Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
Residential Exposure Assessments

8.0 CRACK AND CREVICE AND BROADCAST TREATMENT

Prior to the development of an exposure assessment for a crack and crevice and broadcast treatment scenario, the assessor should consult the pesticide label to determine whether the scenario is appropriate based on the usage characteristics of the product. Specific labeling considerations for crack and crevice and broadcast treatment are as follows:

Registered for Use as a Pesticide to be Applied as a Crack and Crevice Treatment. Determine whether the pesticide label contains directions for use as a crack and crevice treatment.

Registered for Use as a Pesticide to be Applied to Carpets or Hard Surfaces Determine whether the pesticide label contains directions for use on carpets or hard surfaces, such as walls, counter-tops, hard floors, or cabinets.

Household Cleaning/Maintenance Product with Pesticidal Claims. Some household cleaning or maintenance products that contain pesticides have a pesticide label on their container. The labels of such products make claims about pest control, such as "kills mildew," "disinfects," or "kills germs on contact." These labels will contain an active ingredient statement indicating the amount of active ingredient in the container.

Household Cleaning/Maintenance Product with No Pesticidal Claims. Some household cleaning or maintenance products that contain pesticides do not have a pesticide label on their container and their labels do not make claims about pest control. The pesticide in these products is present as a biocide to preserve the product itself. Persons using these household products are considered "secondary handlers," since they are not handling the pesticide itself -- they are handling products that contain pesticide as a general preservative. The SOP for exposure/risk assessments for such secondary handlers (and secondary post-application exposures) is in the biocide SOP under secondary exposures to general preservative uses. In order to determine the amount of pesticide in these products, the pesticide label for the biocide product must be obtained and the use-rate per quart/gallon of household product must be calculated.

Limitation and Descriptive Statements: Look for statements describing or limiting the use of these products. These statements may be on the front panel of the label associated with the brand or trade name or in the use-directions section of the labeling. Assume that such products are used at residential sites unless a specific labeling statement indicates otherwise. Restricted-Use Pesticide classification and statements such as "For use by commercial or professional applicators only" indicate that the product cannot be bought or applied by homeowners, therefore no residential handler exposure/risk assessment is required. Since commercial applicators may apply pesticides to residential sites, a post-application exposure/risk assessment is required. Statements such as "For use in or on commercial buildings only," and the more specific "Not for use at residential sites," or "Not for use in and around homes or dwellings" indicate that the product cannot be used at residential sites and no residential handler or post-application exposure/risk assessment is required.

8.1 Handler Surrogate Inhalation and Dermal Potential Dose from Pesticides Applied Indoors as Crack & Crevice and Broadcast Treatments

Introduction

This SOP provides a standard method for estimating potential doses that homeowners may receive from inhalation and dermal contact during pesticide crack and crevice and broadcast treatments indoors. This scenario assumes that pesticides are available to be inhaled or have the potential to come in contact with the skin of adults during the mixing/loading and application of pesticides used indoors. The method for estimating handler inhalation doses from pesticides during indoor treatments relies on using PHED surrogate data. Thus, this method should be used in the absence of actual field data, or as a supplement to estimates based on field data.

Methods for Estimating Dose

Label information is important for selecting appropriate data inputs for the exposure assessment (see Section 8.0). The data required for estimating handler doses from pesticides used indoors are the application method specific data (i.e., use scenario and unit exposures), application rates, and usage data (e.g., gallons). The maximum application rate specified on the label should be used. It is also assumed that the typical rate a homeowner would use is the maximum labeled rate. In the absence of actual data, the following assumptions are also needed for estimating daily inhalation mixer/loader/applicator doses.

- Application methods for indoor treatments will include crack and crevice (e.g., baseboard applications) or broadcast treatments (e.g., carpet or walls) using low pressure handwands, aerosol cans, and shaker cans (dust). Dermal and inhalation unit exposures and data confidence descriptions are available in the Appendix B except for shaker cans. (Refer to Section 9.1.1 for exposure assessments based on shaker cans.) The current version of PHED uses measured central tendency to estimate the best-fit unit exposure.

- The amount handled to treat baseboards or carpets will be based on two aerosol cans and/or two gallons of diluted spray for low pressure handwands. These are based on the experience and professional judgement of OPP/HED staff and are believed to be upper-percentile values..

- Adults are assumed to weigh 71.8 kg (use 60 kg for females when the selected endpoint is from a reproductive or developmental study). A body weight of 71.8 kg represents the mean body weight for all adults (i.e., male and female, ages 18 years and older) and is the value recommended in U.S. EPA (1996). A body weight of 60 kg represents the average body weight for females between ages 13 and 54 years (U.S. EPA, 1996). The average body weight for a 10 to 12 year old youth is 39.1 kg. This represents the mean of the median values for males and females at ages 10, 11, and 12 years.

Inhalation potential dose rates are calculated as follows: PDR = UE * AR * N

where:

PDR = potential dose rate (mg/day)
UE = unit exposure (mg/lb ai)
AR = maximum amount of active ingredient applied per can or per gallon of diluted solution (lb ai/can or lb ai/gal)
N = number of cans spray paint used per exposure day or number of gallons of diluted solution used per exposure day (cans/day) or (gal/day)

Inhalation and dermal potential dose rates, normalized to body weight, are calculated as: PDR_norm = PDR / BW

where:

PDR_norm = potential dose rate, normalized to body weight (mg/kg/day)
BW = body weight (kg)

The body weight used can be adjusted to fit any specific scenario (e.g., exposure to male or female adults).

Example Calculations

The following is an example calculation to determine the inhalation dose based on a homeowner mixing/loading/applying a liquid broadcast application using a low pressure handwand. For the purpose of this example, the application rate is assumed to be 0.05 lb ai/gallon diluted spray solution and the inhalation unit exposure value is 0.031 mg/lb ai.

The estimated inhalation dose using a low pressure handwand would be as follows:

PDR = UE * AR * N

PDR = 0.031 mg/lb ai * 0.05 lb ai/gal * 2 gal/day

PDR = 0.0031 mg/day

Finally, the estimated inhalation potential dose rate, normalized to body weight, for an adult with a body weight of 71.8 kg would be:

PDR_norm = PDR / BW

PDR_norm = (0.0031 mg/day) / (71.8 kg)

PDR_norm = 4.3E-5 mg/kg/day

This dose would be used in conjunction with toxicity data to assess risk. Dermal doses would be calculated in the same manner, using dermal unit exposure values.

Limitations and Uncertainty

The dose estimates generated using this method are based on central to high-end tendency assumptions (i.e., unit exposures, application rate, body weight). The uncertainties associated with this assessment stem from the use of surrogate exposure data (e.g., differences in use scenario and data confidence) and assumptions regarding amount of chemical handled. The dose estimates are considered to be reasonable central tendency to high-end estimates based on observations from chemical-specific field studies and professional judgement.

References

U.S. EPA (1996) Exposure Factors Handbook [Draft]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center For Environmental Assessment, Washington D.C. EPA/600/P-95/002Ba.

8.2 Postapplication - Dermal

8.2.1 Postapplication Dermal Dose from Pesticide Residues on Carpets

Introduction

This SOP provides a standard method for estimating dose among adults and/or toddlers from dermal contact with carpets that have previously been treated with pesticides. This scenario assumes that pesticide residues are transferred to the skin of adults, toddlers, and infants that come in contact with treated carpets for recreation, housework, or other occupant activities. The method for estimating postapplication dermal exposure to pesticides on carpets is based on assumptions when adequate chemical specific field data are unavailable. Thus, this method should be used in the absence of actual field data, or as a supplement to estimates based on field data.

Methods for Estimating Dose

Label information is important for selecting appropriate data inputs for the exposure assessment (see Section 8.0). The only datum required for estimating postapplication doses from pesticide residues on carpet is the application rate. The maximum application rate specified on the label should be used as the residential carpet rate. One exception is for cancer assessments where the typical application rates should be used. It should be noted that the typical residential rate is often the maximum residential application use rate. In the absence of actual data, the following assumptions can be used for estimating daily pesticide postapplication doses.

Solid and Liquid Formulation:

- It is assumed that an average of 50 percent of the application rate (from broadcast or crack and crevice treatments) is available on the carpet as dislodgeable residue (U.S. EPA, 1993). Postapplication exposure must be assessed on the same day the pesticide was applied since it is assumed that homeowners could contact the treated carpet immediately after application.

- For subsequent days after application, an assumed pesticide dissipation rate should be used, based on chemical-specific data.

- The assumed mean dermal transfer coefficient is 43,000 cm²/hr for adults, 8,700 cm²/hr for toddlers (Cal EPA, 1996), and is 6,000 cm²/hr for infants (age 6 months to 1-1/2 years). This is based on monitoring an adult crawling across treated carpet (U.S. EPA, 1996a).

- Adults are assumed to weigh 71.8 kg (use 60 kg for females when the selected endpoint is from a reproductive or developmental study). A body weight of 71.8 kg represents the mean body weight for all adults (i.e., male and female, ages 18 years and older) and is the value recommended in U.S. EPA (1996). A body weight of 60 kg represents the mean body weight for females between ages 13 and 54 years (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Toddlers (3 years old), used to represent the 1 to 6 year old age group, are assumed to weigh 15 kg. This is based on the mean of the median body weights for male and female toddlers. (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Infants (age 6 months to 1-1/2 year) are assumed to weigh 10 kg. This is the mean of the median values for male and female children in the 6-11 month and 1 year age groups. (U.S. EPA, 1996).

- The duration of exposure is assumed to be 8 hours per day. The assumption of 8 hours per day of indoor exposure is based on the mean of the 50th percentile values for time spent inside a residence for adults (age 18-64 years) and toddlers (age 1-4 years), not including the 50th percentile amount of time that these individuals would spend sleeping (U.S. EPA, 1996b). For example, for adults, the 50th percentile indoor value is 900 minutes (15 hours) and the 50th percentile value for time spent sleeping is 480 minutes (8 hours). Thus, the total amount of time spent awake indoors is 7 hours. For toddlers, age 1-4 years, the amount of time indoors is 1,260 minutes (21 hours), the amount of time sleeping is 720 minutes (12 hours), and the amount of time awake indoors is 9 hours. Thus, the mean for these age groups is 8 hours.

Dermal potential dose rates are calculated as follows: PDR_t = ISR_t * CF1 * Tc * ET

where:

PDR_t = potential dose rate on day "t" (mg/day)
ISR_t = indoor surface residue on day "t" (ug/cm²)
CF1 = conversion factor to convert ug units in the carpet residue value to mg for the daily exposure (0.001 mg/ug)
Tc = transfer coefficient (cm²/hr)
ET = exposure time (hr/day)

and ISR_t = AR * F * (1-D)^t * CF2 * CF3

where:

AR = application rate (lbs ai/ft²)
F = fraction of ai retained on carpet (unitless)
D = fraction of residue dissipating daily (unitless)
t = postapplication day on which exposure is being assessed
CF2 = weight unit conversion factor to convert the lbs ai in the application rate to ug for the carpet residue value (4.54E8 ug/lb)
CF3 = area unit conversion factor to convert the surface area units (ft²) in the application rate to cm² for the carpet value (1.08E-03 ft²/cm²)

Dermal potential dose rates, normalized to body weight, are calculated as: PDR_t-norm = PDR_t / BW

where:

PDR_t-norm = potential dose rate, normalized to body weight, on day "t" (mg/kg/day)
BW = body weight (kg)

The body weight used can be adjusted to fit any specific scenario (e.g., exposure to adults or toddlers).

Example Calculations

The following is an example calculation to determine the dose based on an assumed ISR over time. For the purpose of this example, the application rate is assumed to be 1.0E-5 lbs ai/ft². Thus, the dislodgeable carpet residue on day 0 is as follows:

ISR_t = AR * F * (1-D)^t * CF2 * CF3

ISR₀ = 1.0E-5 lb ai/ft² * 0.5 * (1-D)⁰ * 4.54E8 ug/lb * 1.08E-03 ft²/cm²

ISR₀ = 2.45 ug/cm²

The estimated potential dose rate for the day of application would be as follows:

PDR_t = ISR_t * CF1 * Tc * ET

PDR₀ = 2.45 ug/cm² * 0.001 mg/ug * 43,000 cm²/hr * 8 hours/day

PDR₀ = 842.8 mg/day

Finally, the estimated potential dose rate, normalized to body weight, for an adult with a body weight of 71.8 kg would be:

PDR_t-norm = PDR_t / BW

PDR_0-norm = (842.8 mg/day) / (71.8 kg)

PDR_0-norm = 11.7 mg/kg/day

This dose would be used in conjunction with toxicity data to assess risk.

Limitations and Uncertainty

The dose estimates generated using this method are based on central tendency assumptions and are considered to be representative of central tendency exposures. The uncertainties associated with this assessment stem from the use of an assumed amount of pesticide retained on carpet, and assumptions regarding dissipation and transfer of chemical residues. The dose estimates are believed to be reasonable central tendency estimates based on observations from chemical-specific field studies and professional judgement.

References

Cal EPA (1996) Memorandum from T. Formoli (California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Worker Health and Safety Branch) to M. Mason (California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Pesticide Regulation Branch), October 17, 1996.

U.S. EPA (1993) Protocol for Dermal Exposure Assessment: A Technical Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. EPA/600/X-93/005.

U.S. EPA. (1996a) Assessment of Peak Performance System as a Tool for the Acquisition of Biomechanics Data Which May be Useful in the Calculation of Risks to Sensitive Populations. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory by Versar, Inc. Under Contract No. 68-D3-0013.

U.S. EPA (1996b) Exposure Factors Handbook [Draft]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center For Environmental Assessment, Washington D.C. EPA/600/P-95/002Ba.

8.2.2 Postapplication Dermal Dose from Pesticide Residues On Hard Surfaces

Introduction

This SOP provides a standard method for estimating dose among adults and/or toddlers from dermal contact with counter tops that have previously been treated with pesticides. This scenario assumes that pesticide residues are transferred to the skin of an adult/toddler that comes in contact with treated areas such as floors and counter tops for recreation, housework, or other occupant activities. The method for estimating postapplication dermal doses from pesticides on hard surfaces is based on assumptions. Thus, this method should be used in the absence of actual field data.

Methods for Estimating Dose

Label information is important for selecting appropriate data inputs for the exposure assessment (see Section 8.0). The only datum required for estimating postapplication doses from pesticide residues on counter tops is the application rate. The maximum application rate specified on the label should be used as the residential counter top application rate. One exception is for cancer assessment where the typical application rates should be used. It should be noted that the typical residential use rate is often the maximum residential use rate. In the absence of actual data, the following assumptions can be used for estimating daily pesticide postapplication doses.

Solid and Liquid Formulation:

- For subsequent days after application, an assumed pesticide dissipation rate should be used, based on chemical-specific data.

- Adults are assumed to weigh 71.8 kg (use 60 kg for females when the selected endpoint is from a reproductive or developmental study). A body weight of 71.8 kg represents the mean body weight for all adults (i.e., male and female, ages 18 years and older) and is the value recommended in U.S. EPA (1996). A body weight of 60 kg represents the mean body weight for females between ages 13 and 54 years (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Toddlers (3 years old), used to represent the 1 to 6 year old age group, are assumed to weigh 15 kg. This is the mean of the median values for male and female children. (U.S. EPA, 1996b). Infants (age 6 months to 1-1/2 year) are assumed to weigh 10 kg. This is the mean of the median values for male and female children in the 6-11 month and 1 year age groups. (U.S. EPA, 1996).

- The duration of exposure is assumed to be 4 hours per day. This value represents the mean of the 90th percentile values for time spent in the kitchen and bathroom for adults (age 18-64 years) and toddlers (1-4 years) (U.S. EPA, 1996b).

Dermal potential dose rates are calculated as follows: PDR_t = ISR_t * CF1 * Tc * ET

where:

PDR_t = potential dose rate on day "t" (mg/day)
ISR_t = indoor surface residue on day "t" (ug/cm²)
CF1 = weight unit conversion factor to convert ug units in the residue value to mg for the daily exposure (0.001 mg/ug)
Tc = transfer coefficient (cm²/hr)
ET = exposure time (hr/day)

and ISR_t = (AR * F) * (1-D)^t * CF2 * CF3

where:

AR = application rate (lbs ai/ft²)
F = fraction of ai retained on hard surfaces (unitless)
D = fraction of residue dissipating daily (unitless)
t = postapplication day on which exposure is being assessed
CF2 = weight conversion factor to convert the lbs ai in the application rate to ug for the carpet residue value (4.54E8 ug/lb)
CF3 = area unit conversion factor to convert the surface area units (ft²) in the application rate to cm² for the counter top value (1.08E-3 ft²/cm²)

Dermal potential dose rates, normalized to body weight, are calculated as: PDR_t-norm = PDR_t / BW

where:

PDR_t-norm = potential dose rate, normalized to body weight on day @ (mg/kg/day)
BW = body weight (kg)

The body weight used can be adjusted to fit any specific scenario (e.g., exposure to adults or toddlers).

Example Calculations

ISR_t = AR * F * (1-D)^t * CF2 * CF3

ISR₀ = 1.0E-5 lb ai/ft² * 0.5 * (1-D)⁰ * 4.54E8 mg/lb * 1.08E-3 ft²/cm²

ISR₀ = 2.45 ug/cm²

The estimated potential dose rate for the day of application would be as follows:

PDR_t = ISR_t * CF1 * Tc * ET

PDR₀ = 2.45 g/cm² * 0.001 mg/ug * 43,000 cm²/hr * 4 hours/day

PDR₀ = 421.4 mg/day

Finally, the estimated potential dose rate, normalized to body weight, for an adult with a body weight of 71.8 kg would be:

PDR_t-norm = PDR_t / BW

PDR_0-norm = (421.4 mg/day) / (71.8 kg)

DPR_0-norm = 5.87 mg/kg/day

This dose would be used in conjunction with toxicity data to assess risk.

Limitations and Uncertainty

The dose estimates generated using this method are based on some central tendency (i.e., transfer coefficients, body weights) and some upper-percentile (i.e., exposure duration) assumptions. The uncertainties associated with this assessment stem from the use of an assumed amount of pesticide retained on counter tops, and assumptions regarding dissipation and transfer of chemical residues. The dose estimates are believed to be reasonable central to high-end estimates based on observations from chemical-specific field studies and professional judgement.

References

U.S. EPA (1993) Protocol for Dermal Exposure Assessment: A Technical Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. EPA/600/X-93/005.

U.S. EPA (1996b) Exposure Factors Handbook [Draft]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center For Environmental Assessment, Washington D.C. EPA/600/P-95/002Ba.

8.3 Postapplication - Inhalation (refer to 13.2)

8.4 Postapplication Doses Among Toddlers from Incidental Nondietary Ingestion of Pesticide Residues On Indoor Surfaces from Hand-to-mouth Transfer

Introduction

This SOP provides a standard method for estimating incidental dose among toddlers from ingesting pesticide residues that have been transferred from indoor surfaces (e.g. carpet or hard surfaces) to the skin. This scenario assumes that pesticide residues are transferred to the skin of toddlers during postapplication contact with treated indoor areas and are subsequently ingested as a result of hand-to-mouth transfer. This method for estimating postapplication incidental ingestion doses from pesticide residues on indoor surfaces is based on assumptions and should be used in the absence of field data. The exposures estimated using this method may be combined with toxicity data to estimate the risks to toddlers from postapplication doses from treated indoor residential areas.

Methods for Estimating Dose

Label information is important for selecting appropriate data inputs for the exposure assessment (see Section 8.0). The data required for estimating postapplication doses from pesticide residues on indoor surfaces includes the application rate. The maximum application rate specified on the label should be used, except in cancer assessments when the typical application rates should be used. It should be noted that the typical residential use rate is often also the maximum residential use rate. The following assumptions are also needed for estimating daily pesticide postapplication doses.

- On the day of application, it may be assumed that 50 percent of the application rate is available on the indoor surfaces (e.g., carpet and hard surfaces) as dislodgeable residue (U.S. EPA, 1996a).

- For subsequent days after application, an assumed pesticide dissipation rate should be used, based on chemical-specific data.

- The assumed mean surface area of both hands is 350 cm² for a toddler (age 3 years). This value represents the mean of the 50th percentile total surface area values for males and females in the 2<3 year and 3<4 year age groups, multiplied by the mean percentage of the total body represented by hands for males and females. (U.S. EPA, 1996b). The 3 year old age group was selected for use in this scenario because this is the youngest age group for which data on hand-to-mouth activity data were available.

Replenishment of the hands with pesticide residues is assumed to be an implicit factor in this assessment.
It is assumed that there is a one-to-one relationship between the dislodgeable residues on the indoor surface and the surface area of the skin after contact (i.e., if the dislodgeable residue on the indoor surface is 1 mg/cm², then the residue on the human skin is also 1 mg/cm² after contacting the surface).

- The mean rate of hand-to-mouth activity is 0.026 events/minute (i.e., 1.56 events/hr) for toddlers (3 to 5 year olds) (U.S. EPA, 1996c).

- The duration of exposure to indoor surfaces is assumed to be 4 hours/day. This value represents the mean of the 90th percentile values for time spent in the kitchen and bathroom for adults (age 18-64 years) and toddlers (age 1-4 years) (U.S. EPA, 1996b).

- Toddlers (age 3 years), used to represent the 1 to 6 year old age group, are assumed to weigh 15 kg. This is based on the mean of the median values for male and female toddlers. (U.S. EPA, 1996b).

Potential dose rates from ingestion are calculated as follows: PDR = ISR * SA * FQ * ET

where:

PDR = potential dose rate (mg/day)
ISR = indoor surface residue (mg/cm²)
SA = surface area of the anatomical part of the body, e.g. hands, that contact indoor surfaces and then transfer residues to the mouth in a given event (cm²/event)
FQ = frequency of hand-to-mouth events (events/hr)
ET = exposure time (hours/day)

and ISR = AR * F * CF1 * CF2

where:

AR = application rate (lbs ai/m²)
F = fraction of ai on indoor surfaces that is available for transfer (unitless)
CF1 = conversion factor to convert the lbs ai in the application rate to mg for the indoor surface residue (4.54E5 mg/lb)
CF2 = area unit conversion factor (1E-4 m²/cm²)

Potential dose rates, normalized to body weight, are calculated as: PDR_norm = PDR / BW

where:

PDR_norm = potential dose rate, normalized to body weight (mg/kg/day)
BW = body weight (kg)

Example Calculations

The following is an example calculation to determine the dose based on an assumed ISR. For the purpose of this example, the application rate is assumed to be 0.0001 lb ai/m². Thus, the indoor surface residue is as follows:

ISR = AR * F * CF1 * CF2

ISR = 0.0001 lb ai/m² * 0.5 * (4.54E5 mg/lb) * (1E-4 m²/cm²)

ISR = 2.27E-3 mg/cm²

The estimated incidental ingestion dose among toddlers after application would be as follows:

PDR = ISR * SA * FQ * ET

PDR = 2.27E-3 mg/cm² * 350 cm²/event * 1.56 events/hr * 4 hr/day

PDR = 4.96 mg/day

Finally, the estimated potential dose rate, normalized to body weight, for a toddler with a body weight of 15 kg would be:

PDR_norm = PDR / BW

PDR_norm = (4.96 mg/day) / (15 kg)

PDR_norm = 0.33 mg/kg/day

This dose would be used in conjunction with toxicity data to assess risk.

Limitations and Uncertainty

The dose estimates generated using this method are based on some central tendency (i.e., surface area of the hands, rate of hand-to-mouth activity, and body weight) and some upper-percentile (i.e., exposure duration and application rate for acute assessments) assumptions. The uncertainties associated with this assessment stem from the use of an assumed amount of pesticide retained on indoor surfaces with no dissipation from the surfaces. Uncertainties also occur from assumptions regarding the skin surface area entering the mouth and the frequency and duration of exposure. For example, it is assumed that toddlers consume all of the pesticide residues that are transferred to the surface area of both hands and that the hands are placed in the mouth on multiple occasions during a 4 hour exposure period. The dose estimates are believed to be reasonable high-end estimates based on observations from chemical-specific field studies.

References

U.S. EPA (1996b) Exposure Factors Handbook. [Draft]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. EPA/600/P-95/002Ba.

U.S. EPA (1996c) Time location activity pattern methodology: the creation of Bayesian distributions for the field investigations of exposure of infants and children to toxic substances. EPA-007-2. (To be included in an EPA Project Report entitled "Protocol for dermal exposure assessment in residential and non-occupational environments" which is currently in preparation and subject to EPA/ORD peer review).

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments

8.1 Handler Surrogate Inhalation and Dermal Potential Dose from Pesticides Applied Indoors as Crack & Crevice and Broadcast Treatments

8.2 Postapplication - Dermal

8.2.1 Postapplication Dermal Dose from Pesticide Residues on Carpets

8.2.2 Postapplication Dermal Dose from Pesticide Residues On Hard Surfaces

8.3 Postapplication - Inhalation (refer to 13.2)

8.4 Postapplication Doses Among Toddlers from Incidental Nondietary Ingestion of Pesticide Residues On Indoor Surfaces from Hand-to-mouth Transfer

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Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
Residential Exposure Assessments