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Apex Fish Predators

Apex Fish Predators

Apex Fish Predators, are fish that are at the top of the food chain with virtually no predators of their own, such as sharks, barracudas, morays, and jacks.

CMap

Apex Fish Predators, are fish that are at the top of the food chain with virtually no predators of their own, such as sharks, barracudas, morays, and jacks. Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Corallivorous fish are fish whose diet primarily consists of live coral. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. Fleshy macroalgae is any large algae which does not deposit calcium carbonate in it's tissues. Invasive species are plants, animals, or other organisms that are foreign to a particular environment, and whose introduction may be detrimental when invasives compete with or consume native species. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Invertivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on invertebrates. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Large herbivorous fish are any large bodied fish that primarily feed on algae, such as parrotfish and chubs. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Piscivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on other fish, such as snapper and grouper. Planktivorous Fish are fish that feed primarily on plankton. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Small herbivorous fish are small bodied fish species, such as damselfish, tangs, and surgeonfish that primarily feed on algae. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Turf algae is a type of low growing algae in reefs. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

The fish found on coral reefs are essential for coastal communities and extremely important in the wider world. Besides contributing to the cultural services of coral reefs, apex fish predators, such as sharks, barracudas, morays, and jacks, consume other fish species and provide the critical role of maintaining complex trophic dynamics. This effects herbivorous fish and ultimately impacts the maintenance of the reef habitat. In turn, the reef habitat provides the supporting service of complex habitat & resources for the benefit of all fish. Wetlands also support the fish community with the service of nursery habitat. In addition, competing invasive species, disease causing microorganisms, and a disturbed physical & chemical environment will stress or kill apex fish predators. Above the apex fish predators in the trophic structure are marine mammals and reptiles and humans. Socio-economic drivers lead to the removal & mortality through fishing pressures and behavior modifications through supplemental feeding. Biological monitoring, mapping, research, and restoration is paramount to ensure the flow of services from reef fish.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Andrews, AH; Natanson, LJ; Kerr, LA; Burgess, GH; Cailliet, GM. 2011. Bomb radiocarbon and tag-recapture dating of sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Fishery Bulletin 109:454-465. 2011 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Arias-Gonzalez, JE; Gonzalez-Gandara, C; Cabrera, JL; Christensen, V. 2011. Predicted impact of the invasive lionfish Pterois volitans on the food web of a Caribbean coral reef. Environmental Research 111:917-925. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invasive Species
Beukers-Stewart, BD; Beukers-Stewart, JS; Jones, GP. 2011. Behavioural and developmental responses of predatory coral reef fish to variation in the abundance of prey. Coral Reefs 30:855-864. 2011 Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Castro-Perez, JM; Gonzalez, GA; Arias-Gonzalez, JE. 2011. Characterizing spatial and temporal reef fisheries in Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve, northern Mesoamerican Reef System. Hidrobiologica 21:197-209. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Chan, WH; Mak, YL; Wu, JJ; Jin, L; Sit, WH; Lam, JCW; de Mitcheson, YS; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS; Murphy, MB. 2011. Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati. Chemosphere 84:117-123. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Kiribati Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Dale, JJ; Stankus, AM; Burns, MS; Meyer, CG. 2011. The Shark Assemblage at French Frigate Shoals Atoll, Hawai'i: Species Composition, Abundance and Habitat Use. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest
Dale, JJ; Wallsgrove, NJ; Popp, BN; Holland, KN. 2011. Nursery habitat use and foraging ecology of the brown stingray Dasyatis lata determined from stomach contents, bulk and amino acid stable isotopes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:221-236. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
D'Alessandro, EK; Sponaugle, S; Llopiz, JK; Cowen, RK. 2011. Larval ecology of the great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, and other sphyraenids in the Straits of Florida. Marine Biology 158:2625-2638. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Fang, GC; Nam, DH; Basu, N. 2011. Mercury and selenium content of Taiwanese seafood. Food Additives & Contaminants Part B-surveillance 4:212-217. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Taiwan Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Field, IC; Meekan, MG; Speed, CW; White, W; Bradshaw, CJA. 2011. Quantifying movement patterns for shark conservation at remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:61-71. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Fitzpatrick, R; Abrantes, KG; Seymour, J; Barnett, A. 2011. Variation in depth of whitetip reef sharks: does provisioning ecotourism change their behaviour? Coral Reefs 30:569-577. 2011 Australia; Fiji Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Gaither, MR; Bowen, BW; Bordenave, TR; Rocha, LA; Newman, SJ; Gomez, JA; van Herwerden, L; Craig, MT. 2011. Phylogeography of the reef fish Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae) indicates Pleistocene isolation across the indo-pacific barrier with contemporary overlap in the coral triangle. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; Oman; Philippines Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Graham, NAJ; Ainsworth, TD; Baird, AH; Ban, NC; Bay, LK; Cinner, JE; De Freitas, DM; Diaz-Pulido, G; Dornelas, M; Dunn, SR; Fidelman, PIJ; Foret, S; Good, TC; Kool, J; Mallela, J; Penin, L; Pratchett, MS; Williamson, DH. 2011. From Microbes To People: Tractable Benefits Of No-Take Areas For Coral Reefs. Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:105-135. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Last, PR; White, WT. 2011. Biogeographic patterns in the Australian chondrichthyan fauna. Journal of Fish Biology 79:1193-1213. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; New Caledonia; Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish
Liu, M; de Mitcheson, YS. 2011. The influence of social factors on juvenile sexual differentiation in a diandric, protogynous grouper Epinephelus coioides. Ichthyological Research 58:84-89. 2011 Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Piscivorous Fish
Luiz, OJ; Edwards, AJ. 2011. Extinction of a shark population in the Archipelago of Saint Paul's Rocks (equatorial Atlantic) inferred from the historical record. Biological Conservation 144:2873-2881. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Review; Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Malcolm, HA; Jordan, A; Smith, SDA. 2011. Testing a depth-based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:173-185. 2011 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Maljkovic, A; Cote, IM. 2011. Effects of tourism-related provisioning on the trophic signatures and movement patterns of an apex predator, the Caribbean reef shark. Biological Conservation 144:859-865. 2011 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Funding & Incentives; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, TR. 2011. Coral reef fish communities in management systems with unregulated fishing and small fisheries closures compared with lightly fished reefs - Maldives vs. Kenya. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:186-198. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Maldives; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, TR; Muthiga, NA; Coleman, RA. 2011. Testing for top-down control: can post-disturbance fisheries closures reverse algal dominance? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:658-675. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Meyer, AL; Dierking, J. 2011. Elevated size and body condition and altered feeding ecology of the grouper Cephalopholis argus in non-native habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 439:203-212. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Invasive Species; Piscivorous Fish
Miller, MJ; Wouthuyzen, S; Ma, T; Aoyama, J; Suharti, SR; Minegishi, Y; Tsukamoto, K. 2011. Distribution, Diversity, and Abundance of Garden Eel Larvae off West Sumatra, Indonesia. Zoological Studies 50:177-191. 2011 Indian Ocean; India; China; Indonesia; Taiwan Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Munoz, PD; Murillo, FJ; Sayago-Gil, M; Serrano, A; Laporta, M; Otero, I; Gomez, C. 2011. Effects of deep-sea bottom longlining on the Hatton Bank fish communities and benthic ecosystem, north-east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:939-952. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Littering; Marine Birds; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Oliver, SP; Hussey, NE; Turner, JR; Beckett, AJ. 2011. Oceanic Sharks Clean at Coastal Seamount. PLoS One 6. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Philippines Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Reece, JS; Bowen, BW; Smith, DG; Larson, A. 2011. Comparative phylogeography of four Indo-Pacific moray eel species (Muraenidae) reveals comparable ocean-wide genetic connectivity despite five-fold differences in available adult habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:269-277. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Piscivorous Fish
Schneider, K; Silverman, J; Woolsey, E; Eriksson, H; Byrne, M; Caldeira, K. 2011. Potential influence of sea cucumbers on coral reef CaCO(3) budget: A case study at One Tree Reef. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 116. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Speed, CW; Meekan, MG; Field, IC; McMahon, CR; Stevens, JD; McGregor, F; Huveneers, C; Berger, Y; Bradshaw, CJA. 2011. Spatial and temporal movement patterns of a multi-species coastal reef shark aggregation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 429:261-U618. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palmyra Atoll Apex Fish Predators
Taylor, RB; Morrison, MA; Shears, NT. 2011. Establishing baselines for recovery in a marine reserve (Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand) using local ecological knowledge. Biological Conservation 144:3038-3046. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Van-Eyk, SM; Siebeck, UE; Champ, CM; Marshall, J; Hart, NS. 2011. Behavioural evidence for colour vision in an elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:4186-4192. 2011 Apex Fish Predators
Vignon, M; Dierking, J. 2011. Prey regurgitation and stomach vacuity among groupers and snappers. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:361-366. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Wu, JJ; Mak, YL; Murphy, MB; Lam, JCW; Chan, WH; Wang, MF; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS. 2011. Validation of an accelerated solvent extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for Pacific ciguatoxin-1 in fish flesh and comparison with the mouse neuroblastoma assay. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400:3165-3175. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Java Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Broad, A., N. Knott, X. Turon, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Effects of a shark repulsion device on rocky reef fishes: no shocking outcomes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:295-298. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Brunnschweiler, J. M. 2010. Swift swimming reef fish as hosts of small juvenile sharksuckers. Coral Reefs 29:843-843. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Brunnschweiler, J. M., N. Queiroz, and D. W. Sims. 2010. Oceans apart? Short-term movements and behaviour of adult bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans determined from pop-off satellite archival tagging. Journal of Fish Biology 77:1343-1358. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Pacific Ocean; Fiji Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Cardenas-Palomo, N., J. Herrera-Silveira, and O. Reyes. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution of physicochemical features in the habitat of whale shark Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) in the north of Mexican Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:399-412. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Chemical Variables; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity
Chin, A., P. M. Kyne, T. I. Walker, and R. B. Mcauley. 2010. An integrated risk assessment for climate change: analysing the vulnerability of sharks and rays on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Global Change Biology 16:1936-1953. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Fishing Sector
Clua, E., N. Buray, P. Legendre, J. Mourier, and S. Planes. 2010. Behavioural response of sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens to underwater feeding for ecotourism purposes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:257-266. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
D'Onghia, G., P. Maiorano, L. Sion, A. Giove, F. Capezzuto, R. Carlucci, and A. Tursi. 2010. Effects of deep-water coral banks on the abundance and size structure of the megafauna in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57:397-411. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Dudley, S. F. J. and G. Cliff. 2010. Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet. African Journal of Marine Science 32:383-397. 2010 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Whales & Dolphins
Friedlander, A. M., S. A. Sandin, E. E. DeMartini, and E. Sala. 2010. Spatial patterns of the structure of reef fish assemblages at a pristine atoll in the central Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 410:219-231. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kingman Reef Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Graham, N. A. J., M. D. Spalding, and C. R. C. Sheppard. 2010. Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:543-548. 2010 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Hammerschlag, N. and J. E. Serafy. 2010. Nocturnal fish utilization of a subtropical mangrove-seagrass ecotone. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 31:364-374. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Hammerschlag, N., D. Ovando, and J. E. Serafy. 2010. Seasonal diet and feeding habits of juvenile fishes foraging along a subtropical marine ecotone. Aquatic Biology 9:279-290. 2010 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish
Hearn, A., J. Ketchum, A. P. Klimley, E. Espinoza, and C. Penaherrera. 2010. Hotspots within hotspots? Hammerhead shark movements around Wolf Island, Galapagos Marine Reserve. Marine Biology 157:1899-1915. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators
Heupel, M. R., C. A. Simpfendorfer, and R. Fitzpatrick. 2010. Large-Scale Movement and Reef Fidelity of Grey Reef Sharks. PLoS One 5:e9650. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
Heyman, W. D., L. M. Carr, and P. S. Lobel. 2010. Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:201-210. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Holmes, T. H. and M. I. McCormick. 2010. Size-selectivity of predatory reef fish on juvenile prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series 399:273-283. 2010 Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Jones, D. L., J. F. Walter, E. N. Brooks, and J. E. Serafy. 2010. Connectivity through ontogeny: fish population linkages among mangrove and coral reef habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 401:245-258. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish
Justine, J. L., I. Beveridge, G. A. Boxshall, R. A. Bray, F. Moravec, and I. D. Whittington. 2010. An annotated list of fish parasites (Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected from Emperors and Emperor Bream (Lethrinidae) in New Caledonia further highlights parasite biodiversity estimates on coral reef fish. Zootaxa 1-40. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Worms; Piscivorous Fish
Justine, J. L., I. Beveridge, G. A. Boxshall, R. A. Bray, F. Moravec, J. P. Trilles, and I. D. Whittington. 2010. An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish. Folia Parasitologica 57:237-262. 2010 Australia; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Worms; Piscivorous Fish
Kadison, E., E. K. D'Alessandro, G. O. Davis, and P. B. Hood. 2010. Age, Growth, And Reproductive Patterns Of The Great Barracuda, Sphyraena Barracuda, From The Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:773-784. 2010 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Lamb, R. W. and D. W. Johnson. 2010. Trophic restructuring of coral reef fish communities in a large marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:169-180. 2010 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Lozano-Alvarez, E., P. Briones-Fourzan, L. Alvarez-Filip, H. M. Weiss, F. Negrete-Soto, and C. Barradas-Ortiz. 2010. Influence of shelter availability on interactions between Caribbean spiny lobsters and moray eels: implications for artificial lobster enhancement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:175-185. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Lynch, A. M. J., S. G. Sutton, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:312-318. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McCauley, D. J., Y. P. Papastamatiou, and H. S. Young. 2010. An Observation of Mating in Free-Ranging Blacktip Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus. Pacific Science 64:349-352. 2010 Palmyra Atoll Apex Fish Predators
McCook, L. J., T. Ayling, M. Cappo, J. H. Choat, R. D. Evans., D. M. De Freitas, M. Heupel, T. P. Hughes, G. P. Jones, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, M. Mills, F. J. Molloy, C. R. Pitcher, R. L. Pressey, G. R. Russ, S. Sutton, H. Sweatman, R. Tobin, D. R. Wachenfeld, and D. H. Williamson. 2010. Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: a globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [earlyedition]. 2010 Global; Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Meyer, C. G., Y. P. Papastamatiou, and K. N. Holland. 2010. A multiple instrument approach to quantifying the movement patterns and habitat use of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis) at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii. Marine Biology 157:1857-1868. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators
Mills, S. C., J. Mourier, and R. Galzin. 2010. Plasma cortisol and 11-ketotestosterone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit validation for three fish species: the orange clownfish Amphiprion percula, the orangefin anemonefish Amphiprion chrysopterus and the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus. Journal of Fish Biology 77:769-777. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Moore, A. B. M., W. T. White, and R. Peirce. 2010. Additions to the shark fauna of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf. Zoology in the Middle East 50:83-88. 2010 Saudi Arabia; Kuwait; Qatar Apex Fish Predators
Motta, P. J., M. Maslanka, R. E. Hueter, R. L. Davis, R. de la Parra, S. L. Mulvany, M. L. Habegger, J. A. Strother, K. R. Mara, J. M. Gardiner, J. P. Tyminski, and L. D. Zeigler. 2010. Feeding anatomy, filter-feeding rate, and diet of whale sharks Rhincodon typus during surface ram filter feeding off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Zoology 113:199-212. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Plankton
Murchie, K. J., E. Schwager, S. J. Cooke, A. J. Danylchuk, S. E. Danylchuk, T. L. Goldberg, C. D. Suski, and D. P. Philipp. 2010. Spatial ecology of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in tidal creeks and coastal waters of Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Environmental Biology of Fishes 89:95-104. 2010 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Nolan, M. J. and T. H. Cribb. 2010. Two new species of flukes (Digenea: Bucephalidae: Prosorhynchinae) from the Western Moray Gymnothorax woodwardi (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from off Western Australia, with replacement of the pre-occupied generic name Folliculovarium Gu & Shen, 1983. Systematic Parasitology 76:81-92. 2010 Australia; China Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
O'Shea, O. R., M. J. Kingsford, and J. Seymour. 2010. Tide-related periodicity of manta rays and sharks to cleaning stations on a coral reef. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:65-73. 2010 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators
Papastamatiou, Y. P., A. M. Friedlander, J. E. Caselle, and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Long-term movement patterns and trophic ecology of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 386:94-102. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Pierce, S. J., A. Mendez-Jimenez, K. Collins, M. Rosero-Caicedo, and A. Monadjem. 2010. Developing a Code of Conduct for whale shark interactions in Mozambique. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:782-788. 2010 Global; Mozambique Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Rasalato, E., V. Maginnity, and J. M. Brunnschweiler. 2010. Using local ecological knowledge to identify shark river habitats in Fiji (South Pacific). Environmental Conservation 37:90-97. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reece, J. S., B. W. Bowen, D. G. Smith, and A. Larson. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics of moray eels (Muraenidae) demonstrates multiple origins of a shell-crushing jaw (Gymnomuraena, Echidna) and multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57:829-835. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Panama Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Reece, J. S., B. W. Bowen, K. Joshi, V. Goz, and A. Larson. 2010. Phylogeography of Two Moray Eels Indicates High Dispersal Throughout the Indo-Pacific. Journal of Heredity 101:391-402. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Renshaw, G. M. C., G. Wise, and P. R. Dodd. 2010. Ecophysiology of neuronal metabolism in transiently oxygen-depleted environments: Evidence that GABA is accumulated pre-synaptically in the cerebellum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 155:486-492. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Riley, M. J., M. S. Hale, A. Harman, and R. G. Rees. 2010. Analysis of whale shark Rhincodon typus aggregations near South An Atoll, Maldives Archipelago. Aquatic Biology 8:145-150. 2010 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Model Apex Fish Predators
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, B. J. Fitzpatrick, C. R. Steinberg, R. Ancel, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena influence the abundance of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 382:77-81. 2010 Global; Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Apex Fish Predators; Physical Variables; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, S. G. Wilson, J. J. Polovina, J. D. Stevens, G. S. Boggs, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. To go or not to go with the flow: Environmental influences on whale shark movement patterns. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 390:84-98. 2010 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Model; GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators
Smith, K., M. Scarr, and C. Scarpaci. 2010. Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia. Environmental Management 46:699-710. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Speed, C. W., I. C. Field, M. G. Meekan, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Complexities of coastal shark movements and their implications for management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:275-U305. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Tirard, P., M. J. Manning, I. Jollit, C. Duffy, and P. Borsa. 2010. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science 64:567-576. 2010 Cuba; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Whales & Dolphins
Todd, P. A., X. Y. Ong, and L. M. Chou. 2010. Impacts of pollution on marine life in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1063-1082. 2010 Global; Southeast Asia; Philippines Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Waterborne Discharges
Toller, W., A. O. Debrot, M. J. A. Vermeij, and P. C. Hoetjes. 2010. Reef Fishes of Saba Bank, Netherlands Antilles: Assemblage Structure across a Gradient of Habitat Types. PLoS One 5:e9207. 2010 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Trilles, J. P. and J. L. Justine. 2010. Elthusa epinepheli sp nov (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) a branchial parasite of the grouper Epinephelus howlandi (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) from off New Caledonia. Acta Parasitologica 55:177-187. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Vignon, M., P. Sasal, R. L. Johnson, and R. Galzin. 2010. Impact of shark-feeding tourism on surrounding fish populations off Moorea Island (French Polynesia). Marine and Freshwater Research 61:163-169. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Ward-Paige, C. A., C. Mora, H. K. Lotze, C. Pattengill-Semmens, L. McClenachan, E. Arias-Castro, and R. A. Myers. 2010. Large-Scale Absence of Sharks on Reefs in the Greater-Caribbean: A Footprint of Human Pressures. PLoS One 5:e11968. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Special Use Permitting
Ward-Paige, C., J. M. Flemming, and H. K. Lotze. 2010. Overestimating Fish Counts by Non-Instantaneous Visual Censuses: Consequences for Population and Community Descriptions. PLoS One 5:e11722. 2010 Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Yoshida, T., K. Akagi, T. Toda, M. M. R. Kushairi, A. A. A. Kee, and B. H. R. Othman. 2010. Evaluation of Fish Behaviour and Aggregation by Underwater Videography in an Artificial Reef in Tioman Island, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 39:395-403. 2010 Malaysia; Oman Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish
Araujo, J. N. and A. S. Martins. 2009. Aspects of the population biology of Cephalopholis fulva from the central coast of Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25:328-334. 2009 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Bott, N. J. and T. H. Cribb. 2009. Prosorhynchine trematodes (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from epinephelines (Perciformes: Serranidae) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 72:57-69. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Brunnschweiler, J. M. 2009. Tracking free-ranging sharks with hand-fed intra-gastric acoustic transmitters. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 42:201-209. 2009 Fiji Apex Fish Predators
Chapman, D. D., E. A. Babcock, S. H. Gruber, J. D. Dibattista, B. R. Franks, S. A. Kessel, T. Guttridge, E. K. Pikitch, and K. A. Feldheim. 2009. Long-term natal site-fidelity by immature lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) at a subtropical island. Molecular Ecology 18:3500-3507. 2009 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Clark, R. D., S. Pittman, C. Caldow, J. Christensen, B. Roque, R. S. Appeldoorn, and M. E. Monaco. 2009. Nocturnal fish movement and trophic flow across habitat boundaries in a coral reef ecosystem (SW Puerto Rico). Caribbean Journal of Science 45:282-303. 2009 Puerto Rico Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Molluscs; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Coetzee, M. L., N. J. Smit, A. S. Grutter, and A. J. Davies. 2009. Gnathia trimaculata n. sp (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), an ectoparasite found parasitising requiem sharks from off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 72:97-112. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Coetzee, M. L., N. J. Smit, A. S. Grutter, and A. J. Davies. 2009. Gnathia trimaculata n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), an ectoparasite found parasitising requiem sharks from off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 72:97-112. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Dierking, F. and C. E. Cawpora. 2009. Ciguatera in the Introduced Fish Cephalopholis argus (Serranidae) in Hawai'i and Implications for Fishery Management. Pacific Science 63:193-204. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Pathogens
Dierking, J., I. D. Williams, and W. J. Walsh. 2009. Diet composition and prey selection of the introduced grouper species peacock hind (Cephalopholis argus) in Hawaii. Fishery Bulletin 107:464-476. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Gleiss, A. C., B. Norman, N. Liebsch, C. Francis, and R. P. Wilson. 2009. A new prospect for tagging large free-swimming sharks with motion-sensitive data-loggers. Fisheries Research 97:16-Nov. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Gubili, C., R. Johnson, E. Gennari, W. H. Oosthuizen, D. Kotze, M. Meyer, D. W. Sims, C. S. Jones, and L. R. Noble. 2009. Concordance of genetic and fin photo identification in the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, off Mossel Bay, South Africa. Marine Biology 156:2199-2207. 2009 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
Gunter, N. L. and R. D. Adlard. 2009. Seven new species of Ceratomyxa Th,lohan, 1892 (Myxozoa) from the gall-bladders of serranid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 73:1-11. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Gunter, N. L. and R. D. Adlard. 2009. Seven new species of Ceratomyxa Thelohan, 1892 (Myxozoa) from the gall-bladders of serranid fishes from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology 73:11-Jan. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Heupel, M. R., A. J. Williams, D. J. Welch, A. Ballagh, B. D. Mapstone, G. Carlos, C. Davies, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2009. Effects of fishing on tropical reef associated shark populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 95:350-361. 2009 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kinney, M. J. and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2009. Reassessing the value of nursery areas to shark conservation and management. Conservation Letters 2:53-60. 2009 GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Krajewski, J. P., R. M. Bonaldo, C. Sazima, and I. Sazima. 2009. Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish. Journal of Natural History 43:185-190. 2009 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Litherland, L., S. P. Collin, and K. A. Fritsches. 2009. Visual optics and ecomorphology of the growing shark eye: a comparison between deep and shallow water species. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:3583-3594. 2009 Apex Fish Predators
McClenachan, L. 2009. Documenting loss of large trophy fish from the florida keys with historical photographs. Conservation Biology 23:636-643. 2009 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Meekan, M. G., S. N. Jarman, C. McLean, and M. B. Schultz. 2009. DNA evidence of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) feeding on red crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) larvae at Christmas Island, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:607-609. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton
Papastamatiou, Y. P., C. G. Lowe, J. E. Caselle, and A. M. Friedlander. 2009. Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll. Ecology 90:996-1008. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Model Apex Fish Predators
Papastamatiou, Y. P., J. E. Caselle, A. M. Friedlander, and C. G. Lowe. 2009. Distribution, size frequency, and sex ratios of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus at Palmyra Atoll: a predator-dominated ecosystem. Journal of Fish Biology 75:647-654. 2009 Palmyra Atoll Apex Fish Predators
Powter, D. M. and W. Gladstone. 2009. Habitat-mediated use of space by juvenile and mating adult port jackson sharks, heterodontus portusjacksoni, in Eastern Australia. Pacific Science 63:14-Jan. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Purgley, H., J. Jewell, J. E. Deacon, R. M. Winokur, and V. M. Tripoli. 2009. Vitamin D-3 in Captive Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:161-167. 2009 Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Hotel & Food Services; Light; Sea Turtles
Revill, A. T., J. W. Young, and M. Lansdell. 2009. Stable isotopic evidence for trophic groupings and bio-regionalization of predators and their prey in oceanic waters off eastern Australia. Marine Biology 156:1241-1253. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Nutrients; Octopus & Squid
Riley, M. J., A. Harman, and R. G. Rees. 2009. Evidence of continued hunting of whale sharks Rhincodon typus in the Maldives. Environmental Biology of Fishes 86:371-374. 2009 Maldives Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest
Rowat, D., C. W. Speed, M. G. Meekan, M. A. Gore, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2009. Population abundance and apparent survival of the Vulnerable whale shark Rhincodon typus in the Seychelles aggregation. ORYX 43:591-598. 2009 Seychelles Model Apex Fish Predators
Rowat, D., M. Gore, M. G. Meekan, I. R. Lawler, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2009. Aerial survey as a tool to estimate whale shark abundance trends. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:1-8. 2009 Seychelles Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators
Schmidt J. V., C. L. Schmidt , F. Ozer, R. E. Ernst, K. A. Feldheim, M. V. Ashley, and M. Levine. 2009. Low genetic differentiation across three major ocean populations of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus. PLoS One 4:e4988. 2009 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; India; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators
Stallings, C. D. 2009. Predator identity and recruitment of coral-reef fishes: Indirect effects of fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 383:251-259. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Piscivorous Fish
Tavares, R. 2009. Analysis Of Abundance, Distribution And Length Of Sharks Caught By Artisanal Fishery In The Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela. Interciencia 34:463-470. 2009 Venezuela Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Unsworth, R. K. F., S. L. Garrard, P. S. De Leon, L. C. Cullen, D. J. Smith, K. A. Sloman, and J. J. Bell. 2009. Structuring of Indo-Pacific fish assemblages along the mangrove-seagrass continuum. Aquatic Biology 5:85-95. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Vaske, T., C. M. Vooren, and R. P. Lessa. 2009. Feeding Strategy Of The Night Shark (Carcharhinus Signatus) And Scalloped Hammerhead Shark (Sphyrna Lewini) Near Seamounts Off Northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57:97-104. 2009 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid
Vignon, M., P. Sasal, and R. Galzin. 2009. Host introduction and parasites: a case study on the parasite community of the peacock grouper Cephalopholis argus (Serranidae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Parasitology Research 104:775-782. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Weis, J. S., P. Weis, J. MacDonald, and L. Pearson. 2009. Rapid changes in fish utilization of mangrove habitat in Western Madagascar. Wetlands Ecology and Management 17:345-354. 2009 Madagascar Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Abdou, N. S. and H. W. Palm. 2008. New record of two genera of Trypanorhynch cestodes infecting Red Sea fishes in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 38:281-292. 2008 Egypt Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Anderson, P. S. L. 2008. Shape variation between arthrodire morphotypes indicates possible feeding niches. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28:961-969. 2008 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Auster, P. J. 2008. Variation in search and predatory attack strategies of shark mackerel Grammatorcynus bicarinatus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:847-849. 2008 United Kingdom Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Bienfang, P., B. Oben, S. Defelice, P. Moeller, K. Huncik, P. Oben, R. Toonen, T. Daly-Engel, and B. Bowen. 2008. Ciguatera: The detection of neurotoxins in carnivorous reef fish from the coast of Cameroon, West Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30:533-540. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish
Bradshaw, C. J. A., B. M. Fitzpatrick, C. C. Steinberg, B. W. Brook, and M. G. Meekan. 2008. Decline in whale shark size and abundance at Ningaloo Reef over the past decade: The world's largest fish is getting smaller. Biological Conservation 141:1894-1905. 2008 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Coetzee, M. L., N. J. Smit, A. S. Grutter, and A. J. Davies. 2008. A new gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) parasitizing two species of requiem sharks from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Parasitology 94:608-615. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
DeMartini, E. E., A. M. Friedlander, S. A. Sandin, and E. Sala. 2008. Differences in fish-assemblage structure between fished and unfished atolls in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:199-215. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kiribati Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Dinsdale, E. A., O. Pantos, S. Smriga, R. A. Edwards, F. Angly, L. Wegley, M. Hatay, D. Hall, E. Brown, M. Haynes, L. Krause, E. Sala, S. A. Sandin, R. V. Thurber, B. L. Willis, F. Azam, N. Knowlton, and F. Rohwer. 2008. Microbial ecology of four coral atolls in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS One 3. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens
Faunce, C. H. and J. E. Serafy. 2008. Selective use of mangrove shorelines by snappers, grunts, and great barracuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 356:153-162. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish
Freire, K. M. F., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. 2008. Description of the East Brazil Large Marine Ecosystem using a trophic model. Scientia Marina 72:477-491. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Hazin, F. H. V., G. H. Burgess, and F. C. Carvalho. 2008. A shark attack outbreak off recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: 1992-2006. Bulletin of Marine Science 82:199-212. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Holmberg, J., B. Norman, and Z. Arzoumanian. 2008. Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecological Applications 18:222-233. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Korzeniewski, K. 2008. Land and marine fauna constituting a threat for recreational divers in the tropics [Fauna morska i ladowa stanowiaca zagrożenie dla nurkujacych rekreacyjnie w tropiku]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 25:294-297. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Arthropods; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Lafferty, K. D., J. C. Shaw, and A. M. Kuris. 2008. Reef fishes have higher parasite richness at unfished palmyra atoll compared to fished kiritimati island. EcoHealth 5:338-345. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Apex Fish Predators; Arthropods; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Worms; Small Herbivorous Fish
Leblond, C., J. Mephara, and S. Sauve. 2008. Trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in food supplements of marine origin. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14:408-420. 2008 Agriculture; Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Toxics
McCormick, M. I. and R. Manassa. 2008. Predation risk assessment by olfactory and visual cues in a coral reef fish. Coral Reefs 27:105-113. 2008 Apex Fish Predators
McNiven, I. J., J. Crouch, M. Weisler, N. Kemp, L. C. Martinez, J. Stanisic, M. Orr, L. Brady, S. Hocknull, and W. Boles. 2008. Tigershark Rockshelter (Baidamau Mudh): Seascape and settlement reconfigurations on the Sacred islet of Pulu, Western Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait). Australian Archaeology 66:15-32. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2008. Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in moray eels. Journal of Morphology 269:604-619. 2008 Review Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Motta, P. J., R. E. Hueter, T. C. Tricas, A. P. Summers, D. R. Huber, D. Lowry, K. R. Mara, M. P. Matott, L. B. Whitenack, and A. P. Wintzer. 2008. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum. Journal of Morphology 269:1041-1055. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Seawater Flow; Substrate
Powter, D. M. and W. Gladstone. 2008. Habitat preferences of Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in the coastal waters of Eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 129:151-165. 2008 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Seagrasses
Ritter, E. K. 2008. Mouth gaping behavior in Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 41:161-167. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators
Sandin, S. A., E. M. Sampayo, and M. J. A. Vermeij. 2008. Coral reef fish and benthic community structure of bonaire and Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Caribbean Journal of Science 44:137-144. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Sandin, S. A., J. E. Smith, E. E. DeMartini, E. A. Dinsdale, S. D. Donner, A. M. Friedlander, T. Konotchick, M. Malay, J. E. Maragos, D. Obura, O. Pantos, G. Paulay, M. Richie, F. Rohwer, R. E. Schroeder, S. Walsh, J. B. C. Jackson, N. Knowlton, and E. Sala. 2008. Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS One 3. 2008 Global Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Planktivorous Fish
Sazima, I., A. Carvalho-Filho, and C. Sazima. 2008. A new cleaner species of Elacatinus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 27-32. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sponges
Schmitter-Soto, J. J. 2008. The Oarfish, Regalecus glesne (Teleostei: Regalecidae), in the Western Caribbean. Caribbean Journal of Science 44:125-128. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Cuba; Bermuda; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Speed, C. W., M. G. Meekan, D. Rowat, S. J. Pierce, A. D. Marshall, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2008. Scarring patterns and relative mortality rates of Indian Ocean whale sharks. Journal of Fish Biology 72:1488-1503. 2008 Australia; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Seychelles; India Apex Fish Predators; Boating Regulations
Stallings, C. D. 2008. Indirect effects of an exploited predator on recruitment of coral-reef fishes. Ecology 89:2090-2095. 2008 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Taylor, S. M. and M. B. Bennett. 2008. Cephalopod dietary specialization and ontogenetic partitioning of the Australian weasel shark Hemigaleus australiensis White, Last & Compagno. Journal of Fish Biology 72:917-936. 2008 Australia Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Seagrasses
Valentine, J. F., K. L. Heck Jr., D. Blackmon, M. E. Goecker, J. Christian, R. M. Kroutil, B. J. Peterson, M. A. Vanderklift, K. D. Kirsch, and M. Beck. 2008. Exploited species impacts on trophic linkages along reef seagrass interfaces in the Florida Keys. Ecological Applications 18:1501-1515. 2008 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Vignon, M., P. Sasal, and R. Galzin. 2008. Host introduction and parasites: a case study on the parasite community of the peacock grouper Cephalopholis argus (Serranidae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Parasitology Research 8-Jan. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Baldwin, C. C. and J. M. Leis. 2007. Rainfordia opercularis, a liopropomin serranid (Teleostei: Serranidae: Epinephelinae): Corroborative evidence from settlement-stage larvae. Ichthyological Research 54:193-197. 2007 Australia; Japan Apex Fish Predators
Bradshaw, C. J. A., H. F. Mollet, and M. G. Meekan. 2007. Inferring population trends for the world's largest fish from mark-recapture estimates of survival. Journal of Animal Ecology 76:480-489. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:271-275. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas
Friedlander, A. M., E. Brown, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Defining reef fish habitat utilization patterns in Hawaii: Comparisons between marine protected areas and areas open to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 351:221-233. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, R. T. and C. M. Roberts. 2007. Assessing the size, growth rate and structure of a seasonal population of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus Smith 1828) using conventional tagging and photo identification. Fisheries Research 84:71-80. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Heupel, M. R. and M. B. Bennett. 2007. Estimating abundance of reef-dwelling sharks: A case study of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscyllidae). Pacific Science 61:383-394. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators
Kawakoshi, A., H. Kaiya, L. G. Riley, T. Hirano, E. G. Grau, M. Miyazato, H. Hosoda, and K. Kangawa. 2007. Identification of a ghrelin-like peptide in two species of shark, Sphyrna lewini and Carcharhinus melanopterus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 151:259-268. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Kiszka, J. J. 2007. Atypical associations between dugongs (Dugong dugon) and dolphins in a tropical lagoon. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:101-104. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India; United Kingdom Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Lou, D. C., B. D. Mapstone, G. R. Russ, G. A. Begg, and C. R. Davies. 2007. Using otolith weight-age relationships to predict age based metrics of coral reef fish populations across different temporal scales. Fisheries Research 83:216-227. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. M. Calnan, and M. A. MacNeil. 2007. Toward pristine biomass: Reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecological Applications 17:1055-1067. 2007 Kenya Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology 210:495-504. 2007 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Seawater Flow
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey. Nature 449:79-82. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Meyer, C. G., W. C. Burgess, Y. P. Papastamatiou, and K. N. Holland. 2007. Use of an implanted sound recording device (Bioacoustic Probe) to document the acoustic environment of a blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Aquatic Living Resource 20:291-298. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Monte-Luna, P. D., D. Lluch-Belda, E. Serviere-Zaragoza, R. Carmona, H. Reyes-Bonilla, D. Aurioles-Gamboa, J. L. Castro-Aguirre, S. A. G. D. Proo, O. Trujillo-Millan, and B. W. Brook. 2007. Marine extinctions revisited. Fish and Fisheries 8:107-122. 2007 Global Review Apex Fish Predators
Norman, B. M. and J. D. Stevens. 2007. Size and maturity status of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia. Fisheries Research 84:81-86. 2007 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation
Papastamatiou, Y. P., C. G. Meyer, and K. N. Holland. 2007. A new acoustic pH transmitter for studying the feeding habits of free-ranging sharks. Aquatic Living Resource 20:287-290. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
Papastamatiou, Y. P., S. J. Purkis, and K. N. Holland. 2007. The response of gastric pH and motility to fasting and feeding in free swimming blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:129-140. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Rhodes, K. L. and M. H. Tupper. 2007. A preliminary market-based analysis of the Pohnpei, Micronesia, grouper (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) fishery reveals unsustainable fishing practices. Coral Reefs 26:335-344. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Shephard, S., P. Connolly, N.-R. Hareide, and E. Rogan. 2007. Establishing stakeholder connections for management of the Irish orange roughy fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64:841-845. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, S. G. Wilson, C. K. S. Jenner, M. N. Jenner, G. S. Boggs, C. C. Steinberg, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2007. Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:608-623. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Physical Variables; Whales & Dolphins
Stevenson, C., L. S. Katz, F. Micheli, B. Block, K. W. Heiman, C. Perle, K. Weng, R. Dunbar, and J. Witting. 2007. High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific islands. Coral Reefs 26:47-51. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Taylor, J. G. 2007. Ram filter-feeding and nocturnal feeding of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Fisheries Research 84:65-70. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Plankton
Tsehaye, I., M. A. M. Machiels, and L. A. J. Nagelkerke. 2007. Rapid shifts in catch composition in the artisanal Red Sea reef fisheries of Eritrea. Fisheries Research 86:58-68. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Valentine, J. F., K. L. Heck Jr., D. Blackmon, M. E. Goecker, J. Christian, R. M. Kroutil, K. D. Kirsch, B. J. Peterson, M. Beck, and M. A. Vanderklift. 2007. Food web interactions along seagrass-coral reef boundaries: Effects of piscivore reductions on cross-habitat energy exchange. Marine Ecology Progress Series 333:37-50. 2007 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Villareal, T. A., S. Hanson, S. Qualia, E. L. E. Jester, H. R. Granade, and R. W. Dickey. 2007. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 6:253-259. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Wetherbee, B. M., S. H. Gruber, and R. S. Rosa. 2007. Movement patterns of juvenile lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris within Atol das Rocas, Brazil: A nursery characterized by tidal extremes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 343:283-293. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves; Seagrasses
White, J. W. 2007. Spatially correlated recruitment of a marine predator and its prey shapes the large-scale pattern of density-dependent prey mortality. Ecology Letters 10:1054-1065. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton
Whitney, N. M., Y. P. Papastamatiou, K. N. Holland, and C. G. Lowe. 2007. Use of an acceleration data logger to measure diel activity patterns in captive whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus. Aquatic Living Resource 20:299-305. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
Wilson, S. G., B. S. Stewart, J. J. Polovina, M. G. Meekan, J. D. Stevens, and B. Galuardi. 2007. Accuracy and precision of archival tag data: A multiple-tagging study conducted on a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the Indian Ocean. Fisheries Oceanography 16:547-554. 2007 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Model; Remote Sensing Apex Fish Predators
Baird, T. A. and T. D. Baird. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity in the reproductive behavior of female sand tilefish, Malacanthus plumieri. Ethology 112:52-63. 2006 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton; Skeletal Coral
Brunnschweiler, J. M. and J. L. Earle. 2006. A contribution to marine life conservation efforts in the South Pacific: The Shark Reef Marine Reserve, Fiji. Cybium 30:133-139. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Carraro, R. and W. Gladstone. 2006. Habitat preferences and site fidelity of the ornate Wobbegong shark (Orectolobus ornatus) on rocky reefs of New South Wales. Pacific Science 60:207-223. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sponges
Chapman, D. D. F., E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. Babcock. 2006. Marine parks need sharks? [3]. Science 312:526-527. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
DeMartini, E. E. and A. M. Friedlander. 2006. Predation, endemism, and related processes structuring shallow-water reef fish assemblages of the NWHI. Atoll Research Bulletin 237-256. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish
Dicken, M. L., M. J. Smale, and A. J. Booth. 2006. Spatial and seasonal distribution patterns of the ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus along the coast of South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 28:603-616. 2006 South Africa Apex Fish Predators
Dobson, J. 2006. Sharks, wildlife tourism, and state regulation. Pages 15-23 in Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Dulvy, N. K. 2006. Conservation Biology: Strict Marine Protected Areas Prevent Reef Shark Declines. Current Biology 16. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, B. M. Wetherbee, and M. Shivji. 2006. Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: The potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground. Marine Biology 149:189-199. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, M. S. Shivji, B. M. Wetherbee, and A. F. Amorim. 2006. Habitat of juvenile Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at two oceanic insular marine protected areas in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Fisheries Research 81:236-241. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Graham, R. T., C. M. Roberts, and J. C. R. Smart. 2006. Diving behaviour of whale sharks in relation to a predictable food pulse. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3:109-116. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Holzwarth, S. R., E. E. DeMartini, R. E. Schroeder, B. J. Zgliczynski, and J. L. Laughlin. 2006. Sharks and jacks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from towed-diver surveys 2000-2003. Atoll Research Bulletin 257-279. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources
Last, P. R., J. A. Chidlow, and L. J. V. Compagno. 2006. A new wobbegong shark, Orectolobus hutchinsi n. sp. (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae) from southwestern Australia. Zootaxa 35-48. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McElroy, W. D., B. M. Wetherbee, C. S. Mostello, C. G. Lowe, G. L. Crow, and R. C. Wass. 2006. Food habits and ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76:81-92. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid
Meekan, M. G., C. J. A. Bradshaw, M. Press, C. McLean, A. Richards, S. Quasnichka, and J. G. Taylor. 2006. Population size and structure of whale sharks Rhincodon typus at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 319:275-285. 2006 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators
Moffitt, R. B., J. Johnson, and G. Dinardo. 2006. Spatiotemporal analysis of lobster trap catches: Impacts of trap fishing on community structure. Atoll Research Bulletin 217-236. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Study Location Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Newman, M. J. H., G. A. Paredes, E. Sala, and J. B. C. Jackson. 2006. Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecology Letters 9:1216-1227. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Small Herbivorous Fish
Papastamatiou, Y. P., B. M. Wetherbee, C. G. Lowe, and G. L. Crow. 2006. Distribution and diet of four species of carcharhinid shark in the Hawaiian Islands: Evidence for resource partitioning and competitive exclusion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 320:239-251. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators
Robbins, W. D., M. Hisano, S. R. Connolly, and J. H. Choat. 2006. Ongoing Collapse of Coral-Reef Shark Populations. Current Biology 16:2314-2319. 2006 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Schroeder, R. E. and J. D. Parrish. 2006. Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 439-460. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Verweij, M. C., I. Nagelkerken, D. De Graaff, M. Peeters, E. J. Bakker, and G. Van Der Velde. 2006. Structure, food and shade attract juvenile coral reef fish to mangrove and seagrass habitats: A field experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:257-268. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Wilson, S. G., J. J. Polovina, B. S. Stewart, and M. G. Meekan. 2006. Movements of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) tagged at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine Biology 148:1157-1166. 2006 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators
Yokota, L. and R. P. Lessa. 2006. A nursery area for sharks and rays in Northeastern Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes 75:349-360. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Substrate
Adlard, R. D., M. S. Bryant, C. M. Whipps, and M. L. Kent. 2005. Multivalvulid myxozoans from Eastern Australia: Three new species of Kudoa from scombrid and labrid fishes of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Parasitology 91:1138-1142. 2005 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Planktivorous Fish
Amaral, A. C. Z. and S. Jablonski. 2005. Conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:625-631. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Bergenius, M. A. J., B. D. Mapstone, G. A. Begg, and C. D. Murchie. 2005. The use of otolith chemistry to determine stock structure of three epinepheline serranid coral reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 72:253-270. 2005 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Bray, R. A. and T. H. Cribb. 2005. Two new hemiurine species (Digenea: Hemiuridae) from Spratelloides robustus Ogilby (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) off south-western Australia and records of Parahemiurus merus (Linton, 1910) from Australian and New Caledonian waters. Systematic Parasitology 60:197-203. 2005 Australia; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. Babcock, and M. S. Shiyji. 2005. Marine reserve design and evaluation using automated acoustic telemetry: A case-study involving coral reef-associated sharks in the mesoamerican Caribbean. Marine Technology Society Journal 39:42-55. 2005 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest
Copley, J. 2005. From shore to shining shore. New Scientist 186:51. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles
DeMartini, E. E., A. M. Friedlander, and S. R. Holzwarth. 2005. Size at sex change in protogynous labroids, prey body size distributions, and apex predator densities at NW Hawaiian atolls. Marine Ecology Progress Series 297:259-271. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish
Dunbrack, R. and R. Zielinski. 2005. Body size distribution and frequency of anthropogenic injuries of Bluntnose Sixgill Sharks, Hexanchus griseus, at Flora Islets, British Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 119:537-540. 2005 Columbia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Farina, A., A. Bellorin, S. Sant, and E. Mendez. 2005. Structure of the fish community at a reef in Los Monjes Archipelago, Venezuela [Estructura de la comunidad de peces en un arrecife del Archipielago Los Monjes, Venezuela]. Ciencias Marinas 31:585-591. 2005 Venezuela Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Gilbert, M., J. B. Rasmussen, and D. L. Kramer. 2005. Estimating the density and biomass of moray eels (Muraenidae) using a modified visual census method for hole-dwelling reef fauna. Environmental Biology of Fishes 73:415-426. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Liu, M. and Y. Sadovy. 2005. Habitat association and social structure of the chocolate hind, Cephalopholis boenak (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae), at Ping Chau Island, northeastern Hong Kong waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:18-Sep. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Lou, D. C., B. D. Mapstone, G. R. Russ, C. R. Davies, and G. A. Begg. 2005. Using otolith weight-age relationships to predict age-based metrics of coral reef fish populations at different spatial scales. Fisheries Research 71:279-294. 2005 Australia Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector
Malumian, N. and E. B. Olivero. 2005. Shallow-water late middle Eocene crinoids from Tierra del Fuego: A new southern record of a retrograde community structure. Scientia Marina 69:349-353. 2005 Apex Fish Predators; Echinoderms; Sediment
Marsh, H., G. De'ath, N. Gribble, and B. Lane. 2005. Historical marine population estimates: Triggers or targets for conservation? The dugong case study. Ecological Applications 15:481-492. 2005 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Marine Vertebrates; Seagrasses
McKiernan, J. P., A. S. Grutter, and A. J. Davies. 2005. Reproductive and feeding ecology of parasitic gnathiid isopods of epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) with consideration of their role in the transmission of a haemogregarine. International Journal for Parasitology 35:19-27. 2005 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Monbiot, G. 2005. Climate change: A crisis of collective denial? Environmental Law and Management 17:57-61. 2005 Global Apex Fish Predators; Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Plankton; Skeletal Coral
Nagelkerken, I., K. Vermonden, O. C. C. Moraes, A. O. Debrot, and W. P. Nagelkerken. 2005. Changes in coral reef communities and an associated reef fish species, Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepede), after 30 years on Curacao (Netherlands Antilles). Hydrobiologia 549:145-154. 2005 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Pikitch, E. K., D. D. Chapman, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2005. Habitat use and demographic population structure of elasmobranchs at a Caribbean atoll (Glover's Reef, Belize). Marine Ecology Progress Series 302:187-197. 2005 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators
Popple, I. D. and W. Hunte. 2005. Movement patterns of Cephalopholis cruentata in a marine reserve in St Lucia, W.I., obtained from ultrasonic telemetry. Journal of Fish Biology 67:981-992. 2005 Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Reed, J. K., S. A. Pomponi, D. Weaver, C. K. Paull, and A. E. Wright. 2005. Deep-water sinkholes and bioherms of south Florida and the pourtales terrace - Habitat and fauna. Bulletin of Marine Science 77:267-296. 2005 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Echinoderms; Fish; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Piscivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Smale, M. J. 2005. The diet of the ragged-tooth shark Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 27:331-335. 2005 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Substrate
Weis, J. S. and P. Weis. 2005. Use of intertidal mangrove and sea wall habitats by coral reef fishes in the Wakatobi Marine Park, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53:119-124. 2005 Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Yanez-Arancibia, A. and J. W. Day. 2005. Environmental sub-regions in the Gulf of Mexico coastal zone: The ecosystem approach as an integrated management tool. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:727-757. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Primary Production; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Zoltan, T. B., K. S. Taylor, and S. A. Achar. 2005. Health issues for surfers. American Family Physician 71. 2005 Apex Fish Predators
Almany, G. R. 2004. Differential effects of habitat complexity, predators and competitors on abundance of juvenile and adult coral reef fishes. Oecologia 141:105-113. 2004 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Almany, G. R. 2004. Does increased habitat complexity reduce predation and competition in coral reef fish assemblages? Oikos 106:275-284. 2004 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Beukers-Stewart, B. D. and G. P. Jones. 2004. The influence of prey abundance on the feeding ecology of two piscivorous species of coral reef fish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 299:155-184. 2004 Australia Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Borsa, P. and G. Hoarau. 2004. A pygmy blue whale (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) in the inshore waters of New Caledonia. Pacific Science 58:579-584. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Callaghan, R. 2004. An Underwater World. Elektron 21:60-62. 2004 Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Small Boats
Dorenbosch, M., M. C. Van Riel, I. Nagelkerken, and G. Van Der Velde. 2004. The relationship of reef fish densities to the proximity of mangrove and seagrass nurseries. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 60:37-48. 2004 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Eggleston, D. B., C. P. Dahlgren, and E. G. Johnson. 2004. Fish density, diversity, and size-structure within multiple back reef habitats of key west national wildlife refuge. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:175-204. 2004 GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Geistdoerfer, P. and M. Goyffon. 2004. Dangerous aquatic animals [Animaux aquatiques dangereux]. EMC - Toxicologie-Pathologie 1:35-62. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Molluscs; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Glynn, P. W. 2004. High complexity food webs in low-diversity eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems 7:358-367. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Whales & Dolphins
Hart, N. S., T. J. Lisney, N. J. Marshall, and S. P. Collin. 2004. Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:4587-4594. 2004 Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Lafferty, K. D., J. W. Porter, and S. E. Ford. 2004. Are diseases increasing in the ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35:31-54. 2004 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Lynch, T.P., E. Wilkinson, L. Melling, R. Hamilton, A. Macready, and S. Feary. 2004. Conflict and Impacts of Divers and Anglers in a Marine Park. Environmental Management 33:196-211. 2004 Australia; Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Musick, J. A. and J. K. Ellis. 2004. Constraints on sustainable marine fisheries in the United States: A look at the record. Pages 44-66 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); England Review; Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector
Nagelkerken, I. and G. Van Der Velde. 2004. Are Caribbean mangroves important feeding grounds for juvenile reef fish from adjacent seagrass beds? Marine Ecology Progress Series 274:143-151. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Antilles; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Nilsson, G. E. and G. M. C. Renshaw. 2004. Hypoxic survival strategies in two fishes: Extreme anoxia tolerance in the North European crucian carp and natural hypoxic preconditioning in a coral-reef shark. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:3131-3139. 2004 Europe Apex Fish Predators; Marine Vertebrates; Pathogens
Nolan, M. J. and T. H. Cribb. 2004. Two new blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from Epinephelinae (Perciformes: Serranidae) of the Pacific Ocean. Parasitology International 53:327-335. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators
Parrish, F. A. and R. C. Boland. 2004. Habitat and reef-fish assemblages of banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Marine Biology 144:1065-1073. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Primary Production
Stenslokken, K.-O., L. Sundin, G. M. C. Renshaw, and G. E. Nilsson. 2004. Adenosinergic and cholinergic control mechanisms during hypoxia in the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), with emphasis on branchial circulation. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:4451-4461. 2004 Apex Fish Predators
Tosteson, T. R. 2004. Caribbean ciguatera: A changing paradigm. Revista de Biologia Tropical 52:109-113. 2004 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Ward, J. R. and K. D. Lafferty. 2004. The elusive baseline of marine disease: Are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing? PLoS Biology 2. 2004 Apex Fish Predators; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Almany, G. R. 2003. Priority effects in coral reef fish communities. Ecology 84:1920-1935. 2003 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bush, A. 2003. Diet and diel feeding periodicity of juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, in Kane'ohe Bay, Ō'ahu, Hawai'i. Environmental Biology of Fishes 67:11-Jan. 2003 Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Dunbrack, R. and R. Zielinski. 2003. Seasonal and diurnal activity of sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus) on a shallow water reef in the strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1107-1111. 2003 Columbia Apex Fish Predators
Fishelson, L. 2003. Coral and fish biocoenosis: Ecological cells gradually maturing in complexity, species composition and energy turnover. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68:391-405. 2003 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Gribble, N.A. 2003. GBR-prawn: modelling ecosystem impacts of changes in fisheries management of the commercial prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery in the far northern Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 65:493-506. 2003 Australia Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Losey, G. S., W. N. McFarland, E. R. Loew, J. P. Zamzow, P. A. Nelson, and N. J. Marshall. 2003. Visual biology of Hawaiian coral reef fishes. I. Ocular transmission and visual pigments. Copeia 433-454. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Light
Pepponi, L. C. 2003. A voyage through the ocean depths [Un viaggio attraverso le profondità oceaniche]. Industria Italiana del Cemento 73:148-159. 2003 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 2003. Marine reserves: Rates and patterns of recovery and decline of predatory fish, 1983-2000. Ecological Applications 13:1553-1565. 2003 Philippines Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Sabetian, A. 2003. The association of physical and environmental factors with abundance and distribution patterns of groupers around Kolombangara Island, Solomon Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68:93-99. 2003 Solomon Islands Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Serafy, J. E., C. H. Faunce, and J. J. Lorenz. 2003. Mangrove shoreline fishes of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 72:161-180. 2003 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stanley, D. R. and C. A. Wilson. 2003. Seasonal and spatial variation in the biomass and size frequency distribution of fish associated with oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 123-153 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Worm, B., H. K. Lotze, and R. A. Myers. 2003. Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:9884-9888. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sea Turtles
Young, R. F. and H. E. Winn. 2003. Activity patterns, diet, and shelter site use for two species of moray eels, Gymnothorax moringa and Gymnothorax vicinus, in Belize. Copeia 44-55. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral
Zeller, D., S. L. Stoute, and G. R. Russ. 2003. Movements of reef fishes across marine reserve boundaries: Effects of manipulating a density gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 254:269-280. 2003 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Donaldson, T. J. 2002. Habitat association and depth distribution of two sympatric groupers of the genus Cephalopholis (Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Ichthyological Research 49:191-193. 2002 Japan Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Friedlander, A. M. and E. E. DeMartini. 2002. Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian islands: The effects of fishing down apex predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230:253-264. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Galal, N., R. F. G. Ormond, and O. Hassan. 2002. Effect of a network of no-take reserves in increasing catch per unit effort and stocks of exploited reef fish at Nabq, South Sinai, Egypt. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:199-205. 2002 Egypt Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Last, P. R., G. H. Burgess, and B. Seret. 2002. Description of six new species of lantern-sharks of the genus Etmopterus (Squaloidea: Etmopteridae) from the Australasian region. Cybium 26:203-223. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; New Caledonia; Indonesia Apex Fish Predators
Ley, J. A., I. A. Halliday, A. J. Tobin, R. N. Garrett, and N. A. Gribble. 2002. Ecosystem effects of fishing closures in mangrove estuaries of tropical Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245:223-238. 2002 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Peach, M. B. 2002. Rheotaxis by epaulette sharks, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Chondrichthyes:Hemiscylliidae), on a coral reef flat. Australian Journal of Zoology 50:407-414. 2002 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Routley, M. H., G. E. Nilsson, and G. M. C Renshaw. 2002. Exposure to hypoxia primes the respiratory and metabolic responses of the epaulette shark to progressive hypoxia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 131:313-321. 2002 Apex Fish Predators
Schmitt, E. F., R. D. Sluka, and K. M. Sullivan-Sealey. 2002. Evaluating the use of roving diver and transect surveys to assess the coral reef fish assemblage off southeastern Hispaniola. Coral Reefs 21:216-223. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Dominican Republic Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Smale, M. J. 2002. Occurrence of Carcharias taurus in nursery areas of the Eastern and Western Cape, South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:551-556. 2002 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wilson, S. G., T. Pauly, and M. G. Meekan. 2002. Distribution of zooplankton inferred from hydroacoustic backscatter data in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:1005-1015. 2002 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Plankton
Zalmon, I. R., R. Novelli, M. P. Gomes, and V. V. Faria. 2002. Experimental results of an artificial reef programme on the Brazilian coast north of Rio de Janeiro. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish
Heyman, W. D., R. T. Graham, B. Kjerfve, and R. E. Johannes. 2001. Whale sharks Rhincodon typus aggregate to feed on fish spawn in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215:275-282. 2001 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Jackson, J. B. C. 2001. What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5411-5418. 2001 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sponges
Jackson, J. B. C. and E. Sala. 2001. Unnatural Oceans. Scientia Marina 65:273-281. 2001 Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Janetzki, H. A. and R. A. Paterson. 2001. Aspects of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, calf mortality in Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47:431-436. 2001 Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Lo, C. M. and S. Morand. 2001. Gill parasites of Cephalopholis argus (Teleostei: Serranidae) from Moorea (French Polynesia): Site selection and coexistence. Folia Parasitologica 48:30-36. 2001 Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Miao, X. S., L. Ann Woodward, C. Swenson, and Q. X. Li. 2001. Comparative concentrations of metals in marine species from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1049-1054. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Sediment; Toxics
Nagelkerken, I., S. Kleijnen, T. Klop, R. A. C. J. Van Den Brand, E. Cocheret De La Moriniere, and G. Van Der Velde. 2001. Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass beds as nursery habitats: A comparison of fish faunas between bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214:225-235. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Sluka, R. D., M. Chiappone, and K. M. Sullivan Sealey. 2001. Influence of habitat on grouper abundance in the Florida Keys, U.S.A. Journal of Fish Biology 58:682-700. 2001 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Octocoral; Piscivorous Fish
Stewart, B. D. and G. P. Jones. 2001. Associations between the abundance of piscivorous fishes and their prey coral reefs: Implications for prey-fish mortality. Marine Biology 138:383-397. 2001 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Wilson, S. G., J. G. Taylor, and A. F. Pearce. 2001. The seasonal aggregation of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: Currents, migrations and the El Nino/ Southern Oscillation. Environmental Biology of Fishes 61:11-Jan. 2001 Australia Review; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Booth, D. J., M. J. Kingsford, P. J. Doherty, and G. A. Beretta. 2000. Recruitment of damselfishes in One Tree Island lagoon: Persistent interannual spatial patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series 202:219-230. 2000 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Grace, M., M. Bahnick, and L. Jones. 2000. A preliminary study of the marine biota at Navassa Island, Caribbean Sea. Marine Fisheries Review 62:43-48. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector
Hill, B. J. and T. J. Wassenberg. 2000. The probable fate of discards from prawn trawlers fishing near coral reefs: A study in the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 48:277-286. 2000 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Nagelkerken, I., G. Van Der Velde, M. W. Gorissen, G. J. Meijer, T. Van't Hof, and C. Den Hartog. 2000. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 51:31-44. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Stevens, J. D., R. Bonfil, N. K. Dulvy, and P. A. Walker. 2000. The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:476-494. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Venezuela; Pacific Ocean Review; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Craig, M. T., D. J. Pondella, and J. C. Hafner. 1999. Analysis of age and growth in two Eastern Pacific groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Bulletin of Marine Science 65:807-814. 1999 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Model Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Crow, G. L., B. Ron, S. Atkinson, and L. E. L. Rasmussen. 1999. Serum T4 and serum T3 concentrations in immature captive whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus. Journal of Experimental Zoology 284:500-504. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators
Jennings, S., J. D. Reynolds, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1999. Predicting the vulnerability of tropical reef fishes to exploitation with phylogenies and life histories. Conservation Biology 13:1466-1475. 1999 Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Morales, P. and F. Dunker. 1999. Suspected intestinal torsion in a blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30:170-172. 1999 Apex Fish Predators
Pepperell, J. G. and T. L. O. Davis. 1999. Post-release behaviour of black marlin, Makaira indica, caught off the Great Barrier Reef with sportfishing gear. Marine Biology 135:369-380. 1999 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Perrin, W. F., MA .L .L . Dolar, and D. Robineau. 1999. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) of the western Pacific and Southeast Asia: Pelagic and shallow-water forms. Marine Mammal Science 15:1029-1053. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Japan; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan Review Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Smale, M. J. and A. J. J. Goosen. 1999. Reproduction and feeding of spotted gully shark, Triakis megalopterus, off the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Fishery Bulletin 97:987-998. 1999 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Taylor, J. G. and A. F. Pearce. 1999. Ningaloo reef currents: Implications for coral spawn dispersal, zooplankton and whale shark abundance. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 82:57-65. 1999 Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Plankton
Ault J.S., J. A. Bohnsack, and G. A. Meester. 1998. A retrospective (1979-1996) multispecies assessment of coral reef fish stocks in the Florida keys. Fishery Bulletin 96:395-414. 1998 Florida; Cuba Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Briones, V., A. Fernandez, M. Blanco, F. Ramiro, M. L. De Vicente, J. Garcia, J. L. Mendez, and J. Goyache. 1998. Haemorrhagic Septicaemia by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in a Black-tip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 45:443-445. 1998 Cuba; Columbia; Spain Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Salinity
Crow, G. L., M. J. Atkinson, B. Ron, S. Atkinson, A. D. K. Skillman, and G. T. F. Wong. 1998. Relationship of water chemistry to serum thyroid hormones in captive sharks with goitres. Aquatic Geochemistry 4:469-480. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Economakis, A. E. and P. S. Lobel. 1998. Aggregation behavior of the grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes 51:129-139. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Johnston Atoll Apex Fish Predators; Light
Gribble, N. A., G. McPherson, and B. Lane. 1998. Effect of the Queensland Shark Control Program on non-target species: Whale, dugong, turtle and dolphin: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:645-651. 1998 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Heupel, M. R. and M. B. Bennett. 1998. Observations on the diet and feeding habits of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre), on Heron Island Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:753-756. 1998 Australia Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Kavanau, J. L. 1998. Vertebrates that never sleep: Implications for sleep's basic function. Brain Research Bulletin 46:269-279. 1998 Apex Fish Predators
Kuwamura, T. and Y. Nakashima. 1998. New aspects of sex change among reef fishes: Recent studies in Japan. Environmental Biology of Fishes 52:125-135. 1998 Japan Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Lewis, AL AN. 1998. National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth. 32:22-23. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas
Lo, C. M., S. Morand, and R. Galzin. 1998. Parasite diversity\host age and size relationship in three coral-reef fishes from French Polynesia. International Journal for Parasitology 28:1695-1708. 1998 Australia Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Fish
McPherson, C. 1998. Ciguatoxin and Tetrodotoxin Poisonings in the Cat: Their Diagnosis, Treatment and Management. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 28:26-34. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Morand, S. and M. C. Rigby. 1998. Cucullanin nematodes from coral reef fishes of French Polynesia, with a description of Cucullanus faliexae n. sp. (Nematoda: Chitwoodchabaudiidae). Journal of Parasitology 84:1213-1217. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Java Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Worms; Piscivorous Fish
Planes, S. and G. Lecaillon. 1998. Consequences of the founder effect in the genetic structure of introduced island coral reef fish populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63:537-552. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Wise, G., J. M. Mulvey, and G. M. C. Renshaw. 1998. Hypoxia tolerance in the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum). Journal of Experimental Zoology 281:5-Jan. 1998 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators
Allen, G. R. and D. R. Robertson. 1997. An annotated checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:813-843. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bennett, M. B., M. R. Heupel, S. M. Bennett, and A. R. Parker. 1997. Sheina orri (Myodocopa: Cypridinidae), an ostracod parasitic on the gills of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscyllidae). International Journal for Parasitology 27:275-281. 1997 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Beukers, J. S. and G. P. Jones. 1997. Habitat complexity modifies the impact of piscivores on a coral reef fish population. Oecologia 114:50-59. 1997 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Colman, J. G. 1997. A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark. Journal of Fish Biology 51:1219-1234. 1997 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Erzini, K., C. C. Monteiro, J. Ribeiro, M. N. Santos, M. Gaspar, P. Monteiro, and T. C. Borges. 1997. An experimental study of gill net and trammel net 'ghost fishing' off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Marine Ecology Progress Series 158:257-265. 1997 Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Jennings, S. and N. V. C. Polunin. 1997. Impacts of predator depletion by fishing on the biomass and diversity of non-target reef fish communities. Coral Reefs 16:71-82. 1997 Fiji Model Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Jimenez, C. 1997. Coral colony fragmentation by whitetip reef sharks at Coiba Island National Park, Panama. Revista de Biologia Tropical 698-700. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Apex Fish Predators; Stony Coral
Moore, D. R. 1997. Close encounters with the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Bulletin of Marine Science 60:1015-1016. 1997 Florida Apex Fish Predators
Newman, S. J., D. MC B. Williams, and G. R. Russ. 1997. Patterns of zonation of assemblages of the Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae and Serranidae (Epinephelinae) within and among mid-shelf and outer-shelf reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef. Marine and Freshwater Research 48:119-128. 1997 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Piscivorous Fish
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Wassenberg, T. J., S. J. M. Blaber, C. Y. Burridge, D. T. Brewer, J. P. Salini, and N. Gribble. 1997. The effectiveness of fish and shrimp trawls for sampling fish communities in tropical Australia. Fisheries Research 30:241-251. 1997 Florida; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Wetherbee, B. M., G. L. Crow, and C. G. Lowe. 1997. Distribution, reproduction and diet of the gray reef shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:181-189. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid
World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C. 1997 Global; Tanzania; Maldives; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Germany Lab Study; GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Live Collection; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bray, R. A., T. H. Cribb, and S. C. Barker. 1996. Four species of Lepidapedoides Yamaguti, 1970 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from fishes of the southern Great Barrier Reef, with a tabulation of host-parasite data on the group. Systematic Parasitology 34:179-195. 1996 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Fishelson, L. 1996. Skin morphology and cytology in marine eels adapted to different lifestyles. Anatomical Record 246:15-29. 1996 Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish
Hokama, Y., J. S. M. Ebesu, K. Nishimura, S. Oishi, B. Mizuo, M. Stiles, B. Sakamoto, W. Takenaka, and H. Nagai. 1996. Human intoxications from Hawaiian reef fishes associated with diverse marine toxins. Journal of Natural Toxins 5:235-248. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Opitz, S. 1996. Trophic Interactions in Caribbean Coral Reefs. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. 1996 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Primary Production; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1996. Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series 132:9-Jan. 1996 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1996. Marine reserves: Rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecological Applications 6:947-961. 1996 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Russ, G. R., D. C. Lou, and B. P. Ferreira. 1996. Temporal tracking of a strong cohort in the population of a coral reef fish, the coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:2745-2751. 1996 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Taylor, J. G. 1996. Seasonal occurrence, distribution and movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 47:637-642. 1996 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Molluscs; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Brewer, D. T., S. J. M. Blaber, J. P. Salini, and M. J. Farmer. 1995. Feeding Ecology of Predatory Fishes from Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with Special Reference to Predation on Penaeid Prawns. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 40:577-600. 1995 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Carr, M. H. and M. A. Hixon. 1995. Predation effects on early post-settlement survivorship of coral- reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:31-42. 1995 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ferreira, B. P. 1995. Reproduction of the common coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) from the central and northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Bulletin of Marine Science 56:653-669. 1995 Australia Apex Fish Predators
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 1995. Use of artificial shelters to increase lobster production in the US Virgin Islands, with notes on the use of shelters in Mexican waters. Caribbean Journal of Science 31:311-316. 1995 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Seastars
Smale, M. J., W. H. Sauer, and R. T. Hanlon. 1995. Attempted ambush predation on spawning squids Loligo vulgaris reynaudii by benthic pyjama sharks, Poroderma africanum, of South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75:739-742. 1995 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid
Balon, E. K. 1994. The life and work of Eugenie Clark: devoted to diving and science. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:89-114. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Japan; Caribbean; Mexico Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Bres, M. 1993. The behaviour of sharks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3:133-159. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hixon, M. A. and J. P. Beets. 1993. Predation, prey refuges, and the structure of coral-reef fish assemblages. Ecological Monographs 63:77-101. 1993 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Benz, G. W., P. J. Mohan, and G. L. Crow. 1992. Developmental stages of Paralebion elongatus from aquarium-held reef whitetip sharks (Triaenodon obesus) captured in Hawaiian waters. Journal of Parasitology 78:1027-1035. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators
Blaber, S. J. M., D. T. Brewer, J. P. Salini, J. D. Kerr, and C. Conacher. 1992. Species composition and biomasses of fishes in tropical seagrasses at Groote Eylandt, northern Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 35:605-620. 1992 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Holland, K. N., C. G. Lowe, J. D. Peterson, and A. Gill. 1992. Tracking coastal sharks with small boats: hammerhead shark pups as a case study. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:61-66. 1992 Apex Fish Predators; Small Boats
Oreihaka, E. 1992. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Solomon Islands. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990) 85:421-422. 1992 Solomon Islands; Java Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Smale, M. J. 1992. Predatory fish and their prey - an overview of trophic interactions in the fish communities of the west and south coasts of South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 12:803-821. 1992 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Spanier, E. and G. Almong-Shtayer. 1992. Shelter preferences in the Mediterranean slipper lobster: Effects of physical properties. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 164:103-116. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish
Shpigel, M. and L. Fishelson. 1991. Experimental removal of piscivorous groupers of the genus Cephalopholis (Serranidae) from coral habitats in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red-Sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes 31:131-138. 1991 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Bourdeau, P. and R. Bagnis. 1989. Risk factors of ciguatera in the French West Indies in Saint-Barthelemy, Saint-Martin and Anguilla [Facteurs de risque ciguaterique aux Antilles dans la region de Saint-Barthelemy, Saint-Martin et Anguilla.]. Revue d\elevage et de medecine veterinaire des pays tropicaux" 42:393-410. 1989 Antilles Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral
Feigenbaum, D., A. Friedlander, and M. Bushing. 1989. Determination of the feasibility of fish attracting devices for enhancing fisheries in Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:950-959. 1989 Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Hixon, M. A. and J. P. Beets. 1989. Shelter characteristics and Caribbean fish assemblages: experiments with artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:666-680. 1989 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Seaman Jr, W., W. J. Lindberg, C. R. Gilbert, and T. K. Frazer. 1989. Fish habitat provided by obsolete petroleum platforms off Southern Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:1014-1022. 1989 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Shpigel, M. and L. Fishelson. 1989. Food habits and prey selection of three species of groupers from the genus Cephalopholis (Serranidae: Teleostei). Environmental Biology of Fishes 24:67-73. 1989 Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Smith III, T. J., J. H. Hudson, M. B. Robblee, G. V. N. Powell, and P. J. Isdale. 1989. Freshwater flow from the Everglades to Florida Bay: a historical reconstruction based on fluorescent banding in the coral Solenastrea bournoni. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:274-282. 1989 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Anon,. 1988. American Pavilion Mimics The Oceans|. Indian Concrete Journal 62:114-115. 1988 Florida Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Plankton
Tosteson, T. R., D. L. Ballantine, and H. D. Durst. 1988. Seasonal frequency of ciguatoxin barracuda in southwest Puerto Rico. Toxicon 26:795-801. 1988 Puerto Rico Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Hughes, DO NA LD. 1987. Briny Deep Comes Ashore. Civil engineering New York, N.Y57:50-52. 1987 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Plankton
Longhurst, A. R. and D. Pauly. 1987. Ecology of tropical oceans. Ecology of tropical oceans. 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Abrams, R. W. and M. W. Schein. 1986. Individual movements and population density estimates for moray eels on a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 5:161-163. 1986 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Piscivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Nelson, D. R., R. R. Johnson, J. M. McKibben, and G. G. Pittenger. 1986. Agonistic attacks on divers and submersibles by gray reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos: antipredatory or competitive? Bulletin of Marine Science 38:68-88. 1986 Apex Fish Predators
Diamant, A. and M. Shpigel. 1985. Interspecific feeding associations of groupers (Teleostei: Serranidae) with octopuses and moray eels in the Gulf of Eilat (Agaba). Environmental Biology of Fishes 13:153-159. 1985 Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Downing, N., R. A. Tubb, C. R. El-Zahr, and R. E. McClure. 1985. Artificial reefs in Kuwait, northern Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:157-178. 1985 Kuwait Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Stevens, J. D. 1984. Life-history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Pages 79-106 in Proceedings - Royal Society of London, Series B. 1984 Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Tricas, T. C. and J. E. McCosker. 1984. Predatory behavior of the white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology. Pages 221-238 in Proceedings - California Academy of Science. 1984 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Johnson, A. M., R. L. Delong, C. H. Fiscus, and K. W. Kenyon. 1982. Population status of the Hawaiian monk seal ( Monachus schauinslandi), 1978. Journal of Mammalogy 63:415-421. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks
Heinsohn, G. E. and A. V. Spain. 1974. Effects of a tropical cyclone on littoral and sub-littoral biotic communities and on a population of Dugongs (Dugong dugon (Muller)). Biological Conservation 6:143-152. 1974 Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves; Storms & Hurricanes

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Economic Markets & Policy: Create Alternative Livelihoods For Fishermen Many fishermen rely on their catch as their family�s main source of income. When restrictions are placed on fishing it can be to the economic detriment of these fishermen. By creating alternative means of earning income for these fishermen, social and economic goals are accomplished while decreasing pressures on natural fish populations. These alternatives often come in the form of aquaculture, which helps to still meet the demand for fish. Another common alternative is tourism; fishermen can use their knowledge and equipment such as boats to accommodate tourism and recreational fishing. All Islands Coral Reef Committee. Local Action Strategies. United States Coral Reef Task Force Accessed 6/13/2011.

Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Social Assistance; Tourism & Recreation
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Derelict Fishing Gear & Ghost Fishing The term "ghost fishing" is used to describe the capture of marine organisms by lost or abandoned fishing gear. This is particularly a problem with gillnets, trammel nets and pots. Gear is usually lost because it becomes stuck on rough bottoms containing corals and stones, causing the buoy line to break during retrieval. Nets or pots may continue to fish for years, with captured fish and crustaceans dying and serving as attracting bait for more fish and organisms. Ghost fishing may therefore represent a serious problem in many areas, causing hidden fishing mortality over a long period of time. This management option co-insides with (#63) Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels. Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Monitor & Research: Fisheries Sampling Improved fisheries sampling programs require improving the spatial resolution of commercial and recreation fisheries-dependent and fisheries-independent sampling programs to provide statistics on catch and effort. Improved sampling can be achieved through evaluating and enhancing census programs by using smaller sampling areas. Also, fishery pre-recruitment monitoring efforts should be continued for long-term prediction of fishery stocks. Last, investigating life histories of fishery species needs to be conducted because it is currently a gap. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Apex Fish Predators; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Herbivorous Fish
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Seafood Watch Assist Seafood Watch and other sustainable seafood consumption initiatives, in their efforts to educate the public and promote sustainable seafood. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Sectors Filling Human Needs
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965, as amended, 16 United States Code § 757. The Act is intended to conserve anadromous fish. It authorizes the Secretatries of Interior and Commerce to enter into cooperatve agreements with states and other non-federal interests for conservation, development and enhancement of anadromous fish and contribute up to fifty percent as the federal share of the cost of carrying out such agreements. Reclamation construction projects for water resource projects needed solely for such fish are also authorized.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Projects are for conservation, development, and enhancement on fisheries.

Comments: 		Department of Interior/Department of Commerce

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act as amended through January 2007, Statutes at Large §§ 94-265. National program for the conservation and management of fishery resources of the US to prevent overfishing, to rebuild overfished stocks, to facilitate the long-term protection of essential fish habitat, and to realize the full potential of the Nation's fishery resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:Promote the protection of essential fish habitat in the review of projects conducted under federal permits, licenses, or other authorities that effct or have the potential to affect such habitats. The amendments of 2006 specifically require the protection of deep sea coral habitats.

Legislative Actions:Requires government observers on board a certain number of fishing vessels. The Act provides for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed including seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation of property.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, 403.9321-403.9333 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). It is the intent of the Legislature to protect and preserve mangrove resources valuable to our environmentand economy from unregulated removal, defoliation, and destruction.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and preservation of wetland systems, including mangroves, allow the systems to act as buffers to remove nutrients and sediment that could reach coral reefs and cause damage.

Legislative Actions:Permits are required prior to any trimming. A Professional Mangrove Trimmer must be present when work is being performed. Penalties can include restoration and/or mitigation.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
The Sustainable Fisheries Act, 23 §§ 104-297 (1996). To amend the Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act to authorize appropriations, to provide for sustainable fisheries, and for other purposes.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law recogonizes that direct and indirect habitat losses have resulted in a diminshed capacity to support existing fish levels. Habitat considerations should receive increased attention for conservation and management of fishery resources in the United States. Therefore, the Act encourages, though not indirectly, the protection of coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Seagrasses

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