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ReefLink Database

Culture

Culture

Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Sectors include social organizations, tourism, recreation, education, and information.

CMap

Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural policies are responses that impact the distribution and functioning of cultural sectors, including tourism, recreation, education, and social organization. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . The Education and Information sectors consists of schools, colleges, instruction and training programs that provide instruction in various subjects, organizations that conduct scientific research, and organizations that collect and distribute information. Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. Funding is to provide resources, usually in form of money or other values such as effort or time, for a project or to private or public institutions. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Social Organizations are devoted to improving social well-being, and include churches, grant making organizations, and charities. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists.

CMap Description

Growing coastal development contributes to the cultural identity of a community, reflected through the need for education, social organizations, and other sectors that provide cultural services. Infrastructure for these sectors to operate, including buildings and roads, contribute to landscape changes in coastal areas. Other sectors, such as tourism & recreation, have more direct impacts on the reef ecosystem through their physical activities. Local communities benefit from shoreline protection, clean water, aesthetic value, educational opportunities, and a sense of place provide by the reef ecosystem. Decision-makers can enact policies to control development and distribution of cultural businesses and institutions, improve environmental education, or limit damaging activities.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Principe, P., P. Bradley, S. Yee, W. Fisher, E. Johnson, P. Allen, and D. Campbell. 2012. Quantifying Coral Reef Ecosystem Services. EPA/600/R-11/206, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2012 Global Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beach & Land Formation; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet. 2011 Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Waite, R., E. Cooper, N. Zenny, and L. Burke. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Value of Jamaica�s Coral Reef-Related Fisheries. Working Paper, World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D. C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Sanpanich, K. 2011. Marine bivalves occurring on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. ScienceAsia 37:195-204. 2011 Thailand Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Molluscs
Witt, V; Wild, C; Uthicke, S. 2011. Effect of substrate type on bacterial community composition in biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef. FEMS Microbiology Letters 323:188-195. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate
Velasquez, J; Lopez-Angarita, J; Sanchez, JA. 2011. Evaluation of the FORAM index in a case of conservation Benthic foraminifera as indicators of ecosystem resilience in protected and non-protected coral reefs of the southern caribbean. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:3591-3603. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Agriculture; Algae; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Kriwy, P; Uthicke, S. 2011. Microbial diversity in marine biofilms along a water quality gradient on the Great Barrier Reef. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 34:116-126. 2011 Australia Index or Indicator Cyanobacteria; Fish; Light
Nithyanand, P; Indhumathi, T; Ravi, AV; Pandian, SK. 2011. Culture independent characterization of bacteria associated with the mucus of the coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27:1399-1406. 2011 Stony Coral
Betancur-R, R; Hines, A; Acero, A; Orti, G; Wilbur, AE; Freshwater, DW. 2011. Reconstructing the lionfish invasion: insights into Greater Caribbean biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 38:1281-1293. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Bermuda; Caribbean Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Invasive Species
DeSantis, MK; Brett, CE. 2011. Late Eifelian (Middle Devonian) biocrises: Timing and signature of the pre-Kacak Bakoven and Stony Hollow Events in eastern North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304:113-135. 2011 Global; India; Europe; Spain; Germany Bivalves
Taylor, SM; Loew, ER; Grace, MS. 2011. Developmental shifts in functional morphology of the retina in Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus (Elopomorpha: Teleostei) between four ecologically distinct life-history stages. Visual Neuroscience 28:309-323. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico; Europe Fish; Fishing Sector; Light; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Teixido, N; Albajes-Eizagirre, A; Bolbo, D; Le Hir, E; Demestre, M; Garrabou, J; Guigues, L; Gili, JM; Piera, J; Prelot, T; Soria-Frisch, A. 2011. Hierarchical segmentation-based software for cover classification analyses of seabed images (Seascape). Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:45+. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Torres-Pratts, H; Lado-Insua, T; Rhyne, AL; Rodriguez-Matos, L; Schizas, NV. 2011. Two distinct, geographically overlapping lineages of the corallimorpharian Ricordea florida (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Ricordeidae). Coral Reefs 30:391-396. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Claisse, JT; Clark, TB; Schumacher, BD; McTee, SA; Bushnell, ME; Callan, CK; Laidley, CW; Parrish, JD. 2011. Conventional tagging and acoustic telemetry of a small surgeonfish, Zebrasoma flavescens, in a structurally complex coral reef environment. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91:185-201. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Klemas, V. 2011. Beach Profiling and LIDAR Bathymetry: An Overview with Case Studies. Journal of Coastal Research 27:1019-1028. 2011 Global; Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Roche, RC; Abel, RL; Johnson, KG; Perry, CT. 2011. Spatial variation in porosity and skeletal element characteristics in apical tips of the branching coral Acropora pulchra (Brook 1891). Coral Reefs 30:195-201. 2011 Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Borges, MEN; Riding, JB; Fernandes, P; Pereira, Z. 2011. The Jurassic (Pliensbachian to Kimmeridgian) palynology of the Algarve Basin and the Carrapateira outlier, southern Portugal. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 163:190-204. 2011 Europe; France Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Vijayanand, P; Anbalagan, T; Saravanan, R; Ammaiappan, V; Rajagopal, S. 2011. Diversity Of Wrasse Species Along Gulf Of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (South East Coast Of India). Thalassas 27:57-66. 2011 India Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Planktivorous Fish
Jayaraju, N; Reddy, BCSR; Reddy, KR. 2011. Anthropogenic impact on Andaman coast monitoring with benthic foraminifera, Andaman Sea, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 62:821-829. 2011 India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Lorenzo, B; Ilaria, V; Sergio, R; Stefano, S; Giovanni, S. 2011. Involvement of recreational scuba divers in emblematic species monitoring: The case of Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum). Journal for Nature Conservation 19:312-318. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Gondim, AI; Dias, TLP; Campos, FF; Alonso, C; Christoffersen, ML. 2011. Benthic macrofauna from Areia Vermelha Marine State Park, Cabedelo, Paraiba, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 11:75-86. 2011 China Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Hydrocoral; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Ali, AHAM; Hamed, MA; Abd El-Azim, H. 2011. Heavy metals distribution in the coral reef ecosystems of the Northern Red Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 65:67-80. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Octocoral; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Adams, AJ; Hill, JE; Samoray, C. 2011. Characteristics of spawning ground fidelity by a diadromous fish: a multi-year perspective. Environmental Biology of Fishes 92:403-411. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish
Nanola, CL; Alino, PM; Carpenter, KE. 2011. Exploitation-related reef fish species richness depletion in the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:405-420. 2011 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Farmer, BM; Wilson, SK. 2011. Diet of finfish targeted by fishers in North West Australia and the implications for trophic cascades. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91:71-85. 2011 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Biggs, D. 2011. Understanding Resilience in a Vulnerable Industry: the Case of Reef Tourism in Australia. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 Global; Australia Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Tourism & Recreation
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Perez, P; Eustache, J; Fulton, EA; Cleland, D. 2011. Coupling Biophysical and Socioeconomic Models for Coral Reef Systems in Quintana Roo, Mexican Caribbean. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Tourism & Recreation
Littman, R; Willis, BL; Bourne, DG. 2011. Metagenomic analysis of the coral holobiont during a natural bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology Reports 3:651-660. 2011 Australia Algae; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Tebben, J; Tapiolas, DM; Motti, CA; Abrego, D; Negri, AP; Blackall, LL; Steinberg, PD; Harder, T. 2011. Induction of Larval Metamorphosis of the Coral Acropora millepora by Tetrabromopyrrole Isolated from a Pseudoalteromonas Bacterium. PLoS One 6. 2011 Europe Lab Study Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Substrate
Gray, MA; Stone, RP; McLaughlin, MR; Kellogg, CA. 2011. Microbial consortia of gorgonian corals from the Aleutian islands. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 76:109-120. 2011 Fish; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Ceh, J; van Keulen, M; Bourne, DG. 2011. Coral-associated bacterial communities on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75:134-144. 2011 Australia Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williamson, EA; Strychar, KB; Withers, K; Sterba-Boatwright, B. 2011. Effects of salinity and sedimentation on the Gorgonian Coral, Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck 1815). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 409:331-338. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Non-point Source Runoff; Octocoral; Salinity; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Luna-Perez, B; Valle-Perez, C; Sanchez-Lizaso, JL. 2011. Halocynthia papillosa as SCUBA diving impact indicator: An in situ experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 398:33-39. 2011 Cuba Model; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment
Navalgund, RR; Singh, RP. 2011. Climate Change Studies Using Space Based Observation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 39:281-295. 2011 Global; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Irrigation; Light; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Pequignet, AC; Becker, JM; Merrifield, MA; Boc, SJ. 2011. The dissipation of wind wave energy across a fringing reef at Ipan, Guam. Coral Reefs 30:71-82. 2011 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smallwood, CB; Beckley, LE; Moore, SA; Kobryn, HT. 2011. Assessing patterns of recreational use in large marine parks: A case study from Ningaloo Marine Park, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:330-340. 2011 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Gao, L; Hailu, A. 2011. Evaluating the effects of area closure for recreational fishing in a coral reef ecosystem: The benefits of an integrated economic and biophysical modeling. Ecological Economics 70:1735-1745. 2011 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Miller, AW; Richardson, LL. 2011. A meta-analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries from the polymicrobial black band disease of corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 75:231-241. 2011 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Choukri, A; Hakam, OK; Reyss, JL. 2011. Difficulties in dating Pleistocene marine levels using fossil mollusk shells: the Ouljian level on the High Atlas shore, Morocco. Carnets de Geologie 21-30. 2011 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Grafton, RQ; Akter, S; Kompas, T. 2011. A Policy-enabling framework for the ex-ante evaluation of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:478-487. 2011 Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Rosendo, S; Brown, K; Joubert, A; Jiddawi, N; Mechisso, M. 2011. A clash of values and approaches: A case study of marine protected area planning in Mozambique. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:55-65. 2011 Global; Mozambique Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Needham, MD; Szuster, BW; Bell, CM. 2011. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:633-641. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Cruz-Trinidad, A; Geronimo, RC; Cabral, RB; Alino, PM. 2011. How much are the Bolinao-Anda coral reefs worth? Ocean and Coastal Management 54:696-705. 2011 Philippines Model; Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Veilleux, HD; van Herwerden, L; Evans, RD; Travers, MJ; Newman, SJ. 2011. Strong genetic subdivision generates high genetic variability among eastern and western Australian populations of Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson). Fisheries Research 108:74-80. 2011 Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Papua New Guinea Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Stoeckl, N; Hicks, CC; Mills, M; Fabricius, K; Esparon, M; Kroon, F; Kaur, K; Costanza, R. 2011. The economic value of ecosystem services in the Great Barrier Reef: our state of knowledge. Ecological Economics Reviews 1219:113-133. 2011 Australia Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Naoum-Sawaya, J; Elhedhli, S. 2011. An interior point cutting plane heuristic for mixed integer programming. Computers and Operations Research 38:1335-1341. 2011 Hotel & Food Services
Nordt, SP; Wu, J; Zahller, S; Clark, RF; Cantrell, FL. 2011. Palytoxin Poisoning After Dermal Contact With Zoanthid Coral. Journal of Emergency Medicine 40:397-399. 2011 Oman Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Ben-Dov, E; Siboni, N; Shapiro, OH; Arotsker, L; Kushmaro, A. 2011. Substitution by Inosine at the 3 '-Ultimate and Penultimate Positions of 16S rRNA Gene Universal Primers. Microbial Ecology 61:1-6. 2011 Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Wild, C; Hoegh-Guldberg, O; Naumann, MS; Colombo-Pallotta, MF; Ateweberhan, M; Fitt, WK; Iglesias-Prieto, R; Palmer, C; Bythell, JC; Ortiz, JC; Loya, Y; van Woesik, R. 2011. Climate change impedes scleractinian corals as primary reef ecosystem engineers. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:205-215. 2011 Global Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Toropova, AP; Toropov, AA; Benfenati, E; Gini, G. 2011. Co-evolutions of correlations for QSAR of toxicity of organometallic and inorganic substances: An unexpected good prediction based on a model that seems untrustworthy. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 105:215-219. 2011 Model Internet & Telecommunications
Stevenson, TC; Tissot, BN; Dierking, J. 2011. Fisher behaviour influences catch productivity and selectivity in West Hawaii's aquarium fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:813-822. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Rodriguez-Martinez, RE; Jordan-Garza, AG; Maldonado, MA; Blanchon, P. 2011. Controls on Coral-Ground Development along the Northern Mesoamerican Reef Tract. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean; Mexico Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Simon, T; Pinheiro, HT; Joyeux, JC. 2011. Target fishes on artificial reefs: Evidences of impacts over nearby natural environments. Science of the Total Environment 409:4579-4584. 2011 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
van Rein, H; Brown, CJ; Quinn, R; Breen, J; Schoeman, D. 2011. An evaluation of acoustic seabed classification techniques for marine biotope monitoring over broad-scales (> 1 km(2)) and meso-scales (10 m(2)-1 km(2)). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93:336-349. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Murugan, A; Dhanya, S; Sarcar, AB; Naganathan, V; Rajagopal, S; Balasubramanian, T. 2011. Fishery biology, demography of three spotted seahorse, Hippocampus trimaculatus inhabiting Gulf of Mannar region, Southeast coast of India. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:411-423. 2011 India Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Toropova, AP; Toropov, AA; Benfenati, E; Gini, G. 2011. QSAR modelling toxicity toward rats of inorganic substances by means of CORAL. Central European Journal Of Chemistry 9:75-85. 2011 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Williams, RB; Moore, PG. 2011. An annotated catalogue of the marine biological paintings of Thomas Alan Stephenson (1898-1961). Archives of Natural History 38:242-266. 2011 Australia Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Goatley, CHR; Bellwood, DR. 2011. The Roles of Dimensionality, Canopies and Complexity in Ecosystem Monitoring. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral
Avellaneda, PM; Englehardt, JD; Olascoaga, J; Babcock, EA; Brand, L; Lirman, D; Rogge, WF; Solo-Gabriele, H; Tchobanoglous, G. 2011. Relative risk assessment of cruise ships biosolids disposal alternatives. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2157-2169. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Cruise Ships; Discharges
Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology 25:1044-1052. 2011 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Samy, M; Lizaso, JLS; Forcada, A. 2011. Status of marine protected areas in Egypt. Pages 165-177 in Conference on SIEBM 2010. BARCELONA. 2011 Egypt Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Albright, R. 2011. Reviewing the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sexual Reproduction and Early Life History Stages of Reef-Building Corals. Journal of Marine Biology 2011:1-14. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Hackradt, CW; Felix-Hackradt, FC; Pichler, HA; Spach, HL; Santos, LDOE. 2011. Factors influencing spatial patterns of the ichthyofauna of low energy estuarine beaches in southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:1345-1357. 2011 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Salinity; Shoreline Protection
Rudd, MA. 2011. Scientists' Opinions on the Global Status and Management of Biological Diversity. Conservation Biology 25:1165-1175. 2011 Global; Southeast Asia; Europe Climate; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Internet & Telecommunications; Social Organizations
Pe�quignet, A. C., J. M. Becker, M. A. Merrifield, S. J. Boc. 2011. The dissipation of wind wave energy across a fringing reef at Ipan, Guam. Coral Reefs 2011 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Azevedo, CAA; Carneiro, MAA; Oliveira, SR; Marinho-Soriano, E. 2011. Macrolgae as an indicator of the environmental health of the Pirangi reefs, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 21:323-328. 2011 Iran Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Ganot, P; Moya, A; Magnone, V; Allemand, D; Furla, P; Sabourault, C. 2011. Adaptations to Endosymbiosis in a Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Association: Differential Gene Expression and Specific Gene Duplications. Plos Genetics 7. 2011 Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids
Lopez, JV; Ledger, A; Santiago-Vazquez, LZ; Pop, M; Sommer, DD; Ranzer, LK; Feldman, RA; Kerr, RG. 2011. Suppression subtractive hybridization PCR isolation of cDNAs from a Caribbean soft coral. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 14. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Octocoral
Gaidos, E; Rusch, A; Ilardo, M. 2011. Ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA from benthic coral reef microbiota: community spatial structure, rare members and nitrogen-cycling guilds. Environmental Microbiology 13:1138-1152. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment
Jones, RJ. 2011. Environmental Effects Of The Cruise Tourism Boom: Sediment Resuspension From Cruise Ships And The Possible Effects Of Increased Turbidity And Sediment Deposition On Corals (Bermuda). Bulletin of Marine Science 87:659-679. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Bermuda; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cruise Ships; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Witt, V; Wild, C; Anthony, KRN; Diaz-Pulido, G; Uthicke, S. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on microbial community composition of, and oxygen fluxes through, biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology 13:2976-2989. 2011 Australia; Cuba Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Stony Coral
Zierler, S; Yao, GM; Zhang, Z; Kuo, WC; Porzgen, P; Penner, R; Horgen, FD; Fleig, A. 2011. Waixenicin A Inhibits Cell Proliferation through Magnesium-dependent Block of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) Channels. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286:39328-39335. 2011 Octocoral
Erwin, TL. 2011. Halocoryza Alluaud, 1919, sea-side beetles of the Indian, Atlantic (sensu lato), and Pacific Oceans: a generic synopsis and description of a remarkable new species from Baja California Sur, Mexico (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Scaritini, Clivinina). Zookeys 1-13. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Pacific Ocean; Caribbean; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Lapointe, BE; Thacker, K; Hanson, C; Getten, L. 2011. Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29:775-789. 2011 Florida; Jamaica Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Sautya, S; Ingole, B; Ray, D; Stohr, S; Samudrala, K; Raju, KAK; Mudholkar, A. 2011. Megafaunal Community Structure of Andaman Seamounts Including the Back-Arc Basin - A Quantitative Exploration from the Indian Ocean. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Pacific Ocean Arthropods; Echinoderms; Sediment; Sponges
Vonk, R; Hoeksema, BW; Jaume, D. 2011. A new marine interstitial Psammogammarus (Crustacea,Amphipoda, Melitidae) from Gura Ici Island, off western Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia), and an overview of the genus. Zookeys 53-73. 2011 India; Japan; Indonesia Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Skeletal Coral
Klaus, JS; Janse, I; Fouke, BW. 2011. Coral Black Band Disease Microbial Communities And Genotypic Variability Of The Dominant Cyanobacteria (Cd1C11). Bulletin of Marine Science 87:795-821. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Sutherland, WJ; Bardsley, S; Bennun, L; Clout, M; Cote, IM; Depledge, MH; Dicks, LV; Dobson, AP; Fellman, L; Fleishman, E; Gibbons, DW; Impey, AJ; Lawton, JH; Lickorish, F; Lindenmayer, DB; Lovejoy, TE; Mac Nally, R; Madgwick, J; Peck, LS; Pretty, J; Prio. 2011. Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:10-16. 2011 Global Review Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Invasive Species; Pathogens; Schools & Colleges
Bell, CM; Needham, MD; Szuster, BW. 2011. Congruence Among Encounters, Norms, Crowding, and Management in a Marine Protected Area. Environmental Management 48:499-513. 2011 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hargreaves-Allen, V; Mourato, S; Milner-Gulland, EJ. 2011. A Global Evaluation of Coral Reef Management Performance: Are MPAs Producing Conservation and Socio-Economic Improvements? Environmental Management 47:684-700. 2011 Global; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Teresa, FB; Romero, RD; Casatti, L; Sabino, J. 2011. Fish as Indicators of Disturbance in Streams Used for Snorkeling Activities in a Tourist Region. Environmental Management 47:960-968. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Perger, R; Vargas, R; Wall, A. 2011. Johngarthia cocoensis, a new species of Gecarcinidae MacLeay, 1838 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Zootaxa 57-68. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Booth, DT; Evans, A. 2011. Warm Water and Cool Nests Are Best. How Global Warming Might Influence Hatchling Green Turtle Swimming Performance. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Fish; Sea Turtles
McAdoo, BG; Ah-Leong, JS; Bell, L; Ifopo, P; Ward, J; Lovell, E; Skelton, P. 2011. Coral reefs as buffers during the 2009 South Pacific tsunami, Upolu Island, Samoa. Earth-Science Reviews 107:147-155. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation
Hannak, JS; Kompatscher, S; Stachowitsch, M; Herler, J. 2011. Snorkelling and trampling in shallow-water fringing reefs: Risk assessment and proposed management strategy. Journal of Environmental Management 92:2723-2733. 2011 Cuba; Egypt Model; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Ernst, S; Janse, M; Renema, W; Kouwenhoven, T; Goudeau, ML; Reichart, GJ. 2011. Benthic Foraminifera In A Large Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Aquarium. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 41:101-113. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Java; Indonesia Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Zuidema, C; Plate, R; Dikou, A. 2011. To preserve or to develop? East Bay dredging project, South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands. Journal of Coastal Conservation 15:555-563. 2011 Turks and Caicos Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Monetary Valuation; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae; Valuation
Forrester, GE; O'Connell-Rodwell, C; Baily, P; Forrester, LM; Giovannini, S; Harmon, L; Karis, R; Krumholz, J; Rodwell, T; Jarecki, L. 2011. Evaluating Methods for Transplanting Endangered Elkhorn Corals in the Virgin Islands. Restoration Ecology 19:299-306. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Puebla, O; Bermingham, E; Guichard, F. 2011. Perspective: Matching, Mate Choice, and Speciation. Integrative And Comparative Biology 51:485-491. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Fish; Medical Centers; Schools & Colleges
Maloney, B; Iliffe, TM; Gelwick, F; Quigg, A. 2011. Effect of nutrient enrichment on naturally occurring macroalgal species in six cave pools in Bermuda. Phycologia 50:132-143. 2011 Florida; Bermuda Index or Indicator Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
McLean, D. L., E. S. Harvey, D. V. Fairclough, and S. J. Newman. 2010. Large decline in the abundance of a targeted tropical lethrinid in areas open and closed to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 418:189-199. 2010 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Dudley, S. F. J. and G. Cliff. 2010. Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet. African Journal of Marine Science 32:383-397. 2010 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Whales & Dolphins
Uyarra, M. C., J. A. Gill, and I. M. Cote. 2010. Charging for Nature: Marine Park Fees and Management from a User Perspective. Ambio 39:515-523. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Reopanichkul, P., R. W. Carter, S. Worachananant, and C. J. Crossland. 2010. Wastewater discharge degrades coastal waters and reef communities in southern Thailand. Marine Environmental Research 69:287-296. 2010 Study Location; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Claudet, J., P. Lenfant, and M. Schrimm. 2010. Snorkelers impact on fish communities and algae in a temperate marine protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1649-1658. 2010 Index or Indicator Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Wielgus, J., A. Balmford, T. B. Lewis, C. Mora, and L. R. Gerber. 2010. Coral reef quality and recreation fees in marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 3:38-44. 2010 Global; Cuba Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Luna-Perez, B., C. Valle, T. V. Fernandez, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, and A. A. Ramos-Espla. 2010. Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) as an indicator of SCUBA diving impact. Ecological Indicators 10:1017-1024. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tunicates
Linares, C. and D. F. Doak. 2010. Forecasting the combined effects of disparate disturbances on the persistence of long-lived gorgonians: a case study of Paramuricea clavata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:59-68. 2010 Global; Study Location Model Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral
Dearden, P., M. Theberge, and M. Yasue. 2010. Using underwater cameras to assess the effects of snorkeler and SCUBA diver presence on coral reef fish abundance, family richness, and species composition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 163:531-538. 2010 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Thornhill, D. J., D. W. Kemp, E. M. Sampayo, and G. W. Schmidt. 2010. Comparative analyses of amplicon migration behavior in differing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) systems. Coral Reefs 29:83-91. 2010 Model Microorganisms
Sando, J. J., K. Usher, and P. Buettner. 2010. 'To Swim or Not To Swim': the impact of jellyfish stings causing Irukandji Syndrome in Tropical Queensland. Journal Of Clinical Nursing 19:109-117. 2010 Australia Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Textiles & Apparel
Sawall, Y., N. Phongsuwan, and C. Richter. 2010. Coral recruitment and recovery after the 2004 Tsunami around the Phi Phi Islands (Krabi Province) and Phuket, Andaman Sea, Thailand. Helgoland Marine Research 64:357-365. 2010 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Marriott, R. J., N. D. C. Jarvis, D. J. Adams, A. E. Gallash, J. Norriss, and S. J. Newman. 2010. Maturation and sexual ontogeny in the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1396-1414. 2010 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Siboni, N., D. Rasoulouniriana, E. Ben-Dov, E. Kramarsky-Winter, A. Sivan, Y. Loya, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and A. Kushmaro. 2010. Stramenopile Microorganisms Associated with the Massive Coral Favia sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 57:236-244. 2010 Australia Microorganisms; Stony Coral
Murdock, S., H. Johnson, N. Forget, and S. K. Juniper. 2010. Composition and diversity of microbial mats at shallow hydrothermal vents on Volcano 1, South Tonga Arc. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 51:407-412. 2010 Tonga Discharges
Pierce, S. J., A. Mendez-Jimenez, K. Collins, M. Rosero-Caicedo, and A. Monadjem. 2010. Developing a Code of Conduct for whale shark interactions in Mozambique. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:782-788. 2010 Global; Mozambique Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Jollit, I., M. Leopold, N. Guillemot, G. David, P. Chabanet, J. M. Lebigre, and J. Ferraris. 2010. Geographical aspects of informal reef fishery systems in New Caledonia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 61:585-597. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia GIS & Maps Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Nip, T. H. M. and C. K. Wong. 2010. Juvenile Fish Assemblages in Mangrove and Non-Mangrove Soft-Shore Habitats in Eastern Hong Kong. Zoological Studies 49:760-778. 2010 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gupta, R. K. and J. Mukherjee. 2010. EFFICIENT HIGH GAIN WITH LOW SIDELOBE LEVEL ANTENNA STRUCTURES USING CIRCULAR ARRAY OF SQUARE PARASITIC PATCHES ON A SUPERSTRATE LAYER. Microwave And Optical Technology Letters 52:2812-2817. 2010
Hunt, M. E., M. P. Scherrer, F. D. Ferrari, and M. V. Matz. 2010. Very Bright Green Fluorescent Proteins from the Pontellid Copepod Pontella mimocerami. PLoS One 5:e11517. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biomedical Research Policies; Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Turner, A. 2010. Marine pollution from antifouling paint particles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:159-171. 2010 Review Invertebrates; Salinity; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Renones, O., A. Grau, X. Mas, F. Riera, and F. Saborido-Rey. 2010. Reproductive pattern of an exploited dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834) (Pisces: Serranidae) population in the western Mediterranean. Scientia Marina 74:523-537. 2010 Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Clua, E., N. Buray, P. Legendre, J. Mourier, and S. Planes. 2010. Behavioural response of sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens to underwater feeding for ecotourism purposes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:257-266. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Poonian, C., P. Z. R. Davis, and C. K. McNaughton. 2010. Impacts of Recreational Divers on Palauan Coral Reefs and Options for Management. Pacific Science 64:557-565. 2010 Cuba; Palau Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Tirard, P., M. J. Manning, I. Jollit, C. Duffy, and P. Borsa. 2010. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science 64:567-576. 2010 Cuba; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Whales & Dolphins
Radford, C. A., J. A. Stanley, C. T. Tindle, J. C. Montgomery, and A. G. Jeffs. 2010. Localised coastal habitats have distinct underwater sound signatures. Marine Ecology Progress Series 401:21-29. 2010 Beaches & Nature Parks; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Ransom, K. P. and S. C. Mangi. 2010. Valuing Recreational Benefits of Coral Reefs: The Case of Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve, Kenya. Environmental Management 45:145-154. 2010 Kenya Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Jensen, S., S. Duperron, N. K. Birkeland, and M. Hovland. 2010. Intracellular Oceanospirillales bacteria inhabit gills of Acesta bivalves. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74:523-533. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Bivalves; Finfish Harvest
Love, M. S., B. Lenarz, and L. Snook. 2010. A Survey Of The Reef Fishes, Purple Hydrocoral (Stylaster Californicus), And Marine Debris Of Farnsworth Bank, Santa Catalina Island. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:35-52. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Munoz, R. C., M. L. Burton, K. J. Brennan, and R. O. Parker. 2010. Reproduction, Habitat Utilization, And Movements Of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus Maximus) In The Florida Keys, Usa: Comparisons From Fished Versus Unfished Habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:93-116. 2010 Florida; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Galaz, V., B. Crona, T. Daw, O. Bodin, M. Nystrom, and P. Olsson. 2010. Can web crawlers revolutionize ecological monitoring? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:99-104. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Internet & Telecommunications
Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Bjerager, M., F. Surlyk, H. Lykke-Andersen, N. Thibault, and L. Stemmerik. 2010. Danian cool-water coral reefs in southern Scandinavia localised over seafloor highs. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27:455-466. 2010 Cuba; Norway Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gray, D. L., R. Canessa, R. Rollins, C. P. Keller, and P. Dearden. 2010. Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Management 46:167-180. 2010 Columbia Model Aquaculture; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Godoy, N., S. Gelcich, J. A. Vasquez, and J. C. Castilla. 2010. Spearfishing to depletion: evidence from temperate reef fishes in Chile. Ecological Applications 20:1504-1511. 2010 Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Baker, D. M., E. Jordan-Dahlgren, M. A. Maldonado, and C. D. Harvell. 2010. Sea fan corals provide a stable isotope baseline for assessing sewage pollution in the Mexican Caribbean. Limnology and Oceanography 55:2139-2149. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Infrastructure; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Tsuda, R. T., J. R. Fisher, P. S. Vroom, and I. A. Abbott. 2010. New records of subtidal benthic marine algae from Wake Atoll, Central Pacific. Botanica Marina 53:19-29. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
van Beukering, P. J. H., S. Sarkis, E. McKenzie, S. Hess, L. Brander, M. Roelfsema, L. Looijenstijn-van der Putten, and T. Bervoets. 2010. Total economic value of bermuda�s coral reefs: valuation of ecosystem services. Van Beukering Consulting, Amsterdam, NL. 2010 Bermuda Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
McCook, L. J., T. Ayling, M. Cappo, J. H. Choat, R. D. Evans., D. M. De Freitas, M. Heupel, T. P. Hughes, G. P. Jones, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, M. Mills, F. J. Molloy, C. R. Pitcher, R. L. Pressey, G. R. Russ, S. Sutton, H. Sweatman, R. Tobin, D. R. Wachenfeld, and D. H. Williamson. 2010. Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: a globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [earlyedition]. 2010 Global; Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Dragicevic, J. S. 2010. Sea Pollution By Petroleum And Petroleum Products. Gradevinar 62:755-760. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Oil & Gas Industry
Wielgus, J., E. Cooper, R. Torres, and L. Burke. 2010. Coastal capital: Dominican Republic. Case studies on the economic value of coastal ecosystems in the Dominican Republic. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute. 2010 Global; Dominican Republic Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hopkins, G. A. and B. M. Forrest. 2010. Challenges associated with pre-border management of biofouling on oil rigs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1924-1929. 2010 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs
Ahn, K. J., M. J. Jeon, and M. A. Branham. 2010. Phylogeny, biogeography and the stepwise evolutionary colonization of intertidal habitat in the Liparocephalini based on morphological and molecular characters (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Cladistics 26:344-358. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Beaches & Nature Parks
Guzner, B., A. Novplansky, O. Shalit, and N. E. Chadwick. 2010. Indirect Impacts Of Recreational Scuba Diving: Patterns Of Growth And Predation In Branching Stony Corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:727-742. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Rahul, P. R. C., P. S. Salvekar, B. K. Sahu, S. Nayak, and T. S. Kumar. 2010. Role of a Cyclonic Eddy in the 7000-Year-Old Mentawai Coral Reef Death During the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Event. Ieee Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters 7:296-300. 2010 Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Model Climate; Plankton; Stony Coral
Beharry-Borg, N. and R. Scarpa. 2010. Valuing quality changes in Caribbean coastal waters for heterogeneous beach visitors. Ecological Economics 69:1124-1139. 2010 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Health Policies; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, R. Grigg, G. Santangelo, L. Bramanti, and J. M. Gili. 2010. The Exploitation And Conservation Of Precious Corals. Pages 161-211 Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Vol 48. 2010 Review Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Souvenir & Decorative Trade
Dumas, P., H. Jimenez, M. Leopold, G. Petro, and R. Jimmy. 2010. Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu. Environmental Conservation 37:364-372. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Snails & Conch
Mason, T. J. and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Home range, habitat use, and site fidelity of barred sand bass within a southern California marine protected area. Fisheries Research 106:93-101. 2010 GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Marriner, N., M. Guerout, T. Romon, and P. Dussouillez. 2010. Geomorphology of Tromelin, Indian Ocean. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 342:766-777. 2010 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; Reunion; India; France Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Knittweis, L. and M. Wolff. 2010. Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation 143:2722-2729. 2010 Indonesia Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Smith, K., M. Scarr, and C. Scarpaci. 2010. Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia. Environmental Management 46:699-710. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Albouy, C., D. Mouillot, D. Rocklin, J. M. Culioli, and F. Le Loc'h. 2010. Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 412:207-221. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Edgar, G. J., P. R. Last, N. S. Barrett, K. Gowlett-Holmes, M. Driessen, and P. Mooney. 2010. Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:297-311. 2010 Global; Australia Boating Activities; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Lynch, A. M. J., S. G. Sutton, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:312-318. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Nobi, E. P., E. Dilipan, T. Thangaradjou, K. Sivakumar, and L. Kannan. 2010. Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of heavy metal concentration in the sediments of different coastal ecosystems of Andaman Islands, India. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 87:253-264. 2010 India Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Armi, Z., S. Turki, E. Trabelsi, and N. Ben Maiz. 2010. First recorded proliferation of Coolia monotis (Meunier, 1919) in the North Lake of Tunis (Tunisia) correlation with environmental factors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164:423-433. 2010 Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gregati, R. A., V. Fransozo, L. S. Lopez-Greco, and M. L. Negreiros-Fransozo. 2010. Reproductive cycle and ovarian development of the marine ornamental shrimp Stenopus hispidus in captivity. Aquaculture 306:185-190. 2010 Cuba Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Salinity
Westerberg, V. H., R. Lifran, and S. B. Olsen. 2010. To restore or not? A valuation of social and ecological functions of the Marais des Baux wetland in Southern France. Ecological Economics 69:2383-2393. 2010 France Model Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2010. Fisheries of the United States 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and A. Rodriguez-Ramirez. 2010. SIMAC: Development and implementation of a coral reef monitoring network in Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:67-80. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Octocoral; Pathogens; Salinity
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, B. J. Fitzpatrick, C. R. Steinberg, R. Ancel, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena influence the abundance of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 382:77-81. 2010 Global; Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Apex Fish Predators; Physical Variables; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Elliott, K. H., A. Shoji, K. L. Campbell, and A. J. Gaston. 2010. Oxygen stores and foraging behavior of two sympatric, planktivorous alcids. Aquatic Biology 8:221-235. 2010 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds
Arbuatti, A. and P. Lucidi. 2010. Poisonous ornamental fishes on free sale. Survey on envenomations by Pterois volitans. Sanitary and legislative aspects with reference to the Italian current regulations about dangerous animals. Veterinaria 24:37-41. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Special Use Permitting
Justine, J. L., A. Grugeaud, F. Keller, and P. Leblanc. 2010. Two thousand parasites on a single ray: An infection with two species of skin monogeneans on a blotched fantail ray kept in an aquarium. Acta Parasitologica 55:286-290. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Taiwan Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Butler, A. J., T. Rees, P. Beesley, and N. J. Bax. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Australian Region. PLoS One 5:e11831. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Miloslavich, P., J. M. Diaz, E. Klein, J. Jose Alvarado, C. Diaz, J. Gobin, E. Escobar-Briones, J. J. Cruz-Motta, E. Weil, J. Cortes, A. C. Bastidas, R. Robertson, F. Zapata, A. Martin, J. Castillo, A. Kazandjian, and M. Ortiz. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS One 5:e11916. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Venezuela; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Seagrasses
TEEB. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity. in P. Kumar, editor. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 2010 Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Past, current and future thermal profiles of green turtle nesting grounds: Implications from climate change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 383:56-64. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2010. Tourism highlights, 2010 edition. 2010 Tourism & Recreation
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2010. The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:114-122. 2010 Vietnam Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Inui, R., T. Nishida, N. Onikura, K. Eguchi, M. Kawagishi, M. Nakatani, and S. Oikawa. 2010. Physical factors influencing immature-fish communities in the surf zones of sandy beaches in northwestern Kyushu Island, Japan. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 86:467-476. 2010 Japan Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Salinity; Sediment
Knee, K. L., J. H. Street, E. E. Grossman, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2010. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean from submarine groundwater discharge in a groundwater-dominated system: Relation to land use (Kona coast, Hawaii, USA). Limnology and Oceanography 55:1105-1122. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Discharges; Golf Course Operations; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hardiman, N. and S. Burgin. 2010. Recreational impacts on the fauna of Australian coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2096-2108. 2010 Australia; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Boating Activities; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Vignon, M., P. Sasal, R. L. Johnson, and R. Galzin. 2010. Impact of shark-feeding tourism on surrounding fish populations off Moorea Island (French Polynesia). Marine and Freshwater Research 61:163-169. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Broad, A., N. Knott, X. Turon, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Effects of a shark repulsion device on rocky reef fishes: no shocking outcomes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:295-298. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Heyman, W. D., L. M. Carr, and P. S. Lobel. 2010. Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:201-210. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Oren, M., K. O. Amar, J. Douek, T. Rosenzweig, G. Paz, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Assembled catalog of immune-related genes from allogeneic challenged corals that unveils the participation of vWF-like transcript. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 34:630-637. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Stony Coral
Goffredo, S., F. Pensa, P. Neri, A. Orlandi, M. S. Gagliardi, A. Velardi, C. Piccinetti, and F. Zaccanti. 2010. Unite research with what citizens do for fun: "recreational monitoring'' of marine biodiversity. Ecological Applications 20:2170-2187. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Luter, H. M., S. Whalan, and N. S. Webster. 2010. Exploring the Role of Microorganisms in the Disease-Like Syndrome Affecting the Sponge Ianthella basta. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:5736-5744. 2010 Australia Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sponges
Murphy, H. M. and G. P. Jenkins. 2010. Observational methods used in marine spatial monitoring of fishes and associated habitats: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:236-252. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sarkis, S., P. J. H. VanBeukering, and E. McKenzie, editors. 2010. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF BERMUDA�S CORAL REEFS: Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Department of Conservation Services, Bermuda. 2010 Bermuda Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Economic Markets & Policies; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Shaish, L., G. Levy, G. Katzir, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 36:1424-1432. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Haisfield, K. M., H. E. Fox, S. Yen, S. Mangubhai, and P. J. Mous. 2010. An ounce of prevention: cost-effectiveness of coral reef rehabilitation relative to enforcement. Conservation Letters 3:243-250. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Vietti, R. C., G. Albertelli, S. Aliani, S. Bava, G. Bavestrello, L. B. Cecchi, C. N. Bianchi, E. Bozzo, M. Capello, M. Castellano, C. Cerrano, M. Chiantore, N. Corradi, S. Cocito, L. Cutroneo, G. Diviacco, M. Fabiano, M. Faimali, M. Ferrari, G. P. Gasparini, and Locr. 2010. The Ligurian Sea: present status, problems and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology 26:319-340. 2010 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Chou, L. M., D. W. Huang, K. P. P. Tun, J. T. B. Kwik, Y. C. Tay, and A. L. Seow. 2010. Temporal Changes in Reef Community Structure at Bintan Island (Indonesia) Suggest Need for Integrated Management. Pacific Science 64:99-111. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Luna, G. M., L. Bongiorni, C. Gili, F. Biavasco, and R. Danovaro. 2010. Vibrio harveyi as a causative agent of the White Syndrome in tropical stony corals. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2:120-127. 2010 Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Pangle, K. L., S. A. Ludsin, and B. J. Fryer. 2010. Otolith microchemistry as a stock identification tool for freshwater fishes: testing its limits in Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67:1475-1489. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., C. J. Limpus, M. Hamann, and J. Dawson. 2010. Potential impacts of projected sea-level rise on sea turtle rookeries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:132-139. 2010 Australia Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles; Storms & Hurricanes
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2010. Coral reef local action strategies. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2010 Florida Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Lopez-Legentil, S., P. M. Erwin, J. R. Pawlik, and B. Song. 2010. Effects of Sponge Bleaching on Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea: Distribution and Relative Expression of Ammonia Monooxygenase Genes Associated with the Barrel Sponge Xestospongia muta. Microbial Ecology 60:561-571. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Johnson, M. W., S. P. Powers, C. L. Hightower, and M. Kenworthy. 2010. Age, Growth, Mortality, and Diet Composition of Vermilion Snapper from the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139:1136-1149. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tunicates
Wei, M. Y., C. Y. Wang, Q. A. Liu, C. L. Shao, Z. G. She, and Y. C. Lin. 2010. Five Sesquiterpenoids from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp Isolated from a Gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea. Marine Drugs 8:941-949. 2010 China Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Sheppard, C., M. Al-Husiani, F. Al-Jamali, F. Al-Yamani, R. Baldwin, J. Bishop, F. Benzoni, E. Dutrieux, N. K. Dulvy, S. R. V. Durvasula, D. A. Jones, R. Loughland, D. Medio, M. Nithyanandan, G. M. Pilling, I. Polikarpov, A. R. G. Price, S. Purkis, B. Riegl, and M. Saburova. 2010. The Gulf: A young sea in decline. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:13-38. 2010 Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Sato, Y., B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2010. Successional changes in bacterial communities during the development of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida. ISME Journal 4:203-214. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Kamke, J., M. W. Taylor, and S. Schmitt. 2010. Activity profiles for marine sponge-associated bacteria obtained by 16S rRNA vs 16S rRNA gene comparisons. ISME Journal 4:498-508. 2010 Microorganisms; Sponges
de Castro, A. P., S. D. Araujo, A. M. M. Reis, R. L. Moura, R. B. Francini, G. Pappas, T. B. Rodrigues, F. L. Thompson, and R. H. Kruger. 2010. Bacterial Community Associated with Healthy and Diseased Reef Coral Mussismilia hispida from Eastern Brazil. Microbial Ecology 59:658-667. 2010 Pathogens
Sumpton, W. D., I. W. Brown, D. G. Mayer, M. F. McLennan, A. Mapleston, A. R. Butcher, D. J. Welch, J. M. Kirkwood, B. Sawynok, and G. A. Begg. 2010. Assessing the effects of line capture and barotrauma relief procedures on post-release survival of key tropical reef fish species in Australia using recreational tagging clubs. Fisheries Management and Ecology 17:77-88. 2010 Australia Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Deeds, J. R. and M. D. Schwartz. 2010. Human risk associated with palytoxin exposure. Toxicon 56:150-162. 2010 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Kirkby, C. A., R. Giudice-Granados, B. Day, K. Turner, L. M. Velarde- Andrade, A. Duenas-Duenas, J. C. Lara-Rivas, and D. W. Yu. 2010. The Market Triumph of Ecotourism: An Economic Investigation of the Private and Social Benefits of Competing Land Uses in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 5:1-14. 2010 Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Forestry; Funding & Incentives; Tourism & Recreation
Richlen, M. L., S. L. Morton, E. A. Jamali, A. Rajan, and D. M. Anderson. 2010. The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 9:163-172. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Malaysia; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Mexico Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Luna, B., C. V. Perez, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:517-523. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
McClenachan, L. 2009. Documenting loss of large trophy fish from the florida keys with historical photographs. Conservation Biology 23:636-643. 2009 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Rusch, A., A. K. Hannides, and E. Gaidos. 2009. Diverse communities of active Bacteria and Archaea along oxygen gradients in coral reef sediments. Coral Reefs 28:15-26. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Nutrients; Sediment
Stone, R., D. White, R. Guest, and B. Francis. 2009. The Virtual Scylla: An exploration of \serious games\", artificial life and simulation complexity". Virtual Reality 13:13-25. 2009 Europe; England Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Ward, R. D., R. Hanner, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL. Journal of Fish Biology 74:329-356. 2009 Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
Smith, R. T., J. H. Pinzon, and T. C. LaJeunesse. 2009. Symbiodinium (Dinophyta) Diversity And Stability In Aquarium Corals. Journal of Phycology 45:1030-1036. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Collaboration & Partnering; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Sabourault, C., P. Ganot, E. Deleury, D. Allemand, and P. Furla. 2009. Comprehensive EST analysis of the symbiotic sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. BMC Genomics 10:333. 2009 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Cowles, A., J. E. HeWitt, and R. B. Taylor. 2009. Density, biomass and productivity of small mobile invertebrates in a wide range of coastal habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:175-185. 2009 Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Substrate
Allman, R. J. and L. A. Goetz. 2009. Regional Variation In The Population Structure Of Gray Snapper, Lutjanus Griseus, Along The West Florida Shelf. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:315-330. 2009 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wang, G. Y., S. H. Yoon, and E. Lefait. 2009. Microbial communities associated with the invasive Hawaiian sponge Mycale armata. ISME Journal 3:374-377. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Cyanobacteria; Sponges
Dumas, P., A. Bertaud, C. Peignon, M. Leopold, and D. Pelletier. 2009. A \quick and clean\" photographic method for the description of coral reef habitats". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:161-168. 2009 Cuba; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Substrate
Ding, S. X., H. S. Zeng, Y. Wang, Y. Pan, and X. F. Shi. 2009. Characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the leopard coralgrouper (Plectropomus leopardus Lacepede). Molecular Ecology Resources 9:1485-1487. 2009 Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Kench, P. S., R. W. Brander, K. E. Parnell, and J. M. O'Callaghan. 2009. Seasonal variations in wave characteristics around a coral reef island, South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Marine Geology 262:116-129. 2009 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Brischoux, F., X. Bonnet, and D. Pinaud. 2009. Fine scale site fidelity in sea kraits: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 9-Jan. 2009 Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Peplow, L. M., M. J. Kingsford, J. E. Seymour, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2009. Eight microsatellite loci for the Irukandji syndrome-causing carybdeid jellyfish, Carukia barnesi (Cubozoa, Cnidaria). Molecular Ecology Resources 9:670-672. 2009 Australia
Brock, J. C. and S. J. Purkis. 2009. The Emerging Role of Lidar Remote Sensing in Coastal Research and Resource Management. Journal of Coastal Research 25:1-5. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. 2009. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 85:151-156. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Arotsker, L., N. Siboni, E. Ben-Dov, E. Kramarsky-Winter, Y. Loya, and A. Kushmaro. 2009. Vibrio sp as a potentially important member of the Black Band Disease (BBD) consortium in Favia sp corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 70:515-524. 2009 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Microorganisms; Pathogens
Sunagawa, S., M. K. DeSalvo, C. R. Voolstra, A. Reyes-Bermudez, and M. Medina. 2009. Identification and gene expression analysis of a taxonomically restricted cysteine-rich protein family in reef-building corals. PLoS One 4. 2009 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Stony Coral
Knittweis, L., W. E. Kraemer, J. Timm, and M. Kochzius. 2009. Genetic structure of Heliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) populations in the Indo-Malay Archipelago: implications for live coral trade management efforts. Conservation Genetics 10:241-249. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Semeniuk, C. A. D., W. Haider, B. Beardmore, and K. D. Rothley. 2009. A multi-attribute trade-off approach for advancing the management of marine wildlife tourism: a quantitative assessment of heterogeneous visitor preferences. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:194-208. 2009 Cayman Islands Model Tourism & Recreation
Apprill, A., H. Q. Marlow, M. Q. Martindale, and M. S. Rappe. 2009. The onset of microbial associations in the coral Pocillopora meandrina. ISME Journal 2009 Microorganisms; Stony Coral
Di Franco, A., S. Bussotti, A. Navone, P. Panzalis, and P. Guidetti. 2009. Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:275-285. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Venkatachalam, A. J., A. R. G. Price, S. Chandrasekara, and S. S. Sellamuttu. 2009. Risk factors in relation to human deaths and other tsunami (2004) impacts in Sri Lanka: The fishers'-eye view. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:57-66. 2009 Sri Lanka Model; Index or Indicator Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Voolstra, C. R., S. Sunagawa, J. A. Schwarz, M. A. Coffroth, D. Yellowlees, W. Leggat, and M. Medina. 2009. Evolutionary analysis of orthologous cDNA sequences from cultured and symbiotic dinoflagellate symbionts of reef-building corals (Dinophyceae: Symbiodinium). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 4:67-74. 2009 Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Martin-Smith, K. 2009. A Risk-Management Framework For Avoiding Significant Adverse Impacts Of Bottom Fishing Gear On Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Ccamlr Science 16:177-193. 2009 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Van Soest, R. W. M. 2009. New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa 1-40. 2009 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Carod-Artal, F. J. and C. B. Vazquez-Cabrera. 2009. Neurological Aspects Described In The Treasure Of Medicines For All Illnesses By Gregorio Lopez. Revista De Neurologia 49:149-155. 2009 India; Europe; Spain Review Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Social Organizations
Ferse, S. C. A. and A. Kunzmann. 2009. Effects of concrete-bamboo cages on coral fragments: Evaluation of a low-tech method used in artisanal ocean-based coral farming. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 21:31-49. 2009 Indonesia Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Stony Coral
Dung, L. D. 2009. Nha Trang Bay marine protected area, Vietnam: Initial trends in coral structure and some preliminary linkages between these trends and human activities (2002-2005). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 12:249-257. 2009 Vietnam Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Lee, O. O., P. Y. Chui, Y. H. Wong, J. R. Pawlik, and P. Y. Qian. 2009. Evidence for Vertical Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts from Adult to Embryo in the Caribbean Sponge Svenzea zeai. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:6147-6156. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Sponges
Pazza, R., K. F. Kavalco, P. R. Penteado, S. A. F. Kavalco, and L. F. de Almeida-Toledo. 2009. Gene Mapping of 18S and 5S rDNA Genes in the Karyotype of the Three-Spot Gourami Trichogaster trichopterus (Perciformes, Osphronemidae). Zebrafish 6:219-222. 2009 GIS & Maps Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Gilbert, J. A., S. Thomas, N. A. Cooley, A. Kulakova, D. Field, T. Booth, J. W. McGrath, J. P. Quinn, and I. Joint. 2009. Potential for phosphonoacetate utilization by marine bacteria in temperate coastal waters. Environmental Microbiology 11:111-125. 2009 Lab Study Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton
Di Franco, A., M. Milazzo, P. Baiata, A. Tomasello, and R. Chemello. 2009. Scuba diver behaviour and its effects on the biota of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environmental Conservation 36:32-40. 2009 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Devney, C. A. and B. C. Congdon. 2009. Testing the efficacy of a boundary fence at an important tropical seabird breeding colony and key tourist destination. Wildlife Research 36:353-360. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Weisler, M. I., Q. Hua, and J. X. Zhao. 2009. Late Holocene C-14 Marine Reservoir Corrections For Hawai'I Derived From U-Series Dated Archaeological Coral. Radiocarbon 51:955-968. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Gleiss, A. C., B. Norman, N. Liebsch, C. Francis, and R. P. Wilson. 2009. A new prospect for tagging large free-swimming sharks with motion-sensitive data-loggers. Fisheries Research 97:16-Nov. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Nanami, A. and H. Yamada. 2009. Site fidelity, size, and spatial arrangement of daytime home range of thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak (Lethrinidae). Fisheries Science 75:1109-1116. 2009 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Silva, I. R., J. C. Rossi, H. M. Nascimento, and T. G. Siqueira. 2009. Geoenvironmental Characterization and Urbanization of the Beaches on the Islands of Tinhare and Boipeba, South Coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research 1297-1300. 2009 Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
Littman, R. A., B. L. Willis, C. Pfeffer, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Diversities of coral-associated bacteria differ with location, but not species, for three acroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:152-163. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Stewart, J. and J. M. Hughes. 2009. Biological and fishery characteristics of rubberlip morwong Nemadactylus douglasii (Hector, 1875) in eastern Australia. Fisheries Research 96:267-274. 2009 Australia Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hii, Y. S., C. L. Soo, and H. C. Liew. 2009. Feeding of scleractinian coral, Galaxea fascicularis, on Artemia salina nauplii in captivity. Aquaculture International 17:363-376. 2009 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Nutrients; Plankton; Stony Coral
Love, M. S., M. Yoklavich, and D. M. Schroeder. 2009. Demersal fish assemblages in the Southern California Bight based on visual surveys in deep water. Environmental Biology of Fishes 84:55-68. 2009 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Freshwater, D. W., A. Hines, S. Parham, A. Wilbur, M. Sabaoun, J. Woodhead, L. Akins, B. Purdy, P. E. Whitfield, and C. B. Paris. 2009. Mitochondrial control region sequence analyses indicate dispersal from the US East Coast as the source of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans in the Bahamas. Marine Biology 156:1213-1221. 2009 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Indonesia; Philippines Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Invasive Species
McLeod, E., B. Szuster, and R. Salm. 2009. Sasi and Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. Coastal Management 37:656-676. 2009 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Housing; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting
Meirelles, M. E., M. Y. Tsuzuki, F. F. Ribeiro, R. C. Medeiros, and I. D. Silva. 2009. Reproduction, early development and larviculture of the barber goby, Elacatinus figaro (Sazima, Moura & Rosa 1997). Aquaculture Research 41:11-18. 2009 Cuba Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
Nuryanto, A. and M. Kochzius. 2009. Highly restricted gene flow and deep evolutionary lineages in the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Marine Protected Areas
Gomelyuk, V. E. 2009. Fish assemblages composition and structure in three shallow habitats in north Australian tropical bay, Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:449-460. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Reis, A. M. M., S. D. Araujo Jr, R. L. Moura, R. B. Francini-Filho, G. Pappas Jr, A. M. A. Coelho, R. H. Kruger, and F. L. Thompson. 2009. Bacterial diversity associated with the Brazilian endemic reef coral Mussismilia braziliensis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106:1378-1387. 2009 Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral Reefs Threats and Conservation in an Era of Global Change. Pages 136-186 Year In Ecology And Conservation Biology 2009. 2009 Global; Florida Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Obura, D. O. and G. Grimsditch. 2009. Resilience Assessment of Coral Reefs Rapid assessment protocol for coral reefs, focusing on coral bleaching and thermal stress. IUCN working group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
World Resources Institute. 2009. Value of coral reefs & mangroves in the caribbean: economic valuation methodology v3.0. 2009 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Belize; Caribbean Review Collaboration & Partnering; Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Carr, L. M. and W. D. Heyman. 2009. Jamaica bound? Marine resources and management at a crossroads in Antigua and Barbuda. Geographical Journal 175:17-38. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Antigua; Barbuda; Caribbean Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Cruz-Trinidad, A., R. C. Geronimo, and P. M. Alino. 2009. Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:173-180. 2009 Philippines Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Myers, M. R. and R. F. Ambrose. 2009. Differences in benthic cover inside and outside marine protected areas on the Great Barrier Reef: influence of protection or disturbance history? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:736-747. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Knittweis, L., W. E. Kraemer, J. Timm, and M. Kochzius. 2009. Genetic structure of Heliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) populations in the Indo-Malay Archipelago: Implications for live coral trade management efforts. Conservation Genetics 10:241-249. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Roseman, E. F., J. S. Schaeffer, and P. J. Steen. 2009. Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 12:22-Nov. 2009 Review Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Remediation; Schools & Colleges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bell, J. D., E. Clua, C. A. Hair, R. Galzin, and P. J. Doherty. 2009. The Capture and Culture of Post-Larval Fish and Invertebrates for the Marine Ornamental Trade. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:223-240. 2009 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Plankton; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Orr, J. C., K. Caldeira, V. Fabry, J.-P. Gattuso, P. Haugan, P. Lehodey, S. Pantoja, H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, T. Trull, E. Urban, M. Hood, and W. Broadgate. 2009. Research priorities for understanding ocean acidification: summary from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. Oceanography 22:182-189. 2009 Index or Indicator CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Morgan, O. A., D. M. Massey, and W. L. Huth. 2009. Diving demand for large ship artificial reefs. Marine Resource Economics 24:43-59. 2009 Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Large Ships; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Raina, J.-B., D. Tapiolas, B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Coral-associated bacteria and their role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:3492-3501. 2009 Climate; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Scarfe, B. E., T. R. Healy, and H. G. Rennie. 2009. Research-Based Surfing Literature for Coastal Management and the Science of Surfing-A Review. Journal of Coastal Research 25:539-557. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Yakimov, M. M., V. L. Cono, and R. Denaro. 2009. A first insight into the occurrence and expression of functional amoA and accA genes of autotrophic and ammonia-oxidizing bathypelagic Crenarchaeota of Tyrrhenian Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:748-754. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Microorganisms; Sediment
Coulson, P. G., S. A. Hesp, N. G. Hall, and I. C. Potter. 2009. The western blue groper (Achoerodus gouldii), a protogynous hermaphroditic labrid with exceptional longevity, late maturity, slow growth, and both late maturation and sex change. Fishery Bulletin 107:57-75. 2009 Australia Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Di Franco, A., A. Marchini, P. Baiata, M. Milazzo, and R. Chemello. 2009. Developing a scuba trail vulnerability index (STVI): a case study from a Mediterranean MPA. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:1201-1217. 2009 Cuba Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Quicoy, A. R. and N. D. Briones. 2009. Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment of Coastal Ecotourism in Calatagan, Batangas, Phlippines. Journal Of Environmental Science And Management 12:11-26. 2009 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Whittington, I. D. and G. C. Kearn. 2009. Two new species of entobdelline skin parasites (Monogenea, Capsalidae) from the blotched fantail ray, Taeniura meyeni, in the Pacific Ocean, with comments on spermatophores and the male copulatory apparatus. Acta Parasitologica 54:12-21. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Taiwan Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
Underwood, J. N. 2009. Characterisation of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci in a coral reef fish (Chromis margaritifer). Conservation Genetics Resources 1:491-493. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Caras, T. and Z. Pasternak. 2009. Long-term environmental impact of coral mining at the Wakatobi marine park, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:539-544. 2009 Indonesia Algae; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Ahmad, S. A. and N. Hanley. 2009. Willingness to pay for reducing crowding effect damages in Marine Parks in Malaysia. Singapore Economic Review 54:21-39. 2009 Malaysia; Oman Model Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Aguiar, A. A., J. L. Valentin, and R. S. Rosa. 2009. Habitat use by Dasyatis americana in a south-western Atlantic oceanic island. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 6-Jan. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Beaches & Nature Parks
Irving, A. D. and M. D. Bertness. 2009. Trait-dependent modification of facilitation on cobble beaches. Ecology 90:3042-3050. 2009 England Model Beaches & Nature Parks
Leopold, M., A. Cakacaka, S. Meo, J. Sikolia, and D. Lecchini. 2009. Evaluation of the effectiveness of three underwater reef fish monitoring methods in Fiji. Biodiversity and Conservation 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Paris, R., P. Wassmer, J. Sartohadi, F. Lavigne, B. Barthomeuf, E. Desgages, D. Grancher, P. Baumert, F. Vautier, D. Brunstein, and C. Gomez. 2009. Tsunamis as geomorphic crises: Lessons from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, West Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia). Geomorphology 104:59-72. 2009 Indonesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dodds, W. K., W. A. Bouska, J. L. Eitzmann, T. J. Pilger, K. L. Pitts, A. J. Riley, J. T. Schloesser, and D. J. Thornbrugh. 2009. Eutrophication of U.S. freshwaters: analysis of potential economic damages. Environmental Science and Technology 43:13-19. 2009 Drinking Water Supply; Fish; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Moreno, A. and B. Amelung. 2009. Climate change and coastal & marine tourism: review and analysis. Journal of Coastal Research 56:1140-1144. 2009 Review Climate; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2009. Fisheries of the United States 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2009 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, and A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: A contingent behaviour approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 53:213-229. 2009 Australia Model Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Sih, J. and J. Chouw. 2009. Fish And Whips: Use Of Gorgonians As A Habitat By The Large Whipcoral Goby, Bryaninops Amplus (Larson). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 145-157. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral
Peters, H. and J. P. Hawkins. 2009. Access to marine parks: A comparative study in willingness to pay. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:219-228. 2009 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Hardt, M. J. 2009. Lessons from the past: The collapse of Jamaican coral reefs. Fish and Fisheries 10:143-158. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Columbia; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Shertzer, K. W., E. H. Williams, and J. C. Taylor. 2009. Spatial structure and temporal patterns in a large marine ecosystem: Exploited reef fishes of the southeast United States. Fisheries Research 100:126-133. 2009 Florida Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Tourism & Recreation
van Herwerden, L., W. J. Aspden, S. J. Newman, G. G. Pegg, L. Briskey, and W. Sinclair. 2009. A comparison of the population genetics of Lethrinus miniatus and Lutjanus sebae from the east and west coasts of Australia: Evidence for panmixia and isolation. Fisheries Research 100:148-155. 2009 Australia Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2009. Tourism highlights, 2009 edition. 2009 Tourism & Recreation
Koldewey, H. J., J. Atkinson, and A. Debney. 2009. Threatened species on the menu? Towards sustainable seafood use in zoos and aquariums. International Zoo Yearbook 43:71-81. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Wetlands
Justine, J. L., C. Dupoux, and T. H. Cribb. 2009. Resolution of the discrepant host-specificity of Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from serranid fishes in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Acta Parasitologica 54:119-130. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Meyer, C. G. and K. N. Holland. 2009. Spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of recreational snorkelers and SCUBA divers in Hawaiian Marine Protected Areas. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8-Jan. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Batista, J. B., R. M. V. Leonel, and M. A. J. Costa. 2009. Population characteristics of Microphrys bicornutus (Brachyura, Mithracidae) on the phytal Halimeda opuntia (Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae), on reef area submitted to human visitation, in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. Iheringia Serie Zoologia 99:44-52. 2009 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Salinity; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Guillemot, N., M. Leopold, M. Cuif, and P. Chabanet. 2009. Characterization and management of informal fisheries confronted with socio-economic changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Fisheries Research 98:51-61. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Dumas, P., A. Bertaud, C. Peignon, M. Leopold, and D. Pelletier. 2009. A "quick and clean" photographic method for the description of coral reef habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:161-168. 2009 Cuba; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Substrate
Oxford Economics. 2009. Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching. 2009 Global; Australia Review Climate; CO2; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
ten Voorde, M., J. S. A. do Carmo, and M. G. Neves. 2009. Designing a Preliminary Multifunctional Artificial Reef to Protect the Portuguese Coast. Journal of Coastal Research 25:69-79. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Dikou, A., C. Ackerman, C. Banks, A. Dempsey, M. Fox, M. Gins, P. Hester, A. Parnes, S. Roach, J. Rohde, C. Spital, M. Tapleshay, and L. Thomas. 2009. Ecological assessment to detect imminent change in coral reefs of Admiral Cockburn Land and Sea National Park, Turks and Caicos Islands. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 30:425-436. 2009 South & Central America; Turks and Caicos; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Hicks, C. C., T. R. McClanahan, J. E. Cinner, and J. M. Hills. 2009. Trade-offs in values assigned to ecological goods and services associated with different coral reef management strategies. Ecology and Society 14:10-27. 2009 Global; Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Howard, K. G., B. D. Schumacher, and J. D. Parrish. 2009. Community structure and habitat associations of parrotfishes on Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 12-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Wielgusa, J., L. R. Gerbera, E. Salab, and J. Bennett. 2009. Including risk in stated-preference economic valuations: experiments on choices for marine recreation. Journal of Environmental Management 90:3401-3409. 2009 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Zajicek, P., S. Hardin, and C. Watson. 2009. A Florida marine ornamental pathway risk analysis. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:156-169. 2009 Global; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Invasive Species; Stony Coral; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Sunagawa, S., E. C. Wilson, M. Thaler, M. L. Smith, C. Caruso, J. R. Pringle, V. M. Weis, M. Medina, and J. A. Schwarz. 2009. Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. BMC Genomics 10:258. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Rhyne, A., R. Rotjan, A. Bruckner, and M. Tlusty. 2009. Crawling to Collapse: Ecologically Unsound Ornamental Invertebrate Fisheries. PLoS One 4:e8413. 2009 Florida Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Monetary Valuation
Stokes, M. D. and G. B. Deane. 2009. Automated processing of coral reef benthic images. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 7:157-168. 2009 GIS & Maps Substrate
Sheppard, B. J. and C. F. Dungan. 2009. Exotic Perkinsus Sp Protozoa In An Imported Vietnamese Ornamental Clam (Tridacna Crocea) Maintained In A Home Aquarium. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40:140-146. 2009 Cuba; Vietnam Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Molluscs; Pathogens
Bonkosky, M., E. A. Hernandez-Delgado, B. Sandoz, I. E. Robledo, J. Norat-Ramirez, and H. Mattei. 2009. Detection of spatial fluctuations of non-point source fecal pollution in coral reef surrounding waters in southwestern Puerto Rico using PCR-based assays. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:45-54. 2009 Puerto Rico Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-Based Identifications for the Ornamental Fish Trade. PLoS One 4:e6300. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Special Use Permitting
Dearden, P., M. Theberge, and M. Yasue. 2009. Using underwater cameras to assess the effects of snorkeler and SCUBA diver presence on coral reef fish abundance, family richness, and species composition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8-Jan. 2009 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Wall, C. C., F. E. Muller-Karger, and M. A. Roffer. 2009. Linkages between environmental conditions and recreational king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) catch off west-central Florida. Fisheries Oceanography 18:185-199. 2009 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Barr, R. F. and S. Mourato. 2009. Investigating the potential for marine resource protection through environmental service markets: An exploratory study from La Paz, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:568-577. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Parsons, D. M., M. A. Morrison, A. B. MacDiarmid, B. Stirling, P. Cleaver, I. W. G. Smith, and M. Butcher. 2009. Risks of shifting baselines highlighted by anecdotal accounts of New Zealand's snapper (Pagrus auratus) fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:965-983. 2009 Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hoffmann, F., R. Radax, D. Woebken, M. Holtappels, G. Lavik, H. T. Rapp, M. L. Schlappy, C. Schleper, and M. M. M. Kuypers. 2009. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environmental Microbiology 11:2228-2243. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges
Kawauchi, G. Y. and M. E. Rice. 2009. Two new species of Nephasoma (Sipuncula: Golfingiidae) from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 122:13-Jan. 2009 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review Golf Course Operations; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral
Wasmund, K., D. I. Kurtboke, K. A. Burns, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Microbial diversity in sediments associated with a shallow methane seep in the tropical Timor Sea of Australia reveals a novel aerobic methanotroph diversity. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:142-151. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Sediment
Cruz-Trinidad, A., R. C. Geronimo, and P. M. Alino. 2009. Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:173-180. 2009 Philippines Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Bicudo, P. and A. Horta. 2009. Integrating Surfing in the Socio-economic and Morphology and Coastal Dynamic Impacts of the Environmental Evaluation of Coastal Projects. Journal of Coastal Research 1115-1119. 2009 Europe Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Knittweis, L., J. Jompa, C. Richter, and M. Wolff. 2009. Population dynamics of the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 12-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Knittweis, L., J. Jompa, C. Richter, and M. Wolff. 2009. Population dynamics of the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 28:793-804. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Sutton, S. G. and R. C. Tobin. 2009. Recreational fishers' attitudes towards the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 36:245-252. 2009 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral reefs: threats and conservation in an era of global change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162:136-186. 2009 Global; Florida Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Garren, M., L. Raymundo, J. Guest, C. D. Harvell, and F. Azam. 2009. Resilience of Coral-Associated Bacterial Communities Exposed to Fish Farm Effluent. PLoS One 4:e7319. 2009 Philippines Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Purgley, H., J. Jewell, J. E. Deacon, R. M. Winokur, and V. M. Tripoli. 2009. Vitamin D-3 in Captive Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:161-167. 2009 Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Hotel & Food Services; Light; Sea Turtles
Gonzalez-Sanson, G., C. Aguilar, I. Hernandez, and Y. Cabrera. 2009. Effects of depth and bottom communities on the distribution of highly territorial reef fish in the northwestern region of Cuba. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25:652-660. 2009 Cuba Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Octocoral; Petroleum Spills; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Gordoa, A. 2009. Characterization of the infralittoral system along the north-east Spanish coast based on sport shore-based fishing tournament catches. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 82:41-49. 2009 Spain Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciarai, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Siboni, N., S. Martinez, A. Abelson, A. Sivan, and A. Kushmaro. 2009. Conditioning film and initial biofilm formation on electrochemical CaCO3 deposition on a metallic net in the marine environment. Biofouling 25:675-683. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Cyanobacteria; Invertebrates
Butardo-Toribio, M. Z., P. M. Alino, and E. S. Guiang. 2009. Cost-Benefit Study of Marine Protected Areas: Implications on Financing and Institutional Needs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:153-169. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Terry, J. P. and K. Khatri. 2009. People, pigs and pollution - Experiences with applying participatory learning and action (PLA) methodology to identify problems of pig-waste management at the village level in Fiji. Journal of Cleaner Production 17:1393-1400. 2009 Fiji Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Barbour, M. T., N. L. Poff, R. H. Norris, and J. D. Allan. 2008. Perspective: communicating our science to influence public policy. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27:562-569. 2008 Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Fairley, I. and M. A. Davidson. 2008. A two-dimensional wave flume investigation into the effect of multiple vertical steps on the form of breaking waves. Journal of Coastal Research 24:51-58. 2008 Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Granek, E. F., E. M. P. Madin, M. A. Brown, W. Figueira, D. S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, J. E. Williams, J. Post, S. Zahn, and R. Arlinghaus. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22:1125-1134. 2008 Global; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Knee, K. L., B. A. Layton, J. H. Street, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2008. Sources of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria to nearshore waters on the north shore of Kaua'i (Hawai'i, USA). Estuaries and Coasts 31:607-622. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Santos, L. N., F. G. Araujo, and D. S. Brotto. 2008. Artificial structures as tools for fish habitat rehabilitation in a neotropical reservoir. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:896-908. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species
Eckman, J. E., M. S. Andres, R. L. Marinelli, E. Bowlin, R. P. Reid, R. J. Aspden, and D. M. Paterson. 2008. Wave and sediment dynamics along a shallow subtidal sandy beach inhabited by modern stromatolites. Geobiology 6:21-32. 2008 Bahamas Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Stuart-Smith, R. D., N. S. Barrett, C. M. Crawford, S. D. Frusher, D. G. Stevenson, and G. J. Edgar. 2008. Spatial patterns in impacts of fishing on temperate rocky reefs: Are fish abundance and mean size related to proximity to fisher access points? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:116-125. 2008 Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Planktivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Stevely, J. and D. Sweat. 2008. Exploring the potential and protecting the resources: Florida's marine sponges. Sea Grant, Gainesville, FL. 2008 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sponges
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2008. 'Loved to death': Coral collecting in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1770-1970. Environment and History 14:89-119. 2008 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
Webster, N. S., R. E. Cobb, and A. P. Negri. 2008. Temperature thresholds for bacterial symbiosis with a sponge. ISME Journal 2:830-842. 2008 Climate; Pathogens; Sponges
Nanami, A. and H. Yamada. 2008. Size and spatial arrangement of home range of checkered snapper Lutjanus decussatus (Lutjanidae) in an Okinawan coral reef determined using a portable GPS receiver. Marine Biology 153:1103-1111. 2008 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Sekar, R., L. T. Kaczmarsky, and L. L. Richardson. 2008. Microbial community composition of black band disease on the coral host Siderastrea siderea from three regions of the wider Caribbean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:85-98. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Prouty, N. G., K. A. Hughen, and J. Carilli. 2008. Geochemical signature of land-based activities in Caribbean coral surface samples. Coral Reefs 27:727-742. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Index or Indicator Agriculture; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Bauer, L. J., M. S. Kendall, and C. F. G. Jeffrey. 2008. Incidence of marine debris and its relationships with benthic features in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Southeast USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:402-413. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Tilot, V., W. Leujak, R. F. G. Ormond, J. A. Ashworth, and A. Mabrouk. 2008. Monitoring of South Sinai coral reefs: Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1109-1126. 2008 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Soliman, A. M., H. M. Moghazy, and A. M. El-Tahan. 2008. Sea level rise impacts on Egyptian Mediterranean coast (case study of Alexandria). AEJ - Alexandria Engineering Journal 47:75-87. 2008 Global; Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hengge, U. R. 2008. Arthropod bite reactions and pyodermias [Iktusreaktionen und pyodermien]. Hautarzt 59:633-641. 2008 Arthropods; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Drew, C. A. and D. B. Eggleston. 2008. Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:233-243. 2008 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Koener, R. M. and J. R. Koerner. 2008. Review and analysis of GRI-21 conference. Page 50 in Geosynthetics. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Review Agriculture; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Domestic Animal Waste; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Eggleston, D. B., D. M. Parsons, G. T. Kellison, G. R. Plaia, and E. G. Johnson. 2008. Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management. Ecological Applications 18:258-272. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Timm, J. and M. Kochzius. 2008. Geological history and oceanography of the Indo-Malay Archipelago shape the genetic population structure in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Molecular Ecology 17:3999-4014. 2008 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Water Depth & Sea Level
Garren, M., S. Smriga, and F. Azam. 2008. Gradients of coastal fish farm effluents and their effect on coral reef microbes. Environmental Microbiology 10:2299-2312. 2008 Philippines Aquaculture; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Slobbe, L., P. J. J. van Genderen, and P. J. Wismans. 2008. Two patients with ciguatera toxicity: A seafood poisoning in travellers to (sub) tropical areas. Netherlands Journal of Medicine 66:389-391. 2008 Fish; Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation
Clemencic, M. 2008. LHCb distributed conditions database. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
[No author name available]. 2008. Coastal Environment 2008: Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions, CENV 08. in WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Boating Activities; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Lampert, Y., D. Kelman, Y. Nitzan, Z. Dubinsky, A. Behar, and R. T. Hill. 2008. Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with the mucus of Red Sea corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64:187-198. 2008 Europe Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Substrate
Raes, M., W. Decraemer, and A. Vanreusel. 2008. Walking with worms: Coral-associated epifaunal nematodes. Journal of Biogeography 35:2207-2222. 2008 Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Kenya; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Payne, M. S., L. Hoj, M. Wietz, M. R. Hall, L. Sly, and D. G. Bourne. 2008. Microbial diversity of mid-stage Palinurid phyllosoma from Great Barrier Reef waters. Journal of Applied Microbiology 105:340-350. 2008 Australia Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pathogens
Reynaud, Y., D. Saulnier, D. Mazel, C. Goarant, and F. Le Roux. 2008. Correlation between detection of a plasmid and high-level virulence of Vibrio nigripulchritudo, a pathogen of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74:3038-3047. 2008 New Caledonia Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pathogens
Speed, C. W., M. G. Meekan, D. Rowat, S. J. Pierce, A. D. Marshall, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2008. Scarring patterns and relative mortality rates of Indian Ocean whale sharks. Journal of Fish Biology 72:1488-1503. 2008 Australia; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Seychelles; India Apex Fish Predators; Boating Regulations
Danovaro, R., L. Bongiorni, C. Corinaldesi, D. Giovannelli, E. Damiani, P. Astolfi, L. Greci, and A. Pusceddu. 2008. Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections. Environmental Health Perspectives 116:441-447. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Pacific Ocean Lab Study Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Zooxanthellae
Sumpton, W., D. Mayer, I. Brown, B. Sawynok, M. McLennan, A. Butcher, and J. Kirkwood. 2008. Investigation of movement and factors influencing post-release survival of line-caught coral reef fish using recreational tag-recapture data. Fisheries Research 92:189-195. 2008 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Chiou, C.-Y., I.-P. Chen, C. Chen, H.J.-L. Wu, N. V. Wei, C. C. Wallace, and C. A. Chen. 2008. Analysis of Acropora muricata calmodulin (CaM) indicates that scleractinian corals possess the ancestral exon/intron organization of the eumetazoan CaM gene. Journal of Molecular Evolution 66:317-324. 2008 Stony Coral
Nakajima, K. and I. Takeuchi. 2008. Rearing method for Caprella mutica (Malacostraca: Amphipoda) in an exhibition tank in the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, with notes on reproductive biology. Journal of Crustacean Biology 28:171-174. 2008 Japan Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Gavella, N. 2008. On the acquisition of ownership by appropriation of sea fish and other sea organisms [O stjecanju vlasništva prisvajanjem morskih riba i drugih morskih organizama]. Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu 58:113-134. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Chockley, B. R., C. M. St Mary, and C. W. Osenberg. 2008. Population sinks in the Upper Florida Keys: The importance of demographic variation in population dynamics of the marine shrimp Stenopus hispidus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 360:135-145. 2008 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Shertzer, K. W. and E. H. Williams. 2008. Fish assemblages and indicator species: Reef fishes off the southeastern United States. Fishery Bulletin 106:257-269. 2008 Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Jimenez-Badillo, L. 2008. Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:19-26. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Schools & Colleges; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura. 2008. Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27:165. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Burke, L., S. Greenhalgh, D. Prager, and E. Cooper. 2008. Coastal capital -- economic valuation of coral reefs in Tobago and St. Lucia. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Tobago; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Kumar, A., P. Seralathan, and K. S. Jayappa. 2008. Distribution of coastal cliffs in Kerala, India: their mechanisms of failure and related human engineering response. Environmental Geology 18-Jan. 2008 India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Edgar, G. J., S. Banks, R. Bensted-Smith, M. Calvopina, A. Chiriboga, L. E. Garske, S. Henderson, K. A. Miller, and S. Salazar. 2008. Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:955-968. 2008 Global Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Asafu-Adjaye, J. and S. Tapsuwan. 2008. A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management 29:1122-1130. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Jensen, S., J. D. Neufeld, N.-K. Birkeland, M. Hovland, and J. C. Murrell. 2008. Insight into the microbial community structure of a Norwegian deep-water coral reef environment. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55:1554-1563. 2008 Australia; Norway Plankton; Sediment; Sponges
Patterson, H. M. and S. E. Swearer. 2008. Origin of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, from Lord Howe Island, Australia, inferred from otolith chemistry. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:409-416. 2008 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Allen, T. and R. Southwick. 2008. Sportfishing in America: an economic engine and conservation powerhouse. American Sportfishing Association. 2008 Finfish Harvest; Manufacturing & Trade; Medical Centers; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Aydin, N. 2008. The need for tourism satellite account: a florida case study: more basic estimating methods reach only the tip of the iceberg. Applied Research in Economic Development 5:37-47. 2008 Florida Model Tourism & Recreation
Schwarz, J. A., P. B. Brokstein, C. Voolstra, A. Y. Terry, D. J. Miller, A. M. Szmant, M. A. Coffroth, and M. Medina. 2008. Coral life history and symbiosis: functional genomic resources for two reef building Caribbean corals, Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata. BMC Genomics 9:97. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Di Iulio Ilarri, M., A. T. De Souza, P. R. De Medeiros, R. G. Grempel, and I. M. De Lucena Rosa. 2008. Effects of tourist visitation and supplementary feeding on fish assemblage composition on a tropical reef in the Southwestern Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology 6:651-656. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Calhoun, R. S. and M. E. Field. 2008. Sand composition and transport history on a fringing coral reef, Molokai, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1151-1160. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment
Pyle, R. L., J. L. Earle, and B. D. Greene. 2008. Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific. Zootaxa 31-Mar. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Vanuatu; Fiji Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kench, P. S., S. L. Nichol, S. G. Smithers, R. F. McLean, and R. W. Brander. 2008. Tsunami as agents of geomorphic change in mid-ocean reef islands. Geomorphology 95:361-383. 2008 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Li, Y., A. M. Sierra, H.-W. Ai, and R. E. Campbell. 2008. Identification of sites within a monomeric red fluorescent protein that tolerate peptide insertion and testing of corresponding circular permutations. Photochemistry and Photobiology 84:111-119. 2008
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Venerus, L. A., A. M. Parma, and D. E. Galvan. 2008. Annual occupation pattern of temperate rocky reefs by the Argentine sandperch Pseudopercis semifasciata in San Jose Gulf Marine Park, Argentina. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:217-229. 2008 Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Water Environment Servicves. 2008. Three Creeks Restoration. 2008 Invasive Species; Littering; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Cooper, E., L. Burke, and N. Bood. 2008. Coastal capital: Belize, the economic contribution of Belize�s coral reefs and mangroves. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Goeldner, C. R. and J. R. B. Ritchie. 2008. Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies, 11th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 2008 Tourism & Recreation
Cassata, L. and L. B. Collins. 2008. Coral reef communities, habitats, and substrates in and near sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Journal of Coastal Research 24:139-151. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Feitosa, C. V., B. P. Ferreira, and M. Elisabeth De Araujo. 2008. A rapid new method for assessing sustainability of ornamental fish by-catch from coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:1092-1100. 2008 Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish
NOAA; The Nature Conservancy. 2008. Creosote Assessment in Puget Sound Beaches. NOAA. 2008 Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas; Sediment
Hasler, H. and J. A. Ott. 2008. Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1788-1794. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Pennisi, E. 2008. Museums: Smithsonian takes the plunge with ocean exhibit. Science 321:1617. 2008 Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
D'Entremont, A., J. Kaariainen, and K. Baker. 2008. SERPENT of the Deep - Research, monitoring and partnerships for a deepwater well off atlantic canada. Pages 1493-1500 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Schools & Colleges; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Korzeniewski, K. 2008. Land and marine fauna constituting a threat for recreational divers in the tropics [Fauna morska i ladowa stanowiaca zagrożenie dla nurkujacych rekreacyjnie w tropiku]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 25:294-297. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Arthropods; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2008. Fisheries of the United States 2007. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Cunha, E. A., R. A. A. Carvalho, C. Monteiro-Neto, L. E. S. Moraes, and M. E. Araujo. 2008. Comparative analysis of tidepool fish species composition on tropical coastal rocky reefs at State of Ceara, Brazil. Iheringia - Serie Zoologia 98:379-390. 2008 Beaches & Nature Parks; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Addison, P. F. E., R. S. Koss, and T. D. O'Hara. 2008. Recreational use of a rocky intertidal reef in Victoria: Implications for ecological research and management. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 15:169-179. 2008 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Teh, L. C. L., L. S. L. Teh, and F. C. Chung. 2008. A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3061-3077. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
De Matos Nogueira, J. M. and M. V. Fukuda. 2008. A new species of Trypanosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Brazil, with a redescription of Brazilian material of Trypanosyllis zebra. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:913-924. 2008 United Kingdom Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Worms; Sponges
Chang, Y.C., F.W. Hong, and M.T. Lee. 2008. A system dynamic based DSS for sustainable coral reef management in Kenting coastal zone, Taiwan. Ecological Modelling 211:153-168. 2008 Taiwan Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fish; Sewage Treatment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Mylroie, J. E. 2008. Late Quaternary sea-level position: Evidence from Bahamian carbonate deposition and dissolution cycles. Quaternary International 183:61-75. 2008 Beaches & Nature Parks; CO2; Sediment
Figueiredo, J., L. Narciso, R. Turingan, and J. Lin. 2008. Efficiency of using emerald crabs Mithraculus sculptus to control bubble alga Ventricaria ventricosa (syn. Valonia ventricosa) in aquaria habitats. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:95-101. 2008 United Kingdom Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Healthy Reef Initiative. 2008. Report Card for the Mesoamerican Reef. Healthy Reef Initiative. 2008 Index or Indicator Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Loper, C., R. Pomeroy, V. Hoon, P. McConney, M. Pena, A. Sanders, G. Sriskanthan, S. Vergara, M. Pido, R. Vave, C. Vieux, I. Wanyonyi. 2008. Socioeconomic conditions along the world�s tropical coasts: 2008. Conservation International. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Buddemeier, R. W., P. L. Jokiel, K. M. Zimmerman, D. R. Lane, J. M. Carey, G. C. Bohling, and J. A. Martinich. 2008. A modeling tool to evaluate regional coral reef responses to changes in climate and ocean chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6:395-411. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; CO2
Li, S., K. Yu, Q. Shi, T. Chen, M. Zhao, and J. Zhao. 2008. Interspecies and spatial diversity in the symbiotic zooxanthellae density in corals from northern South China Sea and its relationship to coral reef bleaching. Chinese Science Bulletin 53:295-303. 2008 China Aquaculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Woo, K. S., J. C. Kim, D. W. Choi, J. K. Kim, R. Kim, and O. Nehza. 2008. The origin of erratic calcite speleothems in the Dangcheomul Cave (lava tube cave), Jeju Island, Korea. Quaternary International 70-81. 2008 Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Sediment
Hern�ndez, J. C., S. Clemente, C. Sangil, and A. Brito. 2008. The key role of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum in controlling macroalgae assemblages throughout the Canary Islands (eastern subtropical Atlantic): an spatio-temporal approach. Marine Environmental Research 66:259-270. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Boats; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hourigan, T. 2008. Deep Water Connections, 6(1). (NOAA Fisheries Management Service, Silver Springs, MD. 2008 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Harvey, N. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2008. Australian approaches to coastal vulnerability assessment. Pages 67-87 in Sustainability Science. 2008 Global; Australia Model; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Steyn, E., P. J. Fielding, and M. H. Schleyer. 2008. The artisanal fishery for East Coast rock lobsters Panulirus homarus along the Wild Coast, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30:497-506. 2008 South Africa Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Fukunaga, A. and J. H. Bailey-Brock. 2008. Benthic infaunal communities around two artificial reefs in Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Environmental Research 65:250-263. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Lloret, J. and V. Riera. 2008. Evolution of a mediterranean coastal zone: Human impacts on the marine environment of cape creus. Environmental Management 42:977-988. 2008 Cuba Boating Activities; Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Heck Jr., K. L., T. J. B. Carruthers, C. M. Duarte, A. R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, R. J. Orth, and S. W. Williams. 2008. Trophic Transfers from Seagrass Meadows Subsidize Diverse Marine and Terrestrial Consumers. Ecosystems 13-Jan. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Seagrasses
Pyke, G. H., J. Rowley, J. Shoulder, and A. W. White. 2008. Attempted introduction of the endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog to Long Reef Golf Course: A step towards recovery. Australian Zoologist 34:361-372. 2008 Golf Course Operations; Pathogens
White, A. W. and G. H. Pyke. 2008. Frogs on the hop: Translocations of Green and Golden Bell Frogs Litoria aurea in Greater Sydney. Australian Zoologist 34:249-260. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Pathogens
Leitao, F., M. N. Santos, K. Erzini, and C. C. Monteiro. 2008. Fish assemblages and rapid colonization after enlargement of an artificial reef off the Algarve coast (Southern Portugal). Marine Ecology 29:435-448. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kleczkowski, M., R. C. Babcock, and G. Clapin. 2008. Density and size of reef fishes in and around a temperate marine reserve. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:165-176. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hazin, F. H. V., G. H. Burgess, and F. C. Carvalho. 2008. A shark attack outbreak off recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: 1992-2006. Bulletin of Marine Science 82:199-212. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Charlier, R. H., P. Morand, and C. W. Finkl. 2008. How Brittany and Florida coasts cope with green tides. International Journal of Environmental Studies 65:191-208. 2008 Florida; France Agriculture; Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Mohammed, T. A. and M. H. Yassien. 2008. Bivalve assemblages on living coral species in the northern Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Shellfish Research 27:1217-1223. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral
Monk, J., D. Ierodiaconou, A. Bellgrove, and L. Laurenson. 2008. Using community-based monitoring with GIS to create habitat maps for a marine protected area in Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:865-871. 2008 Global; Australia; Cuba; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Conservation International (CI). 2008. Economic values of coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses: a global compilation. Conservation International, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Arlington, Virginia. 2008 Global; Florida Carbon Storage & Cycling; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Ortiz, D. M. and B. N. Tissot. 2008. Ontogenetic patterns of habitat use by reef-fish in a Marine Protected Area network: A multi-scaled remote sensing and in situ approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:217-232. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
Legrand, H., Y. Rousseau, C. Peres, and J.-P. Marechal. 2008. Ecological monitoring of coral reefs in IFRECOR survey sites in Martinique between 2001 and 2006 [Suivi ecologique des recifs coralliens des stations IFRECOR en Martinique de 2001 à 2006]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:67-84. 2008 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba; Martinique; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Pathogens
Lippmann, J. 2008. Review of scuba diving fatalities and decompression illness in Australia. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 38:71-78. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Internet & Telecommunications; Tourism & Recreation
Leujak, W. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2008. Quantifying acceptable levels of visitor use on Red Sea reef flats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:930-944. 2008 Egypt Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Brock, J. C., M. Palaseanu-Lovejoy, C. W. Wright, and A. Nayegandhi. 2008. Patch-reef morphology as a proxy for Holocene sea-level variability, Northern Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 27:555-568. 2008 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Water Depth & Sea Level
Jantzen, C., C. Wild, M. El-Zibdah, H. A. Roa-Quiaoit, C. Haacke, and C. Richter. 2008. Photosynthetic performance of giant clams, Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, Red Sea. Marine Biology 155:211-221. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Crabbe, J.C. 2008. Climate change, global warming and coral reefs: Modelling the effects of temperature. Computational Biology and Chemistry 2008 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Internet & Telecommunications; Stony Coral
Padove Cohen, S. A., H. Hatt, J. Kubanek, and N. A. McCarty. 2008. Reconstitution of a chemical defense signaling pathway in a heterologous system. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:599-605. 2008 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fish; Sponges
Salvat, B., A. Aubanel, M. Adjeroud, P. Bouisset, D. Calmet, Y. Chancerelle, N. Cochennec, N. Davies, A. Fougerousse, R. Galzin, E. Lagouy, C. Lo, C. Monier, C. Ponsonnet, G. Remoissenet, D. Schneider, A. Stein, M. Tatarata, and L. Villiers. 2008. Monitoring of French Polynesia coral reefs and their recent development [Le suivi de l'etat des recifs coralliens de Polynesie francaise et leur recente evolution]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:145-177. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Nutrients; Seastars; Sewage Treatment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Wantiez, L. 2008. Coral reefs of New Caledonia in 2006: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de nouvelle-caledonie en 2006: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:117-132. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Cruise Ships; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Mining; Mining Policies; Seastars; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Longford, S. R., N. A. Tujula, G. R. Crocetti, A. J. Holmes, C. Holmstrom, S. Kjelleberg, P. D. Steinberg, and M. W. Taylor. 2007. Comparisons of diversity of bacterial communities associated with three sessile marine eukaryotes. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 48:217-229. 2007 Australia Algae; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Plankton; Sponges
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Merritt, R. 2007. MPAA's top cop quits, hopes to land corporate gig. Electronic Engineering Times 1469:36-38. 2007 Europe Corporate Responses; Internet & Telecommunications
Ahmed, M., G. M. Umali, C. K. Chong, M. F. Rull, and M. C. Garcia. 2007. Valuing recreational and conservation benefits of coral reefs-the case of Bolinao, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:103-118. 2007 Global; Philippines Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Graham, R. T. and C. M. Roberts. 2007. Assessing the size, growth rate and structure of a seasonal population of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus Smith 1828) using conventional tagging and photo identification. Fisheries Research 84:71-80. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Hoover, C. A., M. Slattery, and A. G. Marsh. 2007. Profiling transcriptome complexity and secondary metabolite synthesis in a benthic soft coral, Sinularia polydactyla. Marine Biotechnology 9:166-178. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Octocoral
Hewson, I., P. H. Moisander, A. E. Morrison, and J. P. Zehr. 2007. Diazotrophic bacterioplankton in a coral reef lagoon: Phylogeny, diel nitrogenase expression and response to phosphate enrichment. ISME Journal 1:78-91. 2007 Australia; Cuba Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment
Apprill, A. M. and R. D. Gates. 2007. Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities: Fast-track article. Molecular Ecology 16:1127-1134. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Climate; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Webster, N. S. and D. Bourne. 2007. Bacterial community structure associated with the Antarctic soft coral, Alcyonium antarcticum. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59:81-94. 2007 Europe Fish; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Sponges
Kutser, T., E. Vahtmae, C. M. Roelfsema, and L. Metsamaa. 2007. Photo-library method for mapping seagrass biomass. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 75:559-563. 2007 Palau Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seagrasses; Substrate
Uthicke, S. and K. McGuire. 2007. Bacterial communities in Great Barrier Reef calcareous sediments: Contrasting 16S rDNA libraries from nearshore and outer shelf reefs. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:188-200. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Cyanobacteria; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Paris, C. B., L. M. Cherubin, and R. K. Cowen. 2007. Surfing, spinning, or diving from reef to reef: Effects on population connectivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347:285-300. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Klaus, J. S., I. Janse, J. M. Heikoop, R. A. Sanford, and B. W. Fouke. 2007. Coral microbial communities, zooxanthellae and mucus along gradients of seawater depth and coastal pollution. Environmental Microbiology 9:1291-1305. 2007 Antilles Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Waterborne Discharges; Zooxanthellae
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:271-275. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas
Chakalall, B., R. Mahon, P. McConney, L. Nurse, and D. Oderson. 2007. Governance of fisheries and other living marine resources in the Wider Caribbean. Fisheries Research 87:92-99. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 2007. Alien invaders - Nowhere to hide. Pages 31-33 MER - Marine Engineers Review. 2007 Review Ballast Discharge; Collaboration & Partnering; Cruise Ships
Mohamed, M. 2007. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF CORAL REEFS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF DHIGALI HAA, A MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN BAA ATOLL, MALDIVES. Masters Thesis. University of Canterbury, (Christchurch, New Zealand). 2007 Maldives Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Oigman-Pszczol, S. S., A. E. S. Oliveira, and J. C. Creed. 2007. Perceptions of coral in a coastal tourist town in Brazil. Coral Reefs 26:667-670. 2007 Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2007. Classification of benthic composition in a coral reef environment using spectral unmixing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Substrate
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Reed, J. K., C. C. Koenig, and A. N. Shepard. 2007. Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:481-496. 2007 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kench, P. S., S. L. Nichol, R. F. McLean, S. G. Smithers, and R. W. Brander. 2007. Impact of the Sumatran Ttunami on the geomorphology and sediments of reef islands: South Maalhosmadulu Atoll, Maldives. Atoll Research Bulletin 105-129. 2007 Maldives Climate; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Thiessen, R. J. and D. D. Heath. 2007. Characterization of one trinucleotide and six dinucleotide microsatellite markers in bicolor damselfish, Stegastes partitus, a common coral reef fish: Seven novel microsatellites in Stegastes partitus. Conservation Genetics 8:983-985. 2007 Small Herbivorous Fish
Kuguru, B., G. Winters, S. Beer, S. R. Santos, and N. E. Chadwick. 2007. Adaptation strategies of the corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma to irradiance and temperature. Marine Biology 151:1287-1298. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Wright, D. A., R. Dawson, C. E. Orano-Dawson, and S. M. Moesel. 2007. A test of the efficacy of a ballast water treatment system aboard the vessel Coral Princess. Marine Technology 44:57-67. 2007 Florida; Panama; Columbia Ballast Discharge; Cruise Ships; Light
Kankara, R. S. and B. R. Subramanian. 2007. Oil spill sensitivity analysis and risk assessment for Gulf of Kachchh, India, using integrated modeling. Journal of Coastal Research 23:1251-1258. 2007 India Model; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Transportation Policies
Maruska, K. P. and K. A. Peyton. 2007. Interspecific spawning between a recent immigrant and an endemic damselfish (Pisces: Pomacentridae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 61:211-221. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
McField, M. and P. Kramer. 2007. Healthy reefs for healthy people: A guide to indicators of reef health and social well-being in the Mesoamerican Reef region. 1-218. 2007 Global Index or Indicator Climate; Coastal Development; Tourism & Recreation
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2007. Perceptions of diving impacts and implications for reef conservation. Coastal Management 35:305-317. 2007 Cuba; Thailand Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Macpherson, R. 2007. coral reefs still in danger from tourism head [6]. Science 317:1498-1500. 2007 Tourism & Recreation
Little, L. R., A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, F. Pantus, A. D. M. Smith, C. R. Davies, and A. D. McDonald. 2007. ELFSim-A model for evaluating management options for spatially structured reef fish populations: An illustration of the \larval subsidy\" effect". Ecological Modelling 205:381-396. 2007 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lapointe, B. E. and B. J. Bedford. 2007. Drift rhodophyte blooms emerge in Lee County, Florida, USA: Evidence of escalating coastal eutrophication. Harmful Algae 6:421-437. 2007 Global; Florida Agriculture; Algae; Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 2007. 'Fantasea Ammari' - A \boutique\" cruise vessel for Barrier Reef luxury market". Work Boat World 25:23. 2007 Australia Cruise Ships; Small Boats
Brown, M. 2007. 'Tulsa 5': Impressive barrier Reef dive boat form new wave catamarans. Work Boat World 26:68. 2007 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats
Rouphael, A. B. and M. Hanafy. 2007. An alternative management framework to limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:91-103. 2007 Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Diedrich, A. 2007. The impacts of tourism on coral reef conservation awareness and support in coastal communities in Belize. Coral Reefs 26:985-996. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Villareal, T. A., S. Hanson, S. Qualia, E. L. E. Jester, H. R. Granade, and R. W. Dickey. 2007. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 6:253-259. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Whelan, C. L. and J. Wyneken. 2007. Estimating predation levels and site-specific survival of hatchling loggerhead seaturtles (Caretta caretta) from South Florida beaches. Copeia 745-754. 2007 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Graham, N. A. J., T. R. McClanahan, Y. Letourneur, and R. Galzin. 2007. Anthropogenic stressors, inter-specific competition and ENSO effects on a Mauritian coral reef. Environmental Biology of Fishes 78:57-69. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Fishing Sector; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Petersen, D., J. Falcato, P. Gilles, and R. Jones. 2007. Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals in public aquariums: Current status and future perspectives. International Zoo Yearbook 41:122-137. 2007 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Stony Coral
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Hwang, S. 2007. Page 111 in SEVENTH CARIBBEAN ISLANDS WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS. St. Croix, USVI. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Drinking Water Supply; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Elliott, M., D. Burdon, K. L. Hemingway, and S. E. Apitz. 2007. Estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystem restoration: Confusing management and science - A revision of concepts. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 74:349-366. 2007 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Remediation; Seagrasses
Jones, R. J. 2007. Chemical contamination of a coral reef by the grounding of a cruise ship in Bermuda. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:905-911. 2007 Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cruise Ships; Remediation; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Toxics
Norman, B. M. and J. D. Stevens. 2007. Size and maturity status of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. Fisheries Research 84:81-86. 2007 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation
Shirlal, K. G., S. Rao, and Manu. 2007. Ocean wave transmission by submerged reef-A physical model study. Ocean Engineering 34:2093-2099. 2007 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Palmtag, M. R. and G. J. Holt. 2007. Experimental studies to evaluate larval survival of the fire shrimp, Lysmata debelius, to the juvenile stage. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 38:102-113. 2007 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
VanBeukering, P., W. Haider, M. Longland, H. Cesar, J. Sablan, S. Shjegstad, B. Beardmore, Y. Liu, and G. O. Garces. 2007. The economic value of Guam�s coral reefs. Technical Report No. 116, University of Guam Marine Laboratory. 2007 Guam Fish; Monetary Valuation; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Livengood, E. J. and F. A Chapman. 2007. The ornamental fish trade: an introduction with perspectives for responsible aquarium fish ownership. University of Florida IFAS Extension FA. 2007 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification. EPA 841-B-07-002, Office of Water, Washington, DC. 2007 Aquaculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Murphy, L., G. Moscardo, and P. Benckendorff. 2007. Using brand personality to differentiate regional tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research 46:14-May. 2007 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Xu, D.-X. and G.-X. Zhang. 2007. Impact of human activities on coastal wetlands in China. Wetland Science 5:282-298. 2007 China Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Blaise, S., E. Deleersnijder, L. White, and J.-F. Remacle. 2007. Influence of the turbulence closure scheme on the finite-element simulation of the upwelling in the wake of a shallow-water island. Continental Shelf Research 27:2329-2345. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Hotel & Food Services; Sediment
McCarthy, M., G. Henderson, and S. Batos. 2007. The heritage of the deep: Finding s/s Stefano. Nase More 54:233-238. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Swarnakumar, N. S., T. Thangaradjou, K. Sivakumar, and L. Kannan. 2007. Distribution of total heterotrophic bacteria in the coastal waters of the Great Nicobar with special reference to human pathogens. National Academy Science Letters 30:129-137. 2007 Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Affonso, P. R. A. M. and P. M. Galetti Jr. 2007. Genetic diversity of three ornamental reef fishes (Families Pomacanthidae and Chaetodontidae) from the Brazilian coast. Brazilian Journal of Biology 67:925-933. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Lin, H.-J., C.-Y. Wu, S.-J. Kao, W.-Y. Kao, and P.-J. Meng. 2007. Mapping anthropogenic nitrogen through point sources in coral reefs using δ15N in macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:95-109. 2007 Taiwan Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Tourism & Recreation
Diez, B., K. Bauer, and B. Bergman. 2007. Epilithic cyanobacterial communities of a marine tropical beach rock (Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef): Diversity and diazotrophy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:3656-3668. 2007 Australia Cyanobacteria; Nutrients
Leujak, W. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2007. Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of South Sinai's coral reefs. Environmental Management 39:472-489. 2007 Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, J.-M. Gili, and W. E. Arntz. 2007. Red coral fishery at the costa brava (NW Mediterranean): Case study of an overharvested precious coral. Ecosystems 10:975-986. 2007 Cuba; Spain Review; Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Special Use Permitting
Fishe, W. S., W. P. Davis, R. L. Quarles, J. Patrick, J. G. Campbell, P. S. Harris, B. L. Hemmer, and M. Parsons. 2007. Characterizing coral condition using estimates of three-dimensional colony surface area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 125:347-360. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Primary Production; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Goffredo, S., C. Piccinetti, and F. Zaccanti. 2007. Tsunami survey expedition: Preliminary investigation of Maldivian coral reefs two weeks after the event. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 131:95-105. 2007 Maldives; Sri Lanka Tourism & Recreation
Babcock, R. C., J. C. Phillips, M. Lourey, and G. Clapin. 2007. Increased density, biomass and egg production in an unfished population of Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus cygnus) at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:286-292. 2007 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Reach Networks Hong Kong Ltd. 2007. Project Profile: Asia-America Gateway (AAG) Cable Network, South Lantau. Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; India; Taiwan; Europe Review Internet & Telecommunications
Leggat, W., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, S. Dove, and D. Yellowlees. 2007. Analysis of an EST library from the dinoflagellate (Symbiodinium sp.) symbiont of reef-building corals. Journal of Phycology 43:1010-1021. 2007 Global Climate; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Froukh, T. and M. Kochzius. 2007. Genetic population structure of the endemic fourline wrasse (Larabicus quadrilineatus) suggests limited larval dispersal distances in the Red Sea. Molecular Ecology 16:1359-1367. 2007 Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Bradshaw, C. J. A., H. F. Mollet, and M. G. Meekan. 2007. Inferring population trends for the world's largest fish from mark-recapture estimates of survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 76:480-489. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Arena, P. T., L. K. B. Jordan, and R. E. Spieler. 2007. Fish assemblages on sunken vessels and natural reefs in southeast Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia 580:157-171. 2007 Florida; Cuba Artificial Habitat; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Moore, S. A. and A. Polley. 2007. Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environmental Management 39:291-300. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Tourism & Recreation
Roman, G. S. J., P. Dearden, and R. Rollins. 2007. Application of zoning and \limits of acceptable change\" to manage snorkelling tourism". Environmental Management 39:819-830. 2007 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Richardson, K. E. 2007. Diving expedition medicine - The Coral Cay Conservation experience. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 37:189-197. 2007 Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Medical Care; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Sutton, S. G. and S. L. Bushnell. 2007. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:829-846. 2007 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Watanuki, Y., A. Takahashi, F. Daunt, K. Sato, N. Miyazaki, and S. Wanless. 2007. Underwater images from bird-borne cameras provide clue to poor breeding success of Shags in 2005. British Birds 100:466-470. 2007 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Octocoral
Duvat, V. 2007. Typology of coral beaches (Western Indian Ocean) [Proposition de typologie des plages coralliennes (ocean Indien occidental)]. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 51:307-325. 2007 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Haussermann, V. and G. Forsterra. 2007. Extraordinary abundance of hydrocorals (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae) in shallow water of the Patagonian fjord region. Polar Biology 30:487-492. 2007 Cuba Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral
Collins, K. J. and B. Baldock. 2007. Use of diving computers in brittlestar surveys. Underwater Technology 27:115-118. 2007 Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Water Depth & Sea Level
Neves, B. M., E. J. B. Lima, and C. D. Perez. 2007. Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) associated with the octocoral Carijoa riisei (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the littoral of Pernambuco, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:1263-1267. 2007 Beaches & Nature Parks; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Seastars; Sponges
Pais, A., L. A. Chessa, S. Serra, A. Ruiu, G. Meloni, and Y. Donno. 2007. The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:589-597. 2007 Europe Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Zlatarski, V.N. 2007. Scleractinians of Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: Results of 1983-1984 Investigation. Oceanides 22:45-116. 2007 South & Central America; Cuba; Belize; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Douglas, N. L., K. M. Mullen, S. C. Talmage, and C. D. Harvell. 2007. Exploring the role of chitinolytic enzymes in the sea fan coral, Gorgonia ventalina. Marine Biology 150:1137-1144. 2007 Florida Octocoral; Pathogens; Substrate
Leeworthy, V. R., T. Maher, and E. A. Stone. 2006. Can artificial reefs alter user pressure on adjacent natural reefs? Bulletin of Marine Science 78:29-38. 2006 Florida Artificial Habitat; Tourism & Recreation
Thanner, S. E., T. L. McIntosh, and S. M. Blair. 2006. Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:57-70. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Mitigation
Dykes, A. P. and J. Gunn. 2006. Hoga island, Sulawesi, Indonesia: Geomorphology and groundwater resources of a small tropical carbonate island. Cave and Karst Science 33:21-28. 2006 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Hancock, B. and N. Caputi. 2006. The Roe's abalone fishery near the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. Journal of Shellfish Research 25:167-178. 2006 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kaiser, M. J. 2006. The texas artificial reef program. Marine Technology Society Journal 40:62-72. 2006 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gomez, E. D. and S. S. Mingoa-Licuanan. 2006. Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries Research 80:46-52. 2006 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Bivalves; Collaboration & Partnering
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2006. Mining the reefs and cays: Coral, guano and rock phosphate extraction in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1844-1940. Environment and History 12:395-433. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining Policies; Scientific Research
Al-Horani, F. A., S. A. Al-Rousan, M. Al-Zibdeh, and M. A. Khalaf. 2006. The status of coral reefs on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Zoology in the Middle East 38:99-110. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Sawant, S., D. Youssef, A. Mayer, P. Sylvester, V. Wali, M. Arant, and K. El Sayed. 2006. Anticancer and anti-inflammatory sulfur-containing semisynthetic derivatives of sarcophine. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54:1119-1123. 2006 Japan Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Raniello, R., M. Lorenti, C. Brunet, and M. C. Buia. 2006. Photoacclimation of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea to depth and daylight patterns and a putative new role for siphonaxanthin. Marine Ecology 27:20-30. 2006 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invasive Species; Light
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, I. B. Kuffner, R. Hernandez, and P. Thompson. 2006. Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the northern Florida reef tract. Remote Sensing of Environment 104:31-42. 2006 Florida Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral
Popielarczyk, D. and S. Oszczak. 2006. Application of integrated satellite DGPS/GPRS navigation and hydrographic systems for safe sailing on Great Mazurian Lakes in Poland. Pages 188-194 in Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting. 2006 Poland Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Frihy, O. E., A. N. Hassan, W. R. El Sayed, M. M. Iskander, and M. Y. Sherif. 2006. A review of methods for constructing coastal recreational facilities in Egypt (Red Sea). Ecological Engineering 27:12-Jan. 2006 Egypt Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Sink, K. J., W. Bosnoff, T. Samaai, P. G. Timm, and S. E. Kerwath. 2006. Observations of the habitats and biodiversity of the submarine canyons at Sodwana Bay. South African Journal of Science 102:466-474. 2006 South Africa Fish; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Tinsman, J. C. and W. H. Whitmore. 2006. Aerial flight methodology to estimate and monitor trends in fishing effort on Delaware artificial reef sites. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:167-176. 2006 Global Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Ai, H.-W., J. N. Henderson, S. J. Remington, and R. E. Campbell. 2006. Directed evolution of a monomeric, bright and photostable version of Clavularia cyan fluorescent protein: Structural characterization and applications in fluorescence imaging. Biochemical Journal 400:531-540. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Stony Coral
Kutser, T. and D. L. B. Jupp. 2006. On the possibility of mapping living corals to the species level based on their optical signatures. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 69:607-614. 2006 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Stony Coral
Kutser, T., I. Miller, and D. L. B. Jupp. 2006. Mapping coral reef benthic substrates using hyperspectral space-borne images and spectral libraries. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 70:449-460. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Garrison, V. H., W. T. Foreman, S. Genualdi, D. W. Griffin, C. A. Kellogg, M. S. Majewski, A. Mohammed, A. Ramsubhag, E. A. Shinn, S. L. Simonich, and G. W. Smith. 2006. Saharan dust - A carrier of persistent organic pollutants, metals and microbes to the Caribbean? Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:21-Sep. 2006 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Schools & Colleges
Sherman, R. L. and R. E. Spieler. 2006. Tires: Unstable materials for artificial reef construction. Pages 215-223 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Florida; Cuba Artificial Habitat; Fish; Physical Damage; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Tabosa, W. F. and H. Vital. 2006. Hydrodynamic forcings and environmental impacts on the coast and shelf of São Bento do Norte - NE/Brazil. Pages 165-174 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Sekar, R., D. K. Mills, E. R. Remily, J. D. Voss, and L. L. Richardson. 2006. Microbial communities in the surface mucopolysaccharide layer and the black band microbial mat of black band-diseased Siderastrea siderea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72:5963-5973. 2006 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Thapa, B., A. R. Graefe, and L. A. Meyer. 2006. Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Journal of Leisure Research 38:601-615. 2006 Florida; Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Pocock, C. 2006. Turtle riding on the great barrier reef. Society and Animals 14:129-146. 2006 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Shimomura, M., S. Ohtsuka, and K. Tomikawa. 2006. Ingolfiella inermis n. sp., a new interstital ingolfiellid amphipod from Okinawa, southern Japan (Peracarida, Amphipoda). Crustaceana 79:1097-1105. 2006 Japan Beaches & Nature Parks
Lenotre, N. and R. Pedreros. 2006. The impact of climate change on coastlines [Impact du changement climatique sur le littoral]. Geosciences 2006:36-43. 2006 France Model Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Mangroves; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Tae, K. K. and J. A. Fuerst. 2006. Diversity of polyketide synthase genes from bacteria associated with the marine sponge Pseudoceratina clavata: Culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Environmental Microbiology 8:1460-1470. 2006 Australia Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reynolds, P., J. L. Wiener, J. C. Mogul, M. K. Aguilera, and A. Vahdat. 2006. WAP5: Black-box performance debugging for wide-area systems. Pages 347-356 in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on World Wide Web. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring
2006. Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States: Research Priorities for a Maritime Nation. NSTC Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology. 2006 Global Climate; Scientific Research
Stephens, S. A., N. Broekhuizen, A. B. Macdiarmid, C. J. Lundquist, L. McLeod, and R. Haskew. 2006. Modelling transport of larval New Zealand abalone (Haliotis iris) along an open coast. Marine and Freshwater Research 57:519-532. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Lam, K., P. K. S. Shin, R. Bradbeer, D. Randall, K. K. K. Ku, P. Hodgson, and S. G. Cheung. 2006. A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 333:115-128. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Diaz, J. A. and R. E. Torres. 2006. Classification of underwater color images with applications in the study of deep coral reefs. Pages 610-613 in Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems. 2006 US Virgin Islands Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Morgan, S. K. and S. A. Lourie. 2006. Threatened fishes of the world: Hippocampus comes cantor 1850 (Syngnathidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 75:311-313. 2006 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Muller, J., R. A. J. Wust, and P. J. Hearty. 2006. Sediment transport along an artificial shoreline: \The Strand\", Townsville, NE-Queensland, Australia". Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:204-210. 2006 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Kench, P. S. and R. W. Brander. 2006. Response of reef island shorelines to seasonal climate oscillations: South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface 111. 2006 Global; Maldives Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Walsh, H. J., K. E. Marancik, and J. A. Hare. 2006. Juvenile fish assemblages collected on unconsolidated sediments of the southeast United States continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin 104:256-277. 2006 Complex Habitat & Resources; Recreational Fishing; Salinity; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
[No author name available]. 2006. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Genetically Engineered Probes for Biomedical Applications. in Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biotechnology Research & Development; Internet & Telecommunications
Aspden, W., G. Pegg, L. Briskey, and W. Sinclair. 2006. Species-specific PCR primers for the mitochondrial genome control region hypervariable region 1 of the reef fish Lutjanus sebae. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:499-501. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Baco, A. R., A. M. Clark, and T. M. Shank. 2006. Six microsatellite loci from the deep-sea coral Corallium lauuense (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) from the islands and seamounts of the Hawaiian archipelago. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:147-149. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing Sector; Octocoral
Grootaert, P. and N. L. Evenhuis. 2006. On the distribution of the marine genus Thinolestris Grootaert & Meuffels (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) with a description of a new species from Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. Zootaxa 59-68. 2006 Australia; Thailand; Malaysia; China Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
[No author name available]. 2006. International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. in International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. 2006 Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Weight, A. 2006. The potential development of the Newquay Surf Reef. Pages 74-88 in International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005: Harmonising Scale and Detail - Proceedings of the International Conference on Coastlines, Structures and Breakwaters 2005. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Weil, E. 2006. Diversity and relative abundance of corals, octocorals and sponges at Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic [Diversidad y abundancia relativa de corales, octocorales y esponjas en el Parque Nacional Jaragua, Republica Dominicana.]. Revista de biología tropical 54:423-443. 2006 South & Central America; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Underwood, J. N., P. B. Souter, E. R. Ballment, A. H. Lutz, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2006. Development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers from herbicide-bleached tissues of the brooding pocilloporid coral Seriatopora hystrix. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:176-178. 2006 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Bolton, T. F. and W. M. Graham. 2006. Jellyfish on the rocks: Bioinvasion threat of the international trade in aquarium live rock. Biological Invasions 8:651-653. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Invasive Species
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Larson, S. and A. Smajgl. 2006. Conceptual framework for the water use benefit index in the Great Barrier Reef region. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 1:157-169. 2006 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Lecchini, D., S. Polti, Y. Nakamura, P. Mosconi, M. Tsuchiya, G. Remoissenet, and S. Planes. 2006. New perspectives on aquarium fish trade. Fisheries Science 72:40-47. 2006 Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2006. Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis. Addendum to the 2006 national survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. Report 2006-4. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Davenport, J. and J. L. Davenport. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:280-292. 2006 Cuba Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Invasive Species; Land & Air Transportation; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
World Resource Institute. 2006. Value of coral reefs in Caribbean islands: draft economic valuation methodology. 2006 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Review; GIS & Maps Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Braga, J. C., J. M. Martin, C. Betzler, and J. Aguirre. 2006. Models of temperate carbonate deposition in Neogene basins in SE Spain: A synthesis. Geological Society Special Publication 121-135. 2006 Spain Model Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-Jones, and P. J. B. Hart. 2006. Conservation benefits of temperate marine protected areas: Variation among fish species. Conservation Biology 20:811-820. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing
Han, Q., X. Huang, P. Shi, and Q. Zhang. 2006. Coastal wetland in South China: Degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:121-128. 2006 China Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Wetlands
Petersen, D., M. Laterveer, D. Van Bergen, M. Hatta, R. Hebbinghaus, M. Janse, R. Jones, U. Richter, T. Ziegler, G. Visser, and H. Schuhmacher. 2006. The application of sexual coral recruits for the sustainable management of ex situ populations in public aquariums to promote coral reef conservation - SECORE Project. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:167-179. 2006 Japan; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Stony Coral
Pocock, C. 2006. Tourists riding turtles. Australian Zoologist 33:425-435. 2006 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2006. Site fidelity and seasonal movement patterns of adult California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae): An acoustic monitoring study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326:257-267. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Harding, S., J. Comley, and P. Raines. 2006. Baseline data analysis as a tool for predicting the conservation value of tropical coastal habitats in the Indo-Pacific. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:696-705. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; United Kingdom Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Yakimov, M. M., S. Cappello, E. Crisafi, A. Tursi, A. Savini, C. Corselli, S. Scarfi, and L. Giuliano. 2006. Phylogenetic survey of metabolically active microbial communities associated with the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa from the Apulian plateau, Central Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 53:62-75. 2006 Microorganisms; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Short, A. D. 2006. Australian beach systems - Nature and distribution. Journal of Coastal Research 22:27-Nov. 2006 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Nellemann, C. and E. Corcoran. 2006. Our precious coasts � Marine pollution, climate change and the resilience of coastal ecosystems. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID, Arendal, Norway. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; CO2; Coastal Development; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Booth, D. T. and C. Freeman. 2006. Sand and nest temperatures and an estimate of hatchling sex ratio from the Heron Island green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookery, Southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 25:629-633. 2006 Australia; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Yum, S. 2006. Ubiquitin expression in soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) exposed to environmental stresses. Korean Journal of Genetics 28:149-156. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Dobson, J. 2006. Sharks, wildlife tourism, and state regulation. Pages 15-23 in Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Mendes, L. D. F. 2006. Natural history focus blennies and gobis behaviour (Actinopterygii, Blennioidei, Gobioidei) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago [Historia natural dos ambores e peixes-macaco (Actinopterygii, Blennioidei, Gobioidei) do Parque Nacional Marinho do Arquip�. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23:817-823. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2006. Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation 33:353-363. 2006 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Incentives; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Linan-Cabello, M. A., L. Flores-Ramirez, J. S. Zacarias-Salinas, O. Hernandez-Rovelo, and C. Lezama-Cervantes. 2006. Correlation of chlorophyll a and total carotenoid concentrations with coral bleaching from locations on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 39:279-291. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Regan, K. and B. Nadilo. 2006. Early romanesque sacral buildings in dubrovnik area (II) [Ranoromaničke sakralne gradevine dubrovačkog područja (II.)]. Gradjevinar 58:231-242. 2006 Oman Social Organizations
Bybee, D. R., J. H. Bailey-Brock, and C. S. Tamaru. 2006. Larval development of Sabellastarte spectabilis (Grube, 1878) (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Hawaiian waters. Scientia Marina 70:279-286. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Marine Worms
Calado, R. 2006. Marine ornamental species from European waters: A valuable overlooked resource or a future threat for the conservation of marine ecosystems? Scientia Marina 70:389-398. 2006 Europe Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Perkins, R.G., J-L. Mouget, S. Lefebvre, J. Lavaud. 2006. Light response curve methodology and possible implications in the application of chlorophyll fluorescence to benthic diatoms. Marine Biology 149:703-712. 2006 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Sediment
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Morrisey, D. J., R. G. Cole, N. K. Davey, S. J. Handley, A. Bradley, S. N. Brown, and A. L. Madarasz. 2006. Abundance and diversity of fish on mussel farms in New Zealand. Aquaculture 252:277-288. 2006 Algae; Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Rohmann, S. and M. Monaco, editors. 2005. Mapping Southern Florida�s Shallow-water Coral Ecosystems: An Implementation Plan. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, Silver Spring, (Maryland, USA). 2005 Florida GIS & Maps Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Schools & Colleges
Amaral, A. C. Z. and S. Jablonski. 2005. Conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:625-631. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Sheppard, C., D. J. Dixon, M. Gourlay, A. Sheppard, and R. Payet. 2005. Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: Examples from the Seychelles. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64:223-234. 2005 Seychelles Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rinkevich, B. 2005. What do we know about Eilat (Red Sea) reef degradation? A critical examination of the published literature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 327:183-200. 2005 Model Algae; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Pendleton, L. H. 2005. Understanding the potential economic impacts of sinking ships for SCUBA recreation. Marine Technology Society Journal 39:47-52. 2005 Australia; Cuba; Columbia; Europe Review Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. Second part. Development and management [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Seconde partie. Amenagement et gestion]. Oceanis 31:195-341. 2005 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Shaalan, I. M. 2005. Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production 13:83-87. 2005 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Moreno, P. S. 2005. Ecotourism along the Meso-American caribbean reef: The impacts of foreign investment. Human Ecology 33:217-244. 2005 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Tourism & Recreation
Stieglitz, T. 2005. Submarine groundwater discharge into the near-shore zone of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:51-59. 2005 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Mangroves; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, D. Kooistra, K. Buchan, and S. White. 2005. Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management 33:373-387. 2005 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Govender, Y., M. R. Jury, A. Mthembu, S. Hatesse, and E. Bulfoni. 2005. Socio-economic status and development potential for a rural community on the Maputaland coast of South Africa. South African Geographical Journal 87:37-42. 2005 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, M. E. and B. G. Baarli. 2005. Erosion and burial of granite rocky shores in the recent and late pleistocene of the Seychelles Islands: Physical and biological perspectives. Journal of Coastal Research 21:867-879. 2005 Seychelles Review Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Skeletal Coral
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. TRIM - Total Risk Integrated Methodology: TRIM.FaTE User's Guide. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 2005 Review; Model
Burghardt, I., J. Evertsen, G. Johnsen, and H. Wagele. 2005. Solar powered seaslugs - Mutualistic symbiosis of aeolid nudibranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with Symbiodinium. Symbiosis 38:227-250. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Light; Molluscs; Octocoral; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Gravier-Bonnet, N. and C. Bourmaud. 2005. Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 48:63-69. 2005 Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Plankton; Zooxanthellae
Iskander, M. M., A. E. El-Anssary, M. M. A. El-Mooty, and H. M. Nagy. 2005. Simplified method to simulate wave transformations across coral reefs. AEJ - Alexandria Engineering Journal 44:79-89. 2005 Egypt Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Shoreline Protection
Horn, S. A. and C. P. Neal. 2005. The atlantic empress sinking-a large spill without environmental disaster. Page 510 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Trinidad; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Petroleum Spills; Tourism & Recreation
Mak, K. K. W., H. Yanase, and R. Renneberg. 2005. Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20:2581-2593. 2005 Philippines Review Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Schleyer, M. H. and L. Celliers. 2005. Modelling reef zonation in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:373-384. 2005 Global; South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Decision Support; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Parsons, D. M. and D. B. Eggleston. 2005. Indirect effects of recreational fishing on behavior of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 303:235-244. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Forsman, R. B. 2005. Life and death on the coral reef: An ecological perspective on scholarly publishing in the health sciences. Pages 15-Jul in Journal of the Medical Library Association. 2005 Model
Quinn, N. J., B. L. Kojis, and W. A. Bowden-Kerby. 2005. Assessing the potential for natural recovery and coral restoration techniques for enhancing coral Habitat in Jamaica. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hardin, M. P. and R. S. Legore. 2005. Development of management policy for the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate fishery in Puerto Rico: A case study. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:139-144. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Resource Use Management
Taylor, K. A. and D. Hamilton. 2005. National oceanic & atmospheric administration's coral reef information system: A one-stop source for coral reef data and information. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Sea Temperatures
[No author name available]. 2005. Giovanni. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86:314. 2005 Panama Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications
Sadovy, Y. and M. Domeier. 2005. Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs 24:254-262. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Christie, P. 2005. Observed and perceived environmental impacts of marine protected areas in two Southeast Asia sites. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:252-270. 2005 Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
LeGore, R. S., M. P. Hardin, and D. Ter-Ghazaryan. 2005. Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:145-153. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Worms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Roberts, M. and S. Gass. 2005. Looking for Lophelia. Planet Earth 26-27. 2005 Lab Study Anemones & Zooanthids; Internet & Telecommunications; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Olivotto, I., A. Zenobi, A. Rollo, B. Migliarini, M. Avella, and O. Carnevali. 2005. Breeding, rearing and feeding studies in the cleaner goby Gobiosoma evelynae. Aquaculture 250:175-182. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Fish
Gasparini, J. L., S. R. Floeter, C. E. L. Ferreira, and I. Sazima. 2005. Marine ornamental trade in Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2883-2899. 2005 Europe Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Balachandra, H. K. 2005. Coral stone landscape and pterygia; is there an association? Pacific health dialog : a publication of the Pacific Basin Officers Training Program and the Fiji School of Medicine 12:81-83. 2005 Marshall Islands Beaches & Nature Parks; Pathogens
Messing, G. L., S.-I. Hirano, and L. Gauckler. 2005. 9th international ceramic processing science symposium. in American Ceramic Society Bulletin. 2005 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Hotel & Food Services
Salin, K. R., T. M. Yohannan, and C. Mohanakumaran Nair. 2005. Fisheries and trade of seahorses, Hippocampus spp., in southern India. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:269-273. 2005 India; Malaysia; United Arab Emirates Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Barton, A. D. and K. S. Casey. 2005. Climatological context for large-scale coral bleaching. Coral Reefs 24:536-554. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Maldives; Caribbean GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
St. John, J. and C. J. Syers. 2005. Mortality of the demersal West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum (Richardson 1845) following catch and release: The influence of capture depth, venting and hook type. Fisheries Research 76:106-116. 2005 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kwon, M. S., J. H. Noh, and M. Lee. 2005. An overview of potentials in the South Pacific and the new R&D investment challenges. Ocean and Polar Research 27:419-431. 2005 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, C. J. Starger, P. Herron-Perez, and E. Dusek. 2005. Detriments to post-bleaching recovery of corals. Coral Reefs 24:230-246. 2005 Global Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Carruthers, T. J. B., B. I. Van Tussenbroek, and W. C. Dennison. 2005. Influence of submarine springs and wastewater on nutrient dynamics of Caribbean seagrass meadows. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64:191-199. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Hotel & Food Services; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Neira, R. and J. R. Cantera. 2005. Taxonomic composition and distribution of the echinoderms associations in the littoral ecosystems from the Colombian Pacific [Composicion taxonomica y distribucion de las asociaciones de equinodermos en los ecosistemas litorales del Pacifico Colombiano. Revista de biología tropical 195-206. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Echinoderms; Mangroves; Sediment; Substrate
Pocock, C. 2005. 'Blue lagoons and coconut palms': The creation of a tropical idyll in Australia. Australian Journal of Anthropology 16:335-349. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 2005. 'Oceanic Princess'-A very impressive \boutique\" cruise from Australia's NQEA". Work Boat World 24:42-43. 2005 Australia Model Cruise Ships; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products
Uychiaoco, A. J., H. O. Arceo, S. J. Green, M. T. De La Cruz, P. A. Gaite, and P. M. Alino. 2005. Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the adaptive management cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2775-2794. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Werdell, P. J. and S. W. Bailey. 2005. An improved in-situ bio-optical data set for ocean color algorithm development and satellite data product validation. Remote Sensing of Environment 98:122-140. 2005 Global Remote Sensing Light; Plankton; Water Depth & Sea Level
Genthner, F. J., J. B. James, D. F. Yates, and S. D. Friedman. 2005. Use of composite data sets for source-tracking enterococci in the water column and shoreline interstitial waters on Pensacola Beach, Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:724-732. 2005 Florida Index or Indicator Microorganisms
McComb, P. and K. Black. 2005. Detailed observations of littoral transport using artificial sediment tracer, in a high-energy, rocky reef and iron sand environment. Journal of Coastal Research 21:358-373. 2005 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Shuman, C. S., G. Hodgson, and R. F. Ambrose. 2005. Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines. Coral Reefs 24:564-573. 2005 Philippines Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. First part. Geomorphology [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Premiere partie. Geomorphologie]. Oceanis 31:Jan-90. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Sadovy, Y. 2005. Trouble on the reef: The imperative for managing vulnerable and valuable fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 6:167-185. 2005 Global Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Live Collection
Armstrong, H. G. 2005. Environmental education in Tobago's primary schools: A case study of coral reef education. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:229-238. 2005 Trinidad; Tobago Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Montaggioni, L. F. 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation: Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews 71:Jan-75. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Uyarra, M. C., I. M. Cote, J. A. Gill, R. R. T. Tinch, D. Viner, and A. R. Watkinson. 2005. Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: Implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states. Environmental Conservation 32:11-19. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; Fish; Infrastructure; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bouchon-Navaro, Y., C. Bouchon, M. Louis, and P. Legendre. 2005. Biogeographic patterns of coastal fish assemblages in the West Indies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 315:31-47. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Substrate
Bruckner, A. W. 2005. The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:127-137. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Maldives; Sri Lanka; India; Japan; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean; Europe Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Taban, F., E. Acar, I. Fidan, and A. Zora. 2005. Teaching basic engineering concepts in a K-12 environment using LEGO bricks and robotics. Pages 13727-13736 in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Pipelines; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes
Arce, J. A. 2005. REMOTE SENSING OF BENTHIC HABITATS IN SOUTHWESTERN PUERTO RICO. Master's Thesis. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 2005 Puerto Rico Remote Sensing Climate; Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fischer, A. J., M. S. Baker Jr., C. A. Wilson, and D. L. Nieland. 2005. Age, growth, mortality, and radiometric age validation of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from Louisiana. Fishery Bulletin 103:307-319. 2005 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Radtke, U. and G. Schellmann. 2005. Timing and magnitude of sea level change during MIS 5 derived from Barbados coral reef terraces: A critical literature review and new data. Journal of Coastal Research 21:52-62. 2005 Review; Model; GIS & Maps Water Depth & Sea Level
Ordines, F., J. Moranta, M. Palmer, A. Lerycke, A. Suau, B. Morales-Nin, and A. M. Grau. 2005. Variations in a shallow rocky reef fish community at different spatial scales in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 304:221-233. 2005 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Leao, Z. M. A. N. and R. K. P. Kikuchi. 2005. A relic coral fauna threatened by global changes and human activities, Eastern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:599-611. 2005 Global Finfish Harvest; Light; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wood, D. and J. Glasson. 2005. Giving the environment a voice: The transformational potential of valuing tourism in sensitive natural environments: The case of The Ningaloo Coastal Region, Western Australia. Planning Practice and Research 20:391-407. 2005 Australia Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Leggat, P. A., S. L. Harrison, P. J. Fenner, D. N. Durrheim, and A. L. Swinbourne. 2005. Health advice obtained by tourists travelling to Magnetic Island: A risk area for 'Irukandji' jellyfish in North Queensland, Australia. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 3:27-31. 2005 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Perez, C. D., D. A. Vila-Nova, and A. M. Santos. 2005. Associated community with the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from littoral of Pernambuco, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 548:207-215. 2005 Anemones & Zooanthids; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Boulon, R., M. Chiappone, R. Halley, W. Jaap, B. Keller, B. Kruczynski, M. Miller, and C. Rogers. 2005. Atlantic Acropora Status Review. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Badran, M. I. and M. K. Al Zibdah. 2005. Environmental quality of Jordanian coastal surface sediment, Gulf of Aqaba, red sea. Ambio 34:615-620. 2005 Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2005. Home range and habitat utilization of adult California sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae), in a temperate no-take marine reserve. Marine Biology 147:301-311. 2005 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bourne, D. G. 2005. Microbiological assessment of a disease outbreak on corals from Magnetic Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Coral Reefs 24:304-312. 2005 Australia Cyanobacteria; Pathogens
Simmons, S. A., R. K. Zimmer, and C. A. Zimmer. 2005. Life in the lee: Local distributions and orientations of honeycomb worms along the California coast. Journal of Marine Research 63:623-643. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates
Milazzo, M., F. Badalamenti, T. Vega Fernandez, and R. Chemello. 2005. Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Marine Biology 146:1213-1222. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Everts, C. H. and C. D. Eldon. 2005. Sand management in hook-shaped bays. Pages 136-150 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Innes, S. I. 2005. An overview of artificial reefs for surfing and sand retention in california. Pages 191-203 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation
McGinnis, M. V. 2005. The political ecology of the offshore oil platform rig-to-reef policy debate. Pages 506-520 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Bender, K. and R. Taylor. 2005. Oil spill contingency planning in Thailand. Page 5512 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Thailand Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Bodnar, J. L. 2005. The information technology of SHIELDS - NOAA'S Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System. Pages 11312-11316 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Internet & Telecommunications; Petroleum Spills
Yamaguchi, Y., M. J. Abrams, M. Kato, H. Watanabe, and H. Tsu. 2005. ASTER science outcome and operation status. Pages 5578-5579 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2005. Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Biological Conservation 121:221-230. 2005 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Guerra-Garcia, J. M. and M. S. Koonjul. 2005. Metaprotella sandalensis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae): A bioindicator of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 104:353-367. 2005 Mauritius Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Diaz, M. C. 2005. Common sponges from shallow marine habitats from Bocas del Toro region, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science 41:465-475. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sponges
Dickson, M. E. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2005. Rock coast morphology in relation of lithology and wave exposure, Lord Howe Island, southwest Pacific. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 49:239-251. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Thorhaug, A., F. McDonald, J. McFarlane, B. Carby, M. Anderson, B. Miller, V. Gordon, and P. Gayle. 2005. Dispersed oil effects on tropical habitats: Preliminary laboratory results of dispersed oil testing on Jamaica coralsand seagrass. Page 1988 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Jamaica Lab Study; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Thorhaug, A., G. Sidrak, K. Aiken, W. Walker, H. J. Teas, F. McDonald, B. Carby, R. Reese, M. Anderson, M. Rodriquez, B. Miller, V. Gordon, and J. McFarlane. 2005. Dispersant use for tropical nearshore waters: Jamaica. Page 1968 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean; Europe Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Auster, P. J., B. X. Semmens, and K. Barber. 2005. Pattern in the co-occurrence of fishes inhabiting the coral reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:187-194. 2005 Antilles Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Saphier, A. D. and T. C. Hoffmann. 2005. Forecasting models to quantify three anthropogenic stresses on coral reefs from marine recreation: Anchor damage, diver contact and copper emission from antifouling paint. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:590-598. 2005 Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Lunn, K. E. and M.-A. Moreau. 2004. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental fishes: The case of Indonesia's Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni). Coral Reefs 23:344-351. 2004 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector
Coma, R., E. Pola, M. Ribes, and M. Zabala. 2004. Long-term assessment of temperate octocoral mortality patterns, protected vs. unprotected areas. Ecological Applications 14:1466-1478. 2004 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Asoh, K., T. Yoshikawa, R. Kosaki, and E. A. Marschall. 2004. Damage to cauliflower coral by monofilament fishing lines in Hawaii. Conservation Biology 18:1645-1650. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Gyuris, E. 2004. An experimental investigation of the effects of human intrusion into breeding colonies of Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus in the Great Barrier Reef. Pacific Conservation Biology 9:265-272. 2004 Australia Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Kolian, S. and A. Walker. 2004. Louisiana is losing critical reef habitat and job opportunities. Sea Technology 45:31-34. 2004 Agriculture; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Tourism & Recreation
Cavigioli, E., C. Domin, and S. Mage. 2004. About a new caledonian endangered coral [Autour d'un recif caledonien menace]. Mondes en Developpement 32. 2004 New Caledonia Tourism & Recreation
Guidetti, P., A. Terlizzi, and F. Boero. 2004. Effects of the edible sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, fishery along the Apulian rocky coast (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Fisheries Research 66:287-297. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Wielgus, J., N. E. Chadwick-Furman, and Z. Dubinsky. 2004. Coral cover and partial mortality on anthropogenically impacted coral reefs at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:248-253. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Burke, L. and J. Maidens. 2004. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Climate; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Poloczanska, E. S., D. J. Hughes, and M. T. Burrows. 2004. Underwater television observations of Serpula vermicularis (L.) reefs and associated mobile fauna in Loch Creran, Scotland. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 61:425-435. 2004 Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Planktivorous Fish
Avasthi, A. 2004. Releasing Nemo proves a disaster for native fish. New Scientist 183:13. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Ballast Discharge; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species
Roy, R. E. 2004. Akumal's reefs: Stony coral communities along the developing Mexican Caribbean coastline. Revista de Biologia Tropical 52:869-881. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Pathogens; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Salazar M., A., O. G. Lizano, and E. J. Alfaro. 2004. Sediment composition in the coastal zones of Costa Rica using X-ray fluorescence [Composicion de sedimentos en las zonas costeras de Costa Rica utilizando Fluorescencia de Rayos-X (FRX)]. Revista de Biologia Tropical 52:61-75. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica; Caribbean Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Winkler, R., A. Antonius, and D. A. Renegar. 2004. The skeleton eroding band disease on coral reefs of aqaba, red sea. Marine Ecology 25:129-144. 2004 Australia; Mauritius; Saudi Arabia Hydrocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Weight, A. 2004. Artificial reef in Newquay, UK. Pages 87-95 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Municipal Engineer. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Tourism & Recreation
2004. U.S. Ocean Action Plan: The Bush Administration�s Response to the U.S. Ocean Commission on Policy. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Mexico Climate; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Microorganisms; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Tourism & Recreation
Frihy, O. E., M. A. El Ganaini, W. R. El Sayed, and M. M. Iskander. 2004. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt. Ecological Engineering 22:17-25. 2004 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Guillaume, M. M. M. 2004. Corals and coral trade [Les coraux et leur commerce]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 129:28-Nov. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Fiji; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan; Europe; Spain; France Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Monetary Valuation; Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art
Mendoza Baldwin, E. G. and R. Silva Casarin. 2004. Beach profile model in the presence of submerged protection structures [Modelo de perfil de playa en presencia de estructuras sumergidas de proteccion]. Ingenieria Hidraulica en Mexico 19:16-May. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Moscardo, G. 2004. East versus West: A useful distinction or misleading myth. Tourism 52:20-Jul. 2004 Global; Australia; Japan; United Kingdom Tourism & Recreation
Allemand, D., C. Ferrier-Pages, P. Furla, F. Houlbreque, S. Puverel, S. Reynaud, E. Tambutte, S. Tambutte, and D. Zoccola. 2004. Biomineralisation in reef-building corals: From molecular mechanisms to environmental control. Comptes Rendus - Palevol 3:453-467. 2004 Review Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hart, N. S., T. J. Lisney, N. J. Marshall, and S. P. Collin. 2004. Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:4587-4594. 2004 Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pomeroy, R. S., J. E. Parks, and L. M. Watson. 2004. How is your MPA doing? a guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. he World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Bryan, S. E., A. Cook, J. P. Evans, P. W. Colls, M. G. Wells, M. G. Lawrence, J. S. Jell, A. Greig, and R. Leslie. 2004. Pumice rafting and faunal dispersion during 2001-2002 in the Southwest Pacific: Record of a dacitic submarine explosive eruption from Tonga. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 227:135-154. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji; Tonga Model Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
LaMotte, R. 2004. Pure sea glass. Chesapeake Sea Glass Publishing, Chestertown, MD. 2004 Tourism & Recreation
Molinski, T. F. 2004. Antifungal compounds from marine organisms. Current Medicinal Chemistry: Anti-Infective Agents 3:197-220. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review Invertebrates; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Brock, R. J. and B. F. Culhane. 2004. The no-take research natural area of Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida): Wishful thinking or responsible planning? Pages 67-74 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Sacks, A. 2004. The Alaska tourism satellite account: a comprehensive analysis of the economic contribution of travel & tourism. Global Insight. 2004 Tourism & Recreation
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Southeast Florida coral reef initiative: a local action strategy. 2004 Florida Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest
[No author name available]. 2004. Barbados - A sunny pleasure dome. International Sugar Journal 105:10-Sep. 2004 South & Central America; Columbia; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Medical Centers; Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C. 2004. Status of the coral reefs of the world: 2004 Volume 1. Australian Institution of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 2004 Global Climate; Cultural Protections; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Nogue, S., P. Sanz-Gallen, J. M. Gill, and F. Pages. 2004. Red sea coral sting: A risk associated with tourism in tropical waters [3] [Picadura por coral de fuego: Un riesgo asociado al turismo en aguas tropicales]. Medicina Clinica 123:277-278. 2004 Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C. 2004. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004 volume 2. Australian Institution of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 2004 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Micronesia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Tonga; Niue; Samoa; Tuvalu; Kiribati; Cook Islands; American Samoa; Caribbean Climate; Cultural Protections; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Pepponi, A. L. C. 2004. An English aquarium [Acquario inglese]. Industria Italiana del Cemento 74:746-755. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Europe Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Kuo, J., M.-C. Chen, C.-H. Lin, and L.-S. Fang. 2004. Comparative gene expression in the symbiotic and aposymbiotic Aiptasia pulchella by expressed sequence tag analysis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 318:176-186. 2004 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Zooxanthellae
Cesar, H. S. J., P. van Beukering, R. Payet, and E. Grandourt. 2004. Evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of marine ecosystem degradation in the Seychelles. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Netherlands. 2004 Seychelles Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Svavarsson, J. and K. Jorundsdottir. 2004. A new gnathiid species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoida) from Rodrigues, Mauritius, Indian Ocean. Journal of Natural History 38:3103-3111. 2004 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Shuman, C. S., G. Hodgson, and R. F. Ambrose. 2004. Managing the marine aquarium trade: Is eco-certification the answer? Environmental Conservation 31:339-348. 2004 Global; Indonesia; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Pavlov, D. S., A. V. Smurov, L. V. Il'yash, D. N. Matorin, N. A. Kluyev, S. V. Kotelevtsev, V. S. Rumak, and T. G. Smurova. 2004. Present-day state of coral reefs of Nha Trang Bay (Southern Vietnam) and possible reasons for the disturbance of habitats of Scleractinian corals. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 30:43-50. 2004 Cuba; Vietnam Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral
Haddad Jr., V. 2004. Cutaneous infections and injuries caused by traumatic and venomous animals which occurred in domestic and commercial aquariums in Brazil: A study of 18 cases and an overview of the theme [Infeccões cutâneas e acidentes por animais traumatizantes e vene. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 79:157-167. 2004 Microorganisms; Tourism & Recreation
Kelty, R., K. Andrews, J. Wheaton, L. Nall, C. Beaver, W. Japp, B. Keller, V. R. Leeworthy, J. A. Bohnsack, T. Matthews, J. Ault, F. Ferro, G. Delgado, D. Harper, J. Hunt, B. Sharp, C. Pattengil-Semmens, S. Smith, R. Spieler, R.E. Dodge, D. Gilliam, B. Goodwin, G. Schmahl, E. Hickerson, J. R. Garcia, C. Lilyestrom, R. Appeldoorn, A. Bruckner, E. Williams, C. .F.G. Jeffrey, U. Alauf, A. Riedlander, C. Rogers, J. Miller, J. Beets, R. Nemeth, S. Herzlieb, V. Mayor, W. Toller, Z. Hillis-Starr, S. Caseau, and M. Miller. 2004. Status of coral reefs in the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico: Florida, Flower Garden Banks, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Navassa. Pages 431-450 Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Volume 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 2004 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Climate; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, J. E., C. L. Hunter, E. J. Conklin, R. Most, T. Sauvage, C. Squair, and C. M. Smith. 2004. Ecology of the invasive red alga Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta) on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:325-343. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Aquaculture; Invasive Species; Salinity; Social Organizations
Lynch, T.P., E. Wilkinson, L. Melling, R. Hamilton, A. Macready, and S. Feary. 2004. Conflict and Impacts of Divers and Anglers in a Marine Park. Environmental Management 33:196-211. 2004 Australia; Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Harrison, S. L., P. A. Leggat, P. J. Fenner, D. N. Durrheim, and A. L. Swinbourne. 2004. Reported Knowledge, Perceptions, and Behavior of Tourists and North Queensland Residents at Risk of Contact with Jellyfish that Cause the \Irukandji Syndrome\"". Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 15:10-Apr. 2004 Australia Textiles & Apparel; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Barker, N. H. L. and C. M. Roberts. 2004. Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation 120:481-489. 2004 Cuba; St. Lucia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Frias-Lopez, J., J. S. Klaus, G. T. Bonheyo, and B. W. Fouke. 2004. Bacterial community associated with black band disease in corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70:5955-5962. 2004 Cyanobacteria; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Tissot, B. N., W. J. Walsh, and L. E. Hallacher. 2004. Evaluating effectiveness of a marine protected area network in West Hawai'i to increase productivity of an aquarium fishery. Pacific Science 58:175-188. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
van Beukering, P. J. H. and H. S. J. Cesar. 2004. Ecological economic modeling of coral reefs: Evaluating tourist overuse at Hanauma Bay and algae blooms at the Kīhei Coast, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:243-260. 2004 Model Algae; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Coleman, F. C., P. B. Baker, and C. C. Koenig. 2004. A Review of Gulf of Mexico Marine Protected Areas: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned. Fisheries 29:21-Oct. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Pavageau, J. 2004. Research in human sciences and management of protected areas [La recherche en sciences humaines et la gestion des aires protegees]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 59:71-76. 2004 Global; Reunion Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Hampton, M. A., C. T. Blay, and C. J. Murray. 2004. Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 22:65-102. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Miller, K. J., C. N. Mundy, and W. L. Chadderton. 2004. Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:75-94. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Brock, J. C., C. W. Wright, T. D. Clayton, and A. Nayegandhi. 2004. LIDAR optical rugosity of coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, Florida. Coral Reefs 23:48-59. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate
Fenner, D., T. H. Clark, J. R. Turner, and B. Chapman. 2004. A checklist of the corals of the island state of Rodrigues, Mauritius. Journal of Natural History 38:3091-3102. 2004 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Mauritius; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Laws, E. A., D. Brown, and C. Peace. 2004. Coastal water quality in the Kihei and Lahaina districts of the island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Impacts from physical habitat and groundwater seepage: Implications for water quality standards. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 22:531-546. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Mumby, P. J., W. Skirving, A. E. Strong, J. T. Hardy, E. F. LeDrew, E. J. Hochberg, R. P. Stumpg, and L. T. David. 2004. Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:219-228. 2004 Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Internet & Telecommunications; Light
Dollar, S.J., R.W. Grigg. 2004. Anthropogenic and Natural Stresses on Selected Coral Reefs in Hawai'i: A Multidecade Synthesis of Impact and Recovery. Pacific Science 58:281-304. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Petersen, D., M. Laterveer, D. Van Bergen, and M. Kuenen. 2004. Transportation techniques for massive scleractinian corals. Zoo Biology 23:165-176. 2004 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Pathogens; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 2003. Aeroderivative gas turbines offer alternative power. Pages 31-32 Ship and Boat International. 2003 Coastal Defense; Cruise Ships; Military
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2003. A novel method for the transport and analysis of genetic material from polyps and zooxanthellae of scleractinian corals. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 57:171-176. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kutser, T., A. G. Dekker, and W. Skirving. 2003. Modeling spectral discrimination of Great Barrier Reef benthic communities by remote sensing instruments. Limnology and Oceanography 48:497-510. 2003 Australia Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Green, E. and R. Donnelly. 2003. Recreational scuba diving in Caribbean marine protected areas: Do the users pay? Ambio 32:140-144. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Kolm, N. and A. Berglund. 2003. Wild populations of a reef fish suffer from the \nondestructive\" aquarium trade fishery". Conservation Biology 17:910-914. 2003 Japan; Indonesia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Westera, M., P. Lavery, and G. Hyndes. 2003. Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294:145-168. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Barger, N. 2003. Yukon artificial reef monitoring project data collection using volunteer research divers. Pages 815-817 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Social Organizations
Mahler, S. M., D. Y. Chin, and D. D. Van Dyk. 2003. The application of emerging technologies in genomics and proteomics to drug development. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 33:11-Jul. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Campbell, R. A., J. G. Pepperell, and T. L. O. Davis. 2003. Use of charter boat data to infer the annual availability of black marlin, Makaira indica, to the recreational fishery off Cairns, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:447-457. 2003 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Ihenyen, A. E. 2003. Recent sedimentology and ocean dynamics of the Western Nigerian continental shelf and coastline. Journal of African Earth Sciences 36:233-244. 2003 Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Eggleston, D. B., E. G. Johnson, G. T. Kellison, and D. A. Nadeau. 2003. Intense removal and non-saturating functional responses by recreational divers on spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257:197-207. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Clarke, P. J., T. Komatsu, J. D. Bell, F. Lasi, C. P. Oengpepa, and J. Leqata. 2003. Combined culture of Trochus niloticus and giant clams (Tridacnidae): Benefits for restocking and farming. Aquaculture 215:123-144. 2003 Solomon Islands Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Vehanen, T., A. Huusko, T. Yrjana, M. Lahti, and A. Maki-Petays. 2003. Habitat preference by grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in an artificially modified, hydropeaking riverbed: A contribution to understand the effectiveness of habitat enhancement measures. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19:15-20. 2003 Cuba; Europe Model; GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gatt, M. H., T. L. McParland, L. C. Halyk, and M. M. Ferguson. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA variation and mixed-stock analysis of recreational and commercial walleye fisheries in eastern Lake Erie. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23:431-440. 2003 Model Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Calado, R., J. Lin, A. L. Rhyne, R. Araujo, and L. Narciso. 2003. Marine ornamental decapods - Popular, pricey, and poorly studied. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23:963-973. 2003 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars
Chockley, B. R. and C. M. St. Mary. 2003. Effects of body size on growth, survivorship, and reproduction in the banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23:836-848. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
De Haro, L., P. Pommier, and M. Valli. 2003. Emergence of Imported Ciguatera in Europe: Report of 18 Cases at the Poison Control Centre of Marseille. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology 41:927-930. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Egypt; Pacific Ocean; Europe; France Fish; Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation
Dzikowski, R., I. Paperna, and A. Diamant. 2003. Multi-annual changes in the parasite communities of rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae) in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 57:228-235. 2003 Index or Indicator Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Marine Worms
Takayanagi, S., Y. Sakai, H. Hashimoto, and K. Gushima. 2003. Sleeping mound construction using coral fragments by the rockmover wrasse. Journal of Fish Biology 63:1352-1356. 2003 Japan Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Planktivorous Fish
Bradbury, A. P., M. P. Crossman, N. W. H. Allsop, S. Segura-Dominguez, and J. D. Simm. 2003. Economical rock groynes - Reducing lifecycle costs. Pages 975-987 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ho, K. T., A. Kuhn, R. M. Burgess, M. Pelletier, D. G. McGovern, J. Charles, and L. Patton. 2003. Use of marine toxicity identification and evaluation methods in determining causes of toxicity to fish in a marine aquarium facility. North American Journal of Aquaculture 65:14-20. 2003 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Tissot, B. N. and L. E. Hallacher. 2003. Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii. Conservation Biology 17:1759-1768. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Ekebom, J. and A. Erkkila. 2003. Using aerial photography for identification of marine and coastal habitats under the EU's Habitats Directive. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:287-304. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks
Olivotto, I., M. Cardinali, L. Barbaresi, F. Maradonna, and O. Carnevali. 2003. Coral reef fish breeding: The secrets of each species. Aquaculture 224:69-78. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Daby, D. 2003. Some quantitative aspects of seagrass ecology in a coastal lagoon of Mauritius. Marine Biology 142:193-203. 2003 Mauritius GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment
[No author name available]. 2003. Coral Princess: First of the new Princess pair from Atlantique. Pages 13-15 Naval Architect. 2003 Cruise Ships; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Liu, G., W. Skirving, and A. E. Strong. 2003. Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Global Climate
Singh, H. S. 2003. Marine protected areas in India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:226-233. 2003 India GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands
McGrath, T. A. and G. W. Smith. 2003. Comparisons of the 1995 and 1998 coral bleaching events on the patch reefs of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:67-75. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Hydrocoral; Sea Temperatures; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Nieland, D. L. and C. A. Wilson. 2003. Red snapper recruitment to and disappearance from oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 73-81 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Patterson, W. F. and J. H. Cowan. 2003. Site fidelity and dispersion of red snapper associated with artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 181-193 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Model Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Ramanujam, N. and R. Sudarsan. 2003. A study of coastal transformation at Tuticorin as a result of emerged and submerged natural breakwaters of Van Island, Gulf of Mannar. Environmental Geology 43:521-525. 2003 India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Wong, P. P. 2003. Where have all the beaches gone? Coastal erosion in the tropics. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 24:111-132. 2003 Southeast Asia Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Conruyt, N. and D. Grosser. 2003. Knowledge engineering in environmental sciences with IKBS. Pages 267-278 in AI Communications. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Internet & Telecommunications
Hsieh, Y.-L., Y.-S. Lin, and I.-M. Tso. 2003. Ground spider diversity in the Kenting uplifted coral reef forest, Taiwan: A comparison between habitats receiving various disturbances. Biodiversity and Conservation 12:2173-2194. 2003 Taiwan Index or Indicator Tourism & Recreation
Diamond, A. 2003. Identification and assessment of scleractinians at Tarou Point, Dominica, West Indies. Coastal Management 31:409-421. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Bhat, M. G. 2003. Application of non-market valuation to the Florida Keys marine reserve management. Journal of Environmental Management 67:315-325. 2003 Florida Model Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Hamann, M. T. 2003. Enhancing marine natural product structural diversity and bioactivity through semisynthesis and biocatalysis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 9:879-889. 2003 Review Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Gitschlag, G. R., M. J. Schirripa, and J. E. Powers. 2003. Impacts of red snapper mortality associated with the explosive removal of oil and gas structures on stock assessments of red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 83-94 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stapanian, M. A. and T. A. Waite. 2003. Species density of waterbirds in offshore habitats in western Lake Erie. Journal of Field Ornithology 74:381-393. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ferraris, J. and P. Cayre. 2003. The reef fisheries of the South Pacific: Intuitive management versus an ecosystem management [Les pecheries recifales dans le Pacifique sud: D'une gestion intuitive vers une gestion ecosystemique raisonnee]. Oceanis 29:397-414. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
United Nations Environment Program - Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (UNEP/GPA). 2003. Diagnosis of the erosion processes in the Caribbean sandy beaches. Environmental Agency, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Cuba, Cuba. 2003 Global; South & Central America; Cuba; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C., A. Green, J. Almany, and S. Dionne. 2003. Monitoring coral reef marine protected areas. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Nott, J. F. 2003. The urban geology of Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Quaternary International 103:75-82. 2003 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Karpouzli, E. and T. Malthus. 2003. Hyperspectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities. Pages 2377-2379 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2003 Remote Sensing
Pepponi, L. C. 2003. A voyage through the ocean depths [Un viaggio attraverso le profondità oceaniche]. Industria Italiana del Cemento 73:148-159. 2003 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. 2003 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Recreational Fishing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Holdsworth, J., P. Saul, and G. Browne. 2003. Factors affecting striped marlin catch rate in the New Zealand recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:473-481. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Johns, G. M., V. R. Leeworthy, F. W. Bell, and M. A. Bonn. 2003. Socioeconomic study of reefs in southeast Florida. Hazen and Sawyer. 2003 Florida Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Legros, E. J. 2003. Exploration-Production. The day when peak production will come... [Exploration-Production. Le jour où le pic viendra...]. Pages 57-59 in Petrole et Gaz Informations. 2003 Global; Middle East; Saudi Arabia; Iran; Oman; Europe Schools & Colleges
Wielgus, J., N.E. Chadwick-Furman, N. Zeitouni, and M. Shechter. 2003. Effects of Coral Reef Attribute Damage on Recreational Welfare. Marine Resource Economics 18:225-237. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Raberg, S., M. Nystrom, M. Eros, P. Plantman. 2003. Impact of the Herbicides 2, 4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites Cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 2003. Coral princess debuts unique propulsion system. Diesel and Gas Turbine Worldwide 35:32-34. 2003 Cruise Ships
Griggs, E. M., L. R. Kump, and J. K. Bohlke. 2003. The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 58:517-539. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Carr, L. and R. Mendelsohn. 2003. Valuing coral reefs: A travel cost analysis of the Great Barrier Reef. Ambio 32:353-357. 2003 Australia Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Louchard, E. M., R. P. Reid, F. C. Stephens, C. O. Davis, R. A. Leathers, and T. V. Downes. 2003. Optical remote sensing of benthic habitats and bathymetry in coastal environments at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: A comparative spectral classification approach. Limnology and Oceanography 48:511-521. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Light; Seagrasses; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
The Coral Reef Sub-theme Team, editor. 2003. IGOS Coral Reef Sub-theme Report. Integrated Global Observing Strategy. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Protections; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Jedrusik, M. 2003. Natural potential for tourism and forms of its use in tropical and subtropical islands [Przyrodniczy potencjał turystyczny oraz formy jego wykorzystania na wyspach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych]. Prace i Studia Geograficzne 32:141-158. 2003 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; India; Malaysia; Micronesia; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Land & Air Transportation; Tourism & Recreation
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Raberg, S., Nystrom, M., Eros, M., Plantman, P. 2003. Impact of the herbicides 2,4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Pulfrich, A., C. A. Parkins, and G. M. Branch. 2003. The effects of shore-based diamond-diving on intertidal and subtidal biological communities and rock lobsters in southern Namibia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:233-255. 2003 South Africa Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Parra, B. and L. J. Ruiz. 2003. Community structure of fishes on the east coast of the island of Cabagua, Venezuela [Estructura de la comunidad de peces en la costa oriental de la isla de Cabagua, Venezuela]. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:197-203. 2003 Cuba; Venezuela Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish
Austin, G. 2003. Unwanted entanglement: The Philippines' Spratly policy as a case study in conflict enhancement? Security Dialogue 34:41-54. 2003 China; Philippines; Taiwan Hotel & Food Services; Military
Ganesan, S., J. Felo, M. Saldana, V. F. Kalasinsky, M. R. Lewin-Smith, and J. F. Tomashefski Jr. 2003. Embolized crospovidone (poly[N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone]) in the lungs of intravenous drug users. Modern Pathology 16:286-292. 2003 Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Arreola-Robles, J. L. and J. F. Elorduy-Garay. 2002. Reef fish diversity in the region of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:18-Jan. 2002 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Turgeon, D. D., R. G. Asch, B. D. Causey, R. E. Dodge, W. Jaap, K. Banks, J. Delaney, B. D. Keller, R. Speiler, C. A. Matos, J. R. Garcia, E. Diaz, D. Catanzaro, C. S. Rogers, Z. Hillis-Starr, R. Nemeth, M. Taylor, G. P. Schmahl, M. W. Miller, D. A. Gulko, J. E. Maragos, A. M. Friedlander, C. L. Hunter, R. S. Brainard, P. Craig, R. H. Richond, G. Davis, J. Starmer, M. Trianni, P. Houk, C. E. Birkeland, A. Edward, Y. Golbuu, J. Gutierrez, N. Idechong, G. Paulay, A. Tafileichig, and N. V. Velde. 2002. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2002. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Global; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; Guam Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Germano, J. D., C. A. Reid, P. G. D. Whiteside, and R. Kennish. 2002. Field verification of computer models predicting plume dispersion in Hong Kong. Pages 859-873 in Dredging, Key Technologies for Global Prosperity. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Sediment
Haynes, D. and D. Loong. 2002. Antifoulant (butyltin and copper) concentrations in sediments from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia. Environmental Pollution 120:391-396. 2002 Australia Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Buxton, R. 2002. Third party challenges - An individual's perspective. Journal of Planning and Environment Law 0:47-55. 2002 Hotel & Food Services
Muchammed, M. V. and I. O. Shilov. 2002. Environmental impact of socioeconomic activity on the Egyptian Red sea coastal zone. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geologiya i Geografiya 2002:92-98. 2002 Egypt Climate; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
Abelson, A. and Y. Shlesinger. 2002. Comparison of the development of coral and fish communities on rock-aggregated artificial reefs in Eilat, Red Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Schwartz, S. E. 2002. Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs. Sea Technology 43:33-37. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Heron, M. L., D. M. Burrage, and A. Prytz. 2002. Terrigenous runoff in the tropics observed with a scanning low frequency radiometer. Pages 2008-2013 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2002 Australia GIS & Maps Agriculture; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Cesar, H. 2002. The biodiversity benefits of coral reef ecosystems: values and markets. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris. 2002 Global; Indonesia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Cesar, H., P. van Beukering, S. Pintz, and J. Dierking. 2002. Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawaii. Hawaii Coral Reefs Initiative, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, US. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Monetary Valuation; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Potts, J. C. and C. S. Manooch III. 2002. Estimated ages of red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) from fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data and a comparison of growth parameters. Fishery Bulletin 100:81-89. 2002 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Ditton, R. B., H. R. Osburn, T. L. Baker, and C. E. Thailing. 2002. Demographics, attitudes, and reef management preferences of sport divers in offshore Texas waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Cuba Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Crabtree, R. E., P. B. Hood, and D. Snodgrass. 2002. Age, growth, and reproduction of permit (Trachinotus falcatus) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin 100:26-34. 2002 Florida Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Jackson, L. A. and W. P. Hornsey. 2002. Engineering an artificial reef. Geotechnical Fabrics Report 20:18-25. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes
Guzman, H. M. and C. A. Guevara. 2002. Annual reproductive cycle, spatial distribution, abundance, and size structure of Oreaster reticulatus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Marine Biology 141:1077-1084. 2002 Panama Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Echinoderms; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Souvenir & Decorative Trade
Suenaga, Y., K. Masuda, H. Kakegawa, K. Hisamura, A. Suenaga, and K. Kimigawa. 2002. Development of the System for Creating Fishery Ground in and Around the Seto Inland Sea. Pages 420-424 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Hughes, G. 2002. Environmental indicators. Annals of Tourism Research 29:457-477. 2002 Index or Indicator Tourism & Recreation
Davidson, R. J., E. Villouta, R. G. Cole, and R. G. F. Barrier. 2002. Effects of marine reserve protection on spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) abundance and size at Tonga Island Marine Reserve, New Zealand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12:213-227. 2002 Tonga Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
[No author name available]. 2002. World's largest fuel cell installation at Verizon switching center. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2002:4-Mar. 2002 Internet & Telecommunications
Khalaf, M. A. and M. Kochzius. 2002. Changes in trophic community structure of shore fishes at an industrial site in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 239:287-299. 2002 Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Bohnsack, J. A., A. Y. Cantillo, and M. J. Bello (eds.). 2002. Resource Survey of Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary 1983. NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral
Bouree, P. and A. Lancon. 2002. Dangerous aquatic animals [Les animaux aquatiques dangereux]. Revue Francaise des Laboratoires 2002:61-64. 2002 Australia; Iran Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Parker Jr., R. O. and R. L. Dixon. 2002. Reef faunal response to warming middle U.S. continental shelf waters. Pages 141-154 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Dewidar, KH .M . 2002. Landfill detection in Hurghada, North Red Sea, Egypt, using thematic mapper images. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:939-948. 2002 Egypt GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation
Restall, S. J., L. A. Jackson, G. Heerten, and W. P. Hornsey. 2002. Case studies showing the growth and development of geotextile sand containers: An Australian perspective. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20:321-342. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Allegra, L., G. Centanni, S. Centanni, E. Pintori, and G. Petrigni. 2002. Observations on respirable allergens (pollens and mites) in a resort located in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt. GIMT - Giornale Italiano delle Malattie del Torace 56:54-57. 2002 Egypt Hotel & Food Services
Schmitt, E. F., R. D. Sluka, and K. M. Sullivan-Sealey. 2002. Evaluating the use of roving diver and transect surveys to assess the coral reef fish assemblage off southeastern Hispaniola. Coral Reefs 21:216-223. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Dominican Republic Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Leeworthy V. R. 2002. Economic impact of tourist and resident uses of coastal resources in the Florida Keys: survey methods and impact assessment methodology. Pages 89-100 in D. Letson and J. W. Milon, editors. Florida coastal environmental resources. Florida Sea Grant. 2002 Florida Tourism & Recreation
Le Goff, M. C. and A. D. Rogers. 2002. Characterization of 10 microsatellite loci for the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758). Molecular Ecology Notes 2:164-166. 2002 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Stony Coral
Kvernevik, T.-I., M. Zambri Mohd Akhir, and J. Studholme. 2002. A low-cost procedure for automatic seafloor mapping, with particular reference to coral reef conservation in developing nations. Hydrobiologia 474:67-79. 2002 Malaysia GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
Paulay, G., L. Kirkendale, G. Lambert, and C. Meyer. 2002. Anthropogenic biotic interchange in a coral reef ecosystem: A case study from Guam. Pacific Science 56:403-422. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Guam Ballast Discharge; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Military; Ports & Harbors; Tourism & Recreation
Mohammed, S. M. 2002. Pollution management in Zanzibar: The need for a new approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 45:301-311. 2002 Discharges; Mangroves; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Burnett, J. W. and R. Pfau. 2002. Aquatic antagonists: Catalaphyllia jardinei sting. Cutis 70:27-28. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Seychelles; Japan; Vanuatu Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Octocoral
Durako, M. J. and J. I. Kunzelman. 2002. Photosynthetic characteristics of Thalassia testudinum measured in situ by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry: methodological and scale-based considerations. Aquatic Botany 73:173-185. 2002 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Seagrasses
Norcross, Z. M., C. H. Fletcher, and M. Merrifield. 2002. Annual and interannual changes on a reef-fringed pocket beach: Kailua Bay, Hawaii. Marine Geology 190:553-580. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Randall, J. E. and B. H. Nagareda. 2002. Cirrhilabrus bathyphilus, a new deep-dwelling labrid fish from the Coral Sea. Cybium 26:123-127. 2002 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Fish
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2002. Hyperspectral image calibration in a coral reef environment: An empirical approach. Pages 243-245 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Inoue, N., H. Sekiguchi, and H. Misaki. 2002. Pueruli of Panulirus longipes bispinosus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palinuridae) stranded on the beach of Kuroshima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. Fisheries Science 68:332-340. 2002 Japan Beaches & Nature Parks; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Miller, M. W., A. S. Bourque, and J. A. Bohnsack. 2002. An analysis of the loss of acroporid corals at Looe Key, Florida, USA: 1983-2000. Coral Reefs 21:179-182. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Straub, J. O. 2002. Coral gardener of the maldives. Biologist 49:53-57. 2002 Maldives Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Wielgus, J., N. E. Chadwick-Furman, Z. Dubinsky, M. Shechter, and N. Zeitouni. 2002. Dose-response modeling of recreationally important coral-reef attributes: A review and potential application to the economic valuation of damage. Coral Reefs 21:253-259. 2002 Review; Model Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Zakai, D. and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2002. Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation 105:179-187. 2002 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Jensen, Paul; Lee, Ka-Leung; Su, Yu-Chun; Glick, Roger; Magin, Debbie. 2002. Wet Weather And The Application Of Appropriate Criteria For Contact Recreation. Pages 1210-1222 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Al-Ansi, M. A., M. A. R. Abdel-Moati, and I. S. Al-Ansari. 2002. Causes of fish mortally along the Qatari waters (Arabian gulf). International Journal of Environmental Studies 59:59-71. 2002 Qatar Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Salinity
Jedoui, Y., E. Davaud, H. B. Ismail, and J.-L. Reyss. 2002. Sedimentological analysis of marine Pleistocene deposits of southeastern Tunisia: Evidence of two positive eustatic pulsations during the marine isotopic substage 5e (Eemian, Tyrrhenian) [Analyse sedimentologique des depots marins pleistocenes du Sud. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 173:255-264. 2002 Beaches & Nature Parks; Salinity; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Parrish, F. A., K. Abernathy, G. J. Marshall, and B. M. Buhleier. 2002. Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging in deep-water coral beds. Marine Mammal Science 18:244-258. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Frias-Lopez, J., A. L. Zerkle, G. T. Bonheyo, and B. W. Fouke. 2002. Partitioning of bacterial communities between seawater and healthy, black band diseased, and dead coral surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68:2214-2228. 2002 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Microorganisms; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Lok, A., C. Metin, A. Ulas, F. O. Duzbastilar, and A. Tokac. 2002. Artificial reefs in Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Hesp, S. A., I. C. Potter, and N. G. Hall. 2002. Age and size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology, and habitats of the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and their relevance to the management of this species. Fishery Bulletin 100:214-227. 2002 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kutser, T., A. Dekker, and W. Skirving. 2002. Detecting coral reef substrate types by airborne and space borne hyperspectral sensors. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4544:93-102. 2002 Australia Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Choudhury, S. B., K. H. Rao, and M. V. Rao. 2002. Sattelite remote sensing for marine resources assessment. Tropical Ecology 43:187-202. 2002 India Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Bernabeu-Tello, A. M., J. J. Munoz-Perez, and R. Medina-Santamaria. 2002. Influence of a rocky platform in the profile morphology: Victoria Beach, Cadiz (Spain) [Influencia de un sustrato rocoso en la morfologia del perfil de playa: Playa Victoria, Cadiz]. Ciencias Marinas 28:181-192. 2002 Spain Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks
Osenberg, C. W., C. M. St. Mary, J. A. Wilson, and W. J. Lindberg. 2002. A quantitative framework to evaluate the attraction-production controversy. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat
Salvat, B. and A. Aubanel. 2002. The management of coral reefs of French Polynesia [La gestion des recifs coralliens de Polynesie francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:193-251. 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; France Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Salvat, B., Y. Chancerelle, M. Schrimm, R. Morancy, M. Porcher, and A. Aubanel. 2002. Restoration of a degraded coral reef site and creation of a coral garden (Bora Bora, French Polynesia) [Restauration d'une zone corallienne degradee et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynesie Francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:81-96. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Molluscs; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Warn, S. 2002. Sustainable management of coral reefs. Geography Review 15:6-Feb. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Jan, R.-Q., J.-P. Chen, C.-Y. Lin, and K.-T. Shao. 2001. Long-term monitoring of the coral reef fish communities around a nuclear power plant. Aquatic Ecology 35:233-243. 2001 Cuba; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Frouin, P. and P. Hatchings. 2001. Macrobenthic communities in a tropical lagoon (Tahiti, French Polynesia, central Pacific). Coral Reefs 19:277-285. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Bivalves; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment
Baker M.S., JR . and C. A. Wilson. 2001. Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1819-1824. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Simpson, S. 2001. Fishy business. Scientific American 285:69-75. 2001 Southeast Asia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest
Munoz-Perez, J. J., B. Lopez De San Roman-Blanco, J. M. Gutierrez-Mas, L. Moreno, and G. J. Cuena. 2001. Cost of beach maintenance in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Coastal Engineering 42:143-153. 2001 Spain Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2001. Strategies for gardening denuded coral reef areas: The applicability of using different types of coral material for reef restoration. Restoration Ecology 9:432-442. 2001 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Heyman, W. D., R. T. Graham, B. Kjerfve, and R. E. Johannes. 2001. Whale sharks Rhincodon typus aggregate to feed on fish spawn in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215:275-282. 2001 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Patterson III, W. F., J. C. Watterson, R. L. Shipp, and JR . Cowan J.H. 2001. Movement of tagged red snapper in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:533-545. 2001 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Torres, R., M. Chiappone, F. Geraldes, Y. Rodriguez, and M. Vega. 2001. Sedimentation as an important environmental influence on Dominican Republic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:805-818. 2001 Dominican Republic GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Schuttenberg, editor. 2001. Coral Bleaching: Causes, Consequences and Response - Selected Papers Presented at the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium October 2000. Coastal Management Report #2230, Coastal Resources Center, Narragansett, (Rhode Island, USA). 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia; Philippines Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Ryan, J. C. 2001. Indonesia's Coral Reefs On the line. World Watch 14:19-Dec. 2001 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Talbot, F. and C. Wilkinson. 2001. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses: a sourcebook for managers. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville (Australia). 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Salm, R. V. and S. L. Coles. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. Page 118 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report # 0102. Honolulu, Hawaii,. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Obura, D. O. 2001. Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1264-1278. 2001 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Rao, K. M., K. S. R. Murthy, N. P. C. Reddy, A. S. Subrahmanyam, S. Lakshminarayana, M. M. M. Rao, K. V. L. N. S. Sarma, M. K. Premkumar, A. Sree, and M. Bapuji. 2001. Submerged beach ridge lineation and associated sedentary fauna in the innershelf of Gopalpur coast, Orissa, Bay of Bengal. Current Science 81:828-833. 2001 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Patterson III, W. F., JR . Cowan J.H., C. A. Wilson, and R. L. Shipp. 2001. Age and growth of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, from an artificial reef area off Alabama in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 99:617-627. 2001 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Artificial Habitat; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Borneman, E. H. and J. Lowrie. 2001. Advances in captive husbandry and propagation: An easily utilized reef replenishment means from the private sector? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:897-913. 2001 Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Ostrowski, A. C. and C. W. Laidley. 2001. Application of marine foodfish techniques in marine ornamental aquaculture: Reproduction and larval first feeding. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:191-204. 2001 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
Rubec, P. J., F. Cruz, V. Pratt, R. Oellers, B. McCullough, and F. Lallo. 2001. Cyanide-free net-caught fish for the marine aquarium trade. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:37-51. 2001 Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Rubec, P. J., V. R. Pratt, and F. Cruz. 2001. Territorial use rights in fisheries to manage areas for farming coral reef fish and invertebrates for the aquarium trade. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:119-134. 2001 Southeast Asia; Philippines Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Holden, H. and E. LeDrew. 2001. Hyperspectral discrimination of healthy versus stressed corals using in situ reflectance. Journal of Coastal Research 17:850-858. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Karhuketo, T. S. and H. J. Puhakka. 2001. Endoscope-guided round window fistula repair. Otology and Neurotology 22:869-873. 2001 Australia; Cuba Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Invasive Species
CARICOMP. 2001. Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP); a cooperative research and monitoring network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Salafsky, N., H. Cauley, G. Balachander, B. Cordes, J. Parks, C. Margoluis, S. Bhatt, C. Encarnacion, D. Russell, and R. Margoluis. 2001. A systematic test of an enterprise strategy for community-based biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 15:1585-1595. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Banks, Credit, & Securities; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Tourism & Recreation
Opishinski, T. B., M. L. Spaulding, K. Rutzler, and M. Carpenter. 2001. A real time environmental data monitoring, management and analysis system for the coral reefs off the coast of Belize. Pages 1188-1197 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
De Grave, S. and D. K. A. Barnes. 2001. Ecology of tropical hermit crabs (Crustacea Decapoda) at Quirimba Island, Mozambique: A multivariate assemblage perspective. Tropical Zoology 14:197-209. 2001 Mozambique Beaches & Nature Parks; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Wilson, J., C. W. Osenberg, C. M. St. Mary, C. A. Watson, and W. J. Lindberg. 2001. Artificial reefs, the attraction-production issue, and density dependence in marine ornamental fishes. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:95-105. 2001 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Fish
Wood, E. 2001. Global advances in conservation and management of marine ornamental resources. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:65-77. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector
Eggleston, D. B. and C. P. Dahlgren. 2001. Distribution and abundance of Caribbean spiny lobsters in the Key West National Wildlife Refuge: Relationship to habitat features and impact of an intensive recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1567-1576. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Domroes, M. 2001. Conceptualising state-controlled resort islands for an environment-friendly development of tourism: The Maldivian experience. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 22:122-137. 2001 Maldives Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Nogueira, J. M. M., T. M. Steiner, and A. C. Z. Amaral. 2001. Descriptions of two new species of eunice cuvier, 1817 (Polyhaeta: Eunicidae)from coastal islands of the state of sãoPaulo, Brazil. Scientia Marina 65:47-57. 2001 Beaches & Nature Parks
Mylroie, J. E., J. W. Jenson, D. Taborosi, J. M. U. Jocson, D. T. Vann, and C. Wexel. 2001. Karst features of Guam in terms of a general model of carbonate island karst. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 63:22-Sep. 2001 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jordan, I. E. and M. J. Samways. 2001. Recent changes in coral assemblages of a South African coral reef, with recommendations for long-term monitoring. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1027-1037. 2001 Global; Cuba; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Stony Coral
Elliott, G., B. Mitchell, B. Wiltshire, I. A. Manan, and S. Wismer. 2001. Community participation in marine protected area management Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coastal Management 29:295-316. 2001 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Halim, A. 2001. Grouper culture: An option for grouper management in Indonesia. Coastal Management 29:319-326. 2001 Indonesia Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Live Collection; Piscivorous Fish
Rogers, C. S. and V. H. Garrison. 2001. Ten years after the crime: Lasting effects of damage from a cruise ship anchor on a coral reef in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:793-803. 2001 US Virgin Islands Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cruise Ships; Sediment; Stony Coral
Harborne, A. R., D. C. Afzal, and M. J. Andrews. 2001. Honduras: Caribbean Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1221-1235. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 2001. Reef quest and daydream express. Work Boat World 20:37-38. 2001 Tourism & Recreation
Maier, E., R. Tollrian, and B. Nurnberger. 2001. Development of species-specific markers in an organism with endosymbionts: Microsatellites in the scleractinian coral Seriatopora hystrix. Molecular Ecology Notes 1:157-159. 2001 Stony Coral
Bingham, B. L. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40:81-251. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Walters, R. D. M. and M. J. Samways. 2001. Sustainable dive ecotourism on a South African coral reef. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:2167-2179. 2001 Cuba; South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Santos, C. S. G. and P. C. Lana. 2001. Nereididae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the northeastern coast of the Brazil. II. Genera Namalycastis, Ceratocephale, Laeonereis and Rullierinereis [Nereididae (Annelida, Polychaeta) da costa nordeste do Brasil. II. Generos Namalycastis, Ceratocephale, L. Pages 137-149 Iheringia - Serie Zoologia. 2001 Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Worms
Latypov, YU .Y A. 2001. Communities of Coral Reefs of Central Vietnam. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 27:197-200. 2001 Cuba; Vietnam Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate
Ginsburg, R. N., E. Gischler, and W. E. Kiene. 2001. Partial mortality of massive reef-building corals: An index of patch reef condition, Florida Reef Tract. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1149-1173. 2001 Florida Index or Indicator Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Uthicke, S. and J. A. H. Benzie. 2001. Effect of beche-de-mer fishing on densities and size structure of Holothuria nobilis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations on the great barrier reef. Coral Reefs 19:271-276. 2001 Australia Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Petersen, D. and R. Tollrian. 2001. Methods to enhance sexual recruitment for restoration of damaged reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:989-1000. 2001 Florida Lab Study Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment; Stony Coral
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001. Fisheries of the United States 2000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2001 Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sam Smith, A. W. 2001. Discussion of: Munoz-Perez, J.J.; Tejedor, L., and Medina, R., 1999. Equilibrium beach profile model for reef protected beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 15(4), 950-957. Journal of Coastal Research 17:241-242. 2001 Model Beaches & Nature Parks
Pedersen, M. and P. Snoeijs. 2001. Patterns of macroalgal diversity, community composition and long-term changes along the swedish west coast. Hydrobiologia 459:83-102. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Alker, A. P., G. W. Smith, and K. Kim. 2001. Characterization of Aspergillus sydowii (Thom et Church), a fungal pathogen of Caribbean sea fan corals. Hydrobiologia 460:105-111. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Octocoral; Pathogens
Page, C., G. Coleman, R. Ninio, and K. Osborne. 2001. Surveys of benthic reef communities using underwater video. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Barron, M.G., E.E. Little, R. Calfee, and S. Diamond. 2000. Quantifying Solar Spectral Irradiance in Aquatic Habitats for the Assessment of Photoenhanced Toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19:920-925. 2000 Beaches & Nature Parks; Light; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Zakai, D., O. Levy, and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2000. Experimental fragmentation reduces sexual reproductive output by the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 19:185-188. 2000 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. Coral reef thermal stress monitoring. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Sea Temperatures
World Conservation Monitoring, CE NT RE. 2000. Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). Coral reefs and mangroves of the world from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Forestry; Mangroves
Cresswell, G. R. and K. A. Badcock. 2000. Tidal mixing near the Kimberley coast of NW Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 51:641-646. 2000 Australia Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Keamy, J., J. Umlas, and Y. Lee. 2000. Red coral keratitis. Cornea 19:859-860. 2000 Cuba; Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Cesar, H. S. J., editor. 2000. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Jamaica; India; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Marine Protected Areas; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Wilks, J. and R. J. Davis. 2000. Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 21:591-599. 2000 Australia; Cuba Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Ramachandran, S. 2000. The Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 189-197. 2000 India Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Todorov, J. R., A. Y. Chistoserdov, and J. Y. Aller. 2000. Molecular analysis of microbial communities in mobile deltaic muds of Southeastern Papua New Guinea. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33:147-155. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Papua New Guinea; Europe Sediment
Kim, K., C. D. Harvell, P. D. Kim, G. W. Smith, and S. M. Merkel. 2000. Fungal disease resistance of caribbean sea fan corals (Gorgonia spp.). Marine Biology 136:259-267. 2000 South & Central America; Florida; Bahamas; Caribbean Octocoral; Pathogens
Kim, K., P. D. Kim, A. P. Alker, and C. D. Harvell. 2000. Chemical resistance of gorgonian corals against fungal infections. Marine Biology 137:393-401. 2000 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Pathogens
Mitchell, S., S. Khan, R. Maharaj, and E. Robinson. 2000. Carbonate beach sediment composition at a tourist beach, Negril, Jamaica. Pages 204-217 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Jamaica Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Cesar, H .J. S., M. C. Ohman, P. Espeut, and M. Honkanen. 2000. An economic valuation of Portland Bight, Jamaica: an integrated terrestrial and marine protected area. Working paper 00/03. Institute for Environmental Studie, Free University, Amsterdam. 2000 Jamaica Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Maloney, K. A., L. A. Maguire, and E. A. Lind. 2000. NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY MODELING AND MONITORING PROJECT STAGE 1: ASSESSMENT OF STAKEHOLDER INTEREST AND CONCERNS TO INFORM LONG-TERM MODELING. 50237, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, (NC, USA). 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
White, A. T., M. Ross, and M. Flores. 2000. Benefits and costs of coral reef and wetland management, Olango Island, Philippines. Pages 215-227 in H. S. J. Cesar, editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Boak, L., J. McGrath, and L. A. Jackson. 2000. IENCE - A case study - The northern gold coast beach protection strategy. Pages 3710-3717 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Infrastructure; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Fleming, C. and B. Hamer. 2000. Successful implementation of an offshore reef scheme. Pages 1813-1820 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 United Kingdom Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Fish
Office of Satellite Data Processing and, DI ST RI BU TI ON. 2000. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 1998 animations of coral bleaching hotspots from NOAA/NESDIS. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Bahrain Field Study & Monitoring
Okamoto, MI NE O, SU SU MU Morita, and TA KA O Sato. 2000. Fundamental study to estimate fish biomass around coral reef using 3-dimensional underwater video system. Pages 1389-1392 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing
Chan, T.T.C. and Y. Sadovy. 2000. Profile of the marine aquarium fish trade in Hong Kong. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:197-213. 2000 Global Review Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Designate Protected Species; Invertivorous Fish; Live Collection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Jeng, W.-L., C.-F. Dai, and K.-L. Fan. 2000. Taiwan Strait. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 499-512. 2000 China; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Labrosse, P., R. Fichez, R. Farman, and T. Adams. 2000. New Caledonia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 723-736. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Europe; France Agriculture; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Oakley, S., N. Pilcher, and E. Wood. 2000. Borneo. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 361-379. 2000 Global; Malaysia; Indonesia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Forestry; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Whales & Dolphins
O'Hara, T. D. 2000. Victoria province, Australia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 661-671. 2000 Australia; Europe Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands
Price, A. R. G. and S. Clark. 2000. The Maldives. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 199-219. 2000 Global; Seychelles; Maldives Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Quod, J.-P., O. Naim, and F. Abdourazi. 2000. The Comoros archipelago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 243-252. 2000 Global; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Comoros; Mayotte; India Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Mangroves; Sediment
Schleyer, M. H. and B. J. Tomalin. 2000. Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:1025-1042. 2000 South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Okamoto, MI NE O, TA KA O Sato, and SU SU MU Morita. 2000. Basic coral distribution data for long term monitoring at Sekisei Lagoon. Pages 1383-1387 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Global; Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton
Cervi, G. A. 2000. War wrecks and the environment: Who's responsible for the legacy of war? A case study: Solomon Islands and the United States. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 14:351-399. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Solomon Islands Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Nystrom, M., C. Folke, and F. Moberg. 2000. Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:413-417. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Kumaraguru, A. K. 2000. Coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar and the conservation strategies required. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 6:12-Jan. 2000 India Coastal Development; Tourism & Recreation
Rao, D. V. S. and F. Al-Yamani. 2000. The Arabian Gulf. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 16-Jan. 2000 Indian Ocean; India Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fish; Invasive Species; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Plankton; Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Richardson, B. J., P. K. S. Lam, and R. S. S. Wu. 2000. Hong Kong. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 535-547. 2000 China Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge
Schleyer, M. H., L. E. Beckley, S. T. Fennessy, P. J. Fielding, A. Govender, B. Q. Mann, W. D. Robertson, B. J. Tomalin, and R. P. Van Der Elst. 2000. South Africa. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 133-144. 2000 South Africa Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 221-232. 2000 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Military; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Turner, J., C. Jago, D. Daby, and R. Klaus. 2000. The Mascarene Region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 253-268. 2000 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; Reunion; India Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Vuki, V. C., L. P. Zann, M. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. The Fiji Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 751-764. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Impacts of the 1998 coral bleaching event on tourism in El Nido, Philippines. U.S. Department of State, East Asia and Pacific Environmental Initiative (US-EAP-EI)/Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Larson, M. and N. C. Kraus. 2000. Representation of non-erodible (hard) bottoms in beach profile change modeling. Journal of Coastal Research 16:14-Jan. 2000 Lab Study; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Charlier, R. H. and C. P. De Meyer. 2000. Ask nature to protect and build-up beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 16:385-390. 2000 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hotel & Food Services; Storms & Hurricanes
Rajasuriya, A. and A. Premaratne. 2000. Sri Lanka. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 175-187. 2000 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Sri Lanka; India Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Wong, P. P. 2000. Malacca Strait including Singapore and Johore Straits. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 331-344. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. 2000. Northeastern Australia: The Great Barrier Reef region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 611-628. 2000 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sanderson, P. G., I. Eliot, B. Hegge, and S. Maxwell. 2000. Regional variation of coastal morphology in southwestern Australia: A synthesis. Geomorphology 34:73-88. 2000 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Agriculture; Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Normile, D. 2000. Reef migrations, bleaching effects stir the air in bali. Science 290:1282-1283. 2000 Indonesia Fish; Hotel & Food Services
Karczmarski, L. 2000. Conservation and management of humpback dolphins: The South African perspective. ORYX 34:207-216. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Model Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Spash, C. L. 2000. Assessing the benefits of improving coral reef biodiversity: the contingent valuation method. Pages 40-54 in Cesar, H. S. J., editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Jamaica Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Dempsey, M. J., W. E. Mathieson, and T. A. Winters. 2000. Learning from Offshore Decommissioning Practices in Europe and the USA. Pages 741-746 in SPE - Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Europe Internet & Telecommunications; Special Use Permitting
Bastida-Zavala, J. R., A. U. Beltran-Torres, M. A. Gutierrez-Aguirre, and G. De La Fuente-Betancourt. 2000. Evaluacion rapida de los arrecifes parche de Majagual, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:137-143. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Chapman, F. A. 2000. Ornamental fish culture, freshwater. Pages 602-610 in Stickney, R. R., editor. Encyclopedia of aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, York, NY. 2000 Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
DIXON, J. A., L. F. SCURA, and T. VAN�T HOF. 2000. An Economic and Ecological Analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Gladstone, W. 2000. The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015-1032. 2000 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, I. D. and N. V. C. Polunin. 2000. Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation 27:382-391. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; France Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Hodgson, G. and J. A. Dixon. 2000. El Nido revisited: ecotourism, logging and fisheries. Pages 55-68 in H. S. J. Cesar, editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Tourism & Recreation
Wilks, J. 2000. Scuba diving and snorkeling safety on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Travel Medicine 7:283-289. 2000 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Lecaillon, G., V. Dufour, and P. Lenfant. 2000. Coral reef fisheries. Oceanis 26:543-569. 2000 Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
Reef Environmental Education, FO UN DA TI ON. 2000. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. Reef Environmental Education Foundation survey data. 2000 Global Index or Indicator Environmental Education & Outreach; Social Organizations
Australian Institute of Marine, SC IE NC E. 2000. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. Reef monitoring: interactive data summaries for the Great Barrier Reef. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Seastars
Goddard Space Flight, CE NT ER. 2000. Remote sensing of coral reefs. Remote sensing of coral reefs. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Sanders, D. and R. Hofling. 2000. Carbonate deposition in mixed siliclastic-carbonate environments on top of an orogenic wedge (Late Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alp, Austria). Sedimentary Geology 137:127-146. 2000 Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ochoa-Rivera, V., A. Granados-Barba, and V. Solis-Weiss. 2000. The polychaete cryptofauna from Cozumel Island, Mexican Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:137-146. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Coral Reef, AL LI AN CE. 2000. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. 2000 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Shafer, C. S. and G. J. Inglis. 2000. Influence of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions on tourism experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Environmental Management 26:73-87. 2000 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Shivlani, M. P. and D. O. Suman. 2000. Dive operator use patterns in the designated no-take zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). Environmental Management 25:647-659. 2000 Florida GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Landuse Management; Tourism & Recreation
Souter, D. W. and O. Linden. 2000. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:657-688. 2000 Review Biotechnology Research & Development; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Temperatures; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Ng, S. and J. Gregory. 2000. An outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Victoria. Communicable diseases intelligence 24:344-346. 2000 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Medical Centers; Planktivorous Fish
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological, LA BO RA TO RY. 2000. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. SEAKEYS/C-MAN bulletins and historical data. 2000 Global
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 2000. Mapping of benthic habitats in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt): A tool for proactive management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:127-140. 2000 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Pattengill-Semmens, C., S. R. Gittings, and T. Shyka. 2000. Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary: a rapid assessment of coral, fish, and algae using the AGRRA protocol. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-00-3. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 2000 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Social Organizations
Bunce, L., K. Gustavson, J. Williams, and M. Miller. 1999. The human side of reef management: A case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs 18:369-380. 1999 Jamaica Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation
Inglis, G. J., V. I. Johnson, and F. Ponte. 1999. Crowding norms in marine settings: a case study of snorkeling on the great barrier reef. Environmental Management 24:369-381. 1999 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Heise, R. J. and S. A. Bortone. 1999. Estuarine artificial reefs to enhance seagrass planting and provide fish habitat. Gulf of Mexico Science 17:59-74. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Mason, C. 1999. The ocean's role in climate variability and change and the resulting impacts on coasts. Natural Resources Forum 23:123-134. 1999 Global Climate; CO2; Fishing Sector; Housing; Light; Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, T. Van't Hof, K. De Meyer, J. Tratalos, and C. Aldam. 1999. Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology 13:888-897. 1999 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Mead, S. and K. Black. 1999. A multipurpose, artificial reef at Mount Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. Coastal Management 27:355-365. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Construction Codes & Projects; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Nansingh, P. and S. Jurawan. 1999. Environmental sensitivity of a tropical coastline (Trinidad, West Indies) to oil spills. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 5:161-172. 1999 South & Central America; Trinidad; Caribbean Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:345-355. 1999 Global Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Shackley, M. 1999. Tourism development and environmental protection in southern Sinai. Tourism Management 20:543-548. 1999 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Ralph, P. J., R. Gademann, A. W. D. Larkum, and U. Schreiber. 1999. In situ underwater measurements of photosynthetic activity of coral zooxanthellae and other reef-dwelling dinoflagellate endosymbionts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180:139-147. 1999 Germany Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Ochieng, C. A. and P. L. A. Erftemeijer. 1999. Accumulation of seagrass beach cast along the Kenyan coast: A quantitative assessment. Aquatic Botany 65:221-238. 1999 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Fleshy Macroalgae; Littering; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses
Becker, G. 1999. Silicified Ostracods from the Thuringian Ecotype Devonian/Carboniferous boundary layers (topmost Wocklumer limestone and lowest Hangenberg limestone) in Drewer Quarry (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). The 'natural' D/C boundary [Verkieselte Ostracoden vom Th. CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1-159. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Octopus & Squid; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Moore, S. W. 1999. Datalogging instrument arrays: Powerful yet inexpensive tools for recording the heterogeneous physical environment of coral reefs. Oceanologica Acta 22:687-698. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Physical Variables
Wilson, A. D. 1999. Coral reefs: A diminishing resource. Sea Technology 40:15-Oct. 1999 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1999. Proceedings of the Sand Rights'99. Bringing back the beaches. in Sand Rights 1999 Bringing Back the Beaches. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Security Policies; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Van Treeck, P. and H. Schuhmacher. 1999. Mass diving tourism - A new dimensional calls for new management approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:499-504. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Ruitenbeek, J. and C. Cartier. 1999. Issues in applied coral reef biodiversity valuation: results for Montego Bay, Jamaica. World Bank Research Committee Project RPO# 682-22. 1999 Jamaica Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing Sector; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Lindeman, K. C. and D. B. Snyder. 1999. Nearshore hardbottom fishes of southeast Florida and effects of habitat burial caused by dredging. Fishery Bulletin 97:508-525. 1999 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Corallivorous Fish; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Diamant, A., A. Banet, I. Paperna, H. V. Westernhagen, K. Broeg, G. Kruener, W. Koerting, and S. Zander. 1999. The use of fish metabolic, pathological and parasitological indices in pollution monitoring II. The Red Sea and Mediterranean. Helgoland Marine Research 53:195-208. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Jameson, S. C., M. S. A. Ammar, E. Saadalla, H. M. Mostafa, and B. Riegl. 1999. A coral damage index and its application to diving sites in the Egyptian Red Sea. Coral Reefs 18:333-339. 1999 Global; Egypt Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral
Schleyer, M. H. 1999. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. 1999 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pepperell, J. G. and T. L. O. Davis. 1999. Post-release behaviour of black marlin, Makaira indica, caught off the Great Barrier Reef with sportfishing gear. Marine Biology 135:369-380. 1999 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Walker, P. A., R. Greiner, D. McDonald, and V. Lyne. 1999. The Tourism Futures Simulator: A systems thinking approach. Environmental Modelling & Software 14:59-67. 1999 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Cruickshank Michael, J. and JU N Dai. 1999. Progress in beach maintenance efforts for the State of Hawaii. Pages 277-283 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering
Wilkinson, C., O. Linden, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, J. Rubens, and A. E. Strong. 1999. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO impact and a warning of future change? Ambio 28:188-196. 1999 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Tanzania; Seychelles; Maldives; Sri Lanka; India Climate; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Penney, A. J., J. B. Mann-Langer, R. P. Van Der Elst, and C. G. Wilke. 1999. Long-term trends in catch and effort in the KwaZulu-Natal nearshore linefisheries. South African Journal of Marine Science 51-76. 1999 Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Chao, S.-M. 1999. Revision of Taiwan starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of ten new records. Zoological Studies 38:405-415. 1999 Cuba; Columbia; China; Taiwan Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Seastars; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
MacDonald Craig, D., A. Mitsuyasu Carol, and EL IZ AB ET H Corbin. 1999. Planned underwater dive attractions program for Hawaii. Pages 180-188 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Tourism & Recreation
Holmlund, C. M. and M. Hammer. 1999. Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Ecological Economics 29:253-268. 1999 Global Review Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Orams, M. 1999. Marine tourism - development, impacts, and management. Routledge., New York. 1999 Tourism & Recreation
Beecham, B. 1999. 'Reef Rocket' - stylish tourist catamaran is a departure from standard designs. Work Boat World 18:31. 1999 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Beecham, B. 1999. 'Reef jet' and 'Oceania' - debis finances two different designs to service dive cruise markets. Work Boat World 18:53-54. 1999 Australia Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products
Morrison, R. J. and M. R. Naqasima. 1999. Fiji's Great Astrolabe Lagoon: Baseline study and management issues for a pristine marine environment. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:617-636. 1999 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Pfister, R. P. and D. Goulet. 1999. Nonintrusive video technique for in situ sizing of coral reef fishes. Copeia 789-793. 1999 Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish
Barrie Pnrock, A. 1999. Coral reefs and environmental change: Adaptation to what? American Zoologist 39:29-Oct. 1999 Global Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Salinity; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Pet-Soede, L., H. S. J. Cesar, and J. S. Pet. 1999. An economic analysis of blast fishing on Indonesian coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 26:83-93. 1999 Indonesia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Munoz-Perez, J. J., L. Tejedor, and R. Medina. 1999. Equilibrium beach profile model for reef-protected beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 15:950-957. 1999 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Tom, M., J. Douek, I. Yankelevich, T. C. G. Bosch, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Molecular characterization of the first heat shock protein 70 from a reef coral. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 262:103-108. 1999 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Stony Coral
Hooper, J. N. A., S. E. List-Armitage, J. A. Kennedy, S. D. Cook, and C. A. Valentine. 1999. Sponges of the low isles, great barrier reef: an important scientific site, or a case of mistaken identity ? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:249-262. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sponges
Jones, R. J., T. Kildea, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 1999. PAM chlorophyll fluorometry: A new in situ technique for stress assessment in scleractinian corals, used to examine the effects of cyanide from cyanide fishing. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:864-874. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Toxics; Zooxanthellae
Lehnert, H. and H. Fischer. 1999. Distribution patterns of sponges and corals down to 107 Moff North Jamaica. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:307-316. 1999 Jamaica GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seagrasses; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Campos-Vazquez, C., L. F. Carrera-Parra, N. E. Gonzalez, and S. I. Salazar-Vallejo. 1999. Criptofauna en rocas de Punta Nizuc, Caribe mexicano y su utilidad como biomonitor potencial. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:799-808. 1999 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Southgate, P. C. and K. Kavanagh. 1999. The effect of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids on growth, survival and biochemical composition of the coral reef damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Aquatic Living Resource 12:31-36. 1999 Lab Study Aquarium & Pet Trade; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish
Pile, A. J. 1999. Resource partitioning by caribbean coral reef sponges: Is there enough food for everyone ? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:457-461. 1999 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Microorganisms; Plankton; Sponges; Substrate; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Hallacher, L. and B. Tissot. 1999. Quantitative underwater ecological surveying techniques: a coral reef monitoring workshop. Pages 147-158 in Proceedings of the Hawai'I coral reef monitoring workshop. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Cruickshank, M. J. 1999. Development of aggregate resources in Pacific tropical islands. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 17:101. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Samoa; Marshall Islands; American Samoa Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Edwards, A. J. and S. Clark. 1999. Coral transplantation: A useful management tool or misguided meddling? Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:474-487. 1999 Maldives Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Seastars; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. 1999 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef-lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18:327-332. 1999 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Fernandes, L., M. A. Ridgley, and T. Van't Hof. 1999. Multiple criteria analysis integrates economic, ecological and social objectives for coral reef managers. Coral Reefs 18:393-402. 1999 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. and L. M. Ortiz. 1999. Coral reef education in schools of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:1061-1068. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges
Bruzzone, GA ., R. Bono, M. Caccia, G. Veruggio, C. Ferreira, C. Silvestre, P. Oliveira, and A. Pascoal. 1999. Internet mission control of the ROMEO Unmanned Underwater Vehicle using the CORAL mission controller. Pages 1081-1087 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 Lab Study Internet & Telecommunications
Pittock, B. 1999. Coral reefs and envionmental change: adaptation to what?(1). American Zoologist 39:14. 1999 Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Salinity; Tourism & Recreation
Zea, S., J. Geister, J. Garzon-Ferreira, and J. M. Diaz. 1998. Biotic changes in the reef complex of San Andres Island (Southwestern Caribbean Sea, Colombia) occurring over nearly three decades. Atoll Research Bulletin 30-Jan. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Fenton, D. M., M. Young, and V. Y. Johnson. 1998. Re-presenting the Great Barrier Reef to tourists: implications for tourist experience and evaluation of coral reef environments. Leisure Sciences 20:177-192. 1998 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Crow, G. L., M. J. Atkinson, B. Ron, S. Atkinson, A. D. K. Skillman, and G. T. F. Wong. 1998. Relationship of water chemistry to serum thyroid hormones in captive sharks with goitres. Aquatic Geochemistry 4:469-480. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Oliveira, P., A. Pascoal, V. Silva, and C. Silvestre. 1998. Mission control of the MARIUS autonomous underwater vehicle: System design, implementation and sea trials. International Journal of Systems Science 29:1065-1080. 1998 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Beer, S., M. Ilan, A. Eshel, A. Weil, and I. Brickner. 1998. Use of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry for in situ measurements of photosynthesis in two Red Sea faviid corals. Marine Biology 131:607-612. 1998 Cuba; Germany Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Goodman-Lowe, G. D. 1998. Diet of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands during 1991 to 1994. Marine Biology 132:535-546. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid
Dott R.H., JR. 1998. Charles Lyell's debt to North America: his lectures and travels from 1841 to 1853. Geological Society Special Publication 53-69. 1998 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Britain Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Social Organizations; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cuthill, M. 1998. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck. Coastal Management 26:33-46. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8:559-568. 1998 Review Agriculture; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Parker Jr., R. O. and R. L. Dixon. 1998. Changes in a North Carolina reef fish community after 15 years of intense fishing - Global warming implications. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:908-920. 1998 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Abdel-Kader, A. F., S. M. Nasr, H. I. El-Gamily, and M. El-Raey. 1998. Environmental sensitivity analysis of potential oil spill for Ras-Mohammed coastal zone, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 14:502-510. 1998 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Petroleum Spills; Tourism & Recreation
Hower Amy, E. 1998. Combining wave energy and artificial reef technology for sustainable coastal resource development. Pages 1691-1695 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1998 Review Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Rilov, G. and Y. Benayahu. 1998. Vertical artificial structures as an alternative habitat for coral reef fishes in disturbed environments. Marine Environmental Research 45:431-451. 1998 Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1998 Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Venezuela; India Model Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Miall, A. D. 1998. Canada's distinguished record of sedimentary geology. Geoscience Canada 25:97-114. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Schools & Colleges; Sediment
Grubelic, I. 1998. Presence of the species Genocidris maculata AGASSIZ, 1869, (Echinoidea, Echinodermata) in the Adriatic Sea. Periodicum Biologorum 100:39-42. 1998 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms
Lewis, AL AN. 1998. National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth. 32:22-23. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas
Rinkevich, B. and S. Shafir. 1998. Ex situ culture of colonial marine ornamental invertebrates: Concepts for domestication. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:237-250. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Schools & Colleges; Tunicates
Donovan, S. K. and D. A. T. Harper. 1998. Diving deep on a Pleistocene reef in eastern Jamaica. Geology Today 14:26-30. 1998 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms
Nakamura, SA TO SH I and NI CH OL AS Dodd. 1998. Numerical model of low frequency wave motion on a beach and over reefs. Pages 166-180 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. 1998 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Bobba, A. G. 1998. Application of a numerical model to predict freshwater depth in Islands due to climate change: Agatti Island, India. Journal of Environmental Hydrology 6. 1998 Global; India Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wilhelmsson, D. 1998. Artificial reefs and dive tourism in Eilat, Israel. Ambio 27:764-766. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Nieland, D. L., C. A. Wilson, and J. W. Fleeger. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of the use of phosphogypsum for reef substrate in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:54-63. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. and B. X. Semmens. 1998. An analysis of fish survey data generated by nonexpert volunteers in the Flower Garden Banks national marine sanctuary. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:196-207. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Bryant, D., L. Burke, J. McManus, and M. Spalding. 1998. Reefs at risk: a map based indicator of threats to the world�s coral reefs. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 1998 Index or Indicator Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Bach Hanne, K., KO CK Rasmussen Erik, and TO M Foster. 1998. Eutrophication modelling of a tidally influenced mangrove area in Bali subject to major dredging and reclamation activities. Pages 251-261 in International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions. 1998 Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Nutrients; Plankton; Tourism & Recreation
Major, J. 1998. Do marine 'no-take' zones work? Australasian Science 19:20-22. 1998 Global; Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Thomassin, B. A., PH . Gourbesville, B. Gout, and A. Arnoux. 1998. Impact of an industrial and urban sewage off a coral fringing reef at Mauritius (Indian ocean): Modeling of plumes, distribution of trace metals in sediments and effects of the eutrophization on coral reef communities. Pages 301-305 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Model Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Stednick, J. D., D. M. Gilbert, and M. D. Lee. 1998. Development of a national water quality monitoring programme for Belize. IAHS-AISH Publication 379-386. 1998 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gibson, J., M. McField, and S. Wells. 1998. Coral reef management in Belize: An approach through integrated coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management 39:229-244. 1998 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Permitting & Zoning; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Wright, R., S. Ray, D. R. Green, and M. Wood. 1998. Development of a GIS of the Moray Firth (Scotland, UK) and its application in environmental management (site selection for an 'artificial reef'). Science of the Total Environment 223:65-76. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Model; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1998. Didemnid ascidians: Rapid colonizers of artificial reefs in Eilat (Red Sea). Bulletin of Marine Science 63:199-206. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Nicolaou, K. C., N. Winssinger, D. Vourloumis, T. Ohshima, S. Kim, J. Pfefferkorn, J.-Y. Xu, and T. Li. 1998. Solid and solution phase synthesis and biological evaluation of combinatorial sarcodictyin libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 120:10814-10826. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Peachey, A. 1998. An economic valuation of water based recreation in the Great Barrier Reef marine park. Australian Parks and Recreation 34:14-16. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Nunez Lara, E. and E. Arias Gonzalez. 1998. The relationship between reef fish community structure and environmental variables in the southern Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:209-221. 1998 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Algae; Fish; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Brown, K., W. N. Adger, E. Tompkins, P. Bacon, D. Shim, and K. Young. 1998. A framework for incorporating stakeholder participation in marine resource management: A case study in Tobago. Working Paper - Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment. 1998 Global; Trinidad; Tobago Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Gold, J. R. and L. R. Richardson. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA diversification and population structure in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic. Journal of Heredity 89:404-414. 1998 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Cortes, J., A. C. Fonseca, M. Barrantes, and P. Denyer. 1998. Type, distribution, and origin of sediments of the Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge, Limon, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 46:251-256. 1998 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Deforestation & Devegetation; Molluscs; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Graham, T. and N. Idechong. 1998. Reconciling customary and constitutional law: Managing marine resources in Palau, Micronesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:143-164. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Micronesia; Europe Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Berg, H., M. C. Ohman, S. Troeng, and O. Linden. 1998. Environmental economics of coral reef destruction in Sri Lanka. Ambio 27:627-634. 1998 Sri Lanka; Southeast Asia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Incentives; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Jensen, TH OM AS, PE TE R Sloth, and VA GN ER Jacobsen. 1998. Wave dynamics and revetment design on a natural reef. Pages 1138-1151 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Indonesia Coastal Engineering; Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith, J. M. B. and T. P. Bayliss-Smith. 1998. Kelp-plucking: Coastal erosion facilitated by bull-kelp Durvillaea antarctica at subantarctic Macquarie Island. Antarctic Science 10:431-438. 1998 Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes
Rajasuriya, A. 1998. Coral and rock reef habitats in southern Sri Lanka; patterns in the distribution of coral communities. Ambio 27:723-728. 1998 Sri Lanka Boating Activities; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral
Ferreira, V. P., E. M. Mayal, A. N. Sial, and M. A. Exner. 1998. Isotopic Variations (δ13C and δ18O) in Siderastrea stellata (Cnidaria-Anthozoa), Itamaraca Island, State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 70:848-855. 1998 Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
White, K. and A. Meyers. 1997. Stormwater Management and Aesthetics Using Stormwater Treatment Wetlands, Aesthetics in the Constructed Environment, Houston, TX. in Proceedings of the 4th Annual ASCE Water Resources Planning and Management Conference. 1997 Golf Course Operations; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Harriott, V. J., D. Davis, and S. A. Banks. 1997. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio 26:173-179. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Mines, D., S. Stahmer, and S. M. Shepherd. 1997. Poisonings: Food, fish, shellfish. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 15:157-177. 1997 Invertivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Gomez, P., J. A. Mercado, L. M. Mitchell, and S. I. Salazar-Vallejo. 1997. Poliquetos de fondos duros (Polychaeta) de bahias de Huatulco y Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:1067-1074. 1997 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Mexico Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1997. Transplantation of juvenile corals: A new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology 127:499-505. 1997 Lab Study Algae; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Medio, D., R. F. G. Ormond, and M. Pearson. 1997. Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers. Biological Conservation 79:91-95. 1997 Cuba; Egypt Environmental Education & Outreach; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1997. Late Ordovician brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, northern Manitoba and Ontario. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada 513:Jan-46. 1997 Sediment; Social Organizations; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schirripa, M. J. and K. M. Burns. 1997. Growth estimates for three species of reef fish in the eastern gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 61:581-591. 1997 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Schreiber, U., R. Gademann, P. J. Ralph, and A. W. D. Larkum. 1997. Assessment of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron in Lissoclinum patella in hospite by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Plant and Cell Physiology 38:945-951. 1997 Australia Cyanobacteria; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Microorganisms; Primary Production
Culbertson Jan, C. 1997. Alternative donation options with the Texas Artificial Reef Program. Pages 421-431 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Tourism & Recreation
White, A. T., V. Barker, and G. Tantrigama. 1997. Using integrated coastal management and economics to conserve coastal tourism resources in sri lanka. Ambio 26:335-344. 1997 Sri Lanka Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation
Basiron, M. N. 1997. Marine tourism industry-trends and prospects. in Papers presented at the National Seminar on the Development of Marine Tourism Industry in South East Asia. Langkawi. 1997 Global Tourism & Recreation
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 1997. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation 82:329-336. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Zhang, D., J. Lin, and R. L. Creswell. 1997. Effect of eyestalk ablation on molt cycle and reproduction in the banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus (Oliver). Journal of Shellfish Research 16:363-366. 1997 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Wassenberg, T. J., S. J. M. Blaber, C. Y. Burridge, D. T. Brewer, J. P. Salini, and N. Gribble. 1997. The effectiveness of fish and shrimp trawls for sampling fish communities in tropical Australia. Fisheries Research 30:241-251. 1997 Florida; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Tole, M. P. 1997. Pollution of groundwater in the coastal Kwale District, Kenya. IAHS-AISH Publication 240:287-297. 1997 Kenya Hotel & Food Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level
McManus, J. W. 1997. Tropical marine fisheries and the future of coral reefs: A brief review with emphasis on Southeast Asia. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 Global; Southeast Asia Review; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C. 1997 Global; Tanzania; Maldives; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Germany Lab Study; GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Live Collection; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
van Gent Marcel, R. A. 1997. Numerical modelling of wave interaction with dynamically stable structures. Pages 1930-1943 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Tilson, D. J. and D. W. Stacks. 1997. To know us is to love us: The public relations campaign to sell a 'Business-tourist-friendly' Miami. Public Relations Review 23:95-115. 1997 Florida Review Tourism & Recreation
Luttinger, N. 1997. Community-based coral reef conservation in the Bay Islands of Honduras. Ocean and Coastal Management 36:22-Nov. 1997 Honduras Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Jenson, J. W., J. M. Jocson, and H. G. Siegrist. 1997. Groundwater discharge styles from an uplifted Pleistocene island karst aquifer, Guam, Mariana Islands. Pages 15-19 in The engineering geology and hydrogeology of karst terranes. Proc. 6th multidisciplinary conference, Springfield, 1997. 1997 Guam Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Macdonald, L. H., D. M. Anderson, and W. E. Dietrich. 1997. Paradise threatened: Land use and erosion on St. John, US Virgin Islands. Environmental Management 21:851-863. 1997 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Mangroves; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies
Vallejo, B.M. Jr. 1997. An overview of the Philippine marine aquarium fish industry. Pages 1981-6 in Proceedings of the 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1997 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
Fitzsimmons, N. N., C. J. Limpus, J. A. Norman, A. R. Goldizen, J. D. Miller, and C. Moritz. 1997. Philopatry of male marine turtles inferred from mitochondrial DNA markers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:8912-8917. 1997 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Singh, B. 1997. Climate-related global changes in the southern Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago. Global and Planetary Change 15:93-111. 1997 Global; South & Central America; Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Davis, G. E., P. L. Haaker, and D. V. Richards. 1996. Status and trends of white abalone at the California Channel Islands. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:42-48. 1996 Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1996. Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. 1996 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing Sector; Wetlands
Burrage, D. M., C. R. Steinberg, W. J. Skirving, and J. A. Kleypas. 1996. Mesoscale circulation features of the great barrier reef region inferred from NOAA satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 56:21-41. 1996 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pearce, F. 1996. Crumbling away: is dredging the villain in the drama of Britain's eroding coasts? New Scientist 152:14-15. 1996 Britain Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment
Harris Lee, E., J. Mostkoff Benjamin, and GE RA LD Zadikoff. 1996. Artificial reefs: from waste to resources. Pages 754-759 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Shoreline Armoring; Tourism & Recreation
Poulsen, A. L. 1996. Coral reef gastropods - A sustainable resource? Pacific Conservation Biology 2:142-145. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Commercial Fisheries; Molluscs; Resource Use Management
Wilkinson, C. R. 1996. Global change and coral reefs: Impacts on reefs, economies and human cultures. Global Change Biology 2:547-558. 1996 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
English, D. B. K., W. Kriesel, V. R. Leeworthy, and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. J. E., P. K. Dyer, J. L. Carter, and T. Barnes. 1996. Nesting activity, breeding success and colony size for the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus on Heron Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 21:316-323. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Jennings, S., S. S. Marshall, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1996. Seychelles' marine protected areas: Comparative structure and status of reef fish communities. Biological Conservation 75:201-209. 1996 Seychelles Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Leeworthy, V. R. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Cruise Ships; Housing
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Stanton, H. J. 1996. The marlboro man on coral beaches. Tobacco Control 5:8-Jul. 1996 Beaches & Nature Parks
Ainley, D. G., L. B. Spear, S. G. Allen, and C. A. Ribic. 1996. Temporal and spatial patterns in the diet of the Common Murre in California waters. Condor 98:691-705. 1996 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Recreational Fishing
Gledhill, C. T., J. Lyczkowski-Shultz, K. Rademacher, E. Kargard, G. Crist, and M. A. Grace. 1996. Evaluation of video and acoustic index methods for assessing reef-fish populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53:483-485. 1996 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
CPTAS,. 1996. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. Coastal Protection Technical Assistance Service on-line library. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Clark, J. R. 1996. Coastal zone management handbook. Coastal zone management handbook. 1996 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Agriculture; Aquaculture; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Shealer, D. A. 1996. Foraging habitat use and profitability in tropical roseate terns and sandwich terns. Auk 113:209-217. 1996 Puerto Rico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Reaka-Kudla, M. L. 1996. The global diversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. Pages 83-108 in Reaka-Kudla, M. L., D. E. Wilson, and E. O. Wilson, editors. Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting our Natural Resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC. 1996 Global Tourism & Recreation
Richards, M. 1996. Sun Eagle Ansett's high class resort ferry from NQEA. Work Boat World 15:23-24. 1996 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Small Boats
Frihy, O. E., A. M. Fanos, A. A. Khafagy, and K. A. Abu Aesha. 1996. Human impacts on the coastal zone of Hurghada, northern Red Sea, Egypt. Geo-Marine Letters 16:324-329. 1996 Egypt Tourism & Recreation
Martin, J. M., J. C. Braga, C. Betzler, and T. Brachert. 1996. Sedimentary model and high-frequency cyclicity in a Mediterranean, shallow-shelf, temperate-carbonate environment (uppermost Miocene, Agua Amarga Basin, Southern Spain). Sedimentology 43:263-277. 1996 Spain Model Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Fukuda, T. 1996. What does the red-tiled roof mean? The conservation movement in the historic district of Taketomi Island, Okinawa. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 69:727-743. 1996 Japan Building & Home Construction; Cultural Protections; Housing; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Allison, W. R. 1996. Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 15:215-218. 1996 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services
Cortes, J. and C. E. Jimenez. 1996. Coastal-marine environments of Parque Nacional Corcovado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44:35-40. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Beaches & Nature Parks; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 1996. ReefBase. ReefBase. 1996 Philippines GIS & Maps Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Verschelde, D. and M. Vincx. 1996. Four new species of the family Desmodoridae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) from Kenya. Zoologica Scripta 25:20-Jan. 1996 Kenya Beaches & Nature Parks
Raymond, K. 1996. The long-term future of the great barrier reef. Futures 28:947-970. 1996 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Tourism & Recreation
De Andrade Nery Leao, Z. M. 1996. The Coral Reefs of Bahia: Morphology, Distribution and the Major Environmental Impacts. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 68:439-452. 1996 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Model Algae; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Price, A. R. G. and I. Firaq. 1996. The environmental status of reefs on Maldivian resort islands: A preliminary assessment for tourism planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6:93-106. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Dye, T. S. and W. R. Dickinson. 1996. Sources of sand tempers in prehistoric Tongan pottery. Geoarchaeology - An International Journal 11:141-164. 1996 Fiji; Tonga Beaches & Nature Parks
Smith, J. M. B. 1996. Notes on coral-trees (Erythrina) in Australia with particular reference to E. crista-galli L. in New South Wales. Australian Geographical Studies 34:225-236. 1996 South & Central America; Australia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Invasive Species
Mumby, P. J., A. R. Harborne, P. S. Raines, and J. M. Ridley. 1995. A Critical Assessment of Data Derived from Coral Cay Conservation Volunteers. Bulletin of Marine Science 56:737-751. 1995 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Social Organizations
Strasser, A., H. Arnaud, F. Baudin, and U. Rohl. 1995. Small-scale shallow-water carbonate sequences of Resolution Guyot (Sites 866, 867, and 868). Pages 119-131 in Proc., scientific results, ODP, Leg 143, northwest Pacific atolls and guyots. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Dullo, W.-C., M. Gektidis, S. Golubic, G. A. Heiss, H. Kampmann, W. Kiene, D. K. Kroll, M. L. Kuhrau, G. Radtke, J. G. Reijmer, G. B. Reinicke, D. Schlichter, H. Schuhmacher, and K. Vogel. 1995. Factors controlling holocene reef growth: An interdisciplinary approach. Facies 32:145-188. 1995 Global; Bahamas; Egypt; Sudan; Djibouti Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
[No author name available]. 1995. The dollars and sense of environmental protection. Search 26:309-312. 1995 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Brockman, Dieter, and Alf Jacob Nilsen. 1995. A critical comparison of methods for dosing calcium in sea aquariums, Part 2. Aquarium Frontiers 2:2-27. 1995 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Chen, K. M. 1995. Disappearance of ALS from Guam: Implications for exogenous causes. Pages 1549-1553 in Clinical Neurology. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Guam Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Military; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Brockman, Dieter, and Alf Jacob Nilsen. 1995. A critical comparison of methods for dosing calcium in sea aquariums, Part 1. Aquarium Frontiers 2:2-25. 1995 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Hill, G. 1995. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef: A response. Journal of Environmental Management 45:91-99. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Pisano William, C., ST EV E Kiss, DA VI D Connelly, and TO M Giles. 1995. Holistic stormwater master planning for Cape Coral, Fl. Pages 137-140 in [No source information available]. 1995 Florida Finfish Harvest; Irrigation; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Rhodes, MI LT. 1995. Coastal zone management in the Eastern Caribbean: current concerns, components, policies and programs. Pages 195-196 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Economic Markets & Policies; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, A. W. and L. A. Jackson. 1995. The development and impact of harmonic reformed \Miche' wavelets upon a natural beach". Journal of Coastal Research 11:1346-1353. 1995 Australia Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Okechi, J. K. and J. J. Polovina. 1995. An evaluation of artificial shelters in the artisanal spiny lobster fishery in Gazi Bay, Kenya. South African Journal of Marine Science 373-376. 1995 Kenya Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seagrasses
Spotte, S. and P. M. Bubucis. 1995. Visual censusing of two coral fishes important to the marine aquarium trade. Conservation Biology 9:1304-1306. 1995 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Boon John, D., JE FF RE Y Claassen, and F. Pieters Renaldo. 1995. Environmentally responsive artificial beach design, Curacao, Netherlands antilles. Pages 17-18 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Antilles Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Brown, K., R. K. Turner, H. Hameed, and I. Bateman. 1995. Tourism and sustainability in environmentally fragile areas: case studies from the Maldives and Nepal. Working Paper - Centre for Social & Economic Research on the Global Environment. 1995 Global; Maldives Deforestation & Devegetation; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation
Levinton, J. S. 1995. Pages 306-319 Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford University Press, New York. 1995 Tourism & Recreation
Goodbody, I. 1995. Ascidian communities in southern Belize - a problem in diversity and conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5:355-358. 1995 South & Central America; Belize Tourism & Recreation
ANON,. 1995. Submersible craft: a growing market internationally. Work Boat World 14:28-29. 1995 Tourism & Recreation
Pendleton, L. H. 1995. Valuing coral reef protection. Ocean and Coastal Management 26:119-131. 1995 Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 1995. Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics. Technical Manual No. 2. 1995 Banks, Credit, & Securities; Tourism & Recreation
Hesp, P. A. 1995. The Environmental Impact Assessment process in Singapore with particular respect to coastal environments and the role of NGOs. Journal of Coastal Conservation 1:135-144. 1995 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Sulaiman Dede, M., SH IG EA KI Tsutsui, HI RO SH I Yoshioka, TA KA O Yamashita, SH IN IC HI Oshiro, and YO SH IT O Tsuchiya. 1995. Prediction of the maximum wave on the coral flat. Pages 609-623 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Indonesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Syamsudin Abdul, R., YO SH IT O Tsuchiya, and TA KA O Yamashita. 1995. Beach erosion in Kuta beach, Bali and its stabilization. Pages 2683-2697 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Land & Air Transportation; Sediment
French Jonathan, A. 1995. Gulf of Aqaba: a common cause in the Middle East peace process. Pages 524-527 in [No source information available]. 1995 Middle East Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Davis, D., V. Harriott, C. Macnamara, L. Roberts, and S. Austin. 1995. Conflicts in a marine protected area: scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australian Parks & Recreation 31:29-35. 1995 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
McConnell K. E., I. E. Strand, and L. Blake-Hedges. 1995. Random utility models of recreational fishing: catching fish using a poisson process. Marine Resource Economics 10:247-261. 1995 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kangas, P., M. Shave, and P. Shave. 1995. Economics of an ecotouriasm in Belize. Environmental Management 19:669-673. 1995 South & Central America; Belize Funding & Donations; Tourism & Recreation
Prior, M., R. Ormond, R. Hitchen, and C. Wormald. 1995. The impact on natural resources of activity tourism: A case study of diving in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Studies 48:201-209. 1995 Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Sano, S.-i. 1995. Litho- and biofacies of Early Cretaceous rudist-bearing carbonate sediments in northeastern Japan. Sedimentary Geology 99:179-189. 1995 Japan Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Henny, C. J., D. D. Rudis, T. J. Roffe, and E. Robinson Wilson. 1995. Contaminants and sea ducks in Alaska and the circumpolar region. Environmental Health Perspectives 103:41-49. 1995 Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pathogens
McPhail, I. and J. E. Brodie. 1995. Science and management: the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) experience. Pages 82-83 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Ates, Ron. 1995. Colonial anemones - Zoantharia: a review for the seriously interested marine aquarist. Aquarium Frontiers 2:10-13. 1995 Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Landis David, W. and K. Hanuschak Blair. 1995. Making a splash. Modern Steel Construction 35:18-25. 1995 Florida Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1994. The growth of coastal tourism in the Red Sea: Present and future effects on coral reefs. Ambio 23:503-508. 1994 Tourism & Recreation
Stoffle, R. W., D. B. Halmo, T. W. Wagner, and J. J. Luczkovich. 1994. Reefs from space: Satellite imagery, marine ecology, and ethnography in the Dominican Republic. Human Ecology 22:355-378. 1994 Global; Dominican Republic Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Delbeek, J.C., J. Sprung. 1994. Alternative Filtration Systems. Pages 142-147 The Reef Aquarium: A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification and Care of Tropical Marine Invertebrates. Ricordea Publishing. 1994 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Invertebrates
Ohman, M., A. Rajasuriya, and O. Linden. 1994. Three adjacent coral reefs in north-western Sri Lanka; biology and human disturbances. Pages 404-409 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Sri Lanka Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Rajasururiya, A. 1994. Present status of coral reefs in Sri Lanka. Pages 410-416 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Sri Lanka Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation
Pendleton, L. H. 1994. Environmental quality and recreation demand in a Caribbean coral reef. Coastal Management 22:399-404. 1994 South & Central America; Cuba; Honduras; Caribbean Model Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Sarno, B., C. W. Glass, and G. W. Smith. 1994. Differences in diet and behaviour of sympatric saithe and pollack in a Scottish sea loch. Journal of Fish Biology 45:11-Jan. 1994
Gendre, F., C. Beck, P. Ruch, and B. Kubler. 1994. Human impacts on coral ecosystems at Mauritius island: coprostanol in surface sediments. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 87:357-367. 1994 Mauritius Hotel & Food Services; Sediment
Bohnsack, J. A., D. E. Harper, and D. B. McClellan. 1994. Fisheries trends from Monroe County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:982-1018. 1994 Florida Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sin, T. M., M. M. Teo, P. K. L. Ng, L. M. Chou, and H. W. Khoo. 1994. The damselfishes (Pisces: Osteichthyes: Pomacentridae) of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore: systematics, ecology and conservation. Hydrobiologia 285:49-58. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Malaysia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Small Herbivorous Fish
Branden, K. L., D. A. Pollard, and H. A. Reimers. 1994. A review of recent artificial reef developments in Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:982-994. 1994 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Primary Production; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Brock, R. E. 1994. Beyond fisheries enhancement: artificial reefs and ecotourism. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1181-1188. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Hutchings, P., C. Payri, and C. Gabrie. 1994. The current status of coral reef management in French Polynesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:26-33. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review Agriculture; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Non-point Source Runoff; Tourism & Recreation
Richmond, R. H. 1994. Effects of coastal runoff on coral reproduction. Pages 360-364 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Sediment
Khatri, T. C. 1994. Tourism and corals in the Bay of Bengal islands. Environmental Conservation 21:81. 1994 Tourism & Recreation
Kramer, A. 1994. The Samoa Islands Vol 1. University of Hawai�i Press, Honolulu. 1994 Samoa Tourism & Recreation
Vacher, L. 1994. The recent and spectacular progression of investments in tourism industry of the Great Barrier Reef region [La recente et spectaculaire croissance des investissements dans la region touristique de la Grande Barriere de Corail]. Cahiers d'Outre-Mer 47:411-430. 1994 Australia Tourism & Recreation
Wang, W., S. Wu, and D. Xia. 1994. The erosional process of the soft shore of China in the recent decades. Chinese Geographical Science 4:106-118. 1994 China Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Richards, M. 1994. Malaysian success for NQEA. Work Boat World 13:38-39. 1994 Australia; Cuba; Malaysia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Sebens K.P. 1994. Biodiversity of coral reefs: what are we losing and why? American Zoologist 34:115-133. 1994 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Marion, J. L. and C. S. Rogers. 1994. The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management 22:153-163. 1994 US Virgin Islands Review Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
May, A. 1994. Microfacies controls on weathering of carbonate building stones: Devonian (northern Sauerland, Germany). Facies 30:193-208. 1994 Germany Index or Indicator Algae; Social Organizations
Cater, E. and G. Lowman. 1994. Ecotourism: a sustainable option? Ecotourism: a sustainable option? 1994 Tourism & Recreation
Balon, E. K. 1994. The life and work of Eugenie Clark: devoted to diving and science. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:89-114. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Japan; Caribbean; Mexico Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Maragos, J. E. 1994. Description of reefs and corals for the 1988 protected area survey of the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1994 Marshall Islands Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Bell, P. R. F. and T. Tomascik. 1994. The demise of the fringing coral reefs of Barbados and of regions in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon - impacts of eutrophication. Pages 319-325 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Chansang, H. and N. Phongsuwan. 1994. Health of fringing reefs of Asia through a decade of change: a case history from Phuket Island, Thailand. Pages 286-292 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Thailand Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Hallegraeff, G. M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32:79-99. 1993 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Plankton; Tourism & Recreation
Bird, E. C. F. 1993. UNEP-sponsored studies on the impact of sea level rise in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography 24:1-110. 1993 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Java; Indonesia GIS & Maps Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Water Depth & Sea Level
Maul, G. A. 1993. Implications of future climate on the ecosystems and socio-economic structure in the marine and coastal regions of the intra-Americas sea. Pages 28-Mar Climatic change in the intra-Americas sea. 1993 Global; South & Central America; Bahamas; Bermuda; Caribbean; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Boehlert, G. W. 1993. Fisheries of Hawaii and US-associated Pacific islands. Marine Fisheries Review 55. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Designate Protected Species; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Greene, L. E. and J. M. Shenker. 1993. The effects of human activity on the temporal variability of coral reef fish assemblages in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3:189-205. 1993 Cuba Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Pirazzoli, P. A. 1993. Coasts: their evolution [Les littoraux: leur evolution]. (Coasts: their evolution. 1993 Global Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastlines of Japan II. in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Goudie, A. 1993. Human influence in geomorphology. Geomorphology 7:37-59. 1993 Global Remote Sensing Beaches & Nature Parks; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Muir, F. and G. Chester. 1993. Managing tourism to a seabird nesting island. Tourism Management 14:99-105. 1993 Australia Review Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Xia, DO NG XI NG, WE NH AI Wang, GU IQ IU Wu, JI NR UI Cui, and FU LI N Li. 1993. Coastal erosion in China. Acta Geographica Sinica 48:468-476. 1993 China Discharges; Housing; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, A., M. Moran, N. Caputi, and C. Walters. 1993. Didymozoid trematode infection of snapper, Pagrus auratus (Sparidae), off Western Australia: parasite population biology and fishery implications. Fisheries Research 16:113-129. 1993 Australia Model Fish; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Chavez, ER NE ST O and JO HN Tunnell. 1993. Needs for management and conservation of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 2040-2053 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Guillemette, M., J. H. Himmelman, C. Barette, and A. Reed. 1993. Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1259-1266. 1993 Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Adams, M. J. 1993. An outbreak of ciguatera poisoning in a group of scuba divers. Journal of Wilderness Medicine 4:304-311. 1993 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Pathogens
Rasmussen, C. F. 1993. Development in a coastal zone. The Magnetic Quay development - Magnetic Island. Pages 537-543 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Planes, S. 1993. Impact of tourism-related fishing on Tridacna maxima (Mollusca, Bivalvia) stocks in Bora-Bora Lagoon (French Polynesia). Atoll Research Bulletin 1993 Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Nakayama, AK IY OS HI, NO BU YU KI Horikosi, and HI RO SH I Kobayashi. 1993. Planning and design of multipurpose artificial barrier reefs. Pages 183-197 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wolanski, E., B. Delesalle, V. Dufour, and A. Aubanel. 1993. Modeling the fate of pollutants in the Tiahura Lagoon, Moorea, French Polynesia. Pages 583-588 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Smith Ernest, R. and C. Kraus Nicholas. 1993. Laboratory study of wave transformation on barred beach profiles. Pages 630-643 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1993 Lab Study Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Craik, W. 1992. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Its establishment, development and current status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:122-133. 1992 Australia Review Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
El-Sadek, S. and B. Mabrouk. 1992. Tourism development and desalination systems: Comparative analysis of systems' suitability for coastal areas of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt. Desalination 88:161-177. 1992 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Drinking Water Supply; Infrastructure; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Keats, D. 1992. Sodwana Bay: a coral paradise. African Wildlife 46:124-125. 1992 Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertebrate Harvest; Octocoral; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1992. Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs. Biological Conservation 62:171-178. 1992 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Linden, O. 1992. Productivity and biodiversity in tropical coastlands [Produktivitet och biodiversitet i tropiska kustomraden]. Ymer 112:92-96. 1992 Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
Jaccarini, V. and E. Martens. 1992. The ecology of mangrove and related ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Mombasa, Kenya, September 1990. Hydrobiologia 247. 1992 Kenya Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Boc Jr. Stanley, J., J. Reynold William, and M. Dobinchick Jasmina. 1992. Coastal processes and engineering on a micronesian fringing reef. Pages 285-302 in [No source information available]. 1992 Micronesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Land & Air Transportation; Mitigation; Sediment
Preu, C. and C. Englebrecht. 1992. Patterns and processes shaping the present morphodynamics of coral reef islands. Case studies from North-Male, Maldives (Indian Ocean). Erdkundliches Wissen 105:209-220. 1992 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Uthoff, D. 1992. Tourism and coastal change on Phuket, southern Thailand [Tourismus und Kustenveranderung auf Phuket/Sudthailand]. Erdkundliches Wissen 105:237-249. 1992 Thailand; Malaysia Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
Bush, G. 1992. Business evangelism and the search for social harmony: 1891-1916. Public Relations Review 18:297-307. 1992 Climate
Pajaro, M. 1992. Alternatives to cyanide use in aquarium fish collection: A community based approach. Pages 1039-40 in Proceedings of the 7th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1992 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish
van Genderen, J. L., R. A. van Zuidam, and S. GO NZ AL ES Fager. 1992. Environmental information systems for coastal zone management in developing countries. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:647-656. 1992 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Salvat, B. 1992. Coral reefs - a challenging ecosystem for human societies. Global Environmental Change 2:18-Dec. 1992 Global Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Armstrong, P. H. 1992. Human impacts on Australia's Indian Ocean tropical island ecosystems: A review. The Environmentalist 12:191-206. 1992 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Review Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Lewis, R. J. 1992. Socioeconomic impacts and management ciguatera in the Pacific. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990) 85:427-434. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Samoa; Tuvalu; American Samoa Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Edwards, A. J. and A. D. Shepherd. 1992. Environmental implications of aquarium-fish collection in the Maldives, with proposals for regulation. Environmental Conservation 19:61-72. 1992 Maldives Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Special Use Permitting
Navarra, L. 1992. The island of San Pietro [L'isola di S. Pietro]. Universo 72:64-75. 1992 Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Moran, P. J. and G. De'ath. 1992. Suitability of the manta tow technique for estimating relative and absolute abundances of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) and corals. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:357-378. 1992 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars; Skeletal Coral
Mitchell, B. A. and J. R. Barborak. 1991. Developing coastal park systems in the tropics: planning in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. 1991 Global; Turks and Caicos Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Birds; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Pintukanok, AM PA N. 1991. Coastal zone management, national implementable plan and policy development. A case study of Phuket Island. Pages 1674-1684 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Liddle, M. J. 1991. Recreation ecology: Effects of trampling on plants and corals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:13-17. 1991 Review Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Walker, T. A. 1991. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Environmental Management 33:117-122. 1991 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1991. Our living oceans. The first annual report on the status of US living marine resources. in [No source information available]. 1991 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Kenchington, R. 1991. Tourism development in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15:57-78. 1991 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Meganck, R. A. 1991. Coastal parks as development catalysts: A caribbean example. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15:25-36. 1991 South & Central America; Caribbean Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade
Bunpapong, SI RI KU L and SO MP ON G Ausavajitanond. 1991. Saving what's left of tourism development at Patong beach, Phuket, Thailand. Pages 1685-1697 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Chou, L. M. 1991. Reef conservation project involving sport divers in Singapore. Pages 1990-1994 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Sullivan, P. K. and V. Dayananda. 1991. Engineering management considerations in coastal development. Page 1430 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1991 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients
Tiffin, D. L. 1991. Marine mineral development activities within the SOPAC region. Page 1474 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Monetary Valuation
Muzik, K. 1991. Coral grief. Technology Review 94:60-67. 1991 Global Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sea Temperatures; Tourism & Recreation
Ahmed, F. E. 1991. Naturally occurring seafood toxins. Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews 10:263-287. 1991 Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Palaganas Virgilio, P. 1991. Anchor damage on the coral reef of Sombrero, Island, Batangas, Philippines. Pages 3318-3329 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Philippines Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Tourism & Recreation
Seki, K. 1991. Study of precious coral diver survey with open circuit air SCUBA diving at 108m. Annals of Physiological Anthropology 10:189-192. 1991 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Rapaport, M. 1990. Population pressure on coral atolls: trends and approaching limits. Atoll Research Bulletin 1990 Model Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Collins, M. R. 1990. A comparison of three fish trap designs. Fisheries Research 9:325-332. 1990 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, J. M. B., H. Heatwole, M. Jones, and B. M. Waterhouse. 1990. Drift disseminules on cays of the Swain Reefs, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Biogeography 17:17-May. 1990 Australia; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji Beaches & Nature Parks
Viles, H. A. 1990. Coastal geomorphology into the 1990s. Progress in Physical Geography 14:238-250. 1990 Global Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Kelleher, G. 1990. Floating hotels on the Great Barrier Reef. Pages 149-154 in Coastal ocean space utilization. Proc. international symposium, New York, 1989. 1990 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Foster, M. S., J. A. Tarpley, and S. L. Dearn. 1990. To clean or not to clean: the rationale, methods, and consequences of removing oil from temperate shores. Northwest Environmental Journal 6:105-120. 1990 Review Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Tourism & Recreation
Wisniewski, John. 1990. "Fireworms in the Marine Aquarium". Marine Fish Monthly 22. 1990 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Marine Worms
Huber Jr., R. M. and R. Meganck. 1990. The management challenge of Grand Anse Beach erosion, Grenada, West Indies. Ocean and Shoreline Management 13:99-109. 1990 Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Kazmer, M. 1990. Birth, life and death of the Pannonian Lake. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79:171-188. 1990 Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Molluscs; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williamson, J. A., G. K. King, V. I. Callanan, R. M. Lanskey, and K. W. Rich. 1990. Fatal arterial gas embolism: Detection by chest radiography and imaging before autopsy. Medical Journal of Australia 153:97-100. 1990 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Delbeek, J. Charles. 1990. Stocking the reef aquarium: Coral compatibility. Aquarium Fish 1990 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Delbeek, J. Charles. 1990. Reef aquariums part 6: coral aggression. Aquarium Fish 2:26-32. 1990 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Arkell, C. 1990. Blue water, Red Sea. Green Magazine 2:60-63. 1990 Middle East; Egypt; Sudan; Saudi Arabia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Miller, D. J., J. McMillan, A. Miles, M. Ten Lohuis, and T. Mahony. 1990. Nucleotides sequence of the histone H3-encoding gene from the scleractinian coral Acropora formosa (Cnidaria: Scleratinia). Gene 93:319-320. 1990 Stony Coral
Titus, J. G. 1990. Greenhouse effect, sea level rise and land use. Land Use Policy 7:138-153. 1990 Global Beaches & Nature Parks; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dullo, W.-C., E. Moussavian, and T. C. Brachert. 1990. The foralgal crust facies of the deeper fore reefs in the Red Sea: A deep diving survey by submersible. Geobios 23:261-281. 1990 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Water Depth & Sea Level
Feigenbaum, D., A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. Determination of the feasibility of fish attracting devices for enhancing fisheries in Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:950-959. 1989 Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Simpson, T. E. 1989. Floating hotels in the coastal environment. in [No source information available]. 1989 Australia Review Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Guilcher, A. 1989. Priority lines of research suggested by work on reef geomorphology [Axes de recherche prioritaires suggeres pour la poursuite du travail en geomorphologie recifale]. Bulletin - Centre de Geomorphologie du CNRS, Caen 36:141-144. 1989 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment
Hill, G. and J. Rosier. 1989. Wedgetailed shearwaters, white capped noddies and tourist development on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Environmental Management 29:107-114. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Viles, H. A. 1989. The greenhouse effect, sea-level rise and coastal geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography 13:452-461. 1989 Beaches & Nature Parks
Pratte, T. P., J. R. Walker, E. Gadd Peter, and B. Leidersdorf Craig. 1989. New wave on the horizon towards building surfing reefs nearshore. Pages 3403-3411 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Baldwin, C. L. 1989. Water quality and management in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:267-272. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Bell, P. R. F., P. F. Greenfield, D. Hawker, and D. Connell. 1989. The impact of waste discharges on coral reef regions. Water Science and Technology 21:121-130. 1989 Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Davis, G. E. and J. W. Dodrill. 1989. Recreational fishery and population dynamics of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, 1977-1980. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:78-88. 1989 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Clark John, R., BI LL Y Causey, and A. Bohnsack James. 1989. Benefits from coral reef protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida. Pages 3076-3086 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 South & Central America; Florida; Southeast Asia; Philippines; Caribbean Review Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Domros, M. 1989. The attraction potential for tourism and its organisation on the Maldives [Attraktivitatspotential und Organisationsphanomene des Fremdenverkehrs auf den Maldiven]. Erde 120:35-45. 1989 Maldives Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Tourism & Recreation
Preu, C. 1989. Problems of recent morphodynamics of the Sri Lankan coast [Zur problematik der rezenten morphodynamik an den kusten Sri Lankas]. Erdkundliches Wissen 97:23-42. 1989 Sri Lanka Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Wellmer, H. 1989. The underground drainage-system in the Fort of Galle (Sri Lanka). Erdkundliches Wissen 97:141-167. 1989 Sri Lanka Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Skeletal Coral
Bockstael, N. E., K. E. McConnell, and I. E. Strand. 1989. A aandom utility model for sportfishing: some preliminary results for florida. Marine Resource Economics 6:245-260. 1989 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing
Rigden, B. 1989. Water and wastewater treatment for a small island resort. Water Science and Technology 21:189-193. 1989 Hotel & Food Services; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Woodley, S. 1989. Management of water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:31-38. 1989 Australia Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Parker, M. E. and E. J. Henkhaus. 1989. High Island A-343 'A' and 'B'. A case history of offshore platform abandonment and artificial reef planning. Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, (Paper) SPE 1989 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. J. E. and A. Barnes. 1989. Census and distribution of wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus burrows on Heron Island, November 1985. Emu 89:135-139. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Hotel & Food Services
Milon, J. W. 1989. Artificial marine habitat characteristics and participation behavior by sport anglers and divers. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:853-862. 1989 Florida Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Janca Robyn, WO OD WA RD. 1989. Deep reef and beyond: An overview of the development of tourist submarine industry. Pages 747-749 in [No source information available]. 1989 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Deligne, P. 1989. Epidemiological, Clinical, And Therapeutical Features Of Ciguatera In 1989 [Aspects Epidemiologiques, Cliniques Et Therapeutiques De La Ciguatera En 1989]. Urgences Medicales 8:367-376. 1989 Europe Finfish Harvest; Fish; Medical Centers; Tourism & Recreation
Gyuris, E. and C. J. Limpus. 1988. The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland: population breeding structure. Australian Wildlife Research 15:197-209. 1988 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 1988. Stemming the tide on the Wirral. OFFSHORE RES. FOCUS 67:-4. 1988 Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Crawford, C. M., J. S. Lucas, and W. J. Nash. 1988. Growth and survival during the ocean-nursery rearing of giant clams, Tridacna gigas. 1. Assessment of four culture methods. Aquaculture 68:103-113. 1988 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate
Patterson, T. F., S. R. Bell, and F. J. Bia. 1988. Vibrio alginolyticus cellulitis following coral injury. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 61:507-512. 1988 South & Central America; Caribbean Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation
Schroeder, W. W., M. R. Dardeau, J. J. Dindo, P. Fleischer, K. L. Heck Jr., and A. W. Schultz. 1988. Geological and biological aspects of hardbottom environments on the L'Mafla shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 17-21 in [No source information available]. 1988 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral
Karisiddaiah, S. M., M. Veerayya, and M. V. S. Guptha. 1988. Texture, carbonate content and component composition of Mauritius beach sands, Indian Ocean. Journal of Coastal Research 4:465-474. 1988 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Smith, S. H. 1988. Cruise ships: A serious threat to coral reefs and associated organisms. Ocean and Shoreline Management 11:231-248. 1988 Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, M. E., D. F. Skinner, and K. G. Macleod. 1988. Ecological zonation during the carbonate transgression of a late Ordovician rocky shore (Northeastern Manitoba, Hudson Bay, Canada). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 65:93-114. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Social Organizations; Water Depth & Sea Level
Anon,. 1988. American Pavilion Mimics The Oceans|. Indian Concrete Journal 62:114-115. 1988 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Plankton
Dixom, SU SE TT E. 1988. Major wave study at great barrier reef. Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia 60:41-43. 1988 Australia Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Essig Ronald, J. 1988. Outer continental shelf fishery resources of the south Atlantic. Pages 127-131 in [No source information available]. 1988 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Morrissey, J., M.S. Jones, and V. Harriot. 1988. Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium. Pages 563-7 in Proceedings of the 6th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1988 Australia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Nutrients
Kozlowski, J., J. Rosier, and G. Hill. 1988. Ultimate Environmental Threshold (UET) method in a marine environment (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia). Landscape and Urban Planning 15:327-336. 1988 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Viles, H. A. 1988. Coastal landforms: human activity, geomorphology and ecology in the coastal zone. Progress in Physical Geography 12:293-301. 1988 Review Beaches & Nature Parks
Bird, E. C. F. 1988. Physiographic indications of a sea-level rise. Pages 60-73 Greenhouse: planning for climate change. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate
Johnson, M. E. and B. G. Baarli. 1987. Encrusting corals on a latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian rocky shore, southwest Hudson Bay, Manitoba, Canada. Geology 15:15-17. 1987 Anemones & Zooanthids; Sponges
Morelock, JA CK. 1987. Beach Sand Budget For Western Puerto Rico. Pages 1333-1345 in [No source information available]. 1987 Puerto Rico Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Preu, C. 1987. Coastline changes in Sri Lanka: man as a regulating factor in the make-up of processes of coastal erosion [Kustenveranderung in Sri Lanka: der Mensch als Steuerungsfaktor im Prozessgefuge der Kustenabrasion]. Berliner Geographische Studien 25:119-132. 1987 Sri Lanka Beaches & Nature Parks; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Uthoff, D. 1987. Man-induced coastal disturbance on the 'dream beachs' of Sri Lanka: causes and consequences [Anthropogen induzierte Kustenzerstorung an den 'Traumstranden' Sri Lankas: Ursachen und Folgen]. Berliner Geographische Studien 25:403-419. 1987 Sri Lanka Beaches & Nature Parks; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reggio, V. C. 1987. Rigs-to-Reefs. The use of obsolete petroleum structures as artificial reefs. in [No source information available]. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gable, F. 1987. Changing climate and Caribbean coastlines. Oceanus 30:53-56. 1987 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Wetlands
Hain, J. H. W. 1987. Belize. Oceanus 30:76-84. 1987 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Cambers, G. 1987. A programme for beach erosion control in Barbados, West Indies. Pages ChiOceanPress-1987 in IN: 1987 PROC. COASTAL & PORT ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, SECOND INT. CONF., (BEIJING, CHINA: SEP. 7-11, 1987). 1987 South & Central America; China; Caribbean Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Varma, M. M. and J. Alfaro. 1987. Coastal water quality and its effect on beach erosion: A case study. Journal of Environmental Systems 17. 1987 Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Shoreline Protection; Wastewater Discharge
Hueckel, G. J. and R. M. Buckley. 1987. The influence of prey communities on fish species assemblages on artificial reefs in Puget Sound, Washington. Environmental Biology of Fishes 19:195-214. 1987 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Seastars; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hughes, DO NA LD. 1987. Briny Deep Comes Ashore. Civil engineering New York, N.Y57:50-52. 1987 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Plankton
Kintanar Roman, L. and P. Fama Rebecca. 1987. Coastal Zone Management Of Puerto Galera. Pages 2925-2938 in [No source information available]. 1987 Tourism & Recreation
Matthews, D. 1987. From rigs to reefs. LAMP 69:-2. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Galli, G. 1986. Facies analysis of a Devonian carbonate shoreline system (northern Italy). Sedimentary Geology 46:91-110. 1986 Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Nolan, G. A., P. D. Coghlan, I. Meech, and R. I. Rees. 1986. Coral Sea Haven At Mackay Harbour: A Regional Recreational Project. Pages 270-276 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1986 Australia Review; Model Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Anon,. 1986. OCEANS 86 - CONFERENCE RECORD. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Giesecke Anne, G. 1986. Artificial Reefs: Dealing With Conflicts And Varied Interests. Pages 522-523 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Narita, H. 1986. Some recent advanced systems for ocean development. in [No source information available]. 1986 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Flood, P. G. 1986. Sensitivity of coral cays to climatic variations, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 5:13-18. 1986 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Salm, R. V. 1986. Coral reefs and tourist carrying capacity: the Indian Ocean experience. Industry & Environment 9:14-Nov. 1986 Indian Ocean; India Review Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, R. G. and J. T. Andrews. 1986. Glacial terminations in the oxygen isotope record of deep sea cores: hypothesis of massive Antarctic ice-shelf destruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 53:107-138. 1986 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Beaches & Nature Parks
Harmelin-Vivien, M. L. and P. Laboute. 1986. Catastrophic impact of hurricanes on atoll outer reef slopes in the Tuamotu (French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 5:55-62. 1986 Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Gordon Jr, W. R. and R. B. Ditton. 1986. A user-resource planning framework for offshore recreational artificial reefs. Coastal Zone Management Journal 13:369-395. 1986 Artificial Habitat; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson Charles, A. and VI RG IN IA Van Sickle. 1986. Development And Implementation Of An Artificial Reef Program For The State Of Louisiana. Pages 531-537 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gatsoulis, PH IL IP, E. Fordham Mark, and E. Cooley Paul. 1986. Disney Engineers Voyage To The Deep. Civil engineering New York, N.Y56:50-53. 1986 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Whales & Dolphins
White, A. T. 1986. Marine reserves: How effective as management strategies for Philippine, Indonesian and Malaysian coral reef environments? Ocean Management 10:137-159. 1986 Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Tsuchiya, Y., I. Shibano, T. Yamashita, T. Shirai, and A. Yamamoto. 1986. Beach processes and their control in Itoigawa coast, Niigata [Beach processes and their control in Itoigawa coast, Niigata]. Annuals - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 29:727-762. 1986 Japan Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Bell, ME LV IN. 1986. Needs Of Marine Artificial Reef Programs In The United States: A State Manager'S Viewpoint. Pages 552-555 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Burke, W. A., J. R. Steinbaugh, and E. J. O'Keefe. 1986. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction following a sea urchin sting. International Journal of Dermatology 25:649-650. 1986 Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins
Ryan, P. R. 1985. The underwater bush of Australia: the Great Barrier Reef. Oceanus 28:30-42. 1985 Australia Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1985. Protection of the Great Barrier Reef. Report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment and Conservation. in [No source information available]. 1985 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Housing; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Samiullah, Y. 1985. Biological effects of marine oil pollution. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution 2:235-264. 1985 Global Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Domroes, M. 1985. Tourism resources and their development in Maldive Islands. GeoJournal 10:119-126. 1985 Maldives; Europe Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Galloway, R. W. 1985. Northern Territory. in [No source information available]. 1985 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pitman, J. I. 1985. Thailand. in [No source information available]. 1985 Thailand Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bohnsack, J. A. and D. L. Sutherland. 1985. Artificial reef research: a review with recommendations for future priorities. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:Nov-39. 1985 Japan Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Swan, B. 1985. Sri Lanka. in [No source information available]. 1985 Sri Lanka Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Scoffin, T. P. and A. W. Tudhope. 1985. Sedimentary environments of the Central Region of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Coral Reefs 4:81-93. 1985 Australia; Cuba Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Woods, P. J., M. J. Webb, and I. G. Eliot. 1985. Western Australia. in [No source information available]. 1985 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Mangroves; Storms & Hurricanes
Alexander, C. S. 1985. Tanzania. in [No source information available]. 1985 Tanzania Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Battistini, R. 1985. Indian Ocean islands. in [No source information available]. 1985 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks
Pfeffer, R. A. and G. W. Tribble. 1985. Hurricane effects on an aquarium fish fishery in the Hawaiian Islands. in IN: PROC. FIFTH INT. CORAL REEF CONGRESS, (MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA: MAY 27-JUN. 1, 1985). 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Bird, E. C. F. 1985. Philippines. in [No source information available]. 1985 Philippines Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Storms & Hurricanes
Bird, E. C. F. 1985. Cuba. in [No source information available]. 1985 Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Campbell, J. F. and R. Moberly. 1985. Hawaii. in [No source information available]. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks
Chen, J., C. Liu, and Z. Yu. 1985. China. in [No source information available]. 1985 China; Taiwan Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dengo, G. 1985. Caribbean Central America. in [No source information available]. 1985 South & Central America; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Drew, K. S. 1985. United Arab Emirates. in [No source information available]. 1985 United Arab Emirates Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Eisma, D. 1985. Vietnam. in [No source information available]. 1985 Vietnam Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dustan, P. 1985. Community structure of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys: Carysfort Reef, Key Largo and Long Key Reef, Dry Tortugas. Atoll Research Bulletin 1985 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Stony Coral
Jones, E. B. 1985. Jamaica. in [No source information available]. 1985 Jamaica Beaches & Nature Parks; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Knap Anthony, H., D. Sleeter Thomas, and WY N Hughes Idwal. 1985. Case History: The Grounding Of The M/T Tifoso, 1983: A Test Of Bermuda'S Contingency Plan. Pages 289-291 in [No source information available]. 1985 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Tourism & Recreation
Solonsky, A. C. 1985. Fish colonization and the effect of fishing activities on two artificial reefs in Monterey Bay, California. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:336-347. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Sedberry, G. R. and R. F. Van Dolah. 1984. Demersal fish assemblages associated with hard bottom habitat in the South Atlantic Bight of the U.S.A. Environmental Biology of Fishes 11:241-258. 1984 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ansell, A. D. 1984. The beach at Qurm. NERC Newsjournal 3:10-Aug. 1984 Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves
Bird, E. C. F. 1984. Coasts: an introduction to coastal geomorphology. Third edition. Coasts: an introduction to coastal geomorphology. Third edition. 1984 Beaches & Nature Parks
Campbell Thomas, J. and KI M Beachler. 1984. Engineering For Beach Restoration Dredging. Pages 1014-1023 in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Wood Mark, A., W. Miller James, IA N Koblick, and NE IL Monney. 1984. Marine Resources Classroom/Laboratory - Underwater Classroom Of Tomorrow. Pages 535-538 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1984 Lab Study Schools & Colleges
Eisenberg, W. SA M. 1984. Tampa Harbor Florida Deepening Project. Pages 973-979 in [No source information available]. 1984 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors
Wellington, G. M. 1984. Marine environment and protection. Pages 247-263 Key environments: Galapagos. 1984 Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Dicks, B. 1984. Oil pollution in the Red Sea - Environmental monitoring of an oilfield in a coral area, Gulf of Suez. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:833-854. 1984 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Finn, D. 1983. Land use and abuse in the East African region. Ambio 12:296-301. 1983 Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Deforestation & Devegetation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fricke, H. W. and H. Schuhmacher. 1983. The depth limits of Red Sea stony corals: an ecophysiological problem (a deep diving survey by submersible) ( Sinai coast). Marine Ecology 4:163-194. 1983 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Plankton; Stony Coral
Parker Jeffrey, H. and M. J. Woodhead Peter. 1983. New Resource For Recreational Fishing Reef Construction. Pages 961-964 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1983 Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Schroeder, J. H. 1983. (The fringing reefs of Port Sudan, Sudan: II. Threats - protection - development aid). [Die Saumriffe von Port Sudan, Sudan: II. Gefahrdung - Schutz - Entwicklungshilfe.]. Essener Geographische Arbeiten 6:45-57. 1983 Sudan Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
Dicks, BR IA N. 1983. OIL POLLUTION IN THE RED SEA - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF AN OILFIELD IN A CORAL AREA, GULF OF SUEZ. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:833-854. 1983 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment
Rapson, A. M. 1983. Economic management of lagoons. Ocean Management 8:297-304. 1983 Australia Agriculture; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Okude, T. and S. Matsumoto. 1982. Development of removal system for spilt oil sticking to beaches and coastal structures. REPORT PORT & HARBOUR RES. INST., JAPAN 21:-315. 1982 Beaches & Nature Parks
Montaggioni, L. F. 1982. Pleistocene marine depositionalenvironments from Mauritius island, Indian Ocean. Geobios 15:161-179. 1982 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Sediment; Tunicates
Turner, C. C. and J. Ridgway. 1982. Tholeiitic, calc-alkaline and (?)alkaline igneous rocks of the Shortland Islands, Solomon Islands. Tectonophysics 87:335-354. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii; Solomon Islands; Britain; Iceland Beaches & Nature Parks; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Antonius, A. and A. Weiner. 1982. Coral reefs under fire. Marine Ecology 3:255-277. 1982 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, A. M., R. L. Delong, C. H. Fiscus, and K. W. Kenyon. 1982. Population status of the Hawaiian monk seal ( Monachus schauinslandi), 1978. Journal of Mammalogy 63:415-421. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks
Buckley, R. M. 1982. Marine habitat enhancement and urban recreational fishing in Washington. Marine Fisheries Review 44:28-37. 1982 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hollett, K. J. and R. Moberly. 1982. Sedimentation, dredging, and spoil disposal in a subtropical estuarine lagoon. Environmental Geology 4:31-42. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Newton, R. S. and A. Stefanon. 1982. Side-scan sonar and subbottom profiling in the northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Geology 46:279-306. 1982 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dasmann, R. F. 1982. The environmental impact of tourism. Pages 48-52 in The impact of tourism development in the Pacific. Conference papers, 1978. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
Tilmant, J. T. and G. P. Schmahl. 1981. A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida. Pages 187-192 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. 1981 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Goeden, G. B. 1981. A towed instrument package for fisheries research in great barrier reef waters. Fisheries Research 1:35-44. 1981 Australia Fishing Sector; Substrate
Leonard, J. E., B. Cameron, O. H. Pilkey, and G. M. Friedman. 1981. Evaluation of cold-water carbonates as a possible paleoclimatic indicator. Sedimentary Geology 28:28-Jan. 1981 Model; Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Sediment
Keith, R. E. 1981. Loss of therapeutic copper in closed marine systems. Aquaculture 24:355-362. 1981 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Mezaki, S. 1981. A review on the geomorphic changes of coral reefs. Transactions Japanese Geomorphological Union 2:125-130. 1981 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes
Bouchon-Navaro, Y. 1981. Quantitative distribution of the Chaetodontidae on a reef of Moorea Island (French polynesia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 55:145-157. 1981 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Bryceson, I. 1981. A review of some problems of tropical marine conservation with particular reference to the Tanzanian coast. Biological Conservation 20:163-171. 1981 Tanzania Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Seagrasses
El Shareef, A. R. 1980. Studies in the geography of Saudi Arabia ' Farasan Islands'. Journal - College of Arts, University of Riyadh 7:25-Jan. 1980 Saudi Arabia Schools & Colleges
King, P. B. and S. A. Schumm. 1980. The physical geography ( geomorphology) of William Morris Davis. The physical geography ( geomorphology) of William Morris Davis. 1980
Courtenay Jr, W. R., B. C. Hartig, and G. R. Loisel. 1980. Ecological evaluation of a beach nourishment project at Hallandale ( Broward County), Florida. Volume I. Evaluation of fish populations adjacent to borrow areas of beach nourishment project, Hallandale (Broward County), Florida ( USA). Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Dept of Biological Sciences, Miscellaneous Report. 1980 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Sediment; Substrate
Spadoni, RI CH AR D and TH OM AS Campbell. 1980. Coral Reef Protection During Beach Restoration In Florida. Pages 152-159 in Proceedings of SOUTHEASTCON Region 3 Conference. 1980 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Catling, P. S. 1980. First New World tourist resort. Geographical Magazine 52:770-773. 1980 Bahamas Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Land & Air Transportation; Tourism & Recreation
Hempel, L. 1980. (The development of sand- dune generation on shallow coasts. Observations on the North Sea Islands of Wangerooge and Spiekeroog) . [Zur Genese von Dunengenerationen an Flachkusten. Beobachtungen auf den Nordseeinseln Wangerooge und Spiekeroog.]. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 24:428-447. 1980 Beaches & Nature Parks; Storms & Hurricanes
Frasier, G. W., K. R. Cooley, and J. R. Griggs. 1979. Performance evaluation of water harvesting catchments. Journal of Range Management 32:453-456. 1979 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff
Back, W., B. B. Hanshaw, T. E. Pyle, L. N. Plummer, and A. E. Weidie. 1979. Geochemical significance of groundwater discharge and carbonate solution to the formation of Caleta Xel Ha, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Water Resources Research 15:1521-1535. 1979 South & Central America; Mexico Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Spadoni, R. H. 1979. Reef monitoring of the Delray Beach Erosion Project. SHORE & BEACH 47:-12. 1979 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Lesueur, P. and G. Vernette. 1979. (Sedimentological study of an erosional process on a ( coral bank) beach of the Cartagena Bay, Colombia). [Approche sedimentologique d'un probleme d'erosion de plage dans la baie de Cartagena (Colombie).]. Bulletin de l'Institut de Geologie du Bassin d'Aquitaine 26:53-68. 1979 Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Sleeter, T. D., J. N. Butler, and J. E. Barbash. 1979. Hydrocarbons in sediments from the edge of the Bermuda platform. Pages 615-620 in Proc 1979 oil spill conference (prevention, behavior, control, cleanup), Los Angeles, Cal. March 1979, (American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, Publication 4308). 1979 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Hurme Arthur, K. 1979. Rubble-Mound Structures As Artificial Reefs. Pages 1042-1051 in [No source information available]. 1979 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Vandenbossche, D. J. 1978. Artificial islands off the Belgian coast. in [No source information available]. 1978 Review Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks
Kenchington, R. A. 1978. The Crown-of-thorns crisis in Australia: A retrospective analysis. Environmental Conservation 5:20-Nov. 1978 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars
Swanson Gerald, C., L. Seymour John, and B. Ditton Robert. 1978. Alternative Perspective On Common Property Resource Allocation Decisions In The Coastal Zone. Coastal Zone Management Journal 4:25-45. 1978 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Wetlands
Stone, R. B. 1978. Artificial reefs. Water Spectrum 10:24-29. 1978 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Recreational Fishing
Mushala, H. M. 1978. Coastal processes along Kunduchi beach ( Tamzania). Journal Geographical Association of Tanzania 17:41-73. 1978 Tanzania Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection
Bird, E. C. F. 1978. The nature and source of beach materials on the Australian coast. Pages 144-157 Landform evolution in Australasia. 1978 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Antonius, A. 1977. Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management. Pages 617-624 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977. Volume 2, geology. 1977 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Marine Worms; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
DeWall, A. E. and J. J. Richter. 1977. Beach and neashore processes in southeastern Florida. in [No source information available]. 1977 Florida; Bahamas Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Kenchington, R. A. 1976. Acanthaster planci on the great barrier reef: Detailed surveys of four transects between 19° and 20°S. Biological Conservation 9:165-179. 1976 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars
Thomassin, B. A., M.-H. Vivier, and P. Vitiello. 1976. Distribution de la meiofaune et de la macrofaune des sables coralliens de la retenue d'eau epirecifale du grand recif de tulear (Madagascar). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 22:31-53. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii; Bermuda; Madagascar Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Worms; Sediment
Abele, L. G. 1976. Comparative species composition and relative abundance of decapod crustaceans in marine habitats of Panama. Marine Biology 38:263-278. 1976 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama; Caribbean Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Stony Coral
Kaufman, RA YM ON D. 1976. Ocean Engineering Capabilities And Requirements For The Offshore Mining Industry. Pages 49-62 in [No source information available]. 1976 Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Mining Policies; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Lubbock, H. R. and N. V. C. Polunin. 1975. Conservation and the tropical marine aquarium trade. Environmental Conservation 2:229-232. 1975 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Kenya; Mauritius; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Saudi Arabia; Japan; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan; Caribbean; France; Germany Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invasive Species
Stone, R. B. and R. O. Parker Jr. 1974. Brief History Of Artificial Reef Research In The United States. in [No source information available]. 1974 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Carlton, J. M. 1974. Land-building and stabilization by mangroves. Environmental Conservation 1:285-294. 1974 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Housing; Mangroves; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Substrate
HUDDELL, H. D., J. C. WILLET, and G. MARCHAND. 1974. Nearshore Currents And Coral Reef Ecology Of The West Coast Of Guam, Mariana Islands. in [No source information available]. 1974 Guam Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Military; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Hildemann, W. H. and A. L. Reddy. 1973. Phylogeny of immune responsiveness: marine invertebrates. Pages 2188-2194 in Federation Proceedings. 1973 Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Golikov, A. N. and O. A. Scarlato. 1973. Comparative characteristics of some ecosystems of the upper regions of the shelf in tropical, temperate and Arctic waters. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:219-234. 1973 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith, C. L. and J. C. Tyler. 1973. Direct observations of resource sharing in coral reef fish. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:264-275. 1973 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Gundersen, K. and P. Bienfang. 1972. Thermal Pollution: Use Of Deep, Cold, Nutrient Rich Sea Water For Power Plant Cooling And Subsequent Aquaculture In Hawaii [Marine Pollution And Sea Life]. Pages 513-516 FISHING NEWS. 1972 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Light; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Primary Production; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Myrberg Jr., A. A. 1972. Ethology of the bicolor damselfish, Eupomacentrus partitus (Pisces: Pomacentridae): A comparative analysis of laboratory and field behaviour. Animal Behaviour 5. 1972 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Rate functions; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Housing; Small Herbivorous Fish
GERRITSEN, F. 1972. Hawaiian Beaches. in PROC. 13TH COASTAL ENGNG. CONF. (VANCOUVER). 1972 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation
Colin, P. L. 1972. Daily activity patterns and effects of environmental conditions on the behavior of the yellowhead jawfish, Opistognathus aurifrons with notes on its ecology. ZOOLOGICA 57:137-169. 1972 Bahamas
Feuillee, P. 1971. Les calcaires biogeniques de l'Albien et du Cenomanien pyreneo-cantabrique: Problemes d'environnement sedimentaire. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9:277-311. 1971 Oman Model Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Kaufmann, R. and K.-J. Gotting. 1970. Prosobranchia from the littoral of the Caribbean coast of Colombia [Prosobranchia aus dem Litoral der karibischen Kuste Kolumbiens]. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 21:333-398. 1970 South & Central America; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks
Scheer, G. 1967. Über die methodik der untersuchung von korallenriffen. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 60:105-114. 1967 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Guillemot, N., M. Leopold, M. Cuif, and P. Chabanet. Characterization and management of informal fisheries confronted with socio-economic changes in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Fisheries Research US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Morelock, J. and J. V. A. Trumbull. Puerto Rico. in [No source information available]. Puerto Rico Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Schwartz, M. L. Caribbean Colombia. in [No source information available]. South & Central America; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves
Wu, H. J., C. L. Abernethy, N. V. Lawson, Junn-Ling Chao, G. W. Montgomerie, P. E. Dexter, A. W. Smith, A. H. Lucas, P. G. Anderson, D. N. Foster, A. D. Gordon, R. A. Grace, and P. V. Hennessy. Engineering Dynamics Of The Coastal Zone. in [No source information available]. US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Pipelines
Anon,. Colloque International Sur L'Exploitation Des Oceans, 2Nd, 1974, Volume 1: Politiques De Developpement Oceanique, Volume 2: Mise En Valeur Industrielle Des Plateaux Continentaux, Volume 3: Systemes Des Mesures Pour L'Analyse Et La Prevision De L'Environne. in [No source information available]. Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Microorganisms; Pipelines; Salinity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Leeworthy, V. R., P. C. Wiley, and J. D. Hospital. Importance-satisfaction ratings five-year comparison, SPA & ER use, and socioeconomic and ecological monitoring comparison of results 1995-96 to 2000-01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Florida Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Bird, E. C. F. Southern Arabia. in [No source information available]. Indian Ocean; India; Oman Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Deane, C. A. W. Lesser Antilles: Virgin Islands to Trinidad. in [No source information available]. US Virgin Islands; Antilles; Trinidad Beaches & Nature Parks
Barthelemy, D. Chapter 37: Progress in sexual coral reproduction at Oceanopolis. Pages 339-346 in Leewis, R. J., and M. Janse, editors. Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Husbandry Series. Vol 2. Burgers' Zoo, Arnhem, the Netherlands. Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Stony Coral
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Assess and Evaluate Sanctuary Management Plan Implementation This assessment should be conducted internally by sanctuary staff on an annual basis. It is important to revisit the sanctuaries management plan every year, to consider the progress and effectiveness of activities implemented over the previous year. Monitoring and research can also provide information that was unavailable when the management plan was first written. Performance evaluations should be performed routinely and be based on consistent measures. These evaluations can also be used to populate NMSP Report Cards and other performance requirements. This new knowledge and experience can be integrated into the plan and its implementation, in a type of adaptive management (#275). Accomplishments, changes and targets should all be discerned for the year to come. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Provide Policy Information to the Public Communicate valid and emerging resource concerns to the general public. This can be accomplished through (#106), (#), or (#). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Develop and maintain standard operating procedures based on federal, state and agency directives and regulation in order to provide staff and programs with consistent and clear direction. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Technical Advisory Committees The technical advisory committee can meet once or twice a year with reef managers to help develop agendas on the design and prioritization of water quality and ecological research and monitoring. This provides managers the opportunity to list research/monitoring priorities to federal, state, and local government entities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Integrate Volunteer Assistance in Cultural Resources Inventory Marine Heritage Resource managers should continue or begin to use volunteers to assist staff in collecting information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access, interpretation, and protection. Often locals have interest and knowledge of unrecorded sites. If previously established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#81), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Science Community Networking It can be advantageous to actively participating in science-related committees, review panels, and other groups that collaborate on science issues relating to coral reefs, resource management, and other topics. This management option ensures that the local sanctuary is considered in regional planning, that there is broad-based recognition of scientific findings concerning the sanctuary, and that sanctuary expertise is shared with partners. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Promote Interagency Collaboration in Policy Making The administrative office communicates with organizations and agencies involved in resource impacts or regulation to determine potential effects of Sanctuary management interest, to help develop policy statements, and to consult with affected agencies regarding sanctuary related policies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. EPA Retention/Detention. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Interagency Sharing of Information This management option is designed to facilitate coordination among federal, state, and local agencies involved in management. Easier collaboration and sharing of information can often be facilitated by decision tools and information technology. There are several activities that can aid better interagency coordination of maritime heritage resources (MHR). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Internet & Telecommunications; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Collaboratively Evaluate Management Plan Joint Actions As the NMSP continues to increase the rigor of its self-evaluation, the program would like to increase the frequency with which partners formally join with the local sanctuary in assessing the effectiveness of the joint-management actions. Each quarter, sanctuary staff should facilitate collaborative evaluation of one action plan within the management plan. In result, systematic rotation through the actions plans will be completed every few years. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Corporate Response: Invest & Co-finance Projects Investing and co-financing projects that aim to conserve or restore habitats can be an effective means to preserving reef habitats as well as establishing positive working relationships between organizations. Investing in private sector projects will promote desired businesses and business practices, reducing barriers to entry and competitiveness as compared to traditional businesses and business practices to counterbalance advantages from undesired externalities. World Bank Group. 2008. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Nature based solutions from the world bank portfolio. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC.

Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Finance & Insurance; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Local Businesses Information should be provided to business along the water so that employees will be aware of environmentally sensitive business practices. This can be achieved through informative brochures, and distributing other educational materials. These interactions can also be used to inform businesses of opportunities for voluntary certifications (#104). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Monitor & Respond to Damages From Fishing Gear When a habitat is damaged or an injury occurs to natural resources as a result of fishing gear, it is beneficial to respond and assess. Responding appropriately is likely to involve other management options such as #91 if the injury was due to a violation. It is important to assess the damage and gather information as to why the injury occurred, so as to be able to find alternative fishing gear or practices that are less likely to cause such damages, for research such as #42. There should be protocols and methodologies for collecting damage assessment data to ensure it can be added to information systems such as #76 to track recovery, especially if repairing or restorative actions are taken. Standardized methods are also important when sharing this information with state and federal fisheries management (#64). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Large Vessel Achoring Damage from freighter anchor is extreme due to the mere weight and size of the anchor and chain. The chain can even be more damaging as it drags along the benthic environment leaving behind catastrophic ruin. This management response would encourage the creation of restoration and monitoring methodologies in shallow reef areas as well as at greater depths. If unacceptable damages are occurring restrictions and regulations prohibiting the use of anchors in high risk areas should be instituted. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Transportation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Data Management & Decision Tools: Conduct a Modeling Workshop Conducting a workshop can be useful to discuss modeling approaches, develop preliminary conceptual models, and define specific information needs for models. There are decision tools to choose from other than traditional models, and many different modeling approached to choose from, making this type of workshop both an outreach effort, and an effort to collaborate. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop, and Implement New Technologies for Educational Resources New technologies should be researched, developed, and adopted for sanctuary educational materials. They should be evaluated before they are adopted. Sanctuaries must make their educational materials available through technologies that the public is currently using. For example, mobile applications could allow visitors to access relevant information while recreating, where older technologies such as websites would be more difficult to access. Such technologies can also be used as decision tools for the public, tracking their use of reef resources to show the user what impact their total activities may have and opportunities to improve that. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Distribute Educational Materials at Visitor Booths/Displays Visitor booths at visitor centers, rental car agencies, airports, and chambers of commerce could hold an array of educational materials and brochures (#111) for walk-in visitors. Locations frequented by tourists are excellent targets for these booths and displays, as visitors are often less knowledgeable of the local ecosystems and the policies governing them. Materials should also be multilingual to enhance their effectiveness. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Outreach with the Tourism Development Council Collaborating with the Tourism Development Council allows for more specific targeting of tourists and visitors for resource management outreach. Tourists and visitors are less familiar with local ecosystems and are therefore more prone to unintentionally damaging the environment or defying policies and regulations. The Tourism Development Council is also an important stakeholder to consider, in coastal zone management. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Print Marine Etiquette on Marine-Related Products Packaging Printing information on marine-related products regarding proper marine etiquette could be a possibility for raising awareness and improving public stewardship. Partnerships will be explored to help print etiquette information on materials such as bait boxes, ice bags, water buckets, etc. that are commonly used by stakeholders. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Wayside Exhibits/Signs Creating wayside exhibits is an easy way to inform the public about sanctuary resources, policies, and boundaries. Wayside exhibits can be signs displayed at popular fishing and recreation areas. Coordination and collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies is essential to ensure there is not duplication in efforts, over-signage, and that consistent information is provided. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Provide Interpretive Information Targeted information should be provided and interpreted for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. This information may be about available programs/resources, research findings, policy changes, statistics, avoidance techniques, legal/financial consequences etc. This information should be provided specifically for these groups in such a way to best enhance public understanding regarding reef resources. It is important to interpret this information for these user groups, as this will help them convey the often technical information to the public. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop and Maintain Sanctuary Website Marine sanctuary areas can create a website as an educational tool, providing information regarding new issues, educational resources, volunteer opportunities, and current initiatives such as research, restoration projects, or policy changes. If a website is already in use, it should be maintained and updated with new information, resources, and technologies to enhance effectiveness and visitation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Mobile Displays Developing mobile displays for conventions (#135)), trade shows (#108), and educational courses is important to communicate information through pre-established educational opportunities. Support for display development can be arranged through grant funding, and design can be accomplished through utilizing volunteer staff. Much of the information for the display can be gathered from less mobile exhibits/signs, and pre-existing brochures/pamphlets. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256.

Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Interactive Interpretive Exhibits Interpretive exhibits combine an array of information types (pictures, sounds, interactive activities etc.) in an easy to understand, relevant way to visitors. On-water and on-land interpretive exhibits for maritime heritage resources and sanctuaries are helpful at increasing public knowledge/awareness of reefs. Interpretive exhibits can be established near the site of the resource (#126), in permanent (#131) or used as a traveling tool for (#127), and (#130). Such exhibits are beneficial as they allow for schools, the community, and tourists see resources first-hand and learn why they are important, at their leisure and without requiring a staff member to present the information. Expanding already-created exhibits is important to continue to draw in crowds and to continue to add/increase public knowledge and stewardship. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256.

Veverka, J. The Key to Successful Heritage Tourism Marketing Planning and Program Design. Interpretive Communication Accessed 7/7/2011.

Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Tourism & Recreation
Discharge Controls: Survey and Manage Household Chemical Use This management option targets household indoor and outdoor chemical use (pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, cleaners, detergents, solvents, etc). Though these chemicals are typically used in small amounts, many make their way into the watershed because of improper use. Before designing a plan to manage these chemicals, data must be gathered from the local community through surveys. An ideal survey would gather information on what chemicals are being used, how they are used, and how they are disposed of. Enforcing proper use and disposal is very difficult, making a strong education program in response to findings from the study essential. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Housing; Improved Technology; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Controls; Shelter; Textiles & Apparel; Toxics
Dissemination of Findings: Develop an Information Exchange Network This management option involves developing a compendium of current and ongoing research that should be updated on a regular basis. This is important as it allows for collaborators to share information and resources. This type of exchange helps to maximize gains in economies of scale and reduce duplication of efforts. Decision tools such as inventories and databases can often be adapted for this use. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Dissemination of Findings: Support Journal Publication This management option involves sponsoring the publication of journals that contain peer-reviewed scientific research. For sanctuaries this can be an excellent place to publish reports and research that used sanctuary areas or resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biotechnology Research & Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Report Monitoring and Research Results It is important to disseminate data and information gathered to collaborators and the wider scientific community. This can be accomplished through publication, such as journals (#161) or other networks (#159). It is important to share this data with other government agencies as well (#92). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Dissemination of Findings: Participate in Conferences Conferences are beneficial as a means to garner and disseminate new information, technology, and methods. Conferences also serve as a networking opportunity to communicate with potential collaborators. Participation in local, state, and federal conferences by sanctuary staff is very important to reach out to the broader coral reef community. Sponsoring conferences would allow scientists and researchers to keep abreast of findings and ongoing research within the local sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research
Economic Markets & Policy: Create Alternative Livelihoods For Fishermen Many fishermen rely on their catch as their family�s main source of income. When restrictions are placed on fishing it can be to the economic detriment of these fishermen. By creating alternative means of earning income for these fishermen, social and economic goals are accomplished while decreasing pressures on natural fish populations. These alternatives often come in the form of aquaculture, which helps to still meet the demand for fish. Another common alternative is tourism; fishermen can use their knowledge and equipment such as boats to accommodate tourism and recreational fishing. All Islands Coral Reef Committee. Local Action Strategies. United States Coral Reef Task Force Accessed 6/13/2011.

Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Social Assistance; Tourism & Recreation
Economic Markets & Policy: Regulate International Trade of Reef Species Many coral reef species are harvested internationally for a variety of markets including the aquarium trade, food, curios, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. The US is the largest importer for many of these markets. The US strictly limits extraction of stony coral and many reef species in its waters; but as a major importer and consumer of coral reef species, more actions can be taken to decrease the demand on international imports. Setting and enforcing regulations on what can be imported (such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES) is one approach that has been taken. More information is needed, leaving room to collect trade data and assess the impacts of extraction techniques to find sustainable methods. Demand for species collected this way will be increased with greater transparency to consumers, which can be accomplished through certifications for environmentally cognoscente collectors and those using alternatives like aquaculture and coral farming. Continued participation in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is also beneficial. U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C.

World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Live Collection; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Political Pressure; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Sponges; Stony Coral; Toxics; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Enforcement: Interpretive Enforcement Interpretive enforcement, sometimes called �soft� or positive enforcement, refers to approaches geared towards encouraging widespread voluntary compliance with laws, rules and regulations. Interpretive enforcement is based on the premise that most people, once informed about MPA regulations, want to do the right thing. This is the greatest level of compliance because it advocates understanding and public support of goals for reef management. The main objective of this management action is to increase public understanding of the importance to comply with regulations, achieve voluntary compliance, and promote public stewardship of historical and cultural marine resources through interpretive enforcement. Strategies that can help achieve these goals include developing special training programs, organizing events, implementing social marketing, targeting indigenous learning systems and changing cultural value systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines.

National Marine Sanctuaries. 2005. MPAs and Enforcement. Module 7, NOAA.

Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Develop Standardized Voluntary Certification Programs This management option involves coordinating with leaders of various target businesses related to diving and snorkeling, marine mammal viewing, kayaking, eco-tours, and fishing. Through collaborations with these businesses, management areas can create a voluntary certification program for employees of these businesses to learn and receive accurate information about nearby corals, the ecosystem, and how they can better protect reefs in their everyday actions. These voluntary certifications can be used to educate employees and/or to develop self-regulating standards for these businesses. Depending on the standards and curriculum, voluntary certification programs can then be used by these businesses to convey knowledge or environmentally safe practices to customers through marketing. Educating employees of these businesses helps to assure that they are disseminating accurate information to visitors. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Environmental Education: Create a Public Awareness Program This involves developing a spread of education tools like brochures (#111), newsletters (#118), displays (#127), web sites (#133) and a database (#98) to inform the public about different volunteer, education and training opportunities in regards to preserving the marine environment and maritime heritage resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Experiential Reef Learning This recommended option encourages taking youth and parents to experience the reefs and learn about them firsthand. Through this interactive experience, residents and visitors can learn about the benefits of corals and their importance to fisheries, ecological health, and the economy. Oftentimes, locals never experience the reefs firsthand and never learned about their importance. This educational experience would be very beneficial because locals will become more aware of the value of coral reefs, increasing their vested interest when making decisions in everyday life that impact reef health. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Environmental Education: Promote Environmental Education in Local Schools Volunteers can be used to assist education and outreach staff to bring environmental education to local schools. Volunteers can do things such as: chaperone during snorkel trips, and help students with water quality testing exercises. Volunteers should be trained to correctly use educational materials and equipment. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Support Lecture Series This option encourages coral management staff to speak at local forums to encourage greater public education regarding reef health. This involves collaborating with organizers of lecture series to take advantage of the opportunity to speak in front of an previously-organized audience. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Support Environmental Workshops for Educators This management option involves using environmental education workshops in order to ameliorate educator�s knowledge of the importance of corals because of their cultural and natural resource value. Local management areas can co-sponsor these efforts, and up-to-date information will always be utilized. Involvement in such workshops not only promotes coral education, but can also show educators where resources and opportunities exist through institutional collaboration. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Competitive Educational Funding Opportunities This response involves offering funding to teachers for field trips, scientific equipment, and reference material in support of curricula. Teachers may submit proposals for evaluation, and funding is administered on a competitive basis from a non-profit organization or a reef management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Evaluate impacts of existing fishing gear and methods on habitats Research is needed to investigate impact on habitat of commercial and recreation fishing gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Conduct research on the ecological impacts on sanctuary preservation areas of baiting fishing and catch-and-release fishing by trolling It is necessary to asses the ecological effects of catch�and-release fishing by trolling and bait-fishing in order to make informed decisions regarding their provisions in protected areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Research Low-impact Fishing Gear & Methods Facilitating research to develop gear designs and fishing methods that minimize impacts is multifaceted. Ideal fishing gear is selective for the target species and sizes, with negligible direct or indirect impact on non-target species, sizes and habitats; but also efficient, giving quality, high catches at the lowest possible cost. Newly developed low-impact gear allows fishermen to fulfill their needs, providing food and income, while lessening the unintended environmental impact of those activities, like by-catch. Before an agency should promote new fishing gear or methods research is important to ensure there are no un-intended environmental tradeoffs. Biodegradable fishing line, modified traps, and buoy lines are examples of gear types that could be studied. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boat Movement; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Improved Technology; Invasive Species; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Debris; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Derelict Fishing Gear & Ghost Fishing The term "ghost fishing" is used to describe the capture of marine organisms by lost or abandoned fishing gear. This is particularly a problem with gillnets, trammel nets and pots. Gear is usually lost because it becomes stuck on rough bottoms containing corals and stones, causing the buoy line to break during retrieval. Nets or pots may continue to fish for years, with captured fish and crustaceans dying and serving as attracting bait for more fish and organisms. Ghost fishing may therefore represent a serious problem in many areas, causing hidden fishing mortality over a long period of time. This management option co-insides with (#63) Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels. Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Implementing Notification and Response Protocols: Implement �Eyes on the Water� This plan would entail teaming with volunteers and education staff to develop a volunteer training program to help report groundings. Training would include: incident recognition, documentation, and notification. Possible volunteers could be pulled from Team OCEAN, Reef Medics, Mote Marine Laboratory, professional fishing guides, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Socio-Economic Drivers
Injury Prevention: Assist Education and Outreach This plan is to help prevent groundings. This can be achieved through providing products and information such as statistics, avoidance techniques, and legal/financial consequences. Such information would be provided for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Permitting Application & Award This management approach is important because permits assure protection and conservation of coral resources from harmful activities and practices. Within sanctuary waters, special use permits (#157) can be used to allow scientists and others to conduct necessary work while following permitting regulations to reduce the impact of that work. General permits are often required for altering land-use, construction projects and certain discharges. To be eligible for a permit, the operator may be required to conduct impact assessments, institute best management practices and conduct monitoring of the project. Though permits are a necessary precaution, the process can be streamlined through ensuring clear submittal requirements, and reducing redundancy. Redundancy often occurs when multiple agencies must approve a permit, a single point of contact and standard, inter-agency protocols can reduce unnecessary redundancy. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Develop Baseline Data Baseline surveys of existing resources need to be conducted before monitoring can begin. The surveys must be conducted in Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary Preservation Areas, and Special-Use Areas to characterize the status of important marine species and their habitats. Establishing baseline data allows for later comparisons to monitoring data to gauge changes over time and revaluate current management actions being taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Continue Stakeholder Research It is beneficial to support monitoring and research projects that are developed by stakeholders because these present an opportunity to directly engage constituents in sanctuary resource issues and to increase understanding of the ecosystem. Sanctuaries can provide support in the form of helping to coordinate activities, assisting with field work, issuing research permits, assisting with identifying potential funding sources, and providing letters of support for grant proposals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Develop Scientific Research Study Program Management areas can encourage scientific studies by coordinating efforts of research groups and institutions. Collaboration and integration of these scientific studies can be beneficial to both the research groups and the management area. For example, data from monitoring of restoration projects could be analyzed by an academic institution, helping to reduce the burden on funds and perhaps using data in ways outside the scope of management objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Utilize Managed Areas for Socioeconomic Research Data are needed to test hypotheses about the socioeconomic impact of marine zoning and user-group perceptions about changes in natural resources within the sanctuary area. User-group perception of changes in natural resources can be compared with quantitative ecological data to identify misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Providing funding opportunities for external scientists to conduct research in the managed area is another option. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Permitting & Zoning; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Develop Innovative Monitoring Tools This management option calls for identifying and evaluating monitoring tools and methodologies used to detect pollutants and identify cause-and-effect relationships among water quality and biological resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Chemical Variables; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Scientific Research; Toxics
Monitor & Research: Research Queen Conch Reproduction and Restoration Inshore Queen Conch may be experiencing reproductive failure. Research on various snails in other parts of the world has shown that snails are susceptible to endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic contaminants. This activity will determine the cause of reproductive failure, possibly by endocrine disruption, of queen conch in reef areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Applied Chemicals; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants; Snails & Conch; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Integrate Volunteer Monitoring Program Monitoring by trained volunteers yields useful, cost-effective data that provides positive engagement for a variety of stakeholders. Such existing programs include The Ocean Conservancy, Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, and the Dolphin Ecology Project. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Public Participation: Assist Save the Manatee Club Volunteers are active in helping to remove monofilament line. This is especially dangerous to manatees. Volunteers from Save the Manatees can help with education and monitoring in the local coral management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris; Marine Vertebrates; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Volunteer Recruitment This option increases support for volunteers and their activities. Volunteers should be recruited based on their skills and placed according to their experiences, interests, and qualifications. Volunteers should be trained and oriented so they will be familiar with the management area and feel appreciated. To be successful, volunteer programs need to provide safety, and place volunteers in a worthwhile, meaningful job positions. Volunteer projects can then be evaluated based on effectiveness and communication should be kept with volunteers through phone calls, letters, and e-mail. Though volunteer positions are typically unpaid, funding would need to be provided from a variety of sources in order to support efforts. Potential programs and internships should be identified and created in order to enhance the program. Partnerships with local educational institutions can be very beneficial for recruiting volunteers. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Seafood Watch Assist Seafood Watch and other sustainable seafood consumption initiatives, in their efforts to educate the public and promote sustainable seafood. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Sectors Filling Human Needs
Public Participation: Assist Wild Bird Rehabilitation Many wildlife rescue organizations help and respond to injured birds including marine birds like sea gulls, pelicans, egrets, herons, osprey, and eagles. Collaborations with such organizations can be mutually beneficial as organization volunteers learn from training received from sanctuary staff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Birds; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Reef Environmental Education Foundation REEF This program uses recreation divers who conduct fish biodiversity and abundance survey in the Keys and the Caribbean. This surveys work towards contributing to The Great Annual Fish Count. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Local Volunteer Organizations This management approach encourages collaboration with local volunteer organizations that have missions similar to the coral management area. This way, the sanctuary is working efficiently with other groups to help accomplish the same goals instead of wasting resources trying to accomplish the same ends. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles
Public Participation: Assist Queen Conch Restoration Activities Volunteers assist with raising juvenile queen conchs at a hatchery located at Keys Marine Lab through this volunteer program. They also locate and tag wild, adult conchs for population and reproduction studies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Manage Public Participation Projects Public participation projects have significant potential; they not only address the project goals but also encourage public stewardship for important marine resources. Long term public projects require continued involvement, guidance and encouragement to reach project completion. Developing an inventory/database (#98) can be important for successful management of multiple projects. The public cannot participate in such projects if they are not aware of them, so effective marketing (#86) is an essential component of public participation management. Many of these tasks can be performed by volunteers. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Florida Keys Watch Volunteers participating in this program help collect seawater samples and environmental data. Florida Keys Watch help to assist scientific studies conducted by universities, agencies, and other institutions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Scientific Research
Public Participation: Assist Reef Ecosystem Condition RECON RECON trains volunteer divers to collect information about the reef environment, health of stony corals, presence of key reef organism, and human-induced impacts. The goal of RECON is to broaden knowledge of bottom-dwelling organisms on reefs. They also act as an alert system when there are abnormal and possibly harmful conditions present on the reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Public Participation: Assist Marine Animal Rescue Activities There are many volunteers in marine areas that will help rescue distressed animals. Volunteers assist with reducing pain and suffering of marine animals, provide first aid, derive maximum scientific and education benefits from the live and dead marine mammals, and collect high-quality data. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Consider Regulations for Catch & Release Trolling This plan seeks to reduce or eliminate catch-and-release fishing in many fragile areas. First an assessment must be conducted to measure the effects of catch-and -release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Personal Watercraft & Other Small Vessels Practices This activity would aim to reduce noise and pollution, and conflicts among PWC users, the resources, and Sanctuary users. Practices could be changed through requiring certain training to drive such vessels, or restricting which types can be used in designated coastal areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Designated Uses; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Channel & Reef Navigation Markers This option would evaluate the need for proper marking to ensure better navigation. There are many types of markers, including buoys, charts, beacons, and GPS mapping. Such markers can also be used to advocate prohibition on vessel speeds greater than idle speed in areas designated as idle-speed only/no-wake and around shallow reef locations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beach & Land Formation; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fish Feeding Regulations Divers in FL are already prohibited from fish feeding. Further review may show a need to prohibited anyone in state water from feeding fish. There will need to be investigations on the biological and behavioral impacts of fish feeding. This investigation can be used to keep the status quo, or may encourage further regulations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Supplemental Feeding; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Vessel Grounding Regulations In many areas, there are already regulations that target prop scarring to seagrasses and the seabed. Current boat grounding regulations should be evaluated to determine if additional regulations would be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Spearfishing Regulations Spearfishing is already prohibited in ecological reserves, sanctuary preservation areas, management areas, and special-use areas. There are additional considerations to be made to see if restrictions need to be extended in high priority areas. There may also be need to be further scientific study on the impacts of spearfishing. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fishing Gear/Fishing Methods Regulations In most regions there are already regulations that prohibit fishing methods that incorporate explosives, poisons, oil, and bleach. Further investigation may reveal additional methods, materials, or gear that should be prohibited as well. Regulations should aim to increase the use of low-impact gear (#194) in place of more destructive gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Dredging Regulations Dredging is oftentimes prohibited with certain exceptions. Dredging regulation often falls under other controls over the alteration of the seabed, discharging or depositing materials. At times dredging is necessary for navigation or other activities, necessitating .permitting mechanisms for allowing otherwise prohibited activities. Revising the regulations to help eliminate negative dredge-and-fill activities within a certain distance of corals would be beneficial because it would help promote the reestablishment of sensitive benthic communities. Reservoirs may require periodic dredging to remove sediment that may have collected. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sand & Rock Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Transportation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Coral Touching Regulations Currently touching, removing, damaging, distributing, and injuring any living or dead coral or coral formation is prohibited in Sanctuary Preservation Areas and Ecological Reserves. An investigation will be conducted to consider extending this prohibition to high-use, sensitive and vulnerable areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Contact Uses; Coral; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Bait Fishing and/or Catch & Release Trolling Regulations This option seeks to reduce or eliminate bait fishing, and catch & release trolling in fragile areas. First assessments must be conducted to measure the effects of bait fishing and catch & release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Develop Mobile Source Discharge Controls Pollution discharge controls regulate where different types of discharges are allowed and what acceptable quantities released are. Typically discharge controls target point sources in the form of effluent pipes (#280), but discharges also occur from mobile sources such as boats and ships. There may need to be revisions on where depositing fish, fish parts, bait, cooling water, engine exhaust, deck wash, and effluent can be released. In many areas, these items are often excluded as prohibited, and they should possibly be included. Pollution discharge controls are different from Water Quality Standards (#22) which set acceptable environmental limits and leave it up to the manager to meet those criteria. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Chemical Variables; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Large Ships; Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Activities Allowed in Existing Regulatory Zones There are five different types of regulatory zones within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary preservation Areas, Wildlife Management Areas, Existing Management Areas, and Special Use Areas. Each zone has a different set of prohibited or allowable activities. This type of diversity in zones allows for visitors to partake in the activity they desire, but in an area where the impact will be less severe. Allowable activities require periodic evaluation and may need to be changed or relocated to allow for recovery or to address other issues of concern. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation
Resource Use Management: Develop Live Collection Regulations Live collection is often more destructive than capture of food fishes because of the destructive methods used to remove live fish and invertebrates from the reef habitat. These methods include use of cyanide and explosives. Current methods should be assessed and alternatives should be developed or collection prohibited. World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Prevent Introduction of Invasive Species Preventing the introduction of invasive species involves public awareness of the invasive species, minimizing modes and prone areas for invasion, and detecting small populations for early eradication. Some common modes of terrestrial transportation include livestock and domestic animals, mowing equipment, and firewood. Clean equipment before transport to a new location. Remove soil from plants, and plant bare-root. Use high grade seed and weed free livestock feeds. Reduce opportunities for invasive plants by keeping native plant populations strong and healthy and seeding in cover crops to reduce barren soil. Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Ballast Discharge; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Environmental Education & Outreach; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Manufacturing & Trade; Transportation; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Develop Regulations for Sponge Fisheries Sponges play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration. Depending on the method of removal, this process can be very destructive to other reef fauna and habitat. Research is needed to compare impacts of different sponge fishing methods in different areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Educational & Research Opportunities; Encrusting Sponges; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Resource Use Management: Designated Uses The water quality standards regulation requires that States and Tribes specify appropriate water uses to be achieved and protected. Appropriate uses are identified by taking into consideration the use and value of the water body for public water supply, for protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and for recreational, agricultural, industrial, and navigational purposes. In designating uses for a water body, States and Tribes examine the suitability of a water body for the uses based on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the water body, its geographical setting and scenic qualities, and economic considerations. Each water body does not necessarily require a unique set of uses. Instead, the characteristics necessary to support a use can be identified so that water bodies having those characteristics can be grouped together as supporting particular uses. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Environmental Protection Agency. What are Water Quality Standards? Designated Uses. Water: Water Quality Standards Accessed 7/12/2011.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Marine Products; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restoration: Work with public outreach coordinator to inform the public about habitat restoration activities This response involves restoration teams providing information, photos, and videos to be used in press release, TV and radio, and magazine articles to inform the public about restoration projects for corals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Beach Vegatation Restoration Natural beaches are often host to important costal dune ecosystems. Due to tourism, much of the vegetation that comprises these dune ecosystems may be compromised. The natural vegetation provides an important ecosystem service, with roots providing deep stabilization against physical damage and removal of that sand. Without such vegetation sand and dunes can be completely washed away during hurricanes and other surge events. The dunes themselves offer some protection to nearby inland infrastructure during these same storm events. When the beach past the dunes is for public access it is beneficial to build raised walk-overs over the dune vegetation. This prevents trampling, which leads to dune blowouts. Natural Resources Conservation Service, editor. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Dune Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. US Department of Agriculture.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Culture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invasive Species; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Damage; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Restoration: Beach Renourishment and Nourishment Beaches are subject to natural accretion and erosion. Tourism is often best supported by wide, accessible, public sandy beaches. Beaches can be restored to counteract natural erosion by transporting large quantities of sand onto the beach. This sand often comes from nearby dredging. Caution should be used when restoring long sections of beaches, as often the area above the mean high tide line is littoral, or privately owned, and restoration of these beaches can impact these property rights, see "Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2010) U.S. Supreme Court decision." Beach protection or nourishment offers an alternative to this often expensive and abrupt type of renourishment, nourishment involves practices which encourage coastal accretion and discourage erosional forces. See "Florida's Beach and Shore Preservation Act" for some restrictions on this. NOAA Coastal Services Center. Beach Nourishment: A Guide for Local Government Officials. Coastal Services Center Accessed 6/17/2011.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Culture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementing engineering techniques that allow natural processes and plants to act as filters. Such techniques would include using grass parking and turf covered swales. Many of these techniques, such as reversed elevations for planted areas in parking lots, can demonstrate benefits both as natural filters and for the vegetation that are used since it eliminates the need to water them with irrigation systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Basic Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bioretention System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Constructed Wetland. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Filter Strips. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Reversed Elevations System for Parking Lots and Planting Areas. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Riparian Forest Buffer. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Roadway Landscape Treatment System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Pond Design. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Pet Waste Cleanup Ordinance & Education In residential areas, pet waste can contributes to the large amount of nutrients and pathogens that enter the water through stormwater runoff. This is especially useful in regions such as Gu�nica, Puerto Rico where there are a lot of stray dogs. Education for pet-owners and possible ordinance would help decrease harmful pathogens reaching corals through stormwater runoff and reduce eutrophication. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Animal Waste Collection. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/18/2011.

Clary, J., Leisenring, M., and Jeray, J. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Pollutant Category Summary: Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Wright Water Engineers.

Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biological Addition; Chemical Variables; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Domestic Animal Waste; Environmental Education & Outreach; Health; Health Policies; Invasive Species; Landscaping & Household Services; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Stormwater Management; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Water; Water Resources; Water Utilities Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Plans: Reducing Pollution Discharges from Marinas and Live-Aboards This plan strives to reduced pollution discharges through more strictly enforcing already-existing regulations for discharging. This includes enforcing regulations that restrict boaters from releasing sewage into state waters and requiring connecting toilets to shore-side plumbing. Also, this entails enforcing "no-discharge" zones where live-aboard vessels congregate or where there is history of violation issues with sewage release. The third component to this plan would be to develop and education plan to educate boaters on how/why to reduce pollution from their vessels. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet.

2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas.

Biological Addition; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Sewage Treatment; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Mooring Buoy Management Installing mooring buoys is encouraged in order to prevent damage to corals from anchors. Areas that experience a lot of traffic from recreation and fishing will experience damage from vessel groundings and boat gear. Mooring buoys help to minimize damage to corals and at the same time provide access to water resources. Mooring buoys protect as well as lower resource-use conflicts. Mooring buoy management is achieved through maintaining existing mooring buoys; assessing current buoy technology; reviewing visitor-use and boating data; developing sitting criteria; recommending new sites; conducting site assessments; installing additional buoys; and implementing vessel size limits in high-use and sensitive areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Altmeier, Bernie. FKNMS Mooring Buoy Mainenance. NOAA: FKNMS Mooring Buoy Manual Accessed 3/23/2011.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Waterway Management: Boat Access Plan An optimal boat access strategy involves conducting a survey of all public and private boat access points throughout the area. Once entry and exit sites are identified, channel markings can be placed accordingly. An effective strategy must also consider boat access needs, location, and intensity of use. This will help to efficiently mark the waterways so that there can be a reduction in damage to reefs, seagrasses and wetlands. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
25 Virgin Islands Code. Under Title 25, in addition to requirements for boat registration and administration of harbors, among other things, sections pertaining to the mooring and anchoring of vessels and houseboats provide for the protection of important marine resources in USVI waters. The Law requires mandatory boating education and safety courses for all boat operators.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mooring and anchoring are restricted and not allowed near fragile systems. Not anchoring on coral reefs is abig plus of this legislation.

Legislative Actions:Penalties for violation of the Chapter include fines not to exceed $1,000, a lien on the vessel and potential libel suit

Comments:A houseboat or vessel is allowed to moor or anchor only in those areas designated by the Department. Section 404(g) of the legislation lists areas designated as areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Boating Regulations; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Transportation Policies
Air Pollution Control, 62-204 Florida Administrative Code (1996). 62-204.100 Purpose and Scope. (1) This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. (2) In addition, this chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have been adopted; further designates certain attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as air quality maintenance areas for particular pollutants; classifies all areas of the state as Class I, Class II, or Class III for determining which set of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) increments apply; and designates all attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as one or more PSD areas for determining which pollutant-specific PSD baseline dates apply. This chapter also sets forth procedures for redesignating and reclassifying areas as above. (3) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to identify the Florida State Implementation Plan (SIP) required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51; to set forth the public notice and hearing requirements that the Department will adhere to for making SIP revisions; and to set forth the definitions, criteria, and procedures that the Department will use to review a federal agency�s general conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart W; and to adopt by reference an interagency memorandum of agreement that the Department will comply with to review any transportation conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart T. The provisions to 40 C.F.R. 51.853 require that a federal agency make a general conformity determination for any federal agency action in a nonattainment or maintenance area, to ensure that such action is consistent with the SIP and that such federal conformity determination be reviewed by the affected state. The provisions of 40 C.F.R. 51.394 require that a transportation conformity determination be made for the adoption, acceptance, approval, or support of certain transportation plans, transportation improvement programs, and transportation projects in nonattainment and maintenance areas for transportation-related criteria pollutants to ensure that such actions are consistent with the SIP. (4) Finally, this chapter adopts and incorporates by reference federal air pollution control regulations which are referenced in whole or in part throughout the Department�s air pollution control rules.

Application to Coral Reefs:By reducing emmissions to air, particularly carbon dioxide, the pH of ocean waters will not be reduced and that is a direct benefit to coral reefs, since a reduction in pH is believed to be detrimental to corals.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassified with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have benn adopted.

Comments:This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Use Regulations; CO2; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Transportation Policies; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Amendment to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations revising the boundary of the northernmost area to be avoided off the coast of Florida, Federal Register § Volume 65, Number226 (2000). NOAA, in conjunction with the US Coast Guard, proposed to revise the northernmost area to be avoided (ATBA) off the coast of the Florida Keys. The change was expected to increaase maritime safety and to avoid harm to the marine environment and its resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:The amendments directly protect coral reefs because the change of the nothernmost area presented in the regulation as Area To Be Avoided resulted in large vessels not entering the area that had been the site of large vessel groundings.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in conjunction with the US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Civil Engineering & Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Cruise Ships; Fish; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Reef Inhabitants; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Amendment to the U.S. Caribbean Fishery Management Plans, Code of Federal Regulations § 600 and 622. NMFS issues this final rule to implement a comprehensive amendment prepared by the Caribbean Fishery Management Council (Council) to amend its Reef Fish, Spiny Lobster, Queen Conch, and Coral Fishery Management Plans (FMPs). The comprehensive amendment is designed to ensure the FMPs are fully compliant with the provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act). This final rule redefines the fishery management units for the FMPs; establishes seasonal closures; imposes gear restrictions and requirements; revises requirements for marking pots and traps; and prohibits the filleting of fish at sea. In addition, the comprehensive amendment establishes biological reference points and stock status criteria; establishes rebuilding schedules and strategies to end overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks; provides for standardized collection of bycatch data; minimizes bycatch and bycatch mortality to the extent practicable; designates essential fish habitat (EFH) and EFH habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs); and minimizes adverse impacts on such habitat to the extent practicable. The intended effect of this final rule is to achieve optimum yield in the fisheries and provide social and economic benefits associated with maintaining healthy stocks.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects coral reefs in the USVI and Puerto Rico from overfishing reef resources, specifically reef fish, lobster, and queen conch taking. It establishs seasonal closures, restrictions on the gear used, lists areas of specific biological reference points, and has a schedule and strategy for restocking fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants
Chapter 2: Protection of indigenous, endangered and threatened fish, wildlife and plants, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates activities, including scientific research, that could affect indigenous species and species considered at risk (threatened) or endangered, establishes species of special concern and habitats that should be protected, requires permits for trimming mangroves

Application to Coral Reefs:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Legislative Actions:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Dredge and Fill Activities, 62-312 Florida Administrative Code. This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department pursuant to Sections 403.91 through 403.929, F.S. Dredging or filling which is grandfathered by subsections 403.913(6), (8) and (9), F.S., is governed by Rules 62-312.150 and 62-312.160, F.A.C. The requirements of this part are in addition to and not in lieu of the water quality standards which are required by other portions of these sections. Except for the definitions contained in Rule 62-312.020, F.A.C., which shall also apply to activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., the provisions of this Part shall only apply to activities in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District and to activities grandfathered under Sections 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15) and (16), F.S. Specific Authority 373.414(11)-(16), 373.4145, 403.805(1) FS. Law Implemented 373.409, 373.413, 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15), (16), 373.4145, 373.416, 373.418, 403.061, 403.813, 403.814 FS. History�New 12-10-84, Amended 8-7-85, Formerly 17-12.010, 17-312.010, Amended 10-3-95.

Application to Coral Reefs:The permit reviewers will require BMP for dredge and fill activities. This will include siltation reduction methods that will keep sediment, nutrient and other contaminants from leaving the work site and getting into the water column and potentially reaching sensitive ecosysten, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department for dredge and fill activities. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals, 73 Federal Register § 6895 (2008). To make it unlawful, to import or export the species into or from the US, to take the species within the US or territorial seas of the US, to take the species upon the high seas, to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship by any means whatsoever the species taken in violation, to deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce, by any means whatsoever and in the course of a commercial activity the species, to sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce the species, to violate any regulation pertaining to the species.

Application to Coral Reefs:The deignation of Acropa palmeta and Acropa cervicornis as threathened species will allow the species advantages in recovery. The designation protects the reef habitat because the species must have the reef to reproduce and grow.

Legislative Actions:Section 11 of the ESA provides civil and criminal penalties for a violation of the ESA.

Comments: 		NOAA

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Opportunities; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; Final Rule, 73 Federal Register § 72210. We, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final rule designating critical habitat for elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which we listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four specific areas are designated: the Florida area, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area, which comprises approximately 121 square miles (313 sq km) of marine habitat; and the St. Croix area, which comprises approximately 126 square miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We are excluding one military site, comprising approximately 5.5 square miles (14.3 sq km), because of national security impacts.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law protects coral habitat for elkhorn and staghorn coral which strenghtens their protection in the FKNMS, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final
rule designating critical habitat for
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and
staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which
we listed as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four
specific areas are designated: the Florida
area, which comprises approximately
1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of
marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area,
which comprises approximately 1,383
square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine
habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area,
which comprises approximately 121
square miles (313 sq km) of marine
habitat; and the St. Croix area, which
comprises approximately 126 square
miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We
are excluding one military site,
comprising approximately 5.5 square
miles (14.3 sq km), because of national
security impacts. 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 12962, Recreational Fisheries, 60 Federal Register (1995). Federal agencies are directed to improve the quantity, function, sustainable productivity, and distribution of U.S. aquatic resources for increased recreational fishing opportunities in cooperation with states and tribes.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Service Act of 1956, 16 United States Code § 742. Establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also includes the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment, and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. Among other things, it authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources, including, but not limited to, research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interests therein.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act is written for the support of commercial and recreational fisherpersons so that they enjoy the benefits of the Nation's fishery resources.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
 Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Anchoring on Tortugas Bank, Federal Register § Volume 63, Number 158 (1998). The regulation reinstates and makes permanent the temporary prohibition on anchoring by vessels 50 meters or greater in registered length on the Tortugas Bank west of the Dry Tortugas National Park within the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition on anchoring protects coral reefs and benthic habitats from physical damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments: 		Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs); Regulations to establish a No Discharge Zone (NDZ) for State waters within the boundary of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary,Code of Federal Regulations § 40 CFR Part 140, 67 FR 35735. US EPA established a no discharge zone within the boundaies of the FKNMS pursuant to section 312 (f) (4) (a) of the Clean Water Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition of waste discharges protects reefs system from eutrophication by the nutrients in waste (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as the debris and sediment in the waste.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Algae; Ballast Discharge; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proposed Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2005, 2007 and 2009,. To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:When passed, the Amendments, among other issues, would reauthorize the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 and authorize appropriations through fiscal 2012 for the coral reef conservation program and community- based planning grants. Will authorize activities designed to minimize the likelihood of vessel impacts or other physical dammage to coral reefs, including activities to identify certain at-risk coral reefs. Promote international cooperation, codify the US Coral Reef Task Force.

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The amendments would not add regulations to the Act. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; CO2; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Water Resources Planning Act of 1965, as amended through 2000, 42 United States Code § 1692. Established the Water Resources Council to be comprised of Cabinet representatives, including the Secretary of the Interior. The Council reviews river basin plans with respect to agricultural, urban, energy, industrial, recreational, and fish and wildlife needs. The Act also established a grant program to assist states in participating in the development of comprehensive water and land use plans.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation

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