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ReefLink Database

Education & Information

Education & Information

The Education and Information sectors consists of schools, colleges, instruction and training programs that provide instruction in various subjects, organizations that conduct scientific research, and organizations that collect and distribute information (NAICS 2007).

CMap

Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. Funding is to provide resources, usually in form of money or other values such as effort or time, for a project or to private or public institutions. Internet and Telecommunications sectors deal with the operation of facilities that allow for transmission of data, video, sound, voice, and text, over the internet or telephone lines for the purpose of communication. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Schools and Colleges sectors consist of institutions whose primary purpose is to educate students, including secondary schools, universities, and trade schools. Scientific Research sectors consist of researching and conducting investigations and experiments in a systematic manner for the sake of knowledge and advancement. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Broadcasting, Publishing, and Libraries sectors include the preparation, distribution or sale, and storage of written, visual, and spoken content in print or on television, radio, or motion pictures. Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural policies are responses that impact the distribution and functioning of cultural sectors, including tourism, recreation, education, and social organization. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . The Education and Information sectors consists of schools, colleges, instruction and training programs that provide instruction in various subjects, organizations that conduct scientific research, and organizations that collect and distribute information. Educational & Research Opportunities pertain to the value derived from a natural ecosystem in regards to knowledge, scientific research, study, and breakthroughs, and the ability to pass this knowledge on to others.

CMap Description

Growing coastal development changes the cultural identity of a community, creating an increased need for education and information. Infrastructure is needed to support the Education and Information sectors, including buildings and roads, and this infrastructure results in landscape changes and discharges. Information sectors may benefit from aesthetic value provided by reefs, including photography and video. Coastal schools & colleges may also directly benefit from shoreline protection. Reef ecosystems also provide educational and research opportunities for students and scientific researchers. Scientific research can contribute to the effectiveness of decisions by enhancing our understanding of ecosystems. Collaboration and funding can improve, increase, and guide scientific research. Decision-makers may also utilize schools & colleges to improve environmental education.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Albright, R. 2011. Reviewing the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sexual Reproduction and Early Life History Stages of Reef-Building Corals. Journal of Marine Biology 2011:1-14. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Ben-Dov, E; Siboni, N; Shapiro, OH; Arotsker, L; Kushmaro, A. 2011. Substitution by Inosine at the 3 '-Ultimate and Penultimate Positions of 16S rRNA Gene Universal Primers. Microbial Ecology 61:1-6. 2011 Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Bourne, DG; Muirhead, A; Sato, Y. 2011. Changes in sulfate-reducing bacterial populations during the onset of black band disease. ISME Journal 5:559-564. 2011 Florida Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Burke, C; Thomas, T; Lewis, M; Steinberg, P; Kjelleberg, S. 2011. Composition, uniqueness and variability of the epiphytic bacterial community of the green alga Ulva australis. ISME Journal 5:590-600. 2011 Model Algae; Coralline Algae
Ceh, J; van Keulen, M; Bourne, DG. 2011. Coral-associated bacterial communities on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75:134-144. 2011 Australia Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gaidos, E; Rusch, A; Ilardo, M. 2011. Ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA from benthic coral reef microbiota: community spatial structure, rare members and nitrogen-cycling guilds. Environmental Microbiology 13:1138-1152. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment
Ganot, P; Moya, A; Magnone, V; Allemand, D; Furla, P; Sabourault, C. 2011. Adaptations to Endosymbiosis in a Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Association: Differential Gene Expression and Specific Gene Duplications. Plos Genetics 7. 2011 Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids
Gray, MA; Stone, RP; McLaughlin, MR; Kellogg, CA. 2011. Microbial consortia of gorgonian corals from the Aleutian islands. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 76:109-120. 2011 Fish; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Klaus, JS; Janse, I; Fouke, BW. 2011. Coral Black Band Disease Microbial Communities And Genotypic Variability Of The Dominant Cyanobacteria (Cd1C11). Bulletin of Marine Science 87:795-821. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Kriwy, P; Uthicke, S. 2011. Microbial diversity in marine biofilms along a water quality gradient on the Great Barrier Reef. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 34:116-126. 2011 Australia Index or Indicator Cyanobacteria; Fish; Light
Littman, R; Willis, BL; Bourne, DG. 2011. Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology Reports 3:651-660. 2011 Australia Algae; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Lopez, JV; Ledger, A; Santiago-Vazquez, LZ; Pop, M; Sommer, DD; Ranzer, LK; Feldman, RA; Kerr, RG. 2011. Suppression subtractive hybridization PCR isolation of cDNAs from a Caribbean soft coral. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 14. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Octocoral
Miller, AW; Richardson, LL. 2011. A meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the polymicrobial black band disease of corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75:231-241. 2011 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Nakai, R; Abe, T; Takeyama, H; Naganuma, T. 2011. Metagenomic Analysis of 0.2-mu m-Passable Microorganisms in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Fluid. Marine Biotechnology 13:900-908. 2011 Microorganisms
Navalgund, RR; Singh, RP. 2011. Climate Change Studies Using Space Based Observation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 39:281-295. 2011 Global; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Irrigation; Light; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Nithyanand, P; Indhumathi, T; Ravi, AV; Pandian, SK. 2011. Culture independent characterization of bacteria associated with the mucus of the coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27:1399-1406. 2011 Stony Coral
Puebla, O; Bermingham, E; Guichard, F. 2011. Perspective: Matching, Mate Choice, and Speciation. Integrative And Comparative Biology 51:485-491. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Fish; Medical Centers; Schools & Colleges
Rudd, MA. 2011. Scientists' Opinions on the Global Status and Management of Biological Diversity. Conservation Biology 25:1165-1175. 2011 Global; Southeast Asia; Europe Climate; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Internet & Telecommunications; Social Organizations
Sautya, S; Ingole, B; Ray, D; Stohr, S; Samudrala, K; Raju, KAK; Mudholkar, A. 2011. Megafaunal Community Structure of Andaman Seamounts Including the Back-Arc Basin - A Quantitative Exploration from the Indian Ocean. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Pacific Ocean Arthropods; Echinoderms; Sediment; Sponges
Sutherland, WJ; Bardsley, S; Bennun, L; Clout, M; Cote, IM; Depledge, MH; Dicks, LV; Dobson, AP; Fellman, L; Fleishman, E; Gibbons, DW; Impey, AJ; Lawton, JH; Lickorish, F; Lindenmayer, DB; Lovejoy, TE; Mac Nally, R; Madgwick, J; Peck, LS; Pretty, J; Prio. 2011. Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:10-16. 2011 Global Review Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Invasive Species; Pathogens; Schools & Colleges
Tebben, J; Tapiolas, DM; Motti, CA; Abrego, D; Negri, AP; Blackall, LL; Steinberg, PD; Harder, T. 2011. Induction of Larval Metamorphosis of the Coral Acropora millepora by Tetrabromopyrrole Isolated from a Pseudoalteromonas Bacterium. PLoS One 6. 2011 Europe Lab Study Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Substrate
Teixido, N; Albajes-Eizagirre, A; Bolbo, D; Le Hir, E; Demestre, M; Garrabou, J; Guigues, L; Gili, JM; Piera, J; Prelot, T; Soria-Frisch, A. 2011. Hierarchical segmentation-based software for cover classification analyses of seabed images (Seascape). Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:45+. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Toropova, AP; Toropov, AA; Benfenati, E; Gini, G. 2011. Co-evolutions of correlations for QSAR of toxicity of organometallic and inorganic substances: An unexpected good prediction based on a model that seems untrustworthy. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 105:215-219. 2011 Model Internet & Telecommunications
Toropova, AP; Toropov, AA; Benfenati, E; Gini, G. 2011. QSAR modelling toxicity toward rats of inorganic substances by means of CORAL. Central European Journal Of Chemistry 9:75-85. 2011 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Witt, V; Wild, C; Anthony, KRN; Diaz-Pulido, G; Uthicke, S. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on microbial community composition of, and oxygen fluxes through, biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology 13:2976-2989. 2011 Australia; Cuba Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Stony Coral
Witt, V; Wild, C; Uthicke, S. 2011. Effect of substrate type on bacterial community composition in biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef. FEMS Microbiology Letters 323:188-195. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate
Zierler, S; Yao, GM; Zhang, Z; Kuo, WC; Porzgen, P; Penner, R; Horgen, FD; Fleig, A. 2011. Waixenicin A Inhibits Cell Proliferation through Magnesium-dependent Block of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Channels. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286:39328-39335. 2011 Octocoral
2010. MS4 Permit Improvement Guide. 833-R-10-001, US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 2010 Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Schools & Colleges; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Blaustein< R. J. 2010. High-seas biodiversity and genetic resources: science and policy questions. Bioscience 60:408-413. 2010 Global Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
de Castro, A. P., S. D. Araujo, A. M. M. Reis, R. L. Moura, R. B. Francini, G. Pappas, T. B. Rodrigues, F. L. Thompson, and R. H. Kruger. 2010. Bacterial Community Associated with Healthy and Diseased Reef Coral Mussismilia hispida from Eastern Brazil. Microbial Ecology 59:658-667. 2010 Pathogens
Galaz, V., B. Crona, T. Daw, O. Bodin, M. Nystrom, and P. Olsson. 2010. Can web crawlers revolutionize ecological monitoring? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:99-104. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Internet & Telecommunications
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and A. Rodriguez-Ramirez. 2010. SIMAC: Development and implementation of a coral reef monitoring network in Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:67-80. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Octocoral; Pathogens; Salinity
Gupta, R. K. and J. Mukherjee. 2010. EFFICIENT HIGH GAIN WITH LOW SIDELOBE LEVEL ANTENNA STRUCTURES USING CIRCULAR ARRAY OF SQUARE PARASITIC PATCHES ON A SUPERSTRATE LAYER. Microwave And Optical Technology Letters 52:2812-2817. 2010
Hunt, M. E., M. P. Scherrer, F. D. Ferrari, and M. V. Matz. 2010. Very Bright Green Fluorescent Proteins from the Pontellid Copepod Pontella mimocerami. PLoS One 5:e11517. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biomedical Research Policies; Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Jensen, S., S. Duperron, N. K. Birkeland, and M. Hovland. 2010. Intracellular Oceanospirillales bacteria inhabit gills of Acesta bivalves. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74:523-533. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Bivalves; Finfish Harvest
Kamke, J., M. W. Taylor, and S. Schmitt. 2010. Activity profiles for marine sponge-associated bacteria obtained by 16S rRNA vs 16S rRNA gene comparisons. ISME Journal 4:498-508. 2010 Microorganisms; Sponges
Lins-de-Barros, M. M., R. P. Vieira, A. M. Cardoso, V. A. Monteiro, A. S. Turque, C. B. Silveira, R. M. Albano, M. M. Clementino, and O. B. Martins. 2010. Archaea, Bacteria, and Algal Plastids Associated with the Reef-Building Corals Siderastrea stellata and Mussismilia hispida from BA(0)zios, South Atlantic Ocean, Brazil. Microbial Ecology 59:523-532. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Cyanobacteria; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Lopez-Legentil, S., P. M. Erwin, J. R. Pawlik, and B. Song. 2010. Effects of Sponge Bleaching on Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea: Distribution and Relative Expression of Ammonia Monooxygenase Genes Associated with the Barrel Sponge Xestospongia muta. Microbial Ecology 60:561-571. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Luter, H. M., S. Whalan, and N. S. Webster. 2010. Exploring the Role of Microorganisms in the Disease-Like Syndrome Affecting the Sponge Ianthella basta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:5736-5744. 2010 Australia Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sponges
Mohamed, N. M., K. Saito, Y. Tal, and R. T. Hill. 2010. Diversity of aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in marine sponges. ISME Journal 4:38-48. 2010 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sponges
Murdock, S., H. Johnson, N. Forget, and S. K. Juniper. 2010. Composition and diversity of microbial mats at shallow hydrothermal vents on Volcano 1, South Tonga Arc. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 51:407-412. 2010 Tonga Discharges
Oren, M., K. O. Amar, J. Douek, T. Rosenzweig, G. Paz, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Assembled catalog of immune-related genes from allogeneic challenged corals that unveils the participation of vWF-like transcript. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 34:630-637. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Stony Coral
Pangle, K. L., S. A. Ludsin, and B. J. Fryer. 2010. Otolith microchemistry as a stock identification tool for freshwater fishes: testing its limits in Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67:1475-1489. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rahul, P. R. C., P. S. Salvekar, B. K. Sahu, S. Nayak, and T. S. Kumar. 2010. Role of a Cyclonic Eddy in the 7000-Year-Old Mentawai Coral Reef Death During the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Event. Ieee Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters 7:296-300. 2010 Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Model Climate; Plankton; Stony Coral
Samways, M. J., C. S. Bazelet, and J. S. Pryke. 2010. Provision of ecosystem services by large scale corridors and ecological networks. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2949-2962. 2010 South Africa Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Scientific Research
Sato, Y., B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2010. Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida. ISME Journal 4:203-214. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Siboni, N., D. Rasoulouniriana, E. Ben-Dov, E. Kramarsky-Winter, A. Sivan, Y. Loya, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and A. Kushmaro. 2010. Stramenopile Microorganisms Associated with the Massive Coral Favia sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 57:236-244. 2010 Australia Microorganisms; Stony Coral
Starcevic, A., W. C. Dunlap, J. Cullum, J. M. Shick, D. Hranueli, and P. F. Long. 2010. Gene Expression in the Scleractinian Acropora microphthalma Exposed to High Solar Irradiance Reveals Elements of Photoprotection and Coral Bleaching. PLoS One 5:e13975. 2010 Algae; Light; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use
Thornhill, D. J., D. W. Kemp, E. M. Sampayo, and G. W. Schmidt. 2010. Comparative analyses of amplicon migration behavior in differing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) systems. Coral Reefs 29:83-91. 2010 Model Microorganisms
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2010. Coral reef local action strategies. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2010 Florida Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
2009. Special issue featuring: ocean acidification - from ecological impacts to policy opportunities. Current 25:1-45. 2009 Global Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research
Apprill, A., H. Q. Marlow, M. Q. Martindale, and M. S. Rappe. 2009. The onset of microbial associations in the coral Pocillopora meandrina. ISME Journal 2009 Microorganisms; Stony Coral
Arotsker, L., N. Siboni, E. Ben-Dov, E. Kramarsky-Winter, Y. Loya, and A. Kushmaro. 2009. Vibrio sp as a potentially important member of the Black Band Disease (BBD) consortium in Favia sp corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 70:515-524. 2009 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Microorganisms; Pathogens
Brock, J. C. and S. J. Purkis. 2009. The Emerging Role of Lidar Remote Sensing in Coastal Research and Resource Management. Journal of Coastal Research 25:1-5. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Church, R. A., D. J. Warren, and J. B. Irion. 2009. Analysis of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico: Artificial Reef Effect of Six World War II Shipwrecks. Oceanography 22:50-63. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Invertebrates; Marine Vertebrates; Schools & Colleges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ding, S. X., H. S. Zeng, Y. Wang, Y. Pan, and X. F. Shi. 2009. Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the leopard coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus Lacepede). Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1485-1487. 2009 Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Garren, M., L. Raymundo, J. Guest, C. D. Harvell, and F. Azam. 2009. Resilience of Coral-Associated Bacterial Communities Exposed to Fish Farm Effluent. PLoS One 4:e7319. 2009 Philippines Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Gilbert, J. A., S. Thomas, N. A. Cooley, A. Kulakova, D. Field, T. Booth, J. W. McGrath, J. P. Quinn, and I. Joint. 2009. Potential for phosphonoacetate utilization by marine bacteria in temperate coastal waters. Environmental Microbiology 11:111-125. 2009 Lab Study Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton
Hoffmann, F., R. Radax, D. Woebken, M. Holtappels, G. Lavik, H. T. Rapp, M. L. Schlappy, C. Schleper, and M. M. M. Kuypers. 2009. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environmental Microbiology 11:2228-2243. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges
Ionescu, D., S. Penno, M. Haimovich, B. Rihtman, A. Goodwin, D. Schwartz, L. Hazanov, M. Chernihovsky, A. F. Post, and A. Oren. 2009. Archaea in the Gulf of Aqaba. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 69:425-438. 2009 CO2; Fish
Kellogg, C. A., J. T. Lisle, and J. P. Galkiewicz. 2009. Culture-independent characterization of bacterial communities associated with the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:2294-2303. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Nutrients
Lee, O. O., P. Y. Chui, Y. H. Wong, J. R. Pawlik, and P. Y. Qian. 2009. Evidence for Vertical Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts from Adult to Embryo in the Caribbean Sponge Svenzea zeai. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:6147-6156. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Sponges
Littman, R. A., B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Bacterial communities of juvenile corals infected with different Symbiodinium (dinoflagellate) clades. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:45-59. 2009 Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Littman, R. A., B. L. Willis, C. Pfeffer, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Diversities of coral-associated bacteria differ with location, but not species, for three acroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:152-163. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Martin-Smith, K. 2009. A Risk-Management Framework For Avoiding Significant Adverse Impacts Of Bottom Fishing Gear On Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Ccamlr Science 16:177-193. 2009 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Parker, B. A., T. R. L. Christensen, S. F. Heron, J. A. Morgan, and C. M. Eakin. 2009. A Classroom Activity Using Satellite Sea Surface Temperatures to Predict Coral Bleaching. Oceanography 22:252-257. 2009 Schools & Colleges
Peplow, L. M., M. J. Kingsford, J. E. Seymour, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2009. Eight microsatellite loci for the Irukandji syndrome-causing carybdeid jellyfish, Carukia barnesi (Cubozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Ecology Resources 9:670-672. 2009 Australia
Raina, J.-B., D. Tapiolas, B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Coral-associated bacteria and their role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:3492-3501. 2009 Climate; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Reis, A. M. M., S. D. Araujo Jr, R. L. Moura, R. B. Francini-Filho, G. Pappas Jr, A. M. A. Coelho, R. H. Kruger, and F. L. Thompson. 2009. Bacterial diversity associated with the Brazilian endemic reef coral Mussismilia braziliensis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106:1378-1387. 2009 Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Roseman, E. F., J. S. Schaeffer, and P. J. Steen. 2009. Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 12:22-Nov. 2009 Review Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Remediation; Schools & Colleges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rusch, A., A. K. Hannides, and E. Gaidos. 2009. Diverse communities of active Bacteria and Archaea along oxygen gradients in coral reef sediments. Coral Reefs 28:15-26. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Nutrients; Sediment
Sabourault, C., P. Ganot, E. Deleury, D. Allemand, and P. Furla. 2009. Comprehensive EST analysis of the symbiotic sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. BMC Genomics 10:333. 2009 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Siboni, N., S. Martinez, A. Abelson, A. Sivan, and A. Kushmaro. 2009. Conditioning film and initial biofilm formation on electrochemical CaCO3 deposition on a metallic net in the marine environment. Biofouling 25:675-683. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Cyanobacteria; Invertebrates
Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-Based Identifications for the Ornamental Fish Trade. PLoS One 4:e6300. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Special Use Permitting
Stokes, M. D. and G. B. Deane. 2009. Automated processing of coral reef benthic images. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 7:157-168. 2009 GIS & Maps Substrate
Sunagawa, S., E. C. Wilson, M. Thaler, M. L. Smith, C. Caruso, J. R. Pringle, V. M. Weis, M. Medina, and J. A. Schwarz. 2009. Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. BMC Genomics 10:258. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Sunagawa, S., M. K. DeSalvo, C. R. Voolstra, A. Reyes-Bermudez, and M. Medina. 2009. Identification and gene expression analysis of a taxonomically restricted cysteine-rich protein family in reef-building corals. PLoS One 4. 2009 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Stony Coral
Sunagawa, S., T. Z. DeSantis, Y. M. Piceno, E. L. Brodie, M. K. DeSalvo, C. R. Voolstra, E. Weil, G. L. Andersen, and M. Medina. 2009. Bacterial diversity and White Plague Disease-associated community changes in the Caribbean coral Montastraea faveolata. ISME Journal 1751-7370. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Truscan, D., T. Lundkvist, M. Alanen, K. Sandstrom, I. Porres, and J. Lilius. 2009. MDE for SoC design. Pages 49-64 in Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering. 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Underwood, J. N. 2009. Characterisation of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci in a coral reef fish (Chromis margaritifer). Conservation Genetics Resources 1:491-493. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Voolstra, C. R., S. Sunagawa, J. A. Schwarz, M. A. Coffroth, D. Yellowlees, W. Leggat, and M. Medina. 2009. Evolutionary analysis of orthologous cDNA sequences from cultured and symbiotic dinoflagellate symbionts of reef-building corals (Dinophyceae: Symbiodinium). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 4:67-74. 2009 Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Wang, G. Y., S. H. Yoon, and E. Lefait. 2009. Microbial communities associated with the invasive Hawaiian sponge Mycale armata. ISME Journal 3:374-377. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Cyanobacteria; Sponges
Ward, R. D., R. Hanner, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL. Journal of Fish Biology 74:329-356. 2009 Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
Wasmund, K., D. I. Kurtboke, K. A. Burns, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Microbial diversity in sediments associated with a shallow methane seep in the tropical Timor Sea of Australia reveals a novel aerobic methanotroph diversity. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:142-151. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Sediment
Yakimov, M. M., V. L. Cono, and R. Denaro. 2009. A first insight into the occurrence and expression of functional amoA and accA genes of autotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing bathypelagic Crenarchaeota of Tyrrhenian Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:748-754. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Microorganisms; Sediment
Ai, H.-W., S. G. Olenych, P. Wong, M. W. Davidson, and R. E. Campbell. 2008. Hue-shifted monomeric variants of Clavularia cyan fluorescent protein: Identification of the molecular determinants of color and applications in fluorescence imaging. BMC Biology 6. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Armstrong, C. W. and S. van den Hove. 2008. The formation of policy for protection of cold-water coral off the coast of Norway. Marine Policy 32:66-73. 2008 Norway Oil & Gas Industry
Barbour, M. T., N. L. Poff, R. H. Norris, and J. D. Allan. 2008. Perspective: communicating our science to influence public policy. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27:562-569. 2008 Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Bourne, D., Y. Iida, S. Uthicke, and C. Smith-Keune. 2008. Changes in coral-associated microbial communities during a bleaching event. ISME Journal 2:350-363. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Brock, J. C., M. Palaseanu-Lovejoy, C. W. Wright, and A. Nayegandhi. 2008. Patch-reef morphology as a proxy for Holocene sea-level variability, Northern Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 27:555-568. 2008 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Water Depth & Sea Level
Buddemeier, R. W., P. L. Jokiel, K. M. Zimmerman, D. R. Lane, J. M. Carey, G. C. Bohling, and J. A. Martinich. 2008. A modeling tool to evaluate regional coral reef responses to changes in climate and ocean chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6:395-411. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; CO2
Chiou, C.-Y., I.-P. Chen, C. Chen, H.J.-L. Wu, N. V. Wei, C. C. Wallace, and C. A. Chen. 2008. Analysis of Acropora muricata calmodulin (CaM) indicates that scleractinian corals possess the ancestral exon/intron organization of the eumetazoan CaM gene. Journal of Molecular Evolution 66:317-324. 2008 Stony Coral
Clemencic, M. 2008. LHCb distributed conditions database. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Crabbe, J.C. 2008. Climate change, global warming and coral reefs: Modelling the effects of temperature. Computational Biology and Chemistry 2008 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Internet & Telecommunications; Stony Coral
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2008. 'Loved to death': Coral collecting in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1770-1970. Environment and History 14:89-119. 2008 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
D'Entremont, A., J. Kaariainen, and K. Baker. 2008. SERPENT of the Deep - Research, monitoring and partnerships for a deepwater well off atlantic canada. Pages 1493-1500 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Schools & Colleges; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Finkl, C. W., J. E. Becerra, V. Achatz, and J. L. Andrews. 2008. Geomorphological mapping along the upper southeast Florida Atlantic continental platform; I: Mapping units, symbolization and geographic information system presentation of interpreted seafloor topography. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1388-1417. 2008 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Garren, M., S. Smriga, and F. Azam. 2008. Gradients of coastal fish farm effluents and their effect on coral reef microbes. Environmental Microbiology 10:2299-2312. 2008 Philippines Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Jensen, S., J. D. Neufeld, N.-K. Birkeland, M. Hovland, and J. C. Murrell. 2008. Insight into the microbial community structure of a Norwegian deep-water coral reef environment. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55:1554-1563. 2008 Australia; Norway Plankton; Sediment; Sponges
Jimenez-Badillo, L. 2008. Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:19-26. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Schools & Colleges; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Koren, O. and E. Rosenberg. 2008. Bacteria associated with the bleached and cave coral Oculina patagonica. Microbial Ecology 55:523-529. 2008 Australia Microorganisms; Pathogens; Zooxanthellae
Lampert, Y., D. Kelman, Y. Nitzan, Z. Dubinsky, A. Behar, and R. T. Hill. 2008. Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with the mucus of Red Sea corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64:187-198. 2008 Europe Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Substrate
Li, Y., A. M. Sierra, H.-W. Ai, and R. E. Campbell. 2008. Identification of sites within a monomeric red fluorescent protein that tolerate peptide insertion and testing of corresponding circular permutations. Photochemistry and Photobiology 84:111-119. 2008
Lippmann, J. 2008. Review of scuba diving fatalities and decompression illness in Australia. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 38:71-78. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Internet & Telecommunications; Tourism & Recreation
Miller, C. G. and M. Lowe. 2008. The Natural History Museum Blaschka collections. Historical Biology 20:51-62. 2008 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Octopus & Squid
Padove Cohen, S. A., H. Hatt, J. Kubanek, and N. A. McCarty. 2008. Reconstitution of a chemical defense signaling pathway in a heterologous system. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:599-605. 2008 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fish; Sponges
Payne, M. S., L. Hoj, M. Wietz, M. R. Hall, L. Sly, and D. G. Bourne. 2008. Microbial diversity of mid-stage Palinurid phyllosoma from Great Barrier Reef waters. Journal of Applied Microbiology 105:340-350. 2008 Australia Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pathogens
Pyle, R. L., J. L. Earle, and B. D. Greene. 2008. Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific. Zootaxa 31-Mar. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Vanuatu; Fiji Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Small Herbivorous Fish
Reynaud, Y., D. Saulnier, D. Mazel, C. Goarant, and F. Le Roux. 2008. Correlation between detection of a plasmid and high-level virulence of Vibrio nigripulchritudo, a pathogen of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74:3038-3047. 2008 New Caledonia Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pathogens
Schwarz, J. A., P. B. Brokstein, C. Voolstra, A. Y. Terry, D. J. Miller, A. M. Szmant, M. A. Coffroth, and M. Medina. 2008. Coral life history and symbiosis: functional genomic resources for two reef building Caribbean corals, Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata. BMC Genomics 9:97. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Sekar, R., L. T. Kaczmarsky, and L. L. Richardson. 2008. Microbial community composition of black band disease on the coral host Siderastrea siderea from three regions of the wider Caribbean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:85-98. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Speed, C. W., M. G. Meekan, D. Rowat, S. J. Pierce, A. D. Marshall, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2008. Scarring patterns and relative mortality rates of Indian Ocean whale sharks. Journal of Fish Biology 72:1488-1503. 2008 Australia; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Seychelles; India Apex Fish Predators; Boating Regulations
Waddell, J. E. and A. M. Clarke, editors. 2008. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOS NCCOS 73, NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment�s Biogeography Team, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Internet & Telecommunications
Webster, N. S., R. E. Cobb, and A. P. Negri. 2008. Temperature thresholds for bacterial symbiosis with a sponge. ISME Journal 2:830-842. 2008 Climate; Pathogens; Sponges
Apprill, A. M. and R. D. Gates. 2007. Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities: Fast-track article. Molecular Ecology 16:1127-1134. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Climate; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bradshaw, C. J. A., H. F. Mollet, and M. G. Meekan. 2007. Inferring population trends for the world's largest fish from mark-recapture estimates of survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 76:480-489. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
deBoer, M. L., D. A. Krupp, and V. M. Weis. 2007. Proteomic and transcriptional analyses of coral larvae newly engaged in symbiosis with dinoflagellates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 2:63-73. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Stony Coral
Diez, B., K. Bauer, and B. Bergman. 2007. Epilithic cyanobacterial communities of a marine tropical beach rock (Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef): Diversity and diazotrophy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:3656-3668. 2007 Australia Cyanobacteria; Nutrients
Edwards, A., and E. Gomez. 2007. Reef Restoration Concepts and Guidelines: making sensible management choices in the face of uncertainty. CRTR 001/2007, Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Programme, St Lucia, Austrailia. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Scientific Research; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2007. Classification of benthic composition in a coral reef environment using spectral unmixing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Substrate
Hewson, I., P. H. Moisander, A. E. Morrison, and J. P. Zehr. 2007. Diazotrophic bacterioplankton in a coral reef lagoon: Phylogeny, diel nitrogenase expression and response to phosphate enrichment. ISME Journal 1:78-91. 2007 Australia; Cuba Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment
Hirayama, H., M. Sunamura, K. Takai, T. Nunoura, T. Noguchi, H. Oida, Y. Furushima, H. Yamamoto, T. Oomori, and K. Horikoshi. 2007. Culture-dependent and -independent characterization of microbial communities associated with a shallow submarine hydrothermal system occurring within a coral reef off Taketomi Island, Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:7642-7656. 2007 Japan Microorganisms; Primary Production
Hoover, C. A., M. Slattery, and A. G. Marsh. 2007. Gene expression profiling of two related soft corals, Sinularia polydactyla and S. maxima, and their putative hybrid at different life-history stages. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 2:135-143. 2007 Guam Complex Habitat & Resources; Octocoral
Hoover, C. A., M. Slattery, and A. G. Marsh. 2007. Profiling transcriptome complexity and secondary metabolite synthesis in a benthic soft coral, Sinularia polydactyla. Marine Biotechnology 9:166-178. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Octocoral
Hwang, S. 2007. Page 111 in SEVENTH CARIBBEAN ISLANDS WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS. St. Croix, USVI. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Drinking Water Supply; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Kapley, A., S. Siddiqui, K. Misra, S. M. Ahmad, and H. J. Purohit. 2007. Preliminary analysis of bacterial diversity associated with the Porites coral from the Arabian sea. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23:923-930. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Klaus, J. S., I. Janse, J. M. Heikoop, R. A. Sanford, and B. W. Fouke. 2007. Coral microbial communities, zooxanthellae and mucus along gradients of seawater depth and coastal pollution. Environmental Microbiology 9:1291-1305. 2007 Antilles Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Waterborne Discharges; Zooxanthellae
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Kutser, T., E. Vahtmae, C. M. Roelfsema, and L. Metsamaa. 2007. Photo-library method for mapping seagrass biomass. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 75:559-563. 2007 Palau Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seagrasses; Substrate
Leggat, W., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, S. Dove, and D. Yellowlees. 2007. Analysis of an EST library from the dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium sp.) symbiont of reef-building corals. Journal of Phycology 43:1010-1021. 2007 Global Climate; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Longford, S. R., N. A. Tujula, G. R. Crocetti, A. J. Holmes, C. Holmstrom, S. Kjelleberg, P. D. Steinberg, and M. W. Taylor. 2007. Comparisons of diversity of bacterial communities associated with three sessile marine eukaryotes. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 48:217-229. 2007 Australia Algae; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Plankton; Sponges
Merritt, R. 2007. MPAA's top cop quits, hopes to land corporate gig. Electronic Engineering Times 1469:36-38. 2007 Europe Corporate Responses; Internet & Telecommunications
Moravchik, B. 2007. Comprehensive online tools for classroom teachers on coral reef ecosystems. Earth System Monitor 15:6. 2007 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications; Schools & Colleges
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Pimentel, J. C. L., R. Monroy, and D. Hutter. 2007. A Method for Patching Interleaving-Replay Attacks in Faulty Security Protocols. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 174:117-130. 2007 Europe; Germany; Norway Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Reach Networks Hong Kong Ltd. 2007. Project Profile: Asia-America Gateway (AAG) Cable Network, South Lantau. Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; India; Taiwan; Europe Review Internet & Telecommunications
Thiessen, R. J. and D. D. Heath. 2007. Characterization of one trinucleotide and six dinucleotide microsatellite markers in bicolor damselfish, Stegastes partitus, a common coral reef fish: Seven novel microsatellites in Stegastes partitus. Conservation Genetics 8:983-985. 2007 Small Herbivorous Fish
United Nations (UN). 2007. An update on marine genetic resources: scientific research, commercial uses and a database on marine bioprospecting. United Nations informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, New York. 2007 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Uthicke, S. and K. McGuire. 2007. Bacterial communities in Great Barrier Reef calcareous sediments: Contrasting 16S rDNA libraries from nearshore and outer shelf reefs. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:188-200. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Cyanobacteria; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Webster, N. S. and D. Bourne. 2007. Bacterial community structure associated with the Antarctic soft coral, Alcyonium antarcticum. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59:81-94. 2007 Europe Fish; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Sponges
Xu, D.-X. and G.-X. Zhang. 2007. Impact of human activities on coastal wetlands in China. Wetland Science 5:282-298. 2007 China Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 2006. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Genetically Engineered Probes for Biomedical Applications. in Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biotechnology Research & Development; Internet & Telecommunications
2006. Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States: Research Priorities for a Maritime Nation. NSTC Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology. 2006 Global Climate; Scientific Research
Ai, H.-W., J. N. Henderson, S. J. Remington, and R. E. Campbell. 2006. Directed evolution of a monomeric, bright and photostable version of Clavularia cyan fluorescent protein: Structural characterization and applications in fluorescence imaging. Biochemical Journal 400:531-540. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Stony Coral
Baco, A. R., A. M. Clark, and T. M. Shank. 2006. Six microsatellite loci from the deep-sea coral Corallium lauuense (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the islands and seamounts of the Hawaiian archipelago. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:147-149. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing Sector; Octocoral
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, I. B. Kuffner, R. Hernandez, and P. Thompson. 2006. Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract. Remote Sensing of Environment 104:31-42. 2006 Florida Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2006. Mining the reefs and cays: Coral, guano and rock phosphate extraction in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1844-1940. Environment and History 12:395-433. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining Policies; Scientific Research
Deronde, B., S. Sterckx, L. Bertels, E. Knaeps, and P. Kempeneers. 2006. Imaging spectroscopy and integrated coastal zone management: A promising marriage. Pages 327-339 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Garrison, V. H., W. T. Foreman, S. Genualdi, D. W. Griffin, C. A. Kellogg, M. S. Majewski, A. Mohammed, A. Ramsubhag, E. A. Shinn, S. L. Simonich, and G. W. Smith. 2006. Saharan dust - A carrier of persistent organic pollutants, metals and microbes to the Caribbean? Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:21-Sep. 2006 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Schools & Colleges
Han, Q., X. Huang, P. Shi, and Q. Zhang. 2006. Coastal wetland in South China: Degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:121-128. 2006 China Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Wetlands
Koren, O. and E. Rosenberg. 2006. Bacteria associated with mucus and tissues of the coral Oculina patagonica in summer and winter. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72:5254-5259. 2006
Kutser, T. and D. L. B. Jupp. 2006. On the possibility of mapping living corals to the species level based on their optical signatures. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 69:607-614. 2006 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Stony Coral
Kutser, T., I. Miller, and D. L. B. Jupp. 2006. Mapping coral reef benthic substrates using hyperspectral space-borne images and spectral libraries. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 70:449-460. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lam, K., P. K. S. Shin, R. Bradbeer, D. Randall, K. K. K. Ku, P. Hodgson, and S. G. Cheung. 2006. A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 333:115-128. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Larson, S. and A. Smajgl. 2006. Conceptual framework for the water use benefit index in the Great Barrier Reef region. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 1:157-169. 2006 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Piel, J. 2006. Combinatorial biosynthesis in symbiotic bacteria. Nature Chemical Biology 2:661-662. 2006 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms
Reynolds, P., J. L. Wiener, J. C. Mogul, M. K. Aguilera, and A. Vahdat. 2006. WAP5: Black-box performance debugging for wide-area systems. Pages 347-356 in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring
Sawant, S., D. Youssef, A. Mayer, P. Sylvester, V. Wali, M. Arant, and K. El Sayed. 2006. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory sulfur-containing semisynthetic derivatives of sarcophine. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54:1119-1123. 2006 Japan Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Sekar, R., D. K. Mills, E. R. Remily, J. D. Voss, and L. L. Richardson. 2006. Microbial communities in the surface mucopolysaccharide layer and the black band microbial mat of black band-diseased Siderastrea siderea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72:5963-5973. 2006 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Tae, K. K. and J. A. Fuerst. 2006. Diversity of polyketide synthase genes from bacteria associated with the marine sponge Pseudoceratina clavata: Culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Environmental Microbiology 8:1460-1470. 2006 Australia Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Underwood, J. N., P. B. Souter, E. R. Ballment, A. H. Lutz, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2006. Development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers from herbicide-bleached tissues of the brooding pocilloporid coral Seriatopora hystrix. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:176-178. 2006 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Yakimov, M. M., S. Cappello, E. Crisafi, A. Tursi, A. Savini, C. Corselli, S. Scarfi, and L. Giuliano. 2006. Phylogenetic survey of metabolically active microbial communities associated with the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa from the Apulian plateau, Central Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 53:62-75. 2006 Microorganisms; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Yu, Y., M. Breitbart, P. McNairnie, and F. Rohwer. 2006. FastGroupII: A web-based bioinformatics platform for analyses of large 16S rDNA libraries. BMC Bioinformatics 7. 2006 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Microorganisms; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Yum, S. 2006. Ubiquitin expression in soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) exposed to environmental stresses. Korean Journal of Genetics 28:149-156. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 2005. Giovanni. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86:314. 2005 Panama Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Armstrong, H. G. 2005. Environmental education in Tobago's primary schools: A case study of coral reef education. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:229-238. 2005 Trinidad; Tobago Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges
Barton, A. D. and K. S. Casey. 2005. Climatological context for large-scale coral bleaching. Coral Reefs 24:536-554. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Maldives; Caribbean GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Bodnar, J. L. 2005. The information technology of SHIELDS - NOAA'S Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System. Pages 11312-11316 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications; Petroleum Spills
Bourne, D. G. 2005. Microbiological assessment of a disease outbreak on corals from Magnetic Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Coral Reefs 24:304-312. 2005 Australia Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Bourne, D. G. and C. B. Munn. 2005. Diversity of bacteria associated with the coral Pocillopora damicornis from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology 7:1162-1174. 2005 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Pathogens; Stony Coral
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. First part. Geomorphology [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Premiere partie. Geomorphologie]. Oceanis 31:Jan-90. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Forsman, R. B. 2005. Life and death on the coral reef: An ecological perspective on scholarly publishing in the health sciences. Pages 15-Jul in Journal of the Medical Library Association. 2005 Model
Genthner, F. J., J. B. James, D. F. Yates, and S. D. Friedman. 2005. Use of composite data sets for source-tracking enterococci in the water column and shoreline interstitial waters on Pensacola Beach, Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:724-732. 2005 Florida Index or Indicator Microorganisms
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Koehn, F. E. and G. T. Carter. 2005. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 4:206-220. 2005 Review Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Lang, M. A. 2005. The USA scientific diving medical and safety experience. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 35:154-161. 2005 Global; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Liu, S.-Y.V., C.-F. Dai, T.-Y. Fan, and H.-T. Yu. 2005. Cloning and characterization of microsatellite loci in a gorgonian coral, Junceella juncea (Anthozoa; Octocorallia; Ellisellidae) and its application in clonal genotyping. Marine Biotechnology 7:26-32. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Octocoral
Roberts, M. and S. Gass. 2005. Looking for Lophelia. Planet Earth 26-27. 2005 Lab Study Anemones & Zooanthids; Internet & Telecommunications; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Rohmann, S. and M. Monaco, editors. 2005. Mapping Southern Florida�s Shallow-water Coral Ecosystems: An Implementation Plan. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, (Maryland, USA). 2005 Florida GIS & Maps Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Schools & Colleges
Taban, F., E. Acar, I. Fidan, and A. Zora. 2005. Teaching basic engineering concepts in a K-12 environment using LEGO bricks and robotics. Pages 13727-13736 in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Pipelines; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes
Taylor, K. A. and D. Hamilton. 2005. National oceanic & atmospheric administration's coral reef information system: A one-stop source for coral reef data and information. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Sea Temperatures
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Reviewing environmental impact statements for fishery management plans. Office of Federal Activities, Washington DC. 2005 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fishing Sector; Internet & Telecommunications; Special Use Permitting
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. TRIM - Total Risk Integrated Methodology: TRIM.FaTE User's Guide. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2005 Review; Model
Werdell, P. J. and S. W. Bailey. 2005. An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation. Remote Sensing of Environment 98:122-140. 2005 Global Remote Sensing Light; Plankton; Water Depth & Sea Level
Yamaguchi, Y., M. J. Abrams, M. Kato, H. Watanabe, and H. Tsu. 2005. ASTER science outcome and operation status. Pages 5578-5579 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, T. D. Clayton, and A. Nayegandhi. 2004. LIDAR optical rugosity of coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, Florida. Coral Reefs 23:48-59. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate
Brock, R. J. and B. F. Culhane. 2004. The no-take research natural area of Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida): Wishful thinking or responsible planning? Pages 67-74 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Claudet, J. and D. Pelletier. 2004. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquatic Living Resource 17:129-138. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Frias-Lopez, J., J. S. Klaus, G. T. Bonheyo, and B. W. Fouke. 2004. Bacterial community associated with black band disease in corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70:5955-5962. 2004 Cyanobacteria; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Karpouzli, E., T. J. Malthus, and C. J. Place. 2004. Hyperspectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities in the western Caribbean. Coral Reefs 23:141-151. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Remote Sensing Algae; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Sediment
Kuo, J., M.-C. Chen, C.-H. Lin, and L.-S. Fang. 2004. Comparative gene expression in the symbiotic and aposymbiotic Aiptasia pulchella by expressed sequence tag analysis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 318:176-186. 2004 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Zooxanthellae
Molinski, T. F. 2004. Antifungal compounds from marine organisms. Current Medicinal Chemistry: Anti-Infective Agents 3:197-220. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review Invertebrates; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Mumby, P. J., W. Skirving, A. E. Strong, J. T. Hardy, E. F. LeDrew, E. J. Hochberg, R. P. Stumpg, and L. T. David. 2004. Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:219-228. 2004 Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Internet & Telecommunications; Light
Poloczanska, E. S., D. J. Hughes, and M. T. Burrows. 2004. Underwater television observations of Serpula vermicularis (L.) reefs and associated mobile fauna in Loch Creran, Scotland. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 61:425-435. 2004 Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Planktivorous Fish
Sultzman, C. and D. DA N Meyer. 2004. State impact on coral reefs. Environmental Engineering 17:45-48. 2004 Florida Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications
Conruyt, N. and D. Grosser. 2003. Knowledge engineering in environmental sciences with IKBS. Pages 267-278 in AI Communications. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Internet & Telecommunications
Ferraris, J. and P. Cayre. 2003. The reef fisheries of the South Pacific: Intuitive management versus an ecosystem management [Les pecheries recifales dans le Pacifique sud: D'une gestion intuitive vers une gestion ecosystemique raisonnee]. Oceanis 29:397-414. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Ganesan, S., J. Felo, M. Saldana, V. F. Kalasinsky, M. R. Lewin-Smith, and J. F. Tomashefski Jr. 2003. Embolized crospovidone (poly[N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone]) in the lungs of intravenous drug users. Modern Pathology 16:286-292. 2003 Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Hamann, M. T. 2003. Enhancing marine natural product structural diversity and bioactivity through semisynthesis and biocatalysis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 9:879-889. 2003 Review Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Karpouzli, E. and T. Malthus. 2003. Hyperspectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities. Pages 2377-2379 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2003 Remote Sensing
Kutser, T., A. G. Dekker, and W. Skirving. 2003. Modeling spectral discrimination of Great Barrier Reef benthic communities by remote sensing instruments. Limnology and Oceanography 48:497-510. 2003 Australia Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Legros, E. J. 2003. Exploration-Production. The day when peak production will come... [Exploration-Production. Le jour où le pic viendra...]. Pages 57-59 in Petrole et Gaz Informations. 2003 Global; Middle East; Saudi Arabia; Iran; Oman; Europe Schools & Colleges
Liu, G., W. Skirving, and A. E. Strong. 2003. Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Global Climate
Louchard, E. M., R. P. Reid, F. C. Stephens, C. O. Davis, R. A. Leathers, and T. V. Downes. 2003. Optical remote sensing of benthic habitats and bathymetry in coastal environments at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: A comparative spectral classification approach. Limnology and Oceanography 48:511-521. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Light; Seagrasses; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mahler, S. M., D. Y. Chin, and D. D. Van Dyk. 2003. The application of emerging technologies in genomics and proteomics to drug development. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 33:11-Jul. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Torres, A. 2003. Explorer cousteau to add an ocean perspective to WEFTEC.03. Water Environment and Technology 15:84-86. 2003 Schools & Colleges; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 2002. World's largest fuel cell installation at Verizon switching center. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2002:4-Mar. 2002 Internet & Telecommunications
Bohnsack, J. A., A. Y. Cantillo, and M. J. Bello (eds.). 2002. Resource Survey of Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary 1983. NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral
Cooney, R. P., O. Pantos, M. D. A. Le Tissier, M. R. Barer, A. G. O'Donnell, and J. C. Bythell. 2002. Characterization of the bacterial consortium associated with black band disease in coral using molecular microbiological techniques. Environmental Microbiology 4:401-413. 2002 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Frias-Lopez, J., A. L. Zerkle, G. T. Bonheyo, and B. W. Fouke. 2002. Partitioning of bacterial communities between seawater and healthy, black band diseased, and dead coral surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68:2214-2228. 2002 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Microorganisms; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2002. Hyperspectral image calibration in a coral reef environment: An empirical approach. Pages 243-245 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Kutser, T., A. Dekker, and W. Skirving. 2002. Detecting coral reef substrate types by airborne and space borne hyperspectral sensors. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4544:93-102. 2002 Australia Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Kvernevik, T.-I., M. Zambri Mohd Akhir, and J. Studholme. 2002. A low-cost procedure for automatic seafloor mapping, with particular reference to coral reef conservation in developing nations. Hydrobiologia 474:67-79. 2002 Malaysia GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
Le Goff, M. C. and A. D. Rogers. 2002. Characterization of 10 microsatellite loci for the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758). Molecular Ecology Notes 2:164-166. 2002 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Stony Coral
CARICOMP. 2001. Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP); a cooperative research and monitoring network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Holden, H. and E. LeDrew. 2001. Hyperspectral discrimination of healthy versus stressed corals using in situ reflectance. Journal of Coastal Research 17:850-858. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Maier, E., R. Tollrian, and B. Nurnberger. 2001. Development of species-specific markers in an organism with endosymbionts: Microsatellites in the scleractinian coral Seriatopora hystrix. Molecular Ecology Notes 1:157-159. 2001 Stony Coral
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Opishinski, T. B., M. L. Spaulding, K. Rutzler, and M. Carpenter. 2001. A real time environmental data monitoring, management and analysis system for the coral reefs off the coast of Belize. Pages 1188-1197 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
Seguritan, V. and F. Rohwer. 2001. FastGroup: A program to dereplicate libraries of 16S rDNA sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 2. 2001 Java Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Microorganisms
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological, LA BO RA TO RY. 2000. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. 2000 Global
Australian Institute of Marine, SC IE NC E. 2000. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Seastars
Coral Reef, AL LI AN CE. 2000. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. 2000 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Dempsey, M. J., W. E. Mathieson, and T. A. Winters. 2000. Learning from Offshore Decommissioning Practices in Europe and the USA. Pages 741-746 in SPE - Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Europe Internet & Telecommunications; Special Use Permitting
Goddard Space Flight, CE NT ER. 2000. Remote sensing of coral reefs. Remote sensing of coral reefs. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Gosmano, J. and D. Pike. 2000. Crowded energy e-trading arena grows with TradeSpark offering. Natural Gas Week 16:2. 2000 Internet & Telecommunications; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Toxics
Hungspreugs, M., W. Utoomprurkporn, and C. Nitithamyong. 2000. The Gulf of Thailand. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 297-308. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; China; Vietnam; Cambodia Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Salinity; Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kalakaua Marine Education, CE NT ER. 2000. Hawaii coral reef network. Hawaii coral reef network. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Collaboration & Partnering
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Bahrain Field Study & Monitoring
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. Biweekly and seasonal degree heating charts for coral bleaching events. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral bleaching hotspots. Coral bleaching hotspots. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
Rao, D. V. S. and F. Al-Yamani. 2000. The Arabian Gulf. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 16-Jan. 2000 Indian Ocean; India Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fish; Invasive Species; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Plankton; Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reef Environmental Education, FO UN DA TI ON. 2000. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Environmental Education & Outreach; Social Organizations
Shook, and B. 2000. Gas, power marketers form group for online trading of energy. Natural Gas Week 16:18-19. 2000 Internet & Telecommunications; Natural Gas & Electric Power
Todorov, J. R., A. Y. Chistoserdov, and J. Y. Aller. 2000. Molecular analysis of microbial communities in mobile deltaic muds of Southeastern Papua New Guinea. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33:147-155. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Papua New Guinea; Europe Sediment
Wilson, A. D. 2000. Catamaran R/V begins new era of marine scientific research. Sea Technology 41:31-33. 2000 Florida; Panama Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research
World Conservation Monitoring, CE NT RE. 2000. Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Forestry; Mangroves
Bruzzone, GA ., R. Bono, M. Caccia, G. Veruggio, C. Ferreira, C. Silvestre, P. Oliveira, and A. Pascoal. 1999. Internet mission control of the ROMEO Unmanned Underwater Vehicle using the CORAL mission controller. Pages 1081-1087 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 Lab Study Internet & Telecommunications
Hawaii Institute of Marine, BI OL OG Y. 1999. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. 1999 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Remote Sensing Light; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Moore, S. W. 1999. Datalogging instrument arrays: Powerful yet inexpensive tools for recording the heterogeneous physical environment of coral reefs. Oceanologica Acta 22:687-698. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Physical Variables
Pfister, R. P. and D. Goulet. 1999. Nonintrusive video technique for in situ sizing of coral reef fishes. Copeia 789-793. 1999 Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. and L. M. Ortiz. 1999. Coral reef education in schools of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:1061-1068. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges
Tom, M., J. Douek, I. Yankelevich, T. C. G. Bosch, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Molecular characterization of the first heat shock protein 70 from a reef coral. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 262:103-108. 1999 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Stony Coral
Miall, A. D. 1998. Canada's distinguished record of sedimentary geology. Geoscience Canada 25:97-114. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Schools & Colleges; Sediment
Nicolaou, K. C., N. Winssinger, D. Vourloumis, T. Ohshima, S. Kim, J. Pfefferkorn, J.-Y. Xu, and T. Li. 1998. Solid and solution phase synthesis and biological evaluation of combinatorial sarcodictyin libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 120:10814-10826. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Oliveira, P., A. Pascoal, V. Silva, and C. Silvestre. 1998. Mission control of the MARIUS autonomous underwater vehicle: System design, implementation and sea trials. International Journal of Systems Science 29:1065-1080. 1998 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Rinkevich, B. and S. Shafir. 1998. Ex situ culture of colonial marine ornamental invertebrates: Concepts for domestication. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:237-250. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Schools & Colleges; Tunicates
Brower, D. L., S. M. Brower, D. C. Hayward, and E. E. Ball. 1997. Molecular evolution of integrins: Genes encoding integrin β subunits from a coral and a sponge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:9182-9187. 1997 Model Sponges
McManus, J. W. 1997. Tropical marine fisheries and the future of coral reefs: A brief review with emphasis on Southeast Asia. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 Global; Southeast Asia Review; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
CPTAS,. 1996. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Katz, M. 1996. The Florida Keys ecosystem monitoring integration project. Earth System Monitor 6:13-Dec. 1996 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Tosteson, J. L. and B. D. Marino. 1996. The Biosphere 2 Global Change Testbed world wide web server: closed system research and education using the Internet. Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space 2:193-197. 1996 Global Lab Study CO2; Internet & Telecommunications
Balon, E. K. 1994. The life and work of Eugenie Clark: devoted to diving and science. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:89-114. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Japan; Caribbean; Mexico Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Sarno, B., C. W. Glass, and G. W. Smith. 1994. Differences in diet and behaviour of sympatric saithe and pollack in a Scottish sea loch. Journal of Fish Biology 45:11-Jan. 1994
Simpson, J. J., J. Bloom, and M. Botta. 1994. The CTD Oceanographic Rendering and Analysis Laboratory (CORAL). Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 11:1638-1655. 1994 Lab Study
Jaccarini, V. and E. Martens. 1992. The ecology of mangrove and related ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Mombasa, Kenya, September 1990. Hydrobiologia 247. 1992 Kenya Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Miller, D. J., J. McMillan, A. Miles, M. Ten Lohuis, and T. Mahony. 1990. Nucleotides sequence of the histone H3-encoding gene from the scleractinian coral Acropora formosa (Cnidaria: Scleratinia). Gene 93:319-320. 1990 Stony Coral
Anon,. 1986. Colloquium On Performance Measurement And Prediction. in IEE Colloquium (Digest). 1986 Model
Kirby-Smith, W. W. and J. Ustach. 1986. Resistance to hurricane disturbance of an epifaunal community on the continental shelf off North Carolina. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 23:433-442. 1986 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Echinoderms; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Scoffin, T. P. and A. W. Tudhope. 1985. Sedimentary environments of the Central Region of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Coral Reefs 4:81-93. 1985 Australia; Cuba Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Harvey, N. 1984. A century of ideas since Darwin: evolution of the Great Barrier Reef. Pages 21-Jan in Proceedings - Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, South Australian Branch (1982). 1984 Australia Scientific Research
Sedberry, G. R. and R. F. Van Dolah. 1984. Demersal fish assemblages associated with hard bottom habitat in the South Atlantic Bight of the U.S.A. Environmental Biology of Fishes 11:241-258. 1984 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Wood Mark, A., W. Miller James, IA N Koblick, and NE IL Monney. 1984. Marine Resources Classroom/Laboratory - Underwater Classroom Of Tomorrow. Pages 535-538 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1984 Lab Study Schools & Colleges
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Goeden, G. B. 1981. A towed instrument package for fisheries research in great barrier reef waters. Fisheries Research 1:35-44. 1981 Australia Fishing Sector; Substrate
El Shareef, A. R. 1980. Studies in the geography of Saudi Arabia ' Farasan Islands'. Journal - College of Arts, University of Riyadh 7:25-Jan. 1980 Saudi Arabia Schools & Colleges
King, P. B. and S. A. Schumm. 1980. The physical geography ( geomorphology) of William Morris Davis. The physical geography ( geomorphology) of William Morris Davis. 1980
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, C. L. and J. C. Tyler. 1973. Direct observations of resource sharing in coral reef fish. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:264-275. 1973 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Colin, P. L. 1972. Daily activity patterns and effects of environmental conditions on the behavior of the yellowhead jawfish, Opistognathus aurifrons with notes on its ecology. ZOOLOGICA 57:137-169. 1972 Bahamas
Myrberg Jr., A. A. 1972. Ethology of the bicolor damselfish, Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): A comparative analysis of laboratory and field behaviour. Animal Behaviour 5. 1972 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Rate functions; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Housing; Small Herbivorous Fish

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Provide Policy Information to the Public Communicate valid and emerging resource concerns to the general public. This can be accomplished through (#106), (#), or (#). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Assess and Evaluate Sanctuary Management Plan Implementation This assessment should be conducted internally by sanctuary staff on an annual basis. It is important to revisit the sanctuaries management plan every year, to consider the progress and effectiveness of activities implemented over the previous year. Monitoring and research can also provide information that was unavailable when the management plan was first written. Performance evaluations should be performed routinely and be based on consistent measures. These evaluations can also be used to populate NMSP Report Cards and other performance requirements. This new knowledge and experience can be integrated into the plan and its implementation, in a type of adaptive management (#275). Accomplishments, changes and targets should all be discerned for the year to come. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Develop and maintain standard operating procedures based on federal, state and agency directives and regulation in order to provide staff and programs with consistent and clear direction. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Science Community Networking It can be advantageous to actively participating in science-related committees, review panels, and other groups that collaborate on science issues relating to coral reefs, resource management, and other topics. This management option ensures that the local sanctuary is considered in regional planning, that there is broad-based recognition of scientific findings concerning the sanctuary, and that sanctuary expertise is shared with partners. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Technical Advisory Committees The technical advisory committee can meet once or twice a year with reef managers to help develop agendas on the design and prioritization of water quality and ecological research and monitoring. This provides managers the opportunity to list research/monitoring priorities to federal, state, and local government entities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Collaboratively Evaluate Management Plan Joint Actions As the NMSP continues to increase the rigor of its self-evaluation, the program would like to increase the frequency with which partners formally join with the local sanctuary in assessing the effectiveness of the joint-management actions. Each quarter, sanctuary staff should facilitate collaborative evaluation of one action plan within the management plan. In result, systematic rotation through the actions plans will be completed every few years. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Interagency Sharing of Information This management option is designed to facilitate coordination among federal, state, and local agencies involved in management. Easier collaboration and sharing of information can often be facilitated by decision tools and information technology. There are several activities that can aid better interagency coordination of maritime heritage resources (MHR). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Internet & Telecommunications; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Promote Interagency Collaboration in Policy Making The administrative office communicates with organizations and agencies involved in resource impacts or regulation to determine potential effects of Sanctuary management interest, to help develop policy statements, and to consult with affected agencies regarding sanctuary related policies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. EPA Retention/Detention. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Conduct a Modeling Workshop Conducting a workshop can be useful to discuss modeling approaches, develop preliminary conceptual models, and define specific information needs for models. There are decision tools to choose from other than traditional models, and many different modeling approached to choose from, making this type of workshop both an outreach effort, and an effort to collaborate. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Mobile Displays Developing mobile displays for conventions (#135)), trade shows (#108), and educational courses is important to communicate information through pre-established educational opportunities. Support for display development can be arranged through grant funding, and design can be accomplished through utilizing volunteer staff. Much of the information for the display can be gathered from less mobile exhibits/signs, and pre-existing brochures/pamphlets. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256.

Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop and Maintain Sanctuary Website Marine sanctuary areas can create a website as an educational tool, providing information regarding new issues, educational resources, volunteer opportunities, and current initiatives such as research, restoration projects, or policy changes. If a website is already in use, it should be maintained and updated with new information, resources, and technologies to enhance effectiveness and visitation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Provide Interpretive Information Targeted information should be provided and interpreted for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. This information may be about available programs/resources, research findings, policy changes, statistics, avoidance techniques, legal/financial consequences etc. This information should be provided specifically for these groups in such a way to best enhance public understanding regarding reef resources. It is important to interpret this information for these user groups, as this will help them convey the often technical information to the public. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop, and Implement New Technologies for Educational Resources New technologies should be researched, developed, and adopted for sanctuary educational materials. They should be evaluated before they are adopted. Sanctuaries must make their educational materials available through technologies that the public is currently using. For example, mobile applications could allow visitors to access relevant information while recreating, where older technologies such as websites would be more difficult to access. Such technologies can also be used as decision tools for the public, tracking their use of reef resources to show the user what impact their total activities may have and opportunities to improve that. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Wayside Exhibits/Signs Creating wayside exhibits is an easy way to inform the public about sanctuary resources, policies, and boundaries. Wayside exhibits can be signs displayed at popular fishing and recreation areas. Coordination and collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies is essential to ensure there is not duplication in efforts, over-signage, and that consistent information is provided. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Dissemination of Findings: Develop an Information Exchange Network This management option involves developing a compendium of current and ongoing research that should be updated on a regular basis. This is important as it allows for collaborators to share information and resources. This type of exchange helps to maximize gains in economies of scale and reduce duplication of efforts. Decision tools such as inventories and databases can often be adapted for this use. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Dissemination of Findings: Report Monitoring and Research Results It is important to disseminate data and information gathered to collaborators and the wider scientific community. This can be accomplished through publication, such as journals (#161) or other networks (#159). It is important to share this data with other government agencies as well (#92). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Dissemination of Findings: Participate in Conferences Conferences are beneficial as a means to garner and disseminate new information, technology, and methods. Conferences also serve as a networking opportunity to communicate with potential collaborators. Participation in local, state, and federal conferences by sanctuary staff is very important to reach out to the broader coral reef community. Sponsoring conferences would allow scientists and researchers to keep abreast of findings and ongoing research within the local sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Support Journal Publication This management option involves sponsoring the publication of journals that contain peer-reviewed scientific research. For sanctuaries this can be an excellent place to publish reports and research that used sanctuary areas or resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biotechnology Research & Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Scientific Research
Enforcement: Interpretive Enforcement Interpretive enforcement, sometimes called �soft� or positive enforcement, refers to approaches geared towards encouraging widespread voluntary compliance with laws, rules and regulations. Interpretive enforcement is based on the premise that most people, once informed about MPA regulations, want to do the right thing. This is the greatest level of compliance because it advocates understanding and public support of goals for reef management. The main objective of this management action is to increase public understanding of the importance to comply with regulations, achieve voluntary compliance, and promote public stewardship of historical and cultural marine resources through interpretive enforcement. Strategies that can help achieve these goals include developing special training programs, organizing events, implementing social marketing, targeting indigenous learning systems and changing cultural value systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines.

National Marine Sanctuaries. 2005. MPAs and Enforcement. Module 7, NOAA.

Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Support Environmental Workshops for Educators This management option involves using environmental education workshops in order to ameliorate educator�s knowledge of the importance of corals because of their cultural and natural resource value. Local management areas can co-sponsor these efforts, and up-to-date information will always be utilized. Involvement in such workshops not only promotes coral education, but can also show educators where resources and opportunities exist through institutional collaboration. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Competitive Educational Funding Opportunities This response involves offering funding to teachers for field trips, scientific equipment, and reference material in support of curricula. Teachers may submit proposals for evaluation, and funding is administered on a competitive basis from a non-profit organization or a reef management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Experiential Reef Learning This recommended option encourages taking youth and parents to experience the reefs and learn about them firsthand. Through this interactive experience, residents and visitors can learn about the benefits of corals and their importance to fisheries, ecological health, and the economy. Oftentimes, locals never experience the reefs firsthand and never learned about their importance. This educational experience would be very beneficial because locals will become more aware of the value of coral reefs, increasing their vested interest when making decisions in everyday life that impact reef health. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Environmental Education: Promote Environmental Education in Local Schools Volunteers can be used to assist education and outreach staff to bring environmental education to local schools. Volunteers can do things such as: chaperone during snorkel trips, and help students with water quality testing exercises. Volunteers should be trained to correctly use educational materials and equipment. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Support Lecture Series This option encourages coral management staff to speak at local forums to encourage greater public education regarding reef health. This involves collaborating with organizers of lecture series to take advantage of the opportunity to speak in front of an previously-organized audience. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Create a Public Awareness Program This involves developing a spread of education tools like brochures (#111), newsletters (#118), displays (#127), web sites (#133) and a database (#98) to inform the public about different volunteer, education and training opportunities in regards to preserving the marine environment and maritime heritage resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Injury Prevention: Assist Education and Outreach This plan is to help prevent groundings. This can be achieved through providing products and information such as statistics, avoidance techniques, and legal/financial consequences. Such information would be provided for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Marine Zoning: Develop Baseline Data Baseline surveys of existing resources need to be conducted before monitoring can begin. The surveys must be conducted in Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary Preservation Areas, and Special-Use Areas to characterize the status of important marine species and their habitats. Establishing baseline data allows for later comparisons to monitoring data to gauge changes over time and revaluate current management actions being taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marine Zoning: Permitting Application & Award This management approach is important because permits assure protection and conservation of coral resources from harmful activities and practices. Within sanctuary waters, special use permits (#157) can be used to allow scientists and others to conduct necessary work while following permitting regulations to reduce the impact of that work. General permits are often required for altering land-use, construction projects and certain discharges. To be eligible for a permit, the operator may be required to conduct impact assessments, institute best management practices and conduct monitoring of the project. Though permits are a necessary precaution, the process can be streamlined through ensuring clear submittal requirements, and reducing redundancy. Redundancy often occurs when multiple agencies must approve a permit, a single point of contact and standard, inter-agency protocols can reduce unnecessary redundancy. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Continue Stakeholder Research It is beneficial to support monitoring and research projects that are developed by stakeholders because these present an opportunity to directly engage constituents in sanctuary resource issues and to increase understanding of the ecosystem. Sanctuaries can provide support in the form of helping to coordinate activities, assisting with field work, issuing research permits, assisting with identifying potential funding sources, and providing letters of support for grant proposals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Monitor & Research: Develop Scientific Research Study Program Management areas can encourage scientific studies by coordinating efforts of research groups and institutions. Collaboration and integration of these scientific studies can be beneficial to both the research groups and the management area. For example, data from monitoring of restoration projects could be analyzed by an academic institution, helping to reduce the burden on funds and perhaps using data in ways outside the scope of management objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Integrate Volunteer Monitoring Program Monitoring by trained volunteers yields useful, cost-effective data that provides positive engagement for a variety of stakeholders. Such existing programs include The Ocean Conservancy, Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, and the Dolphin Ecology Project. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Develop Innovative Monitoring Tools This management option calls for identifying and evaluating monitoring tools and methodologies used to detect pollutants and identify cause-and-effect relationships among water quality and biological resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Chemical Variables; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Scientific Research; Toxics
Public Participation: Assist Wild Bird Rehabilitation Many wildlife rescue organizations help and respond to injured birds including marine birds like sea gulls, pelicans, egrets, herons, osprey, and eagles. Collaborations with such organizations can be mutually beneficial as organization volunteers learn from training received from sanctuary staff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Birds; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Volunteer Recruitment This option increases support for volunteers and their activities. Volunteers should be recruited based on their skills and placed according to their experiences, interests, and qualifications. Volunteers should be trained and oriented so they will be familiar with the management area and feel appreciated. To be successful, volunteer programs need to provide safety, and place volunteers in a worthwhile, meaningful job positions. Volunteer projects can then be evaluated based on effectiveness and communication should be kept with volunteers through phone calls, letters, and e-mail. Though volunteer positions are typically unpaid, funding would need to be provided from a variety of sources in order to support efforts. Potential programs and internships should be identified and created in order to enhance the program. Partnerships with local educational institutions can be very beneficial for recruiting volunteers. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Florida Keys Watch Volunteers participating in this program help collect seawater samples and environmental data. Florida Keys Watch help to assist scientific studies conducted by universities, agencies, and other institutions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Scientific Research
Public Participation: Assist Marine Animal Rescue Activities There are many volunteers in marine areas that will help rescue distressed animals. Volunteers assist with reducing pain and suffering of marine animals, provide first aid, derive maximum scientific and education benefits from the live and dead marine mammals, and collect high-quality data. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Queen Conch Restoration Activities Volunteers assist with raising juvenile queen conchs at a hatchery located at Keys Marine Lab through this volunteer program. They also locate and tag wild, adult conchs for population and reproduction studies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Reef Ecosystem Condition RECON RECON trains volunteer divers to collect information about the reef environment, health of stony corals, presence of key reef organism, and human-induced impacts. The goal of RECON is to broaden knowledge of bottom-dwelling organisms on reefs. They also act as an alert system when there are abnormal and possibly harmful conditions present on the reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Public Participation: Assist Reef Environmental Education Foundation REEF This program uses recreation divers who conduct fish biodiversity and abundance survey in the Keys and the Caribbean. This surveys work towards contributing to The Great Annual Fish Count. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles
Public Participation: Assist Save the Manatee Club Volunteers are active in helping to remove monofilament line. This is especially dangerous to manatees. Volunteers from Save the Manatees can help with education and monitoring in the local coral management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris; Marine Vertebrates; Security & Public Administration Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fish Feeding Regulations Divers in FL are already prohibited from fish feeding. Further review may show a need to prohibited anyone in state water from feeding fish. There will need to be investigations on the biological and behavioral impacts of fish feeding. This investigation can be used to keep the status quo, or may encourage further regulations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Supplemental Feeding; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Bait Fishing and/or Catch & Release Trolling Regulations This option seeks to reduce or eliminate bait fishing, and catch & release trolling in fragile areas. First assessments must be conducted to measure the effects of bait fishing and catch & release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Consider Regulations for Catch & Release Trolling This plan seeks to reduce or eliminate catch-and-release fishing in many fragile areas. First an assessment must be conducted to measure the effects of catch-and -release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Develop Regulations for Sponge Fisheries Sponges play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration. Depending on the method of removal, this process can be very destructive to other reef fauna and habitat. Research is needed to compare impacts of different sponge fishing methods in different areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Educational & Research Opportunities; Encrusting Sponges; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Resource Use Management: Develop Live Collection Regulations Live collection is often more destructive than capture of food fishes because of the destructive methods used to remove live fish and invertebrates from the reef habitat. These methods include use of cyanide and explosives. Current methods should be assessed and alternatives should be developed or collection prohibited. World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Restoration: Work with public outreach coordinator to inform the public about habitat restoration activities This response involves restoration teams providing information, photos, and videos to be used in press release, TV and radio, and magazine articles to inform the public about restoration projects for corals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Wetland & Reef Restoration

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities

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