Motor vehicle exhaust is a source of 1,3-butadiene.  Although 1,3-butadiene breaks down quickly in the atmosphere, it is usually found in ambient air at low levels in urban and suburban areas.  Short-term human exposure to 1,3-butadiene via inhalation can cause irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs.  Epidemiological studies have reported a possible association between 1,3-butadiene exposure and cardiovascular diseases.  Epidemiological studies of workers in rubber plants have shown an association between 1,3-butadiene exposure and increased incidence of leukemia.  Animal studies have reported tumors at various sites from 1,3-butadiene exposure.  EPA has classified 1,3-butadiene as carcinogenic to humans by inhalation.

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