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Collaboration & Partnering

Collaboration & Partnering

Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Collaboration and partneringcan improve the effectiveness of monitoring, research, and decisions by integrating the efforts of academic and government institutions, or by utilizing the knowledge and support of local stakeholders.

CMap

Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Decision Support is a broad, generic term that encompasses all aspects related to supporting people in making decisions. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Funding and incentives are budgetary decisions by public administration to improve the effectiveness of decisions through daily operations, research, monitoring, and outreach. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Public Administration includes government institutions that administer, oversee, and manage governmental programs. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. Security and public administration policies are responses to improve the decision-making and enforcement abilities of governmental institutions. Security policies include all actions that ensure the public is safe and secure. Security policies include all actions that ensure the public is safe and secure. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Valuation is the process of estimating the worth, merit, or desirability of benefits derived from ecosystems.

CMap Description

A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses from public administration to manage and reduce stressors on the reef ecosystem for the benefit of society. Collaboration and partnering can improve the effectiveness of management and scientific research by integrating the efforts of academic and government institutions, or incorporating the knowledge and support of local stakeholders.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Chen, CP; Tseng, CH; Chen, CA; Tang, SL. 2011. The dynamics of microbial partnerships in the coral Isopora palifera. ISME Journal 5:728-740. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Elfman, L; Tooke, NE; Patring, JDM. 2011. Detection of pesticides used in rice cultivation in streams on the island of Leyte in the Philippines. Agricultural Water Management 101:81-87. 2011 Global; Southeast Asia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Evans, LS; Brown, K; Allison, EH. 2011. Factors Influencing Adaptive Marine Governance in a Developing Country Context: a Case Study of Southern Kenya. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 Kenya; Oman Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Game, ET; Lipsett-Moore, G; Hamilton, R; Peterson, N; Kereseka, J; Atu, W; Watts, M; Possingham, H. 2011. Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands. Conservation Letters 4:38-46. 2011 Solomon Islands GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Goater, S; Derne, B; Weinstein, P. 2011. Critical Issues in the Development of Health Information Systems in Supporting Environmental Health: A Case Study of Ciguatera. Environmental Health Perspectives 119:585-590. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Health Policies; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology 25:1044-1052. 2011 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Maxam, A., P. Lyew-Ayee, and K. McIntyre. 2011. A Classification of the Protection Provided by Coral Reef Systems in Jamaica - Utilizing GIS and Oceanographic Methods of Analysis. Mona Geoinformatics Institute, St. Andrew (Jamaica). 2011 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Jamaica; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Belize; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Meadows, A. 2011. Wildlife Conservation Education And International Programmes. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21:305-316. 2011 Global Review; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Invasive Species; Mangroves
Munoz, PD; Murillo, FJ; Sayago-Gil, M; Serrano, A; Laporta, M; Otero, I; Gomez, C. 2011. Effects of deep-sea bottom longlining on the Hatton Bank fish communities and benthic ecosystem, north-east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:939-952. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Littering; Marine Birds; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rohr, JR; Dobson, AP; Johnson, PTJ; Kilpatrick, AM; Paull, SH; Raffel, TR; Ruiz-Moreno, D; Thomas, MB. 2011. Frontiers in climate change-disease research. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:270-277. 2011 Review; Model Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Pathogens
Rosic, NN; Pernice, M; Dove, S; Dunn, S; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Gene expression profiles of cytosolic heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 from symbiotic dinoflagellates in response to thermal stress: possible implications for coral bleaching. Cell Stress & Chaperones 16:69-80. 2011 Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Strubin, C; Steinegger, M; Bshary, R. 2011. On Group Living and Collaborative Hunting in the Yellow Saddle Goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus). Ethology 117:961-969. 2011 Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Thieblemont, C; Briere, J; Mounier, N; Voelker, HU; Cuccuini, W; Hirchaud, E; Rosenwald, A; Jack, A; Sundstrom, C; Cogliatti, S; Trougouboff, P; Boudova, L; Ysebaert, L; Soulier, J; Chevalier, C; Bron, D; Schmitz, N; Gaulard, P; Houlgatte, R; Gisselbrecht. 2011. The Germinal Center/Activated B-Cell Subclassification Has a Prognostic Impact for Response to Salvage Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Bio-CORAL Study. Journal Of Clinical Oncology 29:4079-4087. 2011 Model; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering
Webster, NS; Botte, ES; Soo, RM; Whalan, S. 2011. The larval sponge holobiont exhibits high thermal tolerance. Environmental Microbiology Reports 3:756-762. 2011 Global; Australia Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sponges
Whitall, D. R., B. M. Costa, L. J. Bauer, A. Dieppa, and S. D. Hile, editors. 2011. A Baseline Assessment of the Ecological Resources of Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 133, NOAA, Silver Spring, (MD, USA). 2011 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Almany, G. R., R. J. Hamilton, D. H. Williamson, R. D. Evans, G. P. Jones, M. Matawai, T. Potuku, K. L. Rhodes, G. R. Russ, and B. Sawynok. 2010. Research partnerships with local communities: two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia. Coral Reefs 29:567-576. 2010 Australia; Papua New Guinea Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Anton, C., J. Young, P. A. Harrison, M. Musche, G. Bela, C. K. Feld, R. Harrington, J. R. Haslett, G. Pataki, M. D. A. Rounsevell, M. Skourtos, J. P. Sousa, M. T. Sykes, R. Tinch, M. Vandewalle, A. Watt, and J. Settele. 2010. Research needs for incorporating the ecosystem service approach into EU biodiversity conservation policy. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2979-2994. 2010 Review; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation
Bohnet, I. C. 2010. Integrating social and ecological knowledge for planning sustainable land- and sea-scapes: experiences from the Great Barrier Reef region, Australia. Landscape Ecology 25:1201-1218. 2010 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Valuation
Campbell, R. J., N. Ledesma, G. Zill, J. C. Herrera, and J. Leon. 2010. Collecting Pouterias (Pouteria spp.), Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) and Caimito (Chrysophyllum cainito) for the Creation of New Markets. Journal Of The American Pomological Society 64:24-27. 2010 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Nicaragua; Costa Rica Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Collaboration & Partnering; Landscaping & Household Services
Clarke, P. and S. D. Jupiter. 2010. Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji). Environmental Conservation 37:98-106. 2010 Fiji Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
DeSalvo, M. K., S. Sunagawa, P. L. Fisher, C. R. Voolstra, R. Iglesias-Prieto, and M. Medina. 2010. Coral host transcriptomic states are correlated with Symbiodinium genotypes. Molecular Ecology 19:1174-1186. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Eakin, C. M., J. A. Morgan, S. F. Heron, T. B. Smith, G. Liu, L. Alvarez-Filip, B. Baca, E. Bartels, C. Bastidas, C. Bouchon, M. Brandt, A. W. Bruckner, L. Bunkley-Williams, A. Cameron, B. D. Causey, M. Chiappone, T. R. L. Christensen, M. J. C. Crabbe, O. Day, and de la Guardia. 2010. Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005. PLoS One 5:e13969. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sea Temperatures
Ferse, S. C. A., M. M. Costa, K. S. Manez, D. S. Adhuri, and M. Glaser. 2010. Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation. Environmental Conservation 37:23-34. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Jenkins, A. P., S. D. Jupiter, I. Qauqau, and J. Atherton. 2010. The importance of ecosystem-based management for conserving aquatic migratory pathways on tropical high islands: a case study from Fiji. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:224-238. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji; Papua New Guinea GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
LaJeunesse, T. C., R. Smith, M. Walther, J. Pinzon, D. T. Pettay, M. McGinley, M. Aschaffenburg, P. Medina-Rosas, A. L. Cupul-Magana, A. L. Perez, H. Reyes-Bonilla, and M. E. Warner. 2010. Host-symbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coral-dinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:2925-2934. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Invasive Species; Stony Coral
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Rogers, C. S. 2010. Words matter: recommendations for clarifying coral disease nomenclature and terminology. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 91:167-175. 2010 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Pathogens
Sagoff, M. 2010. The quantification and valuation of ecosystem services. Ecological Economics [inpress]. 2010 Collaboration & Partnering; Valuation
Sarkis, S., P. J. H. VanBeukering, and E. McKenzie, editors. 2010. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF BERMUDA�S CORAL REEFS: Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Department of Conservation Services, Bermuda. 2010 Bermuda Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Economic Markets & Policies; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Scopelitis, J., S. Andrefouet, S. Phinn, L. Arroyo, M. Dalleau, A. Cros, and P. Chabanet. 2010. The next step in shallow coral reef monitoring: Combining remote sensing and in situ approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1956-1968. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering
Shank, T. M. 2010. Seamounts Deep-Ocean Laboratories of Faunal Connectivity, Evolution, and Endemism. Oceanography 23:108-122. 2010 Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector
Sheppard, C., M. Al-Husiani, F. Al-Jamali, F. Al-Yamani, R. Baldwin, J. Bishop, F. Benzoni, E. Dutrieux, N. K. Dulvy, S. R. V. Durvasula, D. A. Jones, R. Loughland, D. Medio, M. Nithyanandan, G. M. Pilling, I. Polikarpov, A. R. G. Price, S. Purkis, B. Riegl, and M. Saburova. 2010. The Gulf: A young sea in decline. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:13-38. 2010 Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
van Beukering, P. J. H., S. Sarkis, E. McKenzie, S. Hess, L. Brander, M. Roelfsema, L. Looijenstijn-van der Putten, and T. Bervoets. 2010. Total Economic Value of Bermuda�s Coral Reefs Valuation of Ecosystem Services. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Economic Markets & Policies; Fish; Monetary Valuation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
van Beukering, P. J. H., S. Sarkis, E. McKenzie, S. Hess, L. Brander, M. Roelfsema, L. Looijenstijn-van der Putten, and T. Bervoets. 2010. Total economic value of bermuda�s coral reefs: valuation of ecosystem services. Van Beukering Consulting, Amsterdam, NL. 2010 Bermuda Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Voinov, A. and F. Bousquet. 2010. Modelling with stakeholders. Environmental Modelling & Software 25:1268-1281. 2010 Oman Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Special Use Permitting
Wicks, L. C., E. Sampayo, J. P. A. Gardner, and S. K. Davy. 2010. Local endemicity and high diversity characterise high-latitude coral-Symbiodinium partnerships. Coral Reefs 29:989-1003. 2010 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Octocoral
Wilson, S. K., M. Adjeroud, D. R. Bellwood, M. L. Berumen, D. Booth, Y. M. Bozec, P. Chabanet, A. Cheal, J. Cinner, M. Depczynski, D. A. Feary, M. Gagliano, N. A. J. Graham, A. R. Halford, B. S. Halpern, A. R. Harborne, A. S. Hoey, S. J. Holbrook, G. P. Jones, M. Kulbiki, and Letourneu. 2010. Crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:894-900. 2010 Global Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Yasue, M., L. Kaufman, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Assessing ecological changes in and around marine reserves using community perceptions and biological surveys. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:407-418. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Yender, R. A. and J. Michel, editors. 2010. Oil Spills in Coral Reefs: Planning & Respoinse Considerations, Second Edition. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Petroleum Spills
Aguilar-Perera, A., C. Gonzalez-Salas, A. Tuz-Sulub, and H. Villegas-Hernandez. 2009. Fishery of the Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Epinephelidae) based on local ecological knowledge and fishery records in Yucatan, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:557-566. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Armada, N., A. T. White, and P. Christie. 2009. Managing Fisheries Resources in Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines: An Ecosystem-Based Approach. Coastal Management 37:308-330. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Ban, N. C., G. J. A. Hansen, M. Jones, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2009. Systematic marine conservation planning in data-poor regions: Socioeconomic data is essential. Marine Policy 33:794-800. 2009 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Bartlett, C. Y., K. Pakoa, and C. Manua. 2009. Marine reserve phenomenon in the Pacific islands. Marine Policy 33:673-678. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Marine Protected Areas
Bourne, D. G., M. Garren, T. M. Work, E. Rosenberg, G. W. Smith, and C. D. Harvell. 2009. Microbial disease and the coral holobiont. Trends in Microbiology 17:554-562. 2009 Global Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Butardo-Toribio, M. Z., P. M. Alino, and E. S. Guiang. 2009. Cost-Benefit Study of Marine Protected Areas: Implications on Financing and Institutional Needs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:153-169. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Callaway, A., J. Smyth, C. J. Brown, R. Quinn, M. Service, and D. Long. 2009. The impact of scour processes on a smothered reef system in the Irish Sea. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:409-418. 2009 Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sediment
Camargo, C., J. H. Maldonado, E. Alvarado, R. Moreno-Sanchez, S. Mendoza, N. Manrique, A. Mogollon, J. D. Osorio, A. Grajales, and J. A. Sanchez. 2009. Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:935-956. 2009 South & Central America; Oman; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Church, R. A., D. J. Warren, and J. B. Irion. 2009. Analysis of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico: Artificial Reef Effect of Six World War II Shipwrecks. Oceanography 22:50-63. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Invertebrates; Marine Vertebrates; Schools & Colleges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Cragg, G. M. and D. J. Newman. 2009. Nature: a vital source of leads for anticancer drug development. Phytochemistry Reviews 8:313-331. 2009 Review; Model Collaboration & Partnering
Cruz-Trinidad, A., R. C. Geronimo, and P. M. Alino. 2009. Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:173-180. 2009 Philippines Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Deng, W. F., G. J. Wei, X. H. Li, K. F. Yu, J. X. Zhao, W. D. Sun, and Y. Liu. 2009. Paleoprecipitation record from coral Sr/Ca and delta O-18 during the mid Holocene in the northern South China Sea. Holocene 19:811-821. 2009 China Model; Index or Indicator Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Salinity
Eberhard, R., C. J. Robinson, J. Waterhouse, J. Parslow, B. Hart, R. Grayson, and B. Taylor. 2009. Adaptive management for water quality planning - from theory to practice. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1189-1195. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Fernandes, L., J. Day, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, G. De'ath, B. Mapstone, R. Coles, T. Done, H. Marsh, I. Poiner, T. Ward, D. Williams, and R. Kenchington. 2009. A process to design a network of marine no-take areas: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:439-447. 2009 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Hourigan, T. F. 2009. Managing fishery impacts on deep-water coral ecosystems of the USA: emerging best practices. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:333-340. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kroon, F. J., C. J. Robinson, and A. P. Dale. 2009. Integrating knowledge to inform water quality planning in the Tully-Murray basin, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1183-1188. 2009 Australia Collaboration & Partnering
Lane, M. B. and C. J. Robinson. 2009. Institutional complexity and environmental management: The challenge of integration and the promise of large-scale collaboration. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16:16-24. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
McClinktock, W., M. Merrifield, and C. Steinback. 2009. MarineMap: Decision Support for Marine Spatial Planning. UC Santa Barbara, Ecotrust, and The Nature Conservancy. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support
Nelson, D.M., T. Haverland, and E. Finnen. 2009. EcoGIS - GIS Tools for Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries Management. Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 75, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring (MD, USA). 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Sashidhara, K. V., K. N. White, and P. Crews. 2009. A selective account of effective paradigms and significant outcomes in the discovery of inspirational marine natural products. Journal of Natural Products 72:588-603. 2009 Review Collaboration & Partnering; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges
Sibuet, M. and A. Vangriesheim. 2009. Deep-sea environment and biodiversity of the West African Equatorial margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:2156-2168. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smajgl, A., S. Morris, and S. Heckbert. 2009. Water policy impact assessment - combining modelling techniques in the Great Barrier Reef region. Water Policy 11:191-202. 2009 Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support
Smith, R. T., J. H. Pinzon, and T. C. LaJeunesse. 2009. Symbiodinium (Dinophyta) Diversity And Stability In Aquarium Corals. Journal of Phycology 45:1030-1036. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Collaboration & Partnering; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Stone, R., D. White, R. Guest, and B. Francis. 2009. The Virtual Scylla: An exploration of \serious games\", artificial life and simulation complexity". Virtual Reality 13:13-25. 2009 Europe; England Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Tweedie, J. 2009. Always finding a \better way of doing things\"". Geodrilling International 151:20-21. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2009. Federal Member Coral Profiles. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2009 Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering
UNCWI. 2009. Healthy Watersheds through Healthy Forests. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering; Drinking Water Supply; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ward, R. D., R. Hanner, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL. Journal of Fish Biology 74:329-356. 2009 Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
Wooldridge, S. A. and T. J. Done. 2009. Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of climate change on corals. Ecological Applications 19:1492-1499. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures
World Resources Institute. 2009. Value of coral reefs & mangroves in the caribbean: economic valuation methodology v3.0. 2009 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Belize; Caribbean Review Collaboration & Partnering; Cruise Ships; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Yokoo, T., T. Sakamoto, K. Kanou, M. Moteki, H. Kohno, P. Tongnunui, and H. Kurokura. 2009. Morphological characters and occurrence patterns of juveniles of two estuarine gobies, Acentrogobius kranjiensis and Acentrogobius malayanus, verified by molecular identification. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2805-2819. 2009 Thailand Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2008. Bucking bindery trends. Printing Impressions 50:58. 2008 Collaboration & Partnering
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Ben-Tzvi, O., M. Kiflawi, S. D. Gaines, M. Al-Zibdah, M. S. Sheeny, G. L. Paradis, and A. Abelson. 2008. Tracking recruitment pathways of Chromis viridis in the Gulf of Aqaba using otolith chemistry. Marine Ecology Progress Series 359:229-238. 2008 Egypt Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bokma, B. H., E. P. J. Gibbs, A. A. Aguirre, and B. Kaplan. 2008. A resolution by the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine in support of \One Health\"". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1149:8-Apr. 2008 Collaboration & Partnering; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Bradley, P., W. Davis, W. Fisher, H. Bell, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2008. Biological criteria for protection of U.S. coral reefs. Pages 1078-1082 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Bradshaw, C. J. A., B. M. Fitzpatrick, C. C. Steinberg, B. W. Brook, and M. G. Meekan. 2008. Decline in whale shark size and abundance at Ningaloo Reef over the past decade: The world's largest fish is getting smaller. Biological Conservation 141:1894-1905. 2008 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Chang, Y.-C., M.-T. Lee, and K.-C. Lai. 2008. Web-based information management system for the Long Term Ecological Research program in kenting, Taiwan. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 16:174-181. 2008 Taiwan GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Housing; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
deJongh Jr., J. P., editor. 2008. United States Virgin Islands comprehensive economic development strategy. USVI Bureau of Economic Research, Unites States Virgin Islands. 2008 US Virgin Islands Collaboration & Partnering; Economic Markets & Policies; Housing
D'Entremont, A., J. Kaariainen, and K. Baker. 2008. SERPENT of the Deep - Research, monitoring and partnerships for a deepwater well off atlantic canada. Pages 1493-1500 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Schools & Colleges; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Duarte, C. M., W. C. Dennison, R. J. W. Orth, and T. J. B. Carruthers. 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: Addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31:233-238. 2008 Collaboration & Partnering; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Francini-Filho, R. B. and R. L. Moura. 2008. Evidence for spillover of reef fishes from a no-take marine reserve: An evaluation using the before-after control-impact (BACI) approach. Fisheries Research 93:346-356. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Granek, E. F., E. M. P. Madin, M. A. Brown, W. Figueira, D. S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, J. E. Williams, J. Post, S. Zahn, and R. Arlinghaus. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22:1125-1134. 2008 Global; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Greiner-Wronowa, E. 2008. Glass decoration elements - History and technology. Pages 505-510 in Advanced Materials Research. 2008 Collaboration & Partnering
Hennige, S. 2008. Harvesting light. Planet Earth 18-19. 2008 Algae; Collaboration & Partnering; Zooxanthellae
Holmberg, J., B. Norman, and Z. Arzoumanian. 2008. Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecological Applications 18:222-233. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Irion, J. B., D. Ball, and C. E. Horrell. 2008. The US government's role in deepwater archaeology: The deep gulf Wrecks project. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 12:75-81. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Metzger, M.J., D. Schroter, R. Leemans, W. Cramer. 2008. A spatially explicit and quantitative vulnerability assessment of ecosystem service change in Europe. Regional Environmental Change 3:91-107. 2008 Global; Europe Model; Index or Indicator Climate; Collaboration & Partnering
NOAA; The Nature Conservancy. 2008. Creosote Assessment in Puget Sound Beaches. NOAA. 2008 Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas; Sediment
Pittman, S. J., S. D. Hile, C. F. G. Jeffrey, C. Caldow, M. S. Kendall, M. E. Monaco, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Fish assemblages and benthic habitats of Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) and the surrounding seascape: a characterization of spatial and temporal patterns. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E. 2008. Community involvement in marine protected areas: The case of Puerto Morelos reef, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management 88:1151-1160. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Roelfsema, C. and S. Phinn. 2008. Evaluating eight field and remote sensing approaches for mapping the benthos of three different coral reef environments in Fiji. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 7150. 2008 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Sonak, S., P. Pangam, and A. Giriyan. 2008. Green reconstruction of the tsunami-affected areas in India using the integrated coastal zone management concept. Journal of Environmental Management 89:14-23. 2008 Global; Sri Lanka; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure
Teh, L. C. L., L. S. L. Teh, and F. C. Chung. 2008. A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3061-3077. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tessier, E., L. Bigot, C. Cadet, B. Cauvin, P. Chabanet, C. Conand, J.-B. Nicet, and J.-P. Quod. 2008. Coral reefs of Reunion Island in 2007: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de la Reunion en 2007: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:85-102. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Valassi, A., R. Basset, M. Clemencic, G. Pucciani, S. A. Schmidt, and M. Wache. 2008. Cool, LCG conditions database for the IHC experiments: Development and deployment status. Pages 3021-3028 in IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 2008 Europe Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Waddell, J. E. and A. M. Clarke, editors. 2008. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOS NCCOS 73, NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment�s Biogeography Team, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Internet & Telecommunications
Wase, N. V. and P. C. Wright. 2008. Systems biology of cyanobacterial secondary metabolite production and its role in drug discovery. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 3:903-929. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Wulff, J. L. 2008. Collaboration among sponge species increases sponge diversity and abundance in a seagrass meadow. Marine Ecology 29:193-204. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges
Yost, R. W. and E. L. F. Gonzalez. 2008. A coral reef as an analogical model to promote collaborative learning on cultural & ethnic diversity in science. American Biology Teacher 70:39-43. 2008 Model Collaboration & Partnering
[No author name available]. 2007. Alien invaders - Nowhere to hide. Pages 31-33 MER - Marine Engineers Review. 2007 Review Ballast Discharge; Collaboration & Partnering; Cruise Ships
Aswani, S., S. Albert, A. Sabetian, and T. Furusawa. 2007. Customary management as precautionary and adaptive principles for protecting coral reefs in Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:1009-1021. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Chakalall, B., R. Mahon, P. McConney, L. Nurse, and D. Oderson. 2007. Governance of fisheries and other living marine resources in the Wider Caribbean. Fisheries Research 87:92-99. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Erlandson, J. M., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. A. Estes, and R. S. Steneck. 2007. The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Fenton, N., m. Neil, W. Marsh, P. Hearty, D. Marquez, P. Krause, and R. Mishra. 2007. Predicting software defects in varying development lifecycles using Bayesian nets. Information and Software Technology 49:32-43. 2007 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support
Greenwood, M. A. 2007. Watery laboratory whets interest. Photonics Spectra 41:148. 2007 Florida Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Sponges
Hagan, A. B., R. Foster, N. Perera, C. A. Gunawan, I. Silaban, Y. Yaha, Y. Manuputty, I. Hazam, and G. Hodgson. 2007. Tsunami impacts in Aceh Province and North Sumatra, Indonesia. Atoll Research Bulletin 37-54. 2007 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Indonesia Collaboration & Partnering; Social Organizations
Jones, A., S. J. Slade, A. J. Williams, B. D. Mapstone, and K. J. Kane. 2007. Pitfalls and benefits of involving industry in fisheries research: A case study of the live reef fish industry in Queensland, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:428-442. 2007 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Lund, K. and A. R. Wilbur. 2007. Habitat classification feasibility study for coastal and marine environments in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Nassiri, N. 2007. Materials: Coral bone substitute proves able to heal bone fast and effectively. Pages 3-Jan Biomedical Materials. 2007 Europe; France Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Simpson, B. W. 2007. Lessons for achieving effective management from field research on agrochemicals. Pages 338-359 in ACS Symposium Series. 2007 Australia; Mauritius Field Study & Monitoring Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wilson, A. 2007. Nonwoven support - From Boscombe Pier to Palm Jumeirah. Technical Textiles International 16:25-28. 2007 Global; United Arab Emirates; Europe Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Road Construction & Maintenance; Shoreline Protection
Babinsky, H., L. Cattafesta, and G. Abate. 2006. Design considerations for a micro aerial vehicle aerodynamic characterization facility at the University of Florida research and engineering education facility. Pages 713-722 in Collection of Technical Papers - 25th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference. 2006 Florida Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Balaram, V., M. L. Patil, A. K. Agrawal, D. V. Subba Rao, S. N. Charan, M. Satyanarayanan, R. Mathur, K. Kapilavastu, D. S. Sarma, M. Sankara Gowda, S. L. Ramesh, P. Sangurmath, K. V. Anjaiah, B. Dasaram, R. K. Saxena, and Z. Begum. 2006. Preparation and certification of high-grade gold geochemical reference material. Accreditation and Quality Assurance 11:329-335. 2006 Tanzania; India; China Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
Beecham, B. 2006. 'Eclipse' - A New Wave dive catamaran for the Great Barrier Reef. Work Boat World 25:30. 2006 Australia Collaboration & Partnering
Brown, C. J. and C. Harper. 2006. Mapping of the loch linnhe artificial reef complex. Sea Technology 47:31-35. 2006 GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering
Burke, L. and Z. Sugg. 2006. Hydrologic Modeling of Watersheds Discharging Adjacent to the Mesoamerican Reef. World Resource Institute. 2006 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Chatterjea, S., S. Kininmonth, and P. J. M. Havinga. 2006. Sensor networks. GEO: connexion 5:20-22. 2006 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Energy Policy & Development
Gomez, E. D. and S. S. Mingoa-Licuanan. 2006. Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries Research 80:46-52. 2006 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Bivalves; Collaboration & Partnering
Howell, B. and S. Wood. 2006. Kamikaze: Investigational autonomous underwater vehicle for collaborative research and undergraduate education and training. in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2006 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering
Hviding, E. 2006. Knowing and managing biodiversity in the Pacific Islands: Challenges of environmentalism in Marovo Lagoon. International Social Science Journal 58:69-85. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Solomon Islands Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Lang, J. C. and R. N. Ginsburg. 2006. A vision for regular, rapid assessments of the tropical northwestern Atlantic's coral reefs. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:23-29. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
Lemon, N., M. Alimchandani, and W. Hoban. 2006. LADS passage and fairway channel. Hydro International 10:27-29. 2006 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Martin, C., H. G. Deters, and T. W. Nattkemper. 2006. Fusing biomedical multi-modal data for exploratory data analysis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 798-807. 2006 GIS & Maps Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
McClanahan, T. R., E. Verheij, and J. Maina. 2006. Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:147-165. 2006 Kenya; Tanzania Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Miller, J. E., S. Vogt, R. Hoeke, S. Ferguson, B. Appelgate, J. R. Smith, and M. Parke. 2006. Bathymetric atlas and website for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 409-422. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
Morgan, S. K. and S. A. Lourie. 2006. Threatened fishes of the world: Hippocampus comes cantor 1850 (Syngnathidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 75:311-313. 2006 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Santavy, D.L., J. Campbell, R.L. Quarles, J.M. Patrick, L.M. Harwell, M. Parsons, L. MacLaughlin, J. Halas, E. Mueller, E.C. Peters, and J. Hawkridge. 2006. The Epizootiology of Coral Diseases in South Florida. EPA/600/R-05/146, US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, (Florida, USA). 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Octocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Silvano, R. A. M., P. F. L. MacCord, R. V. Lima, and A. Begossi. 2006. When does this fish spawn? Fishermen's local knowledge of migration and reproduction of Brazilian coastal fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76:371-386. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
The Coastal Theme Team, editor. 2006. IGOS Coastal Theme Report: For the monitoring of our environment from space and from earth. Integrated Global Observing Strategy. 2006 Global; Florida; China; France Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
Theberge, M. and G. Dudek. 2006. Gone Swimmin'. IEEE Spectrum 43:38-43. 2006 Collaboration & Partnering
Arvidson, R. and S. Jones. 2005. Ice detection and avoidance. Pages 9570-9573 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Columbia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Bennett, J., P. Lawrence, R. Johnstone, R. Shaw. 2005. Adaptive management and its role in managing Great Barrier Reef water quality. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:70-75. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Capili, E. B., A. C. S. Ibay, and J. R. T. Villarin. 2005. Climate change impacts and adaptation on Philippine coasts. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Plankton; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Clua, E., B. Beliaeff, C. Chauvet, G. David, J. Ferraris, M. Kronen, M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, D. Pelletier, O. Thebaud, and M. Leopold. 2005. Towards multidisciplinary indicator dashboards for coral reef fisheries management. Aquatic Living Resource 18:199-213. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Crosse, W. 2005. The opportunities and constraints in using cost-effective satellite remote sensing for biodiversity monitoring. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves
Govender, Y., M. R. Jury, A. Mthembu, S. Hatesse, and E. Bulfoni. 2005. Socio-economic status and development potential for a rural community on the Maputaland coast of South Africa. South African Geographical Journal 87:37-42. 2005 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Tourism & Recreation
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Lang, M. A. 2005. Smithsonian institution coral reef research. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize; Panama; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Lang, M. A. and A. H. Hines. 2005. Smithsonian institution marine science network. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama; India Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Surface & Groundwater Flow
LeDrew, E. and A. Lim. 2005. The application of the getis statistic to high resolution imagery to detect change in the spatial structure of submerged tropical corals between image dates. Pages 217-219 in Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images 2005. 2005 Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses
Merrick, J. R. W., G. S. Parnell, J. Barnett, M. Garcia. 2005. A Multiple-objective decision analysis of stakeholder values to identify watershed improvement needs. Decision Analysis 2:44-57. 2005 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Overfield, M. L. 2005. Corrosion on Deep Gulf Shipwrecks of World War II. Pages 11242-11248 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills
Pelletier, D., J. A. Garcia-Charton, J. Ferraris, G. David, O. Thebaud, Y. Letourneur, J. Claudet, M. Amand, M. Kulbicki, and R. Galzin. 2005. Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standpoint. Aquatic Living Resource 18:15-33. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Salcido, R. E. 2005. Enduring optimism: Examining the rig-to-reef bargain. Ecology Law Quarterly 32:863-937. 2005 Model Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs
Swann, P. 2005. Commissions. Crafts 192:26-29. 2005 Model Collaboration & Partnering
Taban, F., E. Acar, I. Fidan, and A. Zora. 2005. Teaching basic engineering concepts in a K-12 environment using LEGO bricks and robotics. Pages 13727-13736 in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Pipelines; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes
White, A. T., R.-L. Eisma-Osorio, and S. J. Green. 2005. Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas: Complementarity in the Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:948-971. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
WRI and NOAA. 2005. Land-based Sources of Threat to Coral Reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Washington, DC. 2005 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment
2004. Collaborative Network of Facilities for Science. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 Collaboration & Partnering
Berlinck, R. G. S., E. Hajdu, R. M. Da Rocha, J. H. H. L. De Oliveira, I. L. C. Hernandez, M. H. R. Seleghim, A. C. Granato, E. V. R. De Almeida, C. V. Nunez, G. Muricy, S. Peixinho, C. Pessoa, M. O. Moraes, B. C. Cavalcanti, G. G. F. Nascimento, O. Thiemann, M. Silva, A. O. Souza, C. L. Silva, and P. R. Minarini. 2004. Challenges and Rewards of Research in Marine Natural Products Chemistry in Brazil. Journal of Natural Products 67:510-522. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Collaboration & Partnering; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges
Burke, L. and J. Maidens. 2004. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Climate; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Corson, M. R., J. H. Bowles, W. Chen, C. O. Davis, K. H. Gallelli, D. R. Konvan, P. G. Lucey, T. J. Mosher, and R. Holasek. 2004. The HICO Program - Hyperspectral Imaging of the Coastal Ocean from the international space station. Pages 4184-4186 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2004 Lab Study; Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering
Kritzer, J. P. 2004. Effects of noncompliance on the success of alternative designs of marine protected-area networks for conservation and fisheries management. Conservation Biology 18:1021-1031. 2004 Model Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Pomeroy, R. S., J. E. Parks, and L. M. Watson. 2004. How is your MPA doing? a guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. he World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Verheij, E., S. Makoloweka, and H. Kalombo. 2004. Collaborative coastal management improves coral reefs and fisheries in Tanga, Tanzania. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:309-320. 2004 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves
Conruyt, N. and D. Grosser. 2003. Knowledge engineering in environmental sciences with IKBS. Pages 267-278 in AI Communications. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Internet & Telecommunications
Donohue, M. J. 2003. How multiagency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: A Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:700-702. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Evans, B. K., D. Hill, J. E. Miller, J. R. Smith, and J. B. Weirich. 2003. Collaborative nautical charting and scientific seabed mapping missions: A case study in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Page 986 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering
Guimera, R., B. Uzzi, J. Spiro, L. A. Nunes Amaral. 2003. Team Assembly Mechanisms Determine Collaboration Network Structure and Team Performance. Science 308:697-702. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering
Jull, A. J. T., G. S. Burr, J. W. Beck, D. J. Donahue, D. Biddulph, A. L. Hatheway, T. E. Lange, and L. R. McHargue. 2003. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Arizona: Geochronology of the climate record and connections with the ocean. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 69:19-Mar. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 2003. Profiles and economic contribution: general visitors to Monroe County, Florida 2000-2001. 2003 Florida Collaboration & Partnering
Lemmens, S. 2003. Periphyton collectors as a tool to measure environmental performance of ocean outlets. Water Science and Technology 47:125-131. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Wastewater Discharge
Lindsey, G., J. A. Todd, and S. J. Hayter. 2003. A Handbook for Planning and Conducting Charrettes for High-Performance Projects. NREL/BK-710-33425, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, (Colorado, USA). 2003 Collaboration & Partnering; Storms & Hurricanes
Monaco, M. E., M. S. Kendall, J. L. Higgins, C. E. Alexander, and M. S. Tartt. 2003. Biogeographic assessments of NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries: The integration of ecology and GIS technology. Pages 1489-1498 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Sale, P. F. and J. P. Kritzer. 2003. Determining the extent and spatial scale of population connectivity: Decapods and coral reef fishes compared. Fisheries Research 65:153-172. 2003 Review Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Thompson, A. 2003. Victorian collaboration: Anglo-Indian embroidery. Embroidery 54:28-29. 2003 India Collaboration & Partnering
Bruckner, A. W. 2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-22. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome. 2002 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Galal, N., R. F. G. Ormond, and O. Hassan. 2002. Effect of a network of no-take reserves in increasing catch per unit effort and stocks of exploited reef fish at Nabq, South Sinai, Egypt. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:199-205. 2002 Egypt Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Hedley, J. D. and P. J. Mumby. 2002. Biological and remote sensing perspectives of pigmentation in coral reef organisms. Advances in Marine Biology 43:279-317. 2002 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Skeletal Coral; Zooxanthellae
Jensen, A. 2002. Artificial reefs of Europe: Perspective and future. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Oman; Europe; Spain; Poland; France; Norway; United Kingdom Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses
Jull, A. J., G. S. Burr, J. W. Beck, D. J. Donahue, D. Biddulph, A. L. Hatheway, T. E. Lange, and L. R. McHargue. 2002. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Arizona: geochronology of the climatic record and connections with the ocean. TheScientificWorldJournal 2:1579-1593. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment
White, A. T., C. A. Courtney, and A. Salamanca. 2002. Experience with marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management 30:26-Jan. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Alcolado, P. M., G. Alleng, K. Bonair, D. Bone, K. Buchan, P. G. Bush, K. De Meyer, J. R. Garcia, J. Garzon-Ferreira, P. M. H. Gayle, D. T. Gerace, F. X. Geraldes, E. Jordan-Dahlgren, B. Kjferve, E. Klein, K. Koltes, R. S. Laydoo, D. M. Linton, J. C. Ogden, H. A. ***Oxenford, C. Parker, P. Penchaszadeh, L. P. P. J Pors, J. Ramirez-Ramirez, F. Ruiz-Renteria, J. D. Ryan, S. R. Smith, J. Tshirky, R. Varela, S. Walker, E. Weil, W. J. Wiebe, J. D. Woodley, and J. C. Zieman. 2001. The Caribbean coastal marine productivity program (CARICOMP). Bulletin of Marine Science 69:819-829. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Seagrasses
CARICOMP. 2001. Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP); a cooperative research and monitoring network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Castro, C. B. and D. O. Pires. 2001. Brazilian coral reefs: What we already know and what is still missing. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:357-371. 2001 Review Algae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coralline Algae; Stony Coral
Daw, T. M., G. C. C. Rogers, P. Mapson, and J. E. Kynoch. 2001. Structure and management issues of the emerging ornamental fish trade in Eritrea. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:53-64. 2001 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Collaboration & Partnering; Corallivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Mitchell, A. W., J. R. Reghenzani, and M. J. Furnas. 2001. Nitrogen levels in the Tully River - A long-term view. Water Science and Technology 43:99-105. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Monaco, M. E., J. D. Christensen, and S. O. Rohmann. 2001. Mapping and monitoring of U.S. coral reef ecosystems. Earth System Monitor 12:16-Jan. 2001 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Resource Use Management
Petersen, D. and R. Tollrian. 2001. Methods to enhance sexual recruitment for restoration of damaged reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:989-1000. 2001 Florida Lab Study Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment; Stony Coral
Phinn, S. R., P. Scarth, M. Stanford, C. Menges, and G. Hill. 2001. Quantitative monitoring of environmental health and dynamics from the ADAR-1000 low-cost airborne digital multi-spectral camera. Pages 378-380 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Ritchie, K. B., S. W. Polson, and G. W. Smith. 2001. Microbial disease causation in marine invertebrates: Problems, practices, and future prospects. Hydrobiologia 460:131-139. 2001 Lab Study Collaboration & Partnering; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Thorburn, C. C. 2001. The house that poison built: Customary marine property rights and the live food fish trade in the Kei Islands, southeast Maluku. Development and Change 32:151-180. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Fishing Sector; Housing; Military
Christiansen, I. and R. Hunt. 2000. Research, extension and industry - Working together can achieve results. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:310-318. 2000 Australia Model Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Courtney, C. A. and A. T. White. 2000. Integrated coastal management in the Philippines: Testing new paradigms. Coastal Management 28:39-53. 2000 Philippines Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Resource Use Management
Estes, J. A. and C. H. Peterson. 2000. Marine ecological research in seashore and seafloor systems: Accomplishments and future directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 195:281-289. 2000 Collaboration & Partnering; Substrate
Goddard Space Flight, CE NT ER. 2000. Remote sensing of coral reefs. Remote sensing of coral reefs. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Kalakaua Marine Education, CE NT ER. 2000. Hawaii coral reef network. Hawaii coral reef network. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Collaboration & Partnering
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Werner, T. B., L. P. Pinto, G. F. Dutra, and P. G. Do Prado Pereira. 2000. Abrolhos 2000: Conserving the southern Atlantic's richest coastal biodiversity into the next century. Coastal Management 28:99-108. 2000 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Beecham, B. 1999. 'Reef jet' and 'Oceania' - debis finances two different designs to service dive cruise markets. Work Boat World 18:53-54. 1999 Australia Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products
Boutaud, O. and A. R. Brash. 1999. Purification and catalytic activities of the two domains of the allene oxide synthase-lipoxygenase fusion protein of the coral Plexaura homomalla. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:33764-33770. 1999 Collaboration & Partnering; Substrate
Caldwell, P. 1999. Coral reef mapping: Local partnerships in the Pacific support national effort. Geographic Information Systems help manage fragile coral reef ecosystem. Earth System Monitor 9:2-Jan. 1999 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean GIS & Maps Algae; Collaboration & Partnering
Cragg, G. M. and D. J. Newman. 1999. Discovery and development of antineoplastic agents from natural sources. Cancer Investigation 17:153-163. 1999 Collaboration & Partnering; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Cruickshank Michael, J. and JU N Dai. 1999. Progress in beach maintenance efforts for the State of Hawaii. Pages 277-283 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering
MacDonald Craig, D., A. Mitsuyasu Carol, and EL IZ AB ET H Corbin. 1999. Planned underwater dive attractions program for Hawaii. Pages 180-188 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Tourism & Recreation
Risk, M. J. 1999. Paradise lost: How marine science failed the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:831-837. 1999 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Nutrients
Walker, P. A., R. Greiner, D. McDonald, and V. Lyne. 1999. The Tourism Futures Simulator: A systems thinking approach. Environmental Modelling & Software 14:59-67. 1999 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Chichilnisky, G. and G. Heal. 1998. Economic returns from the biosphere. Nature 391:629-630. 1998 China Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting
Hansen, M. C. and J. Jutting. 1998. Navigating the barrier reef: QEE to successful restructuring. Seminars for nurse managers 6:69-74. 1998 Collaboration & Partnering
Lewis, AL AN. 1998. National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth. 32:22-23. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas
McConney, P. and R. Mahon. 1998. Introducing fishery management planning to Barbados. Ocean and Coastal Management 39:189-195. 1998 Review Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
NEPA. 1998. MARICULTURE DRAFT POLICY AND REGULATION NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AUTHORITY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT DIVISION. National Environment & Planning agency. 1998 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Taniguchi, H. 1998. Knowledge, expertise and enthusiasm. Governments need the collaboration of the private sector including NGOs in effectively and timely tackling the global issues. Integration (Tokyo, Japan) 56:3-Feb. 1998 Global; Japan Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering
UMIAMI-RSMAS,. 1998. Ocean Status Information Management System (OSIMS) oil spill data and information. Ocean Status Information Management System (OSIMS) oil spill data and information. 1998 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; Mexico Model Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Marine Debris; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Plankton; Point Source Discharges
Dight, I. J. and L. M. Scherl. 1997. The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI): Global priorities for the conservation and management of coral reefs and the need for partnerships. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 Global Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Resource Use Management
Hildebrand Lawrence, P. 1997. Introduction to the special issue on community-based coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 36:9-Jan. 1997 Collaboration & Partnering
Makoloweka, S. and K. Shurcliff. 1997. Coastal management in Tanga, Tanzania: A decentralized community-based approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 37:349-357. 1997 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Aquaculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Mangroves
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Roberts, C. M. 1997. Connectivity and management of Carribean coral reefs. Science 278:1454-1457. 1997 GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Suman, D. O. 1997. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: A case study of an innovative federal-state partnership in marine resource management. Coastal Management 25:293-324. 1997 Florida Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Resource Use Management
Venier, J.M., D. Pauly. 1997. Trophic Dynamics of a Florida Keys Coral Reef Ecosystem. Pages 915-920 in Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1997 Florida Model Collaboration & Partnering; Fish
World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C. 1997 Global; Tanzania; Maldives; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Germany Lab Study; GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Live Collection; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Chou, C. and C.-T. Sun. 1996. A computer-network-supported cooperative distance learning system for technical communication education. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 39:205-214. 1996 Taiwan Collaboration & Partnering
Drake, S. F. 1996. The International Coral Reef Initiative: A strategy for the sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems. Coastal Management 24:279-299. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves
Dumbleton, B. 1996. Shore thing. Surveyor 183:16-18. 1996 Collaboration & Partnering
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Markham, A. 1996. Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: A review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists. Climate Research 6:179-191. 1996 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Wetlands
Osborn, TI M, KE VI N Bodge, MI LE S Croom, MA RK Schroeder, and CH AR LI E Wahle. 1996. Structural restoration of two coral reefs in the Florida keys national marine sanctuary. Pages 14-17 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Boon John, D., JE FF RE Y Claassen, and F. Pieters Renaldo. 1995. Environmentally responsive artificial beach design, Curacao, Netherlands antilles. Pages 17-18 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Antilles Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Ewing, LE SL EY, RI CK Page, and DA N Burden. 1995. Surf restoration collaboration in California. Pages 537-538 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Mitigation
French Jonathan, A. 1995. Gulf of Aqaba: a common cause in the Middle East peace process. Pages 524-527 in [No source information available]. 1995 Middle East Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hale Lynne, Z. and YV ES Renard. 1995. Collaborative and community coral reef management. Pages 45-46 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Collaboration & Partnering
Hooten, A. J. and M. E. Hatziolos. 1995. Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. in Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. 1995 Global Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Jordan-Dahlgren, ER IC. 1995. Caribbean coastal marine productivity project (CARICOMP). Pages 98-99 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 South & Central America; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering
Martin, WI LL and SU SA N Drake. 1995. U.S. contribution to the coral reef initiative. Pages 41-42 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering
Minneman, SC OT T, ST EV E Harrison, BI LL Janssen, GO RD ON Kurtenbach, TH OM AS Moran, IA N Smith, and BI LL van Melle. 1995. Confederation of tools for capturing and accessing collaborative activity. Pages 523-534 in Proceedings of the ACM International Multimedia Conference & Exhibition. 1995 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure
Monty, C. L. V. 1995. The rise and nature of carbonate mud-mounds; an introductory actualistic approach. Pages Nov-48 Carbonate mud-mounds; their origin and evolution. 1995 Algae; Collaboration & Partnering; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms
Petrae, Lcdr. G. 1995. Barge Morris J. Berman Spill: NOAA�s Scientific Response. HAZMAT Report No. 95-10. Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle. 1995 Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Petroleum Spills
Wells, S. M. 1995. Science and management of coral reefs: problems and prospects. Coral Reefs 14:177-181. 1995 Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
White, A. T., L. Z. Hale, Y. Renard, and L. Cortesi. 1994. Collaborative and community-based management of coral reefs: lessons from experience. Collaborative and community-based management of coral reefs: lessons from experience. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Thailand; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Fabbri, P. 1992. Ocean management in global change. Ocean management in global change. 1992 Global; Southeast Asia; China Collaboration & Partnering
Rappa Peter, J. and J. Miller Bruce. 1989. Coastal resource management planning in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Pages 2147-2160 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance
Parker, J. H., P. M. J. Woodhead, I. W. Duedall, and H. R. Carleton. 1983. Ocean disposal and construction with stabilized coal waste blocks. Water Science and Technology 15:83-95. 1983 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Lab Study Coal Mining; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Meyers, P. A., J. W. Porter, and R. L. Chad. 1978. Depth Analysis of Fatty Acids in Two Caribbean Reef Corals. Marine Biology 49:197-202. 1978 South & Central America; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering; Stony Coral
Peres, J. M. 1965. Reflexions sur les rapports entre l'ecologie et la paleoecologie marines. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1:51-68. 1965 Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Salinity
Campo, P. C. and T. R. Villanueva. Improving the Triple Bottom line Returns from Small-scale Forestry. Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Forestry; Housing; Resource Use Management
Edson, G. M. The ancient Atlantic Reef trend. Pages 219-222 in IN: OCEANS '88. A PARTNERSHIP OF MARINE INTERESTS, PROC. CONF. & EXPO., (BALTIMORE, U.S.A.: OCT. 31-NOV. 2, 1988). Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering
Sibuet, M. and A. Vangriesheim. Deep-sea environment and biodiversity of the West African Equatorial margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Cooperative Projects and Programs This option involves NOAA seeking to develop cooperative projects, sharing information, and combining resources with other agencies involved in resource management, marine sanctuaries, monitoring and research. Enhanced interagency interaction will help to better manage the resources of the area at hand. Such projects and programs can be long term (e.g. monitoring) or short term (e.g. crisis management). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Technical Advisory Committees The technical advisory committee can meet once or twice a year with reef managers to help develop agendas on the design and prioritization of water quality and ecological research and monitoring. This provides managers the opportunity to list research/monitoring priorities to federal, state, and local government entities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in National Marine Sanctuary Program Activities Local marine sanctuaries should actively participate in NMSP education and outreach and implement national education plans locally whenever possible. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Interagency Sharing of Information This management option is designed to facilitate coordination among federal, state, and local agencies involved in management. Easier collaboration and sharing of information can often be facilitated by decision tools and information technology. There are several activities that can aid better interagency coordination of maritime heritage resources (MHR). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Internet & Telecommunications; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Integrate Volunteer Assistance in Cultural Resources Inventory Marine Heritage Resource managers should continue or begin to use volunteers to assist staff in collecting information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access, interpretation, and protection. Often locals have interest and knowledge of unrecorded sites. If previously established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#81), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Promote Interagency Collaboration in Policy Making The administrative office communicates with organizations and agencies involved in resource impacts or regulation to determine potential effects of Sanctuary management interest, to help develop policy statements, and to consult with affected agencies regarding sanctuary related policies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. EPA Retention/Detention. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Establish Partnerships Local sanctuaries should explore and establish new partnerships with government and non-government agencies to meet goals of the sanctuary. Such partners should be pursued based on synergies between partner goals and competencies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Science Community Networking It can be advantageous to actively participating in science-related committees, review panels, and other groups that collaborate on science issues relating to coral reefs, resource management, and other topics. This management option ensures that the local sanctuary is considered in regional planning, that there is broad-based recognition of scientific findings concerning the sanctuary, and that sanctuary expertise is shared with partners. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Develop and maintain standard operating procedures based on federal, state and agency directives and regulation in order to provide staff and programs with consistent and clear direction. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop a site database Local managers could maintain a central database containing information about local shipwrecks. This data can be incorporated with geological, biological, and census data into GIS in order to interpret relationships. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop a Collaborative Action Plan To achieve the greatest efficiency and effectiveness from interagency collaborations it is important to first develop a project management plan and delegate tasks to agencies equipped with those competencies. Such a plan should designate each agencies roles, responsibilities and timelines. A flow chart is often useful for this task. Such a plan or chart can describe procedures for progress assessment, events of possible interest, and to notify permit holders of any changes in procedures. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Create a Public Project Database & Website An inventory and subsequent database of projects involving the public and non-governmental organizations is an important component of managing multiple public projects (#88). Having such an inventory can be important for identifying potential partners for collaboration, as well as for identifying sites (Marine Heritage or Natural Resource) of public interest. Such a database can easily be added to a sanctuary website (#133) in an effort to increase public awareness (#86). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Public Participation Projects Inventory This plan calls for research and educational institutions (using students and volunteers) to conduct an inventory of projects involving the public and non-governmental organizations. In this way the public becomes involved with the inventory. Having such an inventory can be important for identifying potential partners for collaboration, as well as for identifying sites (Marine Heritage or Natural Resource) of public interest. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Collaboratively Evaluate Management Plan Joint Actions As the NMSP continues to increase the rigor of its self-evaluation, the program would like to increase the frequency with which partners formally join with the local sanctuary in assessing the effectiveness of the joint-management actions. Each quarter, sanctuary staff should facilitate collaborative evaluation of one action plan within the management plan. In result, systematic rotation through the actions plans will be completed every few years. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Public Administration; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Change Agricultural Cover Crop Practices Cover crop outreach entails changing agricultural practices in an area to leave vegetation and cover on the soil while growing other crops (e.g. Coffee). Agricultural practices that encourage leaving soil bare are extremely susceptible to erosion (e.g. sun grown Coffee). Cover crop methods and shade-grown crops (e.g. shade-grown Coffee) would reduce the large amount of sediment that is eroding, particularly from high elevations, and ultimately will reduce the amount of sediment that reaches the coral reefs. Options to encourage transition to cover crop practices include outreach to raise awareness of benefits and cost share programs to help farmers with the burden of the extra expense. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Conservation Cover. CODE 327. US Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Donations; Landscape Changes; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Responses; Sediment
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Shipping Businesses This option requires the sanctuary to continue to alert shipping businesses about sanctuary regulations. Such regulations may include vessel waste discharge, ATBA, PSSA, etc. The targeted audiences will include importers, exporters, port authorities, commercial fishing companies, ship insurers. This information can be provided to the audience through NOAA nautical charts, trade publications, newsletters, trade shows, and direct mailings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finance & Insurance; Infrastructural Policies; Insurance; Manufacturing & Trade; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Corporate Response: Invest & Co-finance Projects Investing and co-financing projects that aim to conserve or restore habitats can be an effective means to preserving reef habitats as well as establishing positive working relationships between organizations. Investing in private sector projects will promote desired businesses and business practices, reducing barriers to entry and competitiveness as compared to traditional businesses and business practices to counterbalance advantages from undesired externalities. World Bank Group. 2008. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Nature based solutions from the world bank portfolio. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC.

Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Finance & Insurance; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Local Businesses Information should be provided to business along the water so that employees will be aware of environmentally sensitive business practices. This can be achieved through informative brochures, and distributing other educational materials. These interactions can also be used to inform businesses of opportunities for voluntary certifications (#104). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Corporate Response: Standardized Environmental Certifications and Labels Product labeling initiatives are based on the premise that product information represented by or contained on the label is otherwise not readily available (or apparent) and is of value in consumer purchase decisions. For example, warning labels highlight product safety and toxic exposure hazards and advise consumers on ways to minimize risks. Likewise, a number of environmental certification programs (ECPs) identify products' environmental burdens and/or set standards for products' environmental attributes. Properly designed environmental labeling efforts can change consumer and manufacturer attitudes and behaviors, thus reducing environmental burdens. The specific metrics used to measure environmental label effectiveness include: 1) consumer awareness of labels, 2) consumer acceptance of labels (credibility and understanding), 3) changes in consumer behavior, 4) changes in manufacturer behavior, and 5) improvement of end goals, such as environmental quality. Malcohn, E., Bentham Paulos, Andrew Stoeckle, Herbert Han-Pu Wang, and Julie Lynch. Determinants of Effectiveness for Environmental Certification and Labeling Programs. EPA-742-R-94-001, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Forestry; Health; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Birds; Medical Care; Medical Centers; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Resource Use Management; Toxics; Transportation; Utilities; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Vessel Groundings This option involves assessing conditions and responding, as well as developing methodologies and protocols for coral dominated substrate, seagrass substrate, and mixed substrate. These protocols will help to determine how much damage has been done to the non-living coral framework. Ultimately, fine-tuning these protocols will allow for the most effective assessments. Evaluate these in light of current grounding regulations (#34). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Stony Coral; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Develop Chain of Notification for Grounding Incidents This option advocates coordinating with other agencies such as FWC, NOAA, and local coral managers to determine the standard protocol and responsibilities when there are groundings. Through coordination, these agencies can determine threshold levels of damage for different responses and for notifying other agencies higher up the chain. Enhancing inter-agency coordination will be beneficial in terms of dealing with groundings because it will allow the problem to be fixed in a more time-efficient manner. Having a centralized grounding notification system is the first step of this management option, as it ensures all incidents pass through a single agency to determine further actions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Increase Public Grounding Notification Public notification of groundings can be increased through more centralized, accessible notification methods, and public education and outreach. Notification methods could include creating a �grounding hotline� with a central government agency as the enforcement dispatch center. By centralizing notification methods, public confusion over what agency to contact can be reduced. Education and outreach efforts should focus on the importance of grounding notification and awareness of notification methods (i.e. the hotline). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Coordinated Oil & Hazardous Spill Response This management option calls for developing unified response protocols to deal with containment and clean-up of oil spills. This is important to protect corals, mangroves, and seagrasses from adverse impacts of hazardous materials. Given the limited number of spills and the importance of responding quickly, interagency coordination of reporting and response is essential for success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Toxics; Transportation; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Assist Direct Contact & Intervention Programs Programs such as Team OCEAN and Professional Guides Association should be assisted by existing protected areas and sanctuaries. These already-existing programs can be assisted through providing technical support, data, advice, vessels, and/or equipment. Assisting pre-existing programs is useful because it helps to strengthen and expand their missions, and it also prevents unnecessary duplication of efforts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop and Maintain Database for Tracking Restoration, Repairs, and Monitoring Activities This response involves adapting NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center�s seagrass injury assessment team component to local management areas. If previously established, the management option # 165, will allow this data to be compared to previously collected baseline data such as that collected with management option #164. This would also allow for comparisons across different types of data, such as use changes, that would be contained in a #166. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Pressures; Remediation; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Data Management & Decision Tools: Conduct a Modeling Workshop Conducting a workshop can be useful to discuss modeling approaches, develop preliminary conceptual models, and define specific information needs for models. There are decision tools to choose from other than traditional models, and many different modeling approached to choose from, making this type of workshop both an outreach effort, and an effort to collaborate. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Data Management & Decision Tools: Maintain the Maritime Heritage Resources inventory Volunteers can help maintain the heritage resources inventory through collecting existing information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop Systems Framework A systems framework can serve several research purposes. These can act as conceptual starting points for modeling. Frameworks can act as starting points for brainstorming and discussion of topics. Systems frameworks are particularly useful for identifying indirect relationships and overcoming boundaries between individual disciplines. Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Outreach with the Tourism Development Council Collaborating with the Tourism Development Council allows for more specific targeting of tourists and visitors for resource management outreach. Tourists and visitors are less familiar with local ecosystems and are therefore more prone to unintentionally damaging the environment or defying policies and regulations. The Tourism Development Council is also an important stakeholder to consider, in coastal zone management. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Educational Materials Producing educational materials such as CD-ROMS, posters, videos, and information sheets is beneficial for informing the public regarding reef health. Collaborations should be made to produce and disseminate such materials, and if the materials have been produced previously, evaluations should be made regarding the material�s effectiveness. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Provide Interpretive Information Targeted information should be provided and interpreted for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. This information may be about available programs/resources, research findings, policy changes, statistics, avoidance techniques, legal/financial consequences etc. This information should be provided specifically for these groups in such a way to best enhance public understanding regarding reef resources. It is important to interpret this information for these user groups, as this will help them convey the often technical information to the public. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Print Marine Etiquette on Marine-Related Products Packaging Printing information on marine-related products regarding proper marine etiquette could be a possibility for raising awareness and improving public stewardship. Partnerships will be explored to help print etiquette information on materials such as bait boxes, ice bags, water buckets, etc. that are commonly used by stakeholders. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Roadside Signs Roadside signs and billboards in local reef watershed areas should be created to inform travelers that they are entering/exiting the reef watershed. Partnerships should be explored to create multi-logo signs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Environmental Atlas for the Sanctuary This option involves collaboration with agencies such as NOAA, DEP, and other regional agencies to develop color atlases that reveal information regarding habitat types, populations, hurricane paths, and other environmental and social themes. Much of this information can be obtained from (#85) and (#166). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach
Dissemination of Findings: Participate in Conferences Conferences are beneficial as a means to garner and disseminate new information, technology, and methods. Conferences also serve as a networking opportunity to communicate with potential collaborators. Participation in local, state, and federal conferences by sanctuary staff is very important to reach out to the broader coral reef community. Sponsoring conferences would allow scientists and researchers to keep abreast of findings and ongoing research within the local sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Report Monitoring and Research Results It is important to disseminate data and information gathered to collaborators and the wider scientific community. This can be accomplished through publication, such as journals (#161) or other networks (#159). It is important to share this data with other government agencies as well (#92). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Dissemination of Findings: Support Journal Publication This management option involves sponsoring the publication of journals that contain peer-reviewed scientific research. For sanctuaries this can be an excellent place to publish reports and research that used sanctuary areas or resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biotechnology Research & Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Develop an Information Exchange Network This management option involves developing a compendium of current and ongoing research that should be updated on a regular basis. This is important as it allows for collaborators to share information and resources. This type of exchange helps to maximize gains in economies of scale and reduce duplication of efforts. Decision tools such as inventories and databases can often be adapted for this use. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Scientific Research
Economic Markets & Policy: Create Alternative Livelihoods For Fishermen Many fishermen rely on their catch as their family�s main source of income. When restrictions are placed on fishing it can be to the economic detriment of these fishermen. By creating alternative means of earning income for these fishermen, social and economic goals are accomplished while decreasing pressures on natural fish populations. These alternatives often come in the form of aquaculture, which helps to still meet the demand for fish. Another common alternative is tourism; fishermen can use their knowledge and equipment such as boats to accommodate tourism and recreational fishing. All Islands Coral Reef Committee. Local Action Strategies. United States Coral Reef Task Force Accessed 6/13/2011.

Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Social Assistance; Tourism & Recreation
Economic Markets & Policy: Regulate International Trade of Reef Species Many coral reef species are harvested internationally for a variety of markets including the aquarium trade, food, curios, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. The US is the largest importer for many of these markets. The US strictly limits extraction of stony coral and many reef species in its waters; but as a major importer and consumer of coral reef species, more actions can be taken to decrease the demand on international imports. Setting and enforcing regulations on what can be imported (such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES) is one approach that has been taken. More information is needed, leaving room to collect trade data and assess the impacts of extraction techniques to find sustainable methods. Demand for species collected this way will be increased with greater transparency to consumers, which can be accomplished through certifications for environmentally cognoscente collectors and those using alternatives like aquaculture and coral farming. Continued participation in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is also beneficial. U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C.

World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Live Collection; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Political Pressure; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Sponges; Stony Coral; Toxics; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Enforcement: Enforce Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements This option ensures compliance with statues, regulations, and permit requirements. This is accomplished through intensive on-site patrols by authorized law enforcement officers. Agencies at the state level as well as NOAA can assist with enforcement. For success, it is important that law enforcement be trained in the compliance requirements of other agencies (e.g. Marine Heritage Resource (MHR) permitting compliance). A standardized training program to help better ensure cross- deputization of enforcement agencies would be necessary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Dredging Regulations; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Environmental Education: Consult Partners to Increase Education and Outreach Participation and Effectiveness This option is a strategy to continue collaboration with local learning institutions, local government agencies, and education advisory boards in order to develop new ideas for education and outreach measures to enhance reef health. The activities that will result from this collaboration can include: providing information on current activities in regards to education/outreach, encouraging cooperative efforts, providing direction for the local reef management area�s education plan, preventing the duplication of efforts, promoting stewardship, and guiding the development of natural and cultural resource education products. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Competitive Educational Funding Opportunities This response involves offering funding to teachers for field trips, scientific equipment, and reference material in support of curricula. Teachers may submit proposals for evaluation, and funding is administered on a competitive basis from a non-profit organization or a reef management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Promote and Support Environmental Education This management option requires developing education programs that increase students� understanding and knowledge of coral and other reef inhabitants. This can be facilitated through field trips, hands on experiences and by providing local schools with age-appropriate materials. Greatest success occurs with a wide reaching, well-developed network of educators, programs, and institutions. Examples of successful programs include: The Coral Reef Classroom- teaches basic reef biology and facilitates learning through water quality sampling, data collection, and analysis/evaluation. Build-An-Ocean- a program for elementary-age students that helps students learn how to identify mangroves, sea grasses, fish, and corals by "building-an-ocean" with color laminated pictures of the organisms that compose the ecosystem. Envirothons- inspire learning through competitive events and can be beneficial education tools. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Education Program. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Accessed 7/1/2011.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Life
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Environmental Education: Support Lecture Series This option encourages coral management staff to speak at local forums to encourage greater public education regarding reef health. This involves collaborating with organizers of lecture series to take advantage of the opportunity to speak in front of an previously-organized audience. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Support Environmental Workshops for Educators This management option involves using environmental education workshops in order to ameliorate educator�s knowledge of the importance of corals because of their cultural and natural resource value. Local management areas can co-sponsor these efforts, and up-to-date information will always be utilized. Involvement in such workshops not only promotes coral education, but can also show educators where resources and opportunities exist through institutional collaboration. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Create a Public Awareness Program This involves developing a spread of education tools like brochures (#111), newsletters (#118), displays (#127), web sites (#133) and a database (#98) to inform the public about different volunteer, education and training opportunities in regards to preserving the marine environment and maritime heritage resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Promote Environmental Education in Local Schools Volunteers can be used to assist education and outreach staff to bring environmental education to local schools. Volunteers can do things such as: chaperone during snorkel trips, and help students with water quality testing exercises. Volunteers should be trained to correctly use educational materials and equipment. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Schools & Colleges; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Develop Standardized Voluntary Certification Programs This management option involves coordinating with leaders of various target businesses related to diving and snorkeling, marine mammal viewing, kayaking, eco-tours, and fishing. Through collaborations with these businesses, management areas can create a voluntary certification program for employees of these businesses to learn and receive accurate information about nearby corals, the ecosystem, and how they can better protect reefs in their everyday actions. These voluntary certifications can be used to educate employees and/or to develop self-regulating standards for these businesses. Depending on the standards and curriculum, voluntary certification programs can then be used by these businesses to convey knowledge or environmentally safe practices to customers through marketing. Educating employees of these businesses helps to assure that they are disseminating accurate information to visitors. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Establishing an Maritime Heritage Resource Inventory: Use volunteer assistance in cultural resources inventory This plan advocates the use of volunteers to assist with collecting information, located unrecorded sites, documenting sites, etc. Volunteers can be greatly utilized for maritime heritage resources inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Implementing Notification and Response Protocols: Implement �Eyes on the Water� This plan would entail teaming with volunteers and education staff to develop a volunteer training program to help report groundings. Training would include: incident recognition, documentation, and notification. Possible volunteers could be pulled from Team OCEAN, Reef Medics, Mote Marine Laboratory, professional fishing guides, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Socio-Economic Drivers
Implementing Notification and Response Protocols: Coordinate with Other Management and Enforcement Agencies to Develop Standardized Vessel Grounding and Spill-Response Protocols This plan aims to coordinate with other management and enforcement agencies to create uniform spill response and vessel grounding protocols. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Dredging Regulations; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Marine Zoning: Integrate Resource Information in Permits, Authorizations, or Certifications Permitting usually includes assessing the natural and cultural resources of an area. Using this previosly gathered data would aid in creating an inventory for marine resources. If previosuly established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#95), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Permitting Application & Award This management approach is important because permits assure protection and conservation of coral resources from harmful activities and practices. Within sanctuary waters, special use permits (#157) can be used to allow scientists and others to conduct necessary work while following permitting regulations to reduce the impact of that work. General permits are often required for altering land-use, construction projects and certain discharges. To be eligible for a permit, the operator may be required to conduct impact assessments, institute best management practices and conduct monitoring of the project. Though permits are a necessary precaution, the process can be streamlined through ensuring clear submittal requirements, and reducing redundancy. Redundancy often occurs when multiple agencies must approve a permit, a single point of contact and standard, inter-agency protocols can reduce unnecessary redundancy. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Utilize Marine Protected Areas for Research and Monitoring Research and monitoring of marine protected areas determine the degree to which the zones meet goals and objectives for protecting natural resources, as well as human-use patterns, attitudes and compliance. Once data is gathered from within the protected zone it can than be compared to comprable data from outside the protected zone, as a control. It is necessary to compile and review data on use patterns to determine where additional Special-Use Areas would be appropriate. Research in the protected area should be non-invasive. It is important to make the protected area available for external research as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Measuring Sanctuary Performance Over Time: Monitor existing performance measures consistently over time The sanctuary staff should conduct routine performance evaluations to collect and record data on sanctuary performance over time. Using this data staff will determine effectiveness by evaluating progress towards achievement of each action plan�s desired outcomes, and assessing the role or added value of those outcomes in the overall accomplishment of site goals and objectives. Effectiveness will be evaluated for both the local sanctuary performance measures as well as NMSP national performance measure where applicable. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Develop Scientific Research Study Program Management areas can encourage scientific studies by coordinating efforts of research groups and institutions. Collaboration and integration of these scientific studies can be beneficial to both the research groups and the management area. For example, data from monitoring of restoration projects could be analyzed by an academic institution, helping to reduce the burden on funds and perhaps using data in ways outside the scope of management objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Continue Stakeholder Research It is beneficial to support monitoring and research projects that are developed by stakeholders because these present an opportunity to directly engage constituents in sanctuary resource issues and to increase understanding of the ecosystem. Sanctuaries can provide support in the form of helping to coordinate activities, assisting with field work, issuing research permits, assisting with identifying potential funding sources, and providing letters of support for grant proposals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Monitor & Research: Integrate Volunteer Monitoring Program Monitoring by trained volunteers yields useful, cost-effective data that provides positive engagement for a variety of stakeholders. Such existing programs include The Ocean Conservancy, Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, and the Dolphin Ecology Project. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Monitor & Research: Create a Maritime Heritage Resource (MHR) Field Unit A Maritime Heritage Resource (MHR) field unit would be developed to conduct field research and coordinate permitted research activities. Training is an important aspect of developing such a field unit, as improper field work can be very destructive to MHR sites. Additional funding may be needed to involve external underwater archaeological research experts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Incentives; Security & Public Administration Policies
Professional Development of Education and Outreach Staff: Attend conferences Conferences are beneficial because they are a main way that new technologies, methodologies, and information are shared among educators. Participation in local, state, and federal conferences by sanctuary management staff is very important to reach out to education community. Local conferences should be participated in as much as possible. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Florida Keys Watch Volunteers participating in this program help collect seawater samples and environmental data. Florida Keys Watch help to assist scientific studies conducted by universities, agencies, and other institutions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Scientific Research
Public Participation: Assist Local Volunteer Organizations This management approach encourages collaboration with local volunteer organizations that have missions similar to the coral management area. This way, the sanctuary is working efficiently with other groups to help accomplish the same goals instead of wasting resources trying to accomplish the same ends. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Marine Animal Rescue Activities There are many volunteers in marine areas that will help rescue distressed animals. Volunteers assist with reducing pain and suffering of marine animals, provide first aid, derive maximum scientific and education benefits from the live and dead marine mammals, and collect high-quality data. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Marine Ecosystem Event Response and Assessment MEERA This volunteer program seeks to provide early detection and assessment of biological events occurring in sanctuaries and surrounding waters. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach
Public Participation: Assist Queen Conch Restoration Activities Volunteers assist with raising juvenile queen conchs at a hatchery located at Keys Marine Lab through this volunteer program. They also locate and tag wild, adult conchs for population and reproduction studies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Reef and Coastal Cleanups Reef and coastal cleanups are organized by a network of environmental and civic organizations, government agencies, industries, and individuals. These efforts help to educate the public on marine debris issues and how to help reduce debris along beaches. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) and The Ocean Conservancy. 2005. Good Environmental Practices: Underwater Clearnup. CORAL RP-103:2002,

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris
Public Participation: Assist Reef Ecosystem Condition RECON RECON trains volunteer divers to collect information about the reef environment, health of stony corals, presence of key reef organism, and human-induced impacts. The goal of RECON is to broaden knowledge of bottom-dwelling organisms on reefs. They also act as an alert system when there are abnormal and possibly harmful conditions present on the reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Public Participation: Assist Reef Environmental Education Foundation REEF This program uses recreation divers who conduct fish biodiversity and abundance survey in the Keys and the Caribbean. This surveys work towards contributing to The Great Annual Fish Count. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Save the Manatee Club Volunteers are active in helping to remove monofilament line. This is especially dangerous to manatees. Volunteers from Save the Manatees can help with education and monitoring in the local coral management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris; Marine Vertebrates; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles
Public Participation: Manage Public Participation Projects Public participation projects have significant potential; they not only address the project goals but also encourage public stewardship for important marine resources. Long term public projects require continued involvement, guidance and encouragement to reach project completion. Developing an inventory/database (#98) can be important for successful management of multiple projects. The public cannot participate in such projects if they are not aware of them, so effective marketing (#86) is an essential component of public participation management. Many of these tasks can be performed by volunteers. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Wild Bird Rehabilitation Many wildlife rescue organizations help and respond to injured birds including marine birds like sea gulls, pelicans, egrets, herons, osprey, and eagles. Collaborations with such organizations can be mutually beneficial as organization volunteers learn from training received from sanctuary staff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Birds; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Coordinate the Adopt-A-Reef Program This program encourages local dive operators and volunteer divers to �adopt� a reef within the sanctuary and make species trips to the site to maintain the reef. Volunteers remove trash, fishing lines, and debris. Divers will be properly trained on how to clean the reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) and The Ocean Conservancy. 2005. Good Environmental Practices: Underwater Clearnup. CORAL RP-103:2002,

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Integrate Volunteer Assistance in Facilities Maintenance Volunteers can assist management staff with routine marine and dock maintenance, mooring buoy installation, repair, and cleaning; vehicle and boat maintenance, ground maintenance, and storage and dock cleaning. This allows for management staff that would have been performing these tasks to perform other tasks. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Integrate Volunteer Support For GIS Volunteers work with sanctuary management staff using GIS software to provide managers with information and photographs. Often such volunteers will come from educational institutions, as these projects require an existing knowledge and familiarity with GIS. Such projects are well suited for such volunteers or internships as they can often be seen to completion and provide the participant with real world application of their skills, often fulfilling requirements of their institution. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Implement and Assist "Eyes On the Water" Program Programs such as Eyes On the Water allow dive-boat captains, crew, and other professionals to act as sanctuary eyes and ears; ensuring people are acting in accordance with reef restrictions and regulations. These programs are also useful for reporting groundings. Such programs require teaming with volunteers and education staff to develop volunteer training on incident recognition, documentation, and notification. Volunteers could be recruited from Team OCEAN, Reef Medics, Mote Marine Lab, professional fishing guides, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Conduct Public Forums This option ensures public involvement in local reef management area decisions/events. Holding public forums on an as needed basis will encourage dialogue between management staff and stakeholders. During these forums reef staff can present information to help better educate the public through the forum as well as answering questions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Public Administration
Public Participation: Coordinate with Trained Volunteer Programs Trained volunteer programs have volunteers that may be experienced with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, or SCUBA. An example of a trained volunteer program is Reef Medics. This program is hands-on and often assists with the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary. These programs can be helpful in restabilization efforts and monitoring repaired sites. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Seafood Watch Assist Seafood Watch and other sustainable seafood consumption initiatives, in their efforts to educate the public and promote sustainable seafood. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Sectors Filling Human Needs
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Salvaging & Towing Practices This option seeks to protect natural resources and reduce damage resulting from improper vessel salvage methods. In the past, salvage techniques have caused collateral damage when removing vessels grounded on the reef. These injuries often occur in the immediate area surrounding the grounded vessel but can be avoided with the use of proper salvage techniques developed with reef resources in mind. The principal causes of collateral injuries are dragging a vessel off the reef instead of floating it off; the use of steel towing cables that can drop on or drag across the substrate, impacting and dislodging resources (reef structure, corals, and sponges); and propwash and surge, generated by tugboat propellers, that displace sediment and dislodge organisms. To avoid or minimize collateral injuries, a reconnaissance survey should be conducted while the vessel is grounded to evaluate reef resources in the immediate area surrounding the vessel and determine an appropriate extraction route. Bunker fuel and cargo may need to be offloaded. Floating or buoyed towlines should be used instead of steel cables, and towing activities should be conducted at or near high tide to facilitate floating the vessel. Before and during the extraction, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates at the bow and stern of the vessel should be recorded to assist with future injury assessment. GPS tracking should be operating on the grounded vessel during egress from the site and on all salvage vessels or tugboats involved with the salvage operation. The outbound path for vessel extraction may also need to be buoyed, to help avoid or identify injuries that may occur during the salvage operation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Ensure Consistency Among Fishing Regulations Consistency will improve administrative and regulatory coordination between fisheries regulatory agencies. This involves using a protocol for drafting and revising fisheries regulations in order to implement a consistent set of regulations throughout the protected reef area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies
Resource Use Management: Develop Water Efficiency Initiatives Reducing water use through cost effective water efficiency improvements can be beneficial as it reduces pressure on water as a finite resource and saves money. There are several ways water efficiency can be promoted. Some Water Efficiency BMPs recommended by the EPA include: Water Management Planning; Information and Education Programs; Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection and Repair; Water-Efficient Landscaping, Water-Efficient Irrigation; Toilets and Urinals; Faucets and Showerheads; Boiler/Steam Systems; Single-Pass Cooling Equipment; Cooling Tower Management; Commercial Kitchen Equipment; Laboratory/ Medical Equipment; Other Water Intensive Processes; Alternative Water Sources. One of the ways the US government has promoted Water Efficiency Initiatives is through Executive order 13123 which places certain water use reduction requirements on Federal Agencies. There are also existing funding and incentives for non-government sectors. Project funding comes in many forms, such as appropriations, energy savings performance contract (ESPC) and Utility Energy Service Contract (UESCs) programs; ratepayer incentive programs such as rebates from public benefit funds or utilities; and the retention of energy and water cost savings. US Department of Energy. 2008. Establishing Baseline and Meeting Water Conservation Goals of Executive Order 13423.

Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Water Efficiency Best Management Practices. Federal Energy Management Program Accessed 7/12/2011.

Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Designated Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Textiles & Apparel; Utilities; Utility Policies; Water; Water Resources; Water Utilities Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay.

(not cited)

Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Restoration: Acquire Blanket Permits for Restoration Programs Restoration programs often span multiple areas and multiple agencies. With proper collaboration between resource managers, and restoration programs, multiple programs/initiatives can work together under blanket permits from regulating agencies. For example, NOAA�s Beaufort Lab/Seagrass Research team, NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center, and DEP all coordinate restoration projects together in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Collaborate with Projects Changing Water-Flow Other organizations may be performing restorative freshwater projects (Everglades Restoration) or other flow altering projects (e.g. canals for small boats, agricultural irrigation etc) that affect the downstream marine management area (Florida Bay). Projects on the coast that involve hydrologic modifications (such as changing salinity) must be closely monitored in order to protect reef quality. Reefs are very sensitive systems and can only survive in a narrow salinity range. By taking an active role and monitoring freshwater flow projects, management staff can better ensure proper consideration of the impact on coastal marine environments. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report.

Collaboration & Partnering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Salinity; Security & Public Administration Policies; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, 42 United States Code § 1996. The Act protects the rights of Native Americans to believe, express and exercise their traditional religions, including access to important sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to workshop through ceremonial and traditional rights.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965, as amended, 16 United States Code § 757. The Act is intended to conserve anadromous fish. It authorizes the Secretatries of Interior and Commerce to enter into cooperatve agreements with states and other non-federal interests for conservation, development and enhancement of anadromous fish and contribute up to fifty percent as the federal share of the cost of carrying out such agreements. Reclamation construction projects for water resource projects needed solely for such fish are also authorized.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Projects are for conservation, development, and enhancement on fisheries.

Comments: 		Department of Interior/Department of Commerce

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Chapter 17: Oil soil prevention and pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Prohibits the discharge of oil, petroleum products or their by-products, and other pollutants into or upon any coastal waters, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and land adjoining the seacoast of the Territory. Requires prompt containment and removal of petroleum.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects ecosystems, including coral reefs, from petroleum spills and provides for cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Established the Virgin Island Coastal Protection Fund of $1,000,000 for cleanup response. Prohibits derilict vessels upon any public waters or ports. Provides for civil penaltiesup to $50,000per day. Requires a National Contingency Plan.

Comments:Because it is the intent of this chapter to provide the means for rapid and effective cleanup and to minimize damages, any licensee and its agents or servants, including vessels destined for or leaving a licensee's terminal facility, who permits or suffers a prohibited discharge or other polluting condition to take place within territorial boundaries shall be liable to the territory for all costs of cleanup or other damage incurred by the territory and for damages resulting from injury to others. The territory shall have an absolute maritime lien which shall attach to any vessel and its freight on behalf of the territory or any person injured, for all costs of cleanup and other damages incurred as a result of a prohibited discharge. In any suit to enforce claims of the territory under this chapter, it shall not be necessary for the territory to plead or prove negligence in any form or manner on the part of the licensee or any vessel. If the territory is damaged by a discharge prohibited by this chapter it need only plead and prove the fact of the prohibited discharge or other polluting condition and that it occurred. In addition to the civil penalty, the pilot and the master of any vessel or person in charge of any licensee's terminal facility who fails to give immediate notification of a discharge to the harbor master and nearest U.S. Coast Guard station shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not less than $5,000 nor more than $10,000. The Department shall, by rules and regulations, require that the licensee designate a person at the terminal facility who shall be the person in charge of that facility for the purposes specified by this section. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Water Resources
Clean Water Act of 1974, 33 United States Code § 1252. To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act can be used to establish water quality standards for the disharge of pollutants into surface waters. Section 101 (3) stated that it will be the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts will be prohibited. The legislation employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. The tools are employed to achieve the broad goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water."

Legislative Actions:During the late 1980's, the program shifted from program-by-program, source by source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic water-shed strategies. Under the watershed approach equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired waters. Also during the 1980's, voluntary programs for nonpoint runoff and regulatory programs for wet weather point sources began to be addressed.

Comments:The Federal Water Pollution Contrl Act Amendments of 1972, PL 92-500, replaced the previous language of the Act entirely, including the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1965, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, all of which had been amendments of the Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956. The 1977 amendments, PL 95-217, further amended PL 92-500. 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territories 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Drinking Water Supply; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1451-1456. Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:In addition, the Act authorized a national system of estuarine sanctuaries and the establishment of national field laboratories with a 50/50 cost-sharing grants with coastal states.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund", 42 United States Code §§ 9601-9675. Provides Liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment.

Application to Coral Reefs:If a hazardous waste is spilled or discaharge illegally at or near a coral reef, the CERCLA could be used for rapid response and cleanup of the spill or discharge.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Remediation; Waste Management Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals, 73 Federal Register § 6895 (2008). To make it unlawful, to import or export the species into or from the US, to take the species within the US or territorial seas of the US, to take the species upon the high seas, to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship by any means whatsoever the species taken in violation, to deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce, by any means whatsoever and in the course of a commercial activity the species, to sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce the species, to violate any regulation pertaining to the species.

Application to Coral Reefs:The deignation of Acropa palmeta and Acropa cervicornis as threathened species will allow the species advantages in recovery. The designation protects the reef habitat because the species must have the reef to reproduce and grow.

Legislative Actions:Section 11 of the ESA provides civil and criminal penalties for a violation of the ESA.

Comments: 		NOAA

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Opportunities; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; Final Rule, 73 Federal Register § 72210. We, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final rule designating critical habitat for elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which we listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four specific areas are designated: the Florida area, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area, which comprises approximately 121 square miles (313 sq km) of marine habitat; and the St. Croix area, which comprises approximately 126 square miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We are excluding one military site, comprising approximately 5.5 square miles (14.3 sq km), because of national security impacts.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law protects coral habitat for elkhorn and staghorn coral which strenghtens their protection in the FKNMS, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final
rule designating critical habitat for
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and
staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which
we listed as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four
specific areas are designated: the Florida
area, which comprises approximately
1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of
marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area,
which comprises approximately 1,383
square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine
habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area,
which comprises approximately 121
square miles (313 sq km) of marine
habitat; and the St. Croix area, which
comprises approximately 126 square
miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We
are excluding one military site,
comprising approximately 5.5 square
miles (14.3 sq km), because of national
security impacts. 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries Protection Act of 1968, 16 United States Code §§ 1221-1226. Authorizes the Secretary of Interior in cooperation with other federal agencies and the states, to study and inventory estuaries of the united states, including land and water of the Great Lakes, and to determine whether such areas should be acquired for protection. The Secretary is also requied to encourage state and local governments to consider the importance of estuaries in their planning activities relative to federal natural resources grants.

Application to Coral Reefs:Established the congressional policy on the values of wetlands and the need to conserve their natural resources. Protection of wetlands provide coral reefs with an indirect benefit as the wetland serves the functions of nutrient removal and sediment containment

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Secretary of Interior in conjunction with other federal agencies and States

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Exec. Order No. 12372, Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs, 47 Federal Register 30953 (1982). Seeks to foster intergovernmental partnerships by requiring federal agencies to use the state process to determine and address concerns of state and local elected officials with proposed federal assistance and development programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Public Administration
Exec. Order No. 12996, Management and General Public Use of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 61 Federal Register 13647 (1994). Recommended that the Executive Branch develop, in cooperation with state, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector, a coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure to support public and develop sector applications of geospatial data.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:EO 13286 defines the role of Homeland Security

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Exec. Order No. 13089, Coral Reef Protection, 63 Federal Register 32701 (1998). Protect coral reefs. Established the US Coral Reef Task Force

Application to Coral Reefs:The Task Force was assigned duties including developing and implementing research, in conjunction with the scientific community, to identify the major causes of coral reef degradation.

Legislative Actions:No penalties for noncompliance.

Comments: 		12 federal agencies, 7 states and territories, 3 freely associated states

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Boating Regulations; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Hydrologic Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 13112, Invasive Species, 68 Federal Register 6183 (1990). Federal agencies are directed to prevent the introduction of invasive species, detect and rapidly respond to control populations of such species in a cost effective and environmentalyy sound manner, accurately monitor invasive species, provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions, conduct research to prevent introduction and to control invasive species, and promote public education on invasive species and the means to address them.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:No enforcement provisions. Federal agencies are encouraged to prevent the introduction, detect and respond to control, monitor, and conduct research of invasives. Secretary of Interior established an "Invasive Species Council" to address invasive species issues.

Comments: 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Invasive Species; Political Pressure; Remediation
Exec. Order No. 13158, Marine Protected Areas, 65 Federal Register 34909 (2000). This Executive Order is meant to help protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations by strengthening and expanding the Nation�s system of marine protected areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:Benefits to coral reefs within MPA's.

Legislative Actions:One of the provisions of the Act requires that the Secretary develop a scientifically based, comprehensive system of MPA's representing diverse US marine ecosystems, and the Nation's natural and cultural resources.

Comments: 		Department of Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, 5 United States Code § app. Created a formal process for federal agencies to seek advice and assistance from citizens. Any council, panel, conference, task force, or similar group used by federal officials to obtain consensus advice or recommendations on issues and policies that fall under the purview of the Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:The public sector had, and continues to participate, in many areas of the FKNMS.

Legislative Actions:The Act is the legal foundation defining how federal advisory committees operate. The law has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting.

Comments: 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 United States Code § 7421. Passed to improve the administration of fish and wildlife programs and amends several earlier laws, including the Refuge Recreation Act, the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. It authorizes the Secretary to accept gifts and bequests of real and personal property on behalf of the United States. It also authorizes the use of volunteers on Service projects and appropriations to carry out volunteer programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Secretaries were authorized to establish, conduct and assist with national training programs for State fish and wildlife enforcement personnel.

Comments:The law provided authority to the Secretaries to enter into law enforcement cooperatives with State and other federal agencies.It expanded the use of fines, penalties and forfeiture funds received under the Endangered Species Act and Lacey Act to include the cost of shipping, storing and disposing of items. 		Secretary of Interior and Secretary of Commerce, administration primarily through US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 United States Code § 1401. To regulate the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities. To regulate (1) the transportation by any person of material from the United States and, in the case of United States vessels, aircraft, or agencies, the transportation of material from a location outside the United States, when in either case the transportation is for the purpose of dumping the material into ocean waters, and (2) the dumping of material transported by any person from a location outside the United States, if the dumping occurs in the territorial sea or the contiguous zone of the United States.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act has been historically used to regulate dumping of dredged materials and sewage sludge into the marine environment. The law intends to improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources, enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment, and to maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecologigal services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit those areas. Because permits are required, it can be assumed that dumping would not be allowed if the material would be dispersed into a sensitive habitat such as coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:EPA may assess an administrative civil penalty up to $50,000 per person. Higher penalties can be assessed for dumping medical waste (up to $125,000). Each day in violation constitutes a separate offense. Continuing violations can suffer criminal penalties with fines and up to five years imprisionment possible.

Comments:The Act has played a major role in regulating the disposal of dredged material into the ocean environment. However, medical and radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, as well as sewage sludge, are also regulated in the law. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
National Environmental Education Act of 1990, 20 United States Code § 5501. Established the Office of Environmental Education within USEPA to develop and administer a federal environmental education program in consultation with other federal natural reource management agencies.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act could be used as a tool to educate the public about the values of coral reefs

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended through 1982,. Declared a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment : promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere: stimulate the health and welfare of resources important to the Nation and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

Application to Coral Reefs:Re-athorizes NEPA of 1969. Provides additional funding.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The amendments did not add regulations to the Act 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Educational & Research Opportunities; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Toxics; Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
National Park Service General Partnership Authorities of 1970, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act supplemented and clarified the National Park Service's mandate with respect to the management of the National Park System.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Designated Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act was created to start the National Park Service within the Department of Interior for the purpose of promoting and regulating the use of federal areas such as national parks and monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Created the National Park Service to be supervised by a Director.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invasive Species; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, 16 United States Code § 66. The Act defines the National Wildlife Refuge System and authorizes the Secretary of Interior to permit any use of a refuge provided such use is compatible with the major purpose for which the refuge was established.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 16 United States Code § 668. Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Act of 1966. This Act defines the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, establishes the legitimacy and appropriateness of six priority wildlife-dependent public uses, establishes a formal process for determining compatible uses of Refuge System lands, identifies the Secretary of the Interior as responsible for managing and protecting the Refuge System, and requires the development of comprehensive conservation plan for all refuges outside of Alaska.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6101. Established a matching grant program to fund projects that promote the conservation of neotropical migratory birds in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act provided competitive grants in Latin America, the Carribean, and the United States for neotropical migratory birds that winter south of the border and summer in North America. The law encourages habitat protection, education, research, monitoring, and capacity building to provide for long-term protection of neotropical migratory birds.

Comments:Over 800 species of birds are found in the United States and 500 migrate South of the border for the winter. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; Latin America; Caribbean 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Birds; Public Administration
North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989, 16 United States Code § 4411. Provides funding and administrative direction for the implementation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the Tripartite Agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:A North American Wetlands Conservation Council was created to recommend projects to be funded under the Act to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Canada; Mexico 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Marine Birds; Public Administration
Ocean Acidification and Marine pH Water Quality Criteria, 74 Federal Register § 17484 (2009). The publication is a Notice of Data Availability. EPA was making data submitted from various sources available to the public. They also were requesting additon data from the public on ocean acidification and marine pH. The data was to be reviewed to determine if a revision of the Clean Water Act (Section 304) (a) (1) was warranted.

Application to Coral Reefs:Coral reefs would be protected if ocean acidification could be controlled because it is a major detrimental parameter of living cora, contributing to their dying.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		EPA

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Environmental Education & Outreach; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Point Source Discharges
Partnerships for Wildlife Act of 1992, 16 United States Code §§ 3741-3744. Established a Wildlife Conservation and Appreciation Fund to receive appropriated funds and donations from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation and other private sources to assist the state fish and game agencies in carrying out their responsibilities for conservation of non-game species.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized grants to match contributions from the Wildlife Conservation and Appreciarion Fund, and authorized grants to states for conservation programs and projects to conserve nongame wildlife species.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Reef Life
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proposed Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2005, 2007 and 2009,. To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:When passed, the Amendments, among other issues, would reauthorize the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 and authorize appropriations through fiscal 2012 for the coral reef conservation program and community- based planning grants. Will authorize activities designed to minimize the likelihood of vessel impacts or other physical dammage to coral reefs, including activities to identify certain at-risk coral reefs. Promote international cooperation, codify the US Coral Reef Task Force.

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The amendments would not add regulations to the Act. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; CO2; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, 42 United States Code §§ 9601 et seq. Reautorized CERCLA

Application to Coral Reefs:If a hazardous waste is spilled or discaharge illegally at or near a coral reef, the CERCLA/SARA could be used for rapid response and cleanup of the spill or discharge.

Legislative Actions:The amended Act stressed the importance of permanent and innovative treatment technologies, required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws, provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools.

Comments: 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Security & Public Administration Policies; Waste Management Policies

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