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Clear Skies in West Virginia

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Highlights of Clear Skies in West Virginia

• West Virginia sources would reduce emissions of SO2 by 69%, NOx by 77%, and mercury by 56% by 2020 due to Clear Skies.
  
• The health benefits in West Virginia would total $1.7 billion annually ($330 million under the alternative estimate) and include approximately 200 fewer premature deaths (100 under the alternative estimate) and 400 fewer hospitalizations/emergency room visits each year.
  
• In addition, West Virginia would receive environmental benefits including improvements in visibility and reductions in acid and mercury deposition.
• Clear Skies does not significantly impact electricity prices. With or without Clear Skies, electricity prices in the electricity supply region that includes West Virginia are expected to remain below 2000 national average prices.

Clear Skies: An Innovative Approach to Improving Human Health and the Environment

Why Clear Skies?

• Air quality has improved, but serious concerns persist
  • West Virginia’s citizens suffer ill effects from air pollution, including asthma attacks and premature death
    
    
• Electricity generation sector remains a major emissions source
  • Very cost-effective to control the power sector, relative to other sources
  • Sources are concerned about upcoming complex and burdensome regulations
    

Advantages of the Clear Skies Approach

• Guarantees significant nationwide emissions reductions – beginning years before full implementation
  • West Virginia sources would substantially reduce emissions of SO2, NOx, and mercury
  • Delivers dramatic progress towards achievement of critical health and environmental goals
    
    
• Uses proven, market-based flexible approach with incentives for innovation
  • Recognizes environmental needs as well as industry constraints, allowing industry to better manage its operations and finances while lowering risks to the public
  • Sources are projected to install pollution controls to enable continued reliance on coal
    
    
• Increases certainty across the board for industry, regulators, and consumers

Under Current Clean Air Act Power Plants Would Face a Complex Set of Requirements

For a larger image, click here.

Clear Skies Sets a Firm Timeline for Emission Reductions

The existing Title IV SO2 cap-and-trade program provides an incentive and a mechanism to begin reductions upon enactment of Clear Skies years before regulatory action under the current Act.

2004: The NOx SIP call (summertime NOx cap in 19 Eastern States + D.C.)

2008: Clear Skies NOx Phase I (2.1 million ton annual cap assigned to two Zones with trading programs)

2010:

• Clear Skies Hg Phase I (26 ton annual cap with a national trading program)
• SO2 Phase I (4.5 million ton annual cap with a national trading program)

2018:

• Clear Skies NOx Phase II (1.7 million ton annual cap assigned to two Zones with trading programs)
• Clear Skies Hg Phase II (15 ton annual cap with a national trading program)
• Clear Skies SO2 Phase II (3.0 million ton annual cap with a national trading program)

Emissions in West Virginia under Clear Skies

Emissions in West Virginia (2020) would be significantly reduced from 75% reduction in SO2 emissions 87% reduction in NOx emissions 68% reduction in mercury emissions

Emissions: Current (2000) and Existing Clean Air Act Regulations (base case*) vs. Clear Skies in West Virginia in 2010 and 2020

Note: The base case using IPM includes Title IV, the NOx SIP Call, NSR settlements, and state-specific caps in CT, MA, MO, NC, NH, TX, and WI. It does not include mercury MACT in 2007 or any other potential future regulations to implement the current air quality standards or other parts of the Clean Air Act. Base case emissions in 2020 will likely be lower due to state and federal regulatory actions that have not yet been promulgated.

Clear Skies Health Benefits in West Virginia

By 2020, West Virginia would receive approximately $1.7 billion in annual health benefits from reductions in fine particle and ozone concentrations alone due to Clear Skies.

Improve Public Health

• Reduced ozone and fine particle exposure by 2020 would result in public health benefits of:
  • approximately 200 fewer premature deaths each year (see note 1)
  • approximately 100 fewer cases of chronic bronchitis each year
  • approximately 300 fewer nonfatal heart attacks each year
  • approximately 400 fewer hospital and emergency room visits each year
  • approximately 20,000 fewer days workers are out sick due to respiratory symptoms each year
  • approximately 1,200 fewer school absences each year
    
    
• Reduced mercury emissions would reduce exposure to mercury through consumption of contaminated fish, resulting in additional, unquantified benefits for those who eat fish from West Virginia’s lakes and streams.

Counties Projected to Remain Out of Attainment with the PM2.5 and Ozone Standards in West Virginia

Note: Based on 1999-2001 data of counties with monitors that have three years of complete data. The base case includes Title IV, the NOx SIP Call, the Tier II, Heavy-Duty Diesel, and Nonroad Diesel rules, final NSR settlements as of early spring 2003, and state-specific caps in CT, MA, MO, NC, NH, TX, and WI. It does not include mercury MACT or any other potential future regulations to implement the current ambient air quality standards or other parts of the Clean Air Act.

Clear Skies Would Help West Virginia Meet Air Quality Standards

• Currently there are 8 counties exceeding the annual fine particle standards and 3 counties exceeding the 8-hour ozone standard.
  • Several of these counties are expected to be brought into attainment with the fine particle standards under existing programs.
  • All of these counties are expected to be brought into attainment with the ozone standard under existing programs.
    
    
• Clear Skies would significantly improve air quality in West Virginia beyond
  what is expected from existing programs.
  • By 2010, Clear Skies would bring all 6 remaining nonattainment counties (Hancock, Brooke, Marshall, Wood, Kanawha, and Cabell -- population approximately 500,000) into attainment with the annual fine particle standards.
    
    
• In addition, Clear Skies would reduce ozone and fine particle concentrations in counties attaining the standard throughout the state.

Note: Based on 1999-2001 data of counties with monitors that have three years of complete data.

SO2 and NOx Emissions Reductions under Clear Skies

Emissions in West Virginia and surrounding states would decrease considerably. These emission reductions would make it much easier for West Virginia to maintain compliance with the national air quality standards.

Note: The base case using IPM includes Title IV, the NOx SIP Call, NSR settlements, and state-specific caps in CT, MA, MO, NC, NH, TX, and WI. It does not include mercury MACT in 2007 or any other potential future regulations to implement the current ambient air quality standards or other parts of the Clean Air Act. Base case emissions in 2020 will likely be lower due to state and federal regulatory actions that have not yet been promulgated. Emissions projected for new units are not reflected.

Clear Skies Environmental Benefits in West Virginia

 

Clear Skies Would Provide Substantial Environmental Benefits in West Virginia

In comparison to existing programs,

• Visibility would improve perceptibly, resulting in $18 million in benefits for West Virginia residents who visit national parks nationwide. Dolly Sods and Otter Creek Wilderness Areas would receive $3 million in visibility benefits.
• Sulfur deposition, a primary cause of acid rain, would decrease by up to 60% across nearly the entire state, providing greater protection for acid-sensitive streams.
• Nitrogen deposition, another significant contributor to acid rain, as well as a cause of damage in nitrogen-sensitive forests, would decrease by up to 20%.
• Mercury deposition would decrease by 5-15% across much of the state, and by up to 60% in some western portions of the state.*

* These results are based on modeling the Clear Skies mercury cap without triggering the safety valve.

Electricity Generation in West Virginia under Clear Skies

Current and Projected Generation by Fuel Type in West Virginia under Clear Skies (GWh)

West Virginia's sources are projected to reduce their emissions through the installation of emission controls, rather than through a switch from coal to natural gas. In 2010, 94% of West Virginia's coal-fired generation is projected to come from units with advanced SO2 and/or NOx control equipment that also substantially reduce mercury emissions; in 2020, the percentage is projected to increase to 99%.

West Virginia’s electricity growth is projected to be met by increases in gas-fired and coal-fired generation. Clear Skies does not significantly alter this projection. Electricity from coal-fired generation will increase by 13% from 1999 to 2020.

Emission Controls in West Virginia under Clear Skies

Under Clear Skies by 2020... 5% of coal-fired capacity would install SCR 53% would install scrubbers

Units in West Virginia Projected to Be Retrofitted Due to Clear Skies by 2020
Plant Name	Unit ID	Technology
ALBRIGHT	3	Scrubber/ SCR
JOHN E AMOS	1	Scrubber*
JOHN E AMOS	2	Scrubber*
JOHN E AMOS	3	Scrubber*
KAMMER	1	Scrubber*
KAMMER	2	Scrubber*
KAMMER	3	Scrubber*
KANAWHA RIVER	1	Scrubber
KANAWHA RIVER	2	Scrubber
MITCHELL	1	Scrubber
MITCHELL	2	Scrubber
MOUNTAINEER	1	Scrubber*
PHILIP SPORN	11	Scrubber
PHILIP SPORN	21	Scrubber
PHILIP SPORN	51	Scrubber*
WILLOW ISLAND	2	Scrubber*
FORT MARTIN	1	SCR
* Retrofit was installed under Clear Skies by 2010

The major generation companies in West Virginia include: Appalachian Power Co. Allegheny Power Co. Big Sandy Peaker Plant Monongahela Power Company Total coal-fired capacity in West Virginia is projected to be 14,339 MW in 2010

Notes:
1. Retrofits and total coal-fired capacity apply to coal units greater than 25 MW.
2. Albright units 1 & 2 are projected to be removed from operation by 2005 with Clear Skies due to excess gas-fired capacity in the marketplace, unless otherwise needed for voltage purposes. The recent overbuild of gas-fired generation reduces the need for less efficient units operating at lower capacity factors. These units are inefficient compared to other coal-fired plants and newer gas-fired generation. Less conservative assumptions regarding natural gas prices or electricity demand would create a greater incentive to keep these units operational.

Electricity Prices in West Virginia under Clear Skies

With or without Clear Skies, retail prices in the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) ECAR region (the electricity supply region that contains West Virginia) are projected to increase between 2005 and 2020. With Clear Skies, retail prices are projected to be approximately 2.4– 6.4% higher between 2005 and 2020 than in the absence of the legislation.

In 2000, the average retail electricity price in West Virginia was approximately 5.1 cents/kWh, which was below the average national retail price of approximately 6.7 cents/kWh. Note: The base case using IPM includes Title IV, the NOx SIP Call, NSR settlements, and state-specific caps in CT, MA, MO, NC, NH, TX, and WI. It does not include mercury MACT in 2007 or any other potential future regulations to implement the current air quality standards or other parts of the Clean Air Act. Base case emissions in 2020 will likely be lower due to state and federal regulatory actions that have not yet been promulgated. Costs and Benefits in West Virginia under Clear Skies Clear Skies…. Guarantees significant emissions reductions – beginning years before full implementation Uses a proven and flexible market-based approach with incentives for innovation. Increases certainty across the board for industry, regulators, and consumers Benefits Outweigh the Costs In West Virginia, Clear Skies is projected to cost approximately $209 million annually by 2020 while providing health benefits totaling approximately $1.7 billion annually. The increases in production costs under Clear Skies represent only a small percentage of total retail electricity sales revenue in West Virginia. Retail electricity sales revenue in West Virginia was almost $1.4 billion in 2000. Adjusting these sales revenues by the same growth rate used for the modeling of costs would result in revenues of over $2.1 billion annually in 2020. Nationwide, the projected annual costs of Clear Skies (in $1999) are $4.3 billion in 2010 and $6.3 billion in 2020; the nationwide benefits of Clear Skies are expected to be over $113 billion annually by 2020. An alternative estimate projects annual health benefits totaling $23 billion. Note: Costs include capital costs, fuel, and other operation and maintenance costs (both fixed and variable) associated with the achievement of the emissions caps in the legislation (for example, the installation and operation of pollution controls). These state-level production costs are estimates; they do not account for the costs associated with the transfer of electricity across regions, nor the costs or savings that could be associated with allowance movement between sources. Notes on EPA's Analysis The information presented in this analysis reflects EPA's modeling of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. EPA has updated this information to reflect modifications: Changes included in the Clear Skies Act of 2003. Revisions to the Base Case to reflect newly promulgated rules at the state and federal level since the initial analysis was undertaken. The Clear Skies modeling results presented include the safety valve feature This analysis compares new programs to a Base Case (Existing Control Programs), which is typical when calculating costs and benefits of Agency rulemakings. The Base Case reflects implementation of current control programs only: Does not include yet-to-be developed regulations such as those to implement the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The EPA Base Case for power sector modeling includes: Title IV, the NOx SIP Call, NSR settlements, and state-specific caps in Vermont, Massachusetts, Missouri, Vermont, North Carolina, Texas, and Wisconsin finalized before March 2003. For air quality modeling, the Base Case also includes federal and state control programs, as well as the Tier II, Heavy Duty Diesel, and Non-Road Diesel rules. 1. An alternative methodology for calculating health-related benefits projects approximately 100 premature deaths prevented and $330 million in health benefits each year in West Virginia by 2020. State information based on EPA's modeling of the Clear Skies Act of 2002 is presented here for archival reasons. Clear Skies in West Virginia 2002 (PDF 337KB) top

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