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Energy and Emergy Signatures for Three Different Types of Estuary
Energy and Emergy Signatures for Three Different Types of Estuary are shown in Table A2 below.
Table A2. Energy and Emergy Signatures for Three Different Types of Estuary (see Appendix A) ___________________________________________________________________ Note Energy Source Energy
(J y-1) Transformity*
(sej J-1)Emergy
(sej y-1)___________________________________________________________________ Cobscook Bay, ME ___________________________________________________________________ 1. Sunlight 5.15 E+17 1 5.15 E+17 2. Wind 1.26 E+15 1496 1.88 E+18 3. Rain, Chemical 4.80 E+14 18199 8.73 E+18 4. Tide 3.07 E+16 24259 7.44 E+20 5. Estuary Waves 7.83 E+15 30550 2.39 E+20 6. Geologic Uplift 1.21 E+14 34377 4.16 E+18 7. Ground Water, Chemical 8.91 E+14 41000 3.65 E+19 8. River, Chemical 2.90 E+15 48459 1.40 E+20 9. River, Organic matter 9.91 E+13 2.98 E+06 2.95 E+20 ___________________________________________________________________ York River, VA ___________________________________________________________________ 1. Sunlight 9.44 E+17 1 9.44 E+17 2. Wind 2.17 E+15 1496 3.24 E+18 3. Rain, Chemical 5.48 E+14 18199 9.97 E+18 4. Tide 9.82 E+14 24259 2.39 E+19 5. Estuary Waves 1.51 E+15 30550 4.63 E+19 6. Geologic Uplift 2.60 E+14 34377 8.94 E+18 7. Ground Water, Chemical 2.00 E+15 41000 8.20 E+19 8. River, Chemical 3.19 E+15 48459 1.55 E+20 9. River, Organic matter 1.24 E+14 2.98 E+06 3.69 E+20 ___________________________________________________________________ Mosquito Lagoon, FL __________________________________________________________________ 1. Sunlight 1.20 E+18 1 1.20 E+18 2. Wind 5.78 E+13 1496 8.65 E+16 3. Rain, Chemical 1.14 E+15 18199 2.07 E+19 4. Tide 6.27 E+13 24529 1.52 E+18 5. Estuary Waves 3.80 E+14 30550 1.16 E+19 6. Geologic Uplift 2.51 E+14 34377 8.62 E+18 7. Ground Water, Chemical 1.08 E+14 41000 4.44 E+18 8. River, Chemical 1.48 E+13 48459 7.19 E+17 9. River, Organic matter 2.12 E+12 2.98 E+06 6.33 E+18 ___________________________________________________________________
* By convention transformities lower than 1.0E5 are reported to the nearest whole integer.
Notes referenced in Table 2 of the published text and Table A2 above:
For Cobscook Bay, solar energy absorbed = (area)*(insolation)*(1-albedo) = 5.15E+17 J y-1
Insolation is an interpolation between Portland and Caribou for solar radiation received on a flat plate collector at 0 tilt (US Dept Energy, 1999).
Transformity of solar radiation =1 sej J -1 by definition (Odum, 1996).
Annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 5.14892E+17 sej y-1
For the York River, the solar energy absorbed is 9.44E+17 J y-1 and the annual emergy in solar radiation is 9.44E+17 sej y-1. Insolation was recorded at Richmond VA.
For Mosquito lagoon, the solar energy absorbed is 1.20E+18 J y-1 and the annual emergy in solar radiation is 1.20E+18 sej y-1. Insolation was recorded at Daytona Beach FL.
For Cobscook Bay, wind energy absorbed = (height)*(density)*(diffusion coef.)*(wind gradient)*(area) = 1.26E+15 J y-1. For all calculations, height is 1000 m, density is 1.23 kg m-3, and there are approximately 3.15E+07 sec y-1. The diffusion coefficient was measured at Albany (Odum et al. 1983), and the wind gradient at Portland.
Transformity of wind is 1496 sej j-1 (Odum, 1996).
Annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 1.88E+18 sej y-1.
For the York River, the wind energy absorbed was 2.17E+15 J y-1 and the annual emergy in wind energy absorbed is 3.24E+18 sej y-1. The diffusion coefficient and wind gradient were measured at Washington DC.
For Mosquito Lagoon, the wind energy absorbed was 5.78E+13 J y-1 and the annual emergy in wind energy absorbed is 8.65E+16 sej y-1. The diffusion coefficient and wind gradient were measured at Tampa.
For Cobscook Bay, chemical potential energy in rain = area*rainfall*Gibbs free energy = 4.88E+14 J y-1.
Gibbs free energy (see Odum, 1996 for the method of calculation) is 4.193 J g-1 and there are 1.00E+06 g m-3 water. Rainfall is a 36 yr. average from Eastport ME.
Transformity of chemical potential energy in rain is 18,199 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996).
Annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 8.73E+18 sej y-1.
For the York River the chemical potential energy in rain was 5.48E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the chemical potential energy in rain absorbed is 9.97E+18 sej y-1. Gibbs free energy of rainfall relative to 22 ‰ water is 2.886 J g-1 and rainfall is a 46 yr. average measured at Richmond.
For Mosquito Lagoon the chemical potential energy in rain was 1.14E+15 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the chemical potential energy in rain absorbed is 2.07E+19 sej y-1. Where Gibbs free energy is 4.220 J g-1 and rainfall is a 46 yr. average measured at Titusville.
For Cobscook Bay, tidal energy absorbed = area elevated*fraction absorbed*(tides y-1)*(height)2 *density*gravity = 3.07E+16 J y-1. Seawater density is 1.03E+03 kg m-3, gravity is 9.8 m sec-2, and there are 706 tides y-1 for a semi-diurnal tide.
The appropriate transformity of tidal energy absorbed is 24259 sej J-1 (Campbell, 2000).
Annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 7.44E+20 sej y-1.
For the York River the tidal energy absorbed was 9.82E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the tidal energy absorbed is 2.39 E+19 sej y-1.
For the Mosquito Lagoon the tidal energy absorbed was 6.27E+13 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the tidal energy absorbed is 1.52E+18 sej y-1.
For Cobscook Bay, wave energy absorbed = shore length*(1/8)*density*gravity*velocity* (sec y-1)*(height)2 = 7.83E+15 J y-1. Estimate wave height using average wind speed, 7.85 knots (USDC, 1975), fetch, 8.32 naut mi. (U.S. Army Corps, 1980), wave velocity 8.854 m s-1 (gravity*depth)½ for shallow water waves.
Transformity of wave energy absorbed is 30550 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996).
Annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 2.39E+20 sej y-1.
For the York River the wave energy absorbed was 1.51E+15 J y-1 and the annual emergy in wave energy absorbed is 4.63E+19 sej y-1. Estimate wave height using average wind speed, 6.81 knots (USDC, 1975), fetch, 13.2 naut mi. (USDA, 1970), wave velocity 8.030 m s-1 .
For Mosquito Lagoon the wave energy absorbed was 3.80E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy in wave energy absorbed is 1.16E+19 sej y-1. Estimate wave height using average wind speed, 6.81 knots (USDC, 1975), fetch, 8.93 naut mi. (USDA, 1970), wave velocity 3.130 m s-1.
For Cobscook Bay, earth cycle energy absorbed = area*heat flux per unit area = 1.21E+14 J y-1. Earth cycle energy is used in old stable areas where uplift is balanced by erosion. Area is watershed area.
Solar transformity of earth cycle energy is 34377 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996).
The annual emergy input = energy * transformity = 4.16E+18 sej y-1.
For the York River the earth cycle energy absorbed was 2.60E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy supplied by the earth cycle is 8.94E+18 sej y-1.
For the Mosquito Lagoon the earth cycle energy absorbed was 2.51E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy supplied by the earth cycle is 8.62E+18 sej y-1.
For Cobscook Bay, chemical potential energy in groundwater = volume of flow*density *Gibbs free energy = 8.85E+14 J y-1. Gibbs free energy is 4.16578 J g-1 and freshwater density is 1.0E6 g m-3, and 20% of rainfall goes into the groundwater (Hasbrouck 1985).
Transformity of the chemical potential energy in ground water is 41000 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996).
The annual emergy input is 3.63E+19 sej y-1.
For the York River the chemical potential energy in groundwater was 2.00E+15 J y-1 and the annual emergy of the chemical potential energy in groundwater is 8.20E+19 sej y-1. Where Gibbs free energy is 2.650 J g-1 and 10-15 in of rainfall go to groundwater split 60-40 between draw down and recharge (Vargas et al. 1995).
For Mosquito Lagoon the chemical potential energy in groundwater was 1.08E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy of the chemical potential energy in groundwater is 4.44E+18 sej y-1. Where Gibbs free energy is 4.178 J g-1 and 11% of rainfall goes into the ground water (Kennedy Space Center 1995b, Jan.).
For Cobscook Bay, chemical potential energy in river water =volume of flow*density of water*Gibbs free energy = 2.90E+15 J y-1. Dissolved solids in water is an average of 63 measurements 1978-86, for Narraguagus River. Gibbs free energy is 4.192 J g-1. Density of water is 1.00E+06 g m-3.
Volume of flow is the average discharge for the Denny's river prorated over the watershed area.
The transformity for the chemical potential energy in river water is 48459 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996).
The annual emergy input is 1.40E+20 sej y-1.
For the York River the chemical potential energy in river water was 3.19E+15 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the chemical potential energy in river water is 1.55E+20 sej y-1. Dissolved solids in river water is the weighted average of the constituents in the most seaward stations on the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers. Flow is the prorated average of gauged stations on the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers. Gibbs free energy is 2.882 J g-1 .
For Mosquito Lagoon the chemical potential energy in river water was 1.48E+13 J y-1 and the annual emergy in the chemical potential energy in river water is 7.19E+17 sej y-1. Dissolved solids in water is the sum of the constituents for Spruce Creek near Samsula FL. Gibbs free energy is 4.120 J g-1. Use 1.5% of precipitation as the volume of flow into the lagoon Kennedy Space Center (1995b, Jan.)
For Cobscook Bay, energy supplied by organic matter in river water = volume of flow*organic matter conc*(4 kcal g-1)*(4186 J kcal-1) = 9.91E+13 J y-1. Organic matter concentration is an average of 20 measurements from the nearby Narraguagus River.
The transformity for organic matter in river water is 2.98E+06 sej J-1 (Odum, 1996)
The annual emergy input is 2.95E+20 sej y-1.
For the York River the energy supplied in organic matter in river water was 1.24E+14 J y-1 and the annual emergy supplied by this organic matter is 3.69E+20 sej y-1. Organic matter concentration is a flow weighted average of measurements from the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers.
For the Mosquito Lagoon the energy supplied in organic matter in river water was 2.12E+12 J y-1 and the annual emergy supplied by this organic matter 6.33E+18 sej y-1. Organic matter concentration is the average concentration in the Samsula River from 1974 to 1993.