the hydrocoral Millepora complanata. Limnology and Oceanography 21:156-60. 1976 Hydrocoral
Van Den Hoek, C., A. M. Cortel-Breeman, and J. B. W. Wanders. 1975. Algal zonation in the fringing coral reef of curacao, Netherlands antilles, in relation to zonation of corals and gorgonians. Aquatic Botany 1:269-308. 1975 Antilles Algae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Velimirov, B. 1974. Orientated growth in Millepora dichotoma (Hydrozoa) [Orientiertes Wachstum bei Millepora dichotoma (Hydrozoa)]. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 26:18-26. 1974 Hydrocoral
Wittle, L. W. and C. A. Wheeler. 1974. Toxic and immunological properties of stinging coral toxin. Toxicon 12:487-493. 1974 Hydrocoral
Wittle, L. W., E. D. Scura, and R. E. Middlebrook. 1974. Stinging coral (Millepora tenera) toxin: a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts. Toxicon 12:481-486. 1974 Hydrocoral
Drew, E. A. 1973. The biology and physiology of alga-invertebrate symbioses. III. In situ measurements of photosynthesis and calcification in some hermatypic corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 13:165-179. 1973 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Stearn, Colin W., and Robert Riding. 1973. Forms of the hydrozoan Millepora on a recent coral reef. Lethaia 6:187-200. 1973 Hydrocoral
Glynn, P. W., R. H. Stewart, and J. E. McCosker. 1972. Pacific coral reefs of panama: Structure, distribution and predators. Geologische Rundschau 61:483-519. 1972 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Seastars; Sediment; Stony Coral
Weber, J. N. and P. M. J. Woodhead. 1972. Stable isotope ratio variations in non-scleractinian coelenterate carbonates as a function of temperature. Marine Biology 15:293-297. 1972 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Hydrocoral; Octocoral
Zankl, H. and J. H. Schroeder. 1972. Interaction of genetic processes in holocene reefs off North Eleuthera Island, Bahamas. Geologische Rundschau 61:520-541. 1972 Bahamas Algae; Hydrocoral; Sediment; Substrate
Loya, Y. and L. B. Slobodkin. 1971. The coral reefs of Eilat (Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea). Pages 117-139 in Symposia of the Zoological Society of London: Regional Variation in Indian Coral Reefs. 1971 India Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Wittle, L. W., R. E. Middlebrook, and C. E. Lane. 1971. Isolation and partial purification of a toxin from Millepora alcicornis. Toxicon 9. 1971 Hydrocoral
Fox, D. L. and D. W. Wilkie. 1970. Somatic and skeletally fixed carotenoids of t he purple hydrocoral, Allopora californica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 36:49-60. 1970 Hydrocoral
Goreau, T. F. 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after hurricane flora. Science 145:383-386. 1964 Jamaica Anemones & Zooanthids; Hydrocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay.

(not cited)

Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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