This is a preliminary document prepared by a subgroup of members of the National and Regional Strategies Work Group as part of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) Subcommittee process. It is not an EPA document. This document has not been reviewed by the NRS Work Group and is subject to further work group discussion. Interested people should forward their comments to a member of the National and Regional Strategies Work Group.

Opportunity Matrix for Ozone, PM-fine, and Regional Haze Integration

Date: March 31, 1997

Contact: Bob Lopez, lopezR@dnr.state.wi.us

Note: This is a draft product of the National and Regional Strategies Work Group of the FACA Subcommittee on O3, PM, and Regional Haze. It is being distributed for comment at this time to identify emission control techniques with mulitpollutant control potential for consideration in the development of integrated control strategies. The FACA Subcommittee has not yet reviewed these measures with respect to their practicality or economic impact.

Status: Draft #1. This draft incorporates the discussion of the National and Regional Strategies Workgroup on February 14, 1997.

Background

The purpose of the Opportunity Matrix is to support the development of the Integrated Implementation and Control Strategies issue papers. It consolidates the information on ozone and particulate matter into one table to identify opportunities for control and to show cross-cutting benefits of different control measures. The Integrated Implementation Subgroup of the National and Regional Strategies Work Group requested the development of the matrix to examine opportunities for reducing emissions that provide benefits across the different pollutants.

The Control Strategies Subgroup of the National and Regional Strategies Work Group will attempt to produce a list of suggested national measures as well as suggested prescribed measures, which the FACA Subcommittee should consider and potentially recommend to EPA. The Opportunity Matrix should also support this effort. The control opportunities presented in the matrix can be implemented within a traditional command-and-control framework, or as incentive-based strategies. As more information becomes available through the Economic Incentives Subgroup and other Subgroups in the future, the matrix will be expanded to include additional incentive-based and other types of strategies.

The matrix is organized by source categories, using the Source Category Codes (SCC). It presents the source category emissions from the 1990 National Inventory in the left column. It also presents the control opportunities under each source category. The remaining columns present relative control efficiencies for primary PM-fine, Sulfur Oxides, Ammonia, Nitrogen Oxides, and VOCs.

Explanation of the Symbols

The symbols indicate the relative efficiency of each opportunity, for each pollutant. If the control efficiency is between 80% and 100%, three plus signs (+++) appear. If the control efficiency is between 50% and 80%, two plus signs (++) appear. If the control efficiency is between 0% and 50%, one plus sign (+) appears. When an X appears, reductions are possible, but have not been quantified. Disbenefits are represented with two minus signs (--). Shading is used to indicate reductions in both PM- and ozone-forming emissions. When at least one plus (+) in either the NOx/VOC columns or the Primary PM/SOx/NH3 columns, and at least one "X" appears in the corresponding other set of columns, the row for the control opportunity is shaded.

Sources of Data

The data for the matrix come from a diverse set of sources, including OTAG, the GCVTC, STAPPA/ALAPCO, the background documents prepared for the NAAQs RIAs. Data from documents from other sources, such as the OMS, states, and European studies of Ammonia emissions have been used, as well.

Potential Disbenefits

Particulate Matter, Sulfur Dioxide, Ammonia, Nitrogen Oxides, and VOCs removed from the air must be disposed of properly, or where appropriate, used as feedstock in another process. Nitrogen Oxides and VOCs are precursors to both ozone and PM-fine. Certain technologies, such as Electrostatic Precipitators, use considerable amounts of energy to control pollution. Selective Catalytic reduction and Nonselective Catalytic Reduction can produce Ammonia emissions under certain operating conditions.

Future Uses of the Matrix

The matrix will be revised to reflect the comments received from the members of the FACA Subcommittee. It will be used to identify the co-benefits and potential disbenefits of possible controls, including national measures. The matrix is a laundry list of the available options, and in the future, information on costs may be developed and added to the matrix.

The matrix is not designed to be used for the development of specific control strategies. With the exception of mobile sources, the efficiency estimates correspond to that portion of the inventory directly attributable to that particular source. For example, the ban burning control under the Agriculture source category has the potential to reduce 100 percent of the emissions arising from agricultural burning. For mobile source emissions, the efficiencies reflect the average over a community or nonattainment area.

This is a draft product of the National/Regional Strategies Work Group of the FACA Subcommittee on O3, PM, and Regional Haze. It is being distributed for comment at this time to identify emission control techniques with multipollutant control potential for consideration in the development of integrated control strategies. The FACA Subcommittee has not yet reviewed these measures with respect to their practicality or economic impact. OPPORTUNITY MATRIX FOR OZONE, PM-fine AND REGIONAL HAZE INTEGRATION Primary PM-fine Control Sulfur Oxide Control Ammonia Control Nitrogen Oxide control VOC Control Source Category Controls Opportunity Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) Mobile Sources Gasoline Phase 1 Reformulated Fuel (RFG) X X + Emissions (million tons per year) Phase 2 Reformulated Fuel (RFG) X + + Ozone Forming Organics 6.48 Three-way Catalytic Converter +++ X X PM-fine Forming Organics 0.04 Regeneration system X X X NOx 5.08 Accelerated Vehicle Retirement X X X SOx 0.21 California's Proposed Emission Standards for Recreational Vehicles (Off-highway Motorcycles, All Terrain Vehicles, Golf Carts, and Specialty Vehicles) NH3 0.20 Low-Emission Vehicles X X X Primary PM-fine 0.07 Phase I Spark Ignition Standard + Onboard Vapor Recovery Systems X Total 12.01 Improved Evaporative Test Procedure X Stage II Vapor Recovery +++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Tighten Phase II RVP Limits + Roughly Constant Year Round Tier I Tailpipe Standard X X Basic I/M Basic NOx I/M Low Enhanced I/M Enhanced I/M Programs + X Maximum I/M Personal Vehicle HOV Bus HOV Traffic Calming Market Incentives: Pricing Market Incentives: Subsidies Intelligent Transportation Systems Bicycle Infrastructure Intermodal Transportation Database/Information for Development Control Smart Growth Programs Trip Reduction Program Employee Paid Parking + Alternative Commute Programs Rideshare Compressed Work Week Flextime Telecommuting Alt Transportation Friendly Workplace Employee Subsidization Ozone Action/Episodic Controls Seasonal Controls Public Education/Outreach Land Use/Urban Design Factors Regional Landuse Strategies Diesel Traffic Control Measures + + + + Emissions (million tons per year) Dual Fuel Engines + Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel X X X Ozone Forming Organics 0.33 Three-way Catalytic Converter +++ X X PM-fine Forming Organics 0.01 Integrated Dry System/Filter +++ NOx 2.36 Retarded Start X SOx 0.36 Lean Air-Fuel Ratio X NH3 Vehicle Scrappage, Heavy Duty Engines X X X Primary PM-fine 0.23 Improved Diffusion Zone Mixing X Turbocharging and Air Cooling X Total 3.29 Retire Older Engines X X Reformulated Diesel Fuel + Emissions Seasonal Impacts I/M Program X Roughly Constant Year Round Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) X Ignition Timing Retard + Lean NOx Catalyst X Nonroad Combustion Modification (Gasoline) X X X Emissions (million tons per year) Electric Motor Substitution (Gasoline)^^ +++ +++ +++ +++ Ozone Forming Organics 2.06 Natural Aspired Direct Injection (Diesel) X X PM-fine Forming Organics 0.02 Turbocharged Direct Injection (Diesel) X X NOx 2.84 Turbocharged/Aftercooled DI (Diesel) ++ X SOx 0.24 Total Engine Control X X NH3 Combined Control X X Primary PM-fine 0.29 Tighten Phase II RVP Limits + Phase 1 Reformulated Fuel (RFG) X X + Phase 2 Reformulated Fuel (RFG) X + + Total 5.45 Tier I Tailpipe Standards X Combustion Modification (Aircraft) X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Reduction in Fuel Consumption (Aircraft) X Roughly Constant Year Round CARB Phase II NOx Standard for Compression Ignition Engines + Phase I Compression Ignition Standard (Nonroad Compression Ignition Engines >50HP) + California Heavy-Duty Nonroad Engine (>130kw, <560kw) Standard ++ X Liquid Natural Gas Duel-fuel (Locomotives) ++ Liquid Natural Gas Duel-fuel Line Haul, Liquid Natural Gas, Spark Ignition, Local/Switch (Locomotives) +++ Liquid Natural Gas, Spark Ignition (Locomotives) +++ Liquid Natural Gas Duel-fuel Line Haul, Remanufacture/Replace Local/Switch (Locomotives) ++ Liquid Natural Gas and Selective Catalytic Reduction (Locomotives) +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction (Locomotives) -- +++ Engine Modifications (Locomotives) + Barrier Filter (Railroads) X Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (Railroads) + Water/Fuel Emulsion (Commercial Marine Vessels) + Selective Catalytic Reduction (Commercial Marine Vessels) -- +++ Low Sulfur Nonroad Diesel Fuel + Low Aromatic Diesel Fuel (Locomotives) + Electric Line Haul, LNG + SCR, Local Switch (Locomotives) +++ I/M Programs X X Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) X Injection Timing Retard X Voluntary Retrofit/Rebuild Programs Voluntary Smoke Inspection Programs Voluntary Low Emission Standards Lean NOx Catalyst X Area Sources Agriculture Ban Burning +++ +++ +++ +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Permit Burning Program (Acerage Cap, Less-Than-Annual Burning) ++ X X X Ozone Forming Organics 0.17 Alternative Crops/No Burning +++ +++ +++ +++ PM-fine Forming Organics Grazing Instead of Burning +++ +++ +++ +++ NOx Use Unburned Sugar Cane Instead of Burning +++ +++ +++ +++ SOx Remove Residue (Pre-Burn) X X X X NH3 4.64 Soil Incorporation/Composting X X X X Primary PM-fine 5.20 Reduce Fuel Moisture + X X X Propane Flaming ++ X X X Total 10.01 Open Burning in Bales/Piles (Orchards) + X X X Into-Wind Striplighting + X X X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Backing Fire ++ X X Maximum in Summer Taking Land out of Agricultural Production and Planting Trees or Permanent Grasses (BACM) +++ Dietary Change (Dairy Cattle) + Scraping and Flushing of Housing (Dairy Cattle) ++ Rapid Plowing of Manure After Application (Dairy Cattle) +++ Scraping and Flushing of Housing and Rapid Plowing of Manure After Application (Dariy Cattle) ++ Stable Adaptation (Dairy Cows) ++ Low Ammonia Application (Pigs) +++ Slurry Injection (Hogs and Pigs) +++ Dietary Change (Hogs and Pigs) + Scraping and Flushing (Hogs and Pigs) ++ Biofiltration (Hogs and Pigs) +++ Scraping and Flushing with Slurry Injection (Hogs and Pigs) ++ Manure Drying (Poultry) +++ Rapid Plowing of Manure After Application (Poultry) +++ Dietary Change (Poultry) + Drying with Rapid Plowing of Manure After Application (Poultry) ++ Fertilizer Substitution (Potassium, Calcium, or Sodium Nitrate for Urea) ++ Optimization of Fertilizer Application + Construction Work Practice Standards ++ Emissions (million tons per year) Truck Washing X Ozone Forming Organics Watering/Chemical Suppression of Unpaved Roads ++ PM-fine Forming Organics Water Treatment ++ NOx Wind Barrier Fences +++ SOx Chemical Treatment of Construction Roads & Unattended Areas, Truck Covers, Prohibiting Construction Grading on Windy Days, & Site Watering ++ NH3 Watering, Access Apron, and Wet Supression (Building Demolition) +++ Primary PM-fine 0.17 Early Paving of Construction Roads +++ Construction Site: 30 Meter Paved Access Apron with Flushing and Sweeping of Apron (BACM) ++ Total 0.17 Cover Unpaved Parking Lot with Less Erodable Material (BACM) ++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Roughly Constant Year Round Paved Roads Broom Sweeping (Mitigative Control Strategy) ++ Emissions (million tons per year) Vacuum Sweeping (MCS) ++ Ozone Forming Organics Water Flushing (MCS) +++ PM-fine Forming Organics Curb Shoulder (Preventive Control Strategy) +++ NOx Gravel Shoulder (PCS) +++ SOx Paved Shoulder (PCS) +++ NH3 Watering/Chemical Suppression (PCS) +++ Primary PM-fine 2.52 Limit Carryover (PCS) X Total 2.52 Truck Cover (PCS) X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Employee Paid Parking (ECO) + Maximum in Summer Telecommuting (ECO) + Unpaved Roads Source Extent Reduction X Emissions (million tons per year) Surface Improvement X Ozone Forming Organics Surface Treatment X PM-fine Forming Organics Chemical Stablization +++ NOx Chemical Suppressant Program aimed at 75% control, Seven Applications of Coherex Per Year (BACM) ++ SOx Road Oiling +++ NH3 Gravel covering +++ Primary PM-fine 3.25 Watering ++ Surface Improvement/Aggregate ++ Total 3.25 Employee Commute Options X Paving +++ Vehicle Speed Limited to 30 MPH + Emissions Seasonal Impacts Vehicle Speed Limited to 20 MPH ++ Maximum in Summer Vehicle Speed Limited to 15 MPH +++ Solvents Carbon Adsoption ++ Emissions (million tons per year) Thermal Incineration ++ Ozone Forming Organics 5.86 Catalytic Incineration ++ PM-fine Forming Organics 0.06 Biofiltration +++ NOx Corona Destruction +++ SOx Photocatalytic Destruction +++ NH3 Seasonal Controls + Primary PM-fine Afterburners (Thermal) +++ Afterburners (Catalytic) +++ Total 5.92 Condenser/Droplet-Removal ++ Waterborne Coatings/Inks ++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Thermosetting Powders +++ Roughly Constant Year Round Thermoplastic Powders +++ High-Solid Coatings ++ Radiation-Curable Coatings +++ Proper Operation and Maintenance X Sealed Covers (Coating Preparation) + Sealed Covers w/ Carbon Adsorber/Condenser (Coating Prep) +++ Performance Tapes without Adhesive Primer (Traffic Marking) +++ Low-VOC Preparation Products ++ California Best Available Retrofit Control Technology Limits, Surface Preparation Products Limits, and Spray Gun Cleaners + California Federal Implementation Plan Rule: Low-VOC Coatings (or an Emission Control System) and a Transfer Efficiency requirement Equivalent to High-Volume, Low Pressure Spray Equipment +++ Performance Tapes with adhesive primer (Traffic Marking) + Field Reacted (Traffic Marking) +++ Permanent Markers (Traffic Marking) +++ Low-VOC Pesticides and More Efficient Application Techniques + VOC Content Analysis by Pesticide Producers, New Studies to Support Reformulation of Restricted Products, & Registration Fees + General Industrial Surface Coating Limits + Refrigerated Freeboard Device (Degreasing) + Refrigerated Primary Condenser (Degreasing) ++ Increase Freeboard Ratio (Degreasing) + Reduce Room Draft/Lip Exhaust Velocities (Degreasing) + Enclosed Design (Degreasing) ++ Cold Cleaners (Degreasing) +++ Refrigeration Unit (Dry Cleaning) +++ Surface Preparation Reformulation ++ Product Reformulation + Storage and Transport Work Practice Standards ++ Emissions (million tons per year) Watering/Chemical Suppression ++ Ozone Forming Organics 1.71 Lignin Sulfonate +++ PM-fine Forming Organics 0.02 Enclosures/Containment +++ NOx Wind Barrier Fences +++ SOx Vapor Balance System (Storage Tanks) +++ NH3 Vapor Recovery System - Refrigeration (Storage Tanks) +++ Primary PM-fine 0.03 Vapor Recovery System - Absorption (Storage Tanks) +++ Total 1.76 Install Internal Floating Roof and Seals (Fixed Roof Tank) ++ Pressure Vacuum Vents on Underground Tank Vent Lines +++ Water Spray System During Conveyor Transfer (BACM) ++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Thermal Oxidation System +++ Roughly Constant Year Round Submerged Loading (Storage Tanks) ++ Residential Combustion Public Awareness Education + Emissions (million tons per year) Mandatory Curtailment - Woodstoves +++ +++ +++ +++ Ozone Forming Organics 0.79 Mandatory Curtailment - Fireplaces +++ +++ +++ +++ PM-fine Forming Organics 0.03 Voluntary Curtailment (RWC) ++ +++ +++ +++ NOx 0.41 Wood Moisture Control + X X X SOx 0.18 Home Weatherization + X X X NH3 Opacity Limits (RWC) + X X X Primary PM-fine 0.56 Installer Training Certification/Inspection (RWC) + X X X New Woodstoves - Phase II/EPA Certified + X X X Total 1.97 New Fireplaces - Gas Fireplaces +++ +++ X X New RWC - Ban +++ +++ +++ +++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts New RWC - Restriction +++ +++ +++ +++ Maximum in Winter Conversion to Gas - Removal of RWC Unit +++ +++ +++ +++ Conversion of Existing Fireplace to Natural Gas Insert +++ X X X Changeover - Existing to EPA Certified Woodstoves ++ X X X Removal of RWC Unit - Not replaced +++ +++ +++ +++ Ban on New and Existing RWC Units +++ +++ +++ +++ New Installation of Low-Emitting Unit (RWC) +++ X X X Convert to Low-Emitting Unit - Existing Woodstove +++ X X X Convert to Low-Emitting Unit - EPA Cert. Woodstove ++ X X X Retrofit - Catalytic Converter (RWC) + X X X Retrofit - Pellet Hopper + X X X Taxes on RWC X X X X Convention Woodstove replaced with Noncatalytic Controlled Woodstove +++ X X X Convention Woodstove replaced with Catalytic Controlled Woodstove +++ X X X Convention Woodstove replaced with Pellet Stove ++ X X X Convention Woodstove replaced with Masonry Heater +++ X X X Noncatalytic Woodstove replaced with Catalytic Woodstove + X X X Fireplace replaced with PF36 Flame-Free Fireplace +++ X X X Fireplace replaced with Noncatalytic Controlled Woodstove ++ X X X Fireplace replaced with Catalytic Controlled Woodstove ++ X X X Fireplace replaced with Pellet Stove +++ X X X Solar panels, electrification (Natural gas) + Preforated burner, space heating (distillate oil) ++ Preforated burner, water heating (distillate oil) + Water Heater Replacement (Natural gas) + Low-NOx Space Heaters (Natural gas) ++ Water heater Replacement and Low-NOx Space Heaters (Natural gas) X Combustion modification (Natural gas) Fireplace replaced with Masonry Heater +++ X X X Fireplace replaced with Wax/Sawdust Firelogs ++ X X X Open Burning Ban +++ +++ +++ +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Require a Permit X X X X Ozone Forming Organics 0.25 Reduce Waste/Fuel Moisture Content ++ X X X PM-fine Forming Organics Pile Lighting Methods X X X X NOx 0.05 Landfills +++ +++ +++ X SOx 0.01 Incinerate with PM Control +++ X X X NH3 Primary PM-fine 0.17 Total 0.48 Emissions Seasonal Impacts Maximum in Winter Prescribed Burning No Burning +++ +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Alternate Vegetation/No Burning +++ +++ Ozone Forming Organics 0.18 Permit Program (Less-Than-Annual Burn, Acreage Cap) ++ X PM-fine Forming Organics Alternative Treatments (Chemical/Mechanical) ++ X NOx Alternative Disposal (Burying) +++ X SOx Alternative Burning (Air Curtain Destructors) +++ X NH3 Reduction in Pre-Burn Fuel Loading + X Primary PM-fine 0.38 Increase Fuel Moisture ? Reduce Fire Intensity X X Total 0.56 Reduce Fire Residence Time X X Whole Tree Harvesting X X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Mechanical Residue (straw/stubble) Removal ++ X Maximum in Winter Increase Grazing X X Burn Timing (outside growing season, after timber harvest, more frequently, before fall, during high moisture) X X Pile Burns X X Placement of Residue ++ X Backing Fire X X Aerial Ignition + X Residual Mop-up X Wildfires and Building Fires Emissions (million tons per year) Ozone Forming Organics 0.23 PM-fine Forming Organics NOx SOx NH3 Primary PM-fine 0.56 Total 0.79 Emissions Seasonal Impacts Maximum in Summer Point Sources++ Fuel Combustion Utility Electrostatic Precipitator+ +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Baghouse +++ + Ozone Forming Organics 0.05 Scrubber ++ +++ X X X PM-fine Forming Organics Multiple Cyclones ++ NOx 7.43 Spray Dryer X +++ SOx 15.80 Spray Dryer with Baghouse +++ ++ NH3 0.01 Spray Dryer with Electrostatic Precipitator +++ ++ Primary PM-fine 0.11 Fuel Switch to Lower Sulfur Content X Fuel Switch from Coal to Natural Gas without Low-NOx Burners + Fuel Switch from Oil to Natural Gas after LNB, LNB/OFA or Other Combustion Controls (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) + Total 23.4 Fuel Switch from Coal to Natural Gas with Low-NOx Burners or Low-NOx Burners with Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) ++ Furnace Injection + Emissions Seasonal Impacts Energy Conservation X X X X X Roughly Constant Year Round Duct Injection + Low-NOx Burners + Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) + Low-NOx Burners, Burners Out of Service +/- Flue Gas Recirculation (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) ++ Low-NOx Burners with Flue Gas Recirculation and Overfire Air (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) ++ Combustion Control (Coal Boilers) + Combustion and Postcombustion Controls (Coal Boilers) X Combustion Control (Oil Boilers) X Combustion and Postcombustion Controls (Oil Boilers) X Combustion Control (Natural Gas Boilers) X Combustion and Postcombustion Controls (Natural Gas Boilers) X Combustion Modification and Flue Gas Treatment (Natural Gas Boilers) +++ Flue Gas Conditioning System with Electrostatic Precipitator and Low-sulfur - High Resistivity Coal X Natural Gas Reburn X Natural Gas Reburn (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) ++ Natural Gas Reburn with Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) + Natural Gas Reburn with Low-NOx Burners Natural Gas Reburn after LNB, LNB/OFA or Other Combustion Controls (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) ++ Natural Gas Reburn (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) ++ Coal Reburn with Low-NOx Burners or Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) + Coal Reburn X Coal Reburn (Coal-fired, Baseloaded Duty) ++ Retired SO2 Allowances +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction -- ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction after LNB, LNB/OFA or Other Combustion Controls (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) -- +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) -- +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction with Low-NOx Burners or Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) -- ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction with Combustion Controls Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Coal Boilers) -- + Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) -- + Selective Noncatalytic Reduction with Low-NOx Burners or Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air (Coal-fired Baseloaded Duty) -- + Selective Noncatalytic Reduction after LNB, LNB/OFA or Other Combustion Controls (Oil & Gas - Peaking Duty Cycle) -- + Industrial Electrostatic Precipitator +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Baghouse +++ + Ozone Forming Organics 0.17 Scrubber ++ +++ X X X PM-fine Forming Organics Scrubber, Oil-fired Boiler ++ NOx 3.23 Venturi Scrubbers (Wood Waste) +++ X X X X SOx 3.11 Venturi Scrubber (Bagasse) +++ X X X X NH3 0.02 Impingement Scrubber (Bagasse) +++ Primary PM-fine 0.18 Multiple Cyclones + Second Multiple Cyclone + Total 6.71 Multiple Cyclones with Flyash reinjection + Dry Electric Gravel Filter (Wood Waste) +++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Electrostatic Gravel Bed (Wood Waste) +++ Roughly Constant Year Round Cyclones (Bagasse) ++ Air/Fuel Ratio (Natural Gas) + Ignition Timing Retard (Natural Gas) + Air/Fuel Ratio and Ignition Timing Retard (Natural Gas) + Low Emission Combustion (Natural Gas) +++ Flue Gas Desulfurization +++ Spray Dryer +++ Spray Dryer with Baghouse +++ ++ Spray Dryer with Electrostatic Precipitator +++ ++ Low-NOx Burners (Process Heaters) + Low-NOx Burners and Flue Gas Recirculation (Process Heaters) + Low-NOx Burners and Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Process Heaters) -- ++ Low-NOx Burners and Selective Catalytic Reduction (Process Heaters) -- +++ Low-NOx Burners ++ Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air ++ Ultra Low-NOx Burners (Process Heaters) ++ Ignition Timing Retard + Selective Catalytic Reduction -- ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction (Process Heaters) ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction (Diesel) -- +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction and Water Injection (Gas Turbines- Oil) -- +++ Selective Catalytic Reduction and Steam Injection (Gas Turbines - Natural Gas) -- +++ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction -- ++ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Natural Gas) -- +++ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Process Heaters) -- ++ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Internal Combustion Engines - Natural Gas) -- +++ Prestratification Charge, Injection Timing Retard, Pre-ignition Chamber Combustion, Air/Fuel Ratio, Water Injection, Post Combustion, SCR, and SNCR +++ Fuel Switch to Lower Sulfur Content X Furnace Injection + Duct Injection + Retired SO2 Allowances +++ Combustion Controls ++ Combustion and Post-combustion Controls X Low Sulfur Oil (Oil-fired Boiler) ++ Natural Gas Reburn ++ Water Injection and Oxygen Trim ++ Other Electrostatic Precipitators +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Scrubbers ++ +++ X X X Ozone Forming Organics 0.02 Baghouses +++ + PM-fine Forming Organics Multiple Cyclones + NOx 0.72 Multiple Cyclones with Flyash reinjection + SOx 0.41 Dry Electrostatic Gravel Filter (Wood/Bark-Fired Boilers) +++ NH3 0.01 Electrostatic Gravel Bed (Wood-Fired Boilers) +++ Primary PM-fine 0.02 Spray Dryer X +++ Spray Dryer with Baghouse +++ ++ Total 1.18 Spray Dryer with Electrostatic Precipitator ++ Fuel Switch to Lower Sulfur Content X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Venturi Scrubbers +++ Roughly Constant Year Round Furnace Injection + Duct Injection + Low-NOx Burners and Overfire Air ++ Natural Gas Reburn ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction -- ++ Selective Noncatalytic Reduction -- ++ Water Injection and Oxygen Trim ++ Chemical Electrostatic Precipitator +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Baghouse +++ + Ozone Forming Organics 1.52 Cyclones ++ PM-fine Forming Organics 0.01 Cyclone/ESP +++ NOx 0.28 Cyclone/Scrubber +++ +++ X X X SOx 0.44 Mist Eliminators + NH3 0.18 Wet Scrubbers ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ Primary PM-fine 0.04 Welman Lord Scrubber (Claus Process) +++ Venturi Scrubbers +++ X X X ++ Total 2.47 Packed Tower +++ X X X ++ Glass Fiber Mist Eliminator +++ ++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator +++ Roughly Constant Year Round High Pressure Drop Mist Eliminator +++ Process Changes +++ Afterburners X +++ Carbon Adsorber +++ Thermal Incineration X X +++ Catalytic Incineration X +++ Process Design Thermal Reduction (Adiptic Acid Mfg.) +++ Thermal Reduction, Extended Absorption, Selective Catalytic Reduction, Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Acid Mfg. Plants) +++ Operational Practices X Catalytic Reduction +++ Extended Absorption +++ Covers on Containers +++ Metals Processing Hot Electrostatic Precipitators ++ Emissions (million tons per year) Cold Electrostatic Precipitators +++ Dry Electrostatic Precipitators +++ Ozone Forming Organics 0.07 Wet Electrostatic Precipitators +++ PM-fine Forming Organics Single-Contact Acid Plant +++ +++ NOx 0.08 Double-Contact Acid Plant +++ +++ SOx 0.91 Spray Chamber/Electrostatic Precipitator +++ X X X X NH3 0.01 Baghouse +++ Primary PM-fine 0.10 ESP/Scrubbers/Wet ESP +++ Cyclones/Baghouse +++ Total 1.17 Elemental-sulfur-recovery plant +++ DMA absorption process +++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Ammonia absorption process +++ Roughly Constant Year Round Wet Cyclone/Baghouse +++ Settling Chamber/Cyclone/Baghouse +++ Venturi Scrubber/Demister +++ X X X X Cyclone/Electrostatic Precipitator +++ Spray Tower ++ X X X X Quench Tower +++ X Floating Bed Scrubber ++ X Packed Bed ++ X X X X Venturi Scrubber ++ X X X X Low-NOx Burners (Iron & Steel Mills) ++ Low Excess Air (Iron & Steel Mills) + Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Iron & Steel Mills) ++ Selective Catalytic Reduction (Iron & Steel Mills) +++ Low-NOx Burners and Flue Gas Recirculation (Iron & Steel Mills) ++ Low-NOx Burners and Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Iron & Steel Mills) +++ Low-NOx Burners and Selective Catalytic Reduction (Iron & Steel Mills) +++ Multiclones ++ Dry Alumina Scrubber +++ Dry Alumina Filter Bed/Baghouse +++ Cyclone/Scrubber +++ X X X Scrubber +++ +++ X X Mobile Scrubber Car (Coke Production) +++ X Stage or Sequential Charge (Coke Production) +++ High Energy Scrubber with Flare (Ferroalloy Production) +++ X +++ Low Energy Scrubber with Flare (Ferroalloy Production) +++ X +++ Scrubber with Flare (Ferroalloy Production) +++ X +++ Cyclone + High Energy Scrubber (Gray Iron Foundries) +++ X X X Impingement Scrubber (Gray Iron Foundires) ++ X X X High Efficiency Cyclone +++ Direct Furnace Evacuation and Fabric Filter (Medium and Large Steel Foundries) ++ Side Draft Hood and Fabric Filter (Iron & Small Steel Foundries) ++ Petroleum Industry Electrostatic Precipitator/CO Boiler (Refinery) +++ +++ +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Cyclone/Electrostatic Precipitator (Refinery) +++ Ozone Forming Organics 0.90 Fabric Filter (Asphalt Manufacturing) +++ PM-fine Forming Organics Venturi Scrubber (Asphalt Manufacturing) +++ X X X NOx 0.12 Improved Combustion and Gas Recovery (Flares) + SOx 0.44 Clean Burn Engine, Electrification (Oil Production and Workover Engine) ++ NH3 0.04 Primary PM-fine 0.02 Total 1.52 Emissions Seasonal Impacts Roughly Constant Year Round Other Industry Cyclonic Scrubber (Pulp and Paper) + X X X Emissions (million tons per year) Evaporator (Pulp and Paper) + Ozone Forming Organics 0.41 Evaporator/Electrostatic Precipitator (Pulp and Paper) +++ PM-fine Forming Organics 0.01 Electrostatic Precipitator (Pulp and Paper) +++ NOx 0.09 Venturi Scrubber (Pulp and Paper) +++ X X X SOx 0.14 Absorption (Pulp and Paper) +++ NH3 0.04 Direct Contact Evaporation (Pulp and Paper) ++ Primary PM-fine 0.14 Scrubbers (Pulp and Paper) +++ Mesh Pads (Pulp and Paper) X Total 0.83 Packed Tower (Pulp and Paper) +++ X X X Process Modification (Food and Agriculture) X X X Emissions Seasonal Impacts Shaft Seals (Food and Agriculture) X X Roughly Constant Year Round Flanged Inlet/Outlet (Food and Agriculture) X X Standard Mist Eliminator (Food and Agriculture) ++ High-Efficiency Mist Eliminator (Food and Agriculture) +++ Cyclones (Food and Agriculture) + Fabric Filters (Food and Agriculture) +++ Wet Scrubbers (Food and Agriculture) +++ X X X X Mineral Products Electrostatic Precipitator +++ Emissions (million tons per year) Baghouse +++ Ozone Forming Organics Gravel Bed Filters PM-fine Forming Organics Multiclone/Electrostatic Precipitator (Cement Mfg) +++ NOx 0.21 Switch from Dry Coal Crushing to Wet Process + SOx 0.25 Venturi Scrubber/Mist Eliminator (Coal Cleaning) +++ X NH3 Wet Suppression (Quarry Screening) + Primary PM-fine 0.11 Wet Suppression (Quarry Crushing) + Wet Suppression (Quarry Conveyer Transfer) + Total 0.57 Wet Suppression (General Material Handling) + Cyclone/Wet Scrubbers (Crushing/Grinding/Screening) +++ Emissions Seasonal Impacts Low-NOx Burners, Selective Catalytic Reduction, Mid-kiln Firing, Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Cement Plants) ++ Roughly Constant Year Round Electric Boost, Cullet Preheat, Low-NOx Burners, Selective Catalytic Reduction, Selective Noncatalytic Reduction, Oxy-Firing (Glass Plants) + Cyclones ++ Settling Chamber + Wet Scrubber +++ X X X Cyclones/Baghouse +++ Cyclones/Electrostatic Precipitators (Crush/Grind/Scrn) +++ High Pressure Drop Scrubbers (Calciners/Dryers/Kilns) +++ X X X Venturi Scrubbers (Calciners/Dryers/Kilns) +++ Multiclone/Wet Scrubber (Calciners/Dryers/Kilns) +++ X X X High Energy Venturi Scrubber (Furnaces/Cupolas) +++ Burner Modification, Additional Excess Air, Electric Boost, Greater Use of Scrap Glass, Thermal deNOx (Glass Manufacturing) ++ Fabric Filter/Incineration (Blowchamber) +++ Low Energy Wet Scrubber (Blowchamber) + Wet Electrostatic Precipitator (Forming/Curing) +++ Incinerators (Forming/Curing) X Waste Disposal Electrostatic Precipitators X Emissions (million tons per year) Baghouse X X Ozone Forming Organics 2.53 Duct Sorbent Injection/Electrostatic Precipitators ++ PM-fine Forming Organics Spray Dryer/Electrostatic Precipitators +++ NOx 0.03 Duct Sorbent Injection/Baghouse ++ SOx 0.03 Spray Dryer/Baghouse +++ NH3 0.08 Scrubbers (Wet or Dry)/Baghouse +++ Primary PM-fine 0.03 Low Efficiency Scrubber + + X X Medium Efficiency Scrubber + + X X Total 2.70 High Efficiency Scrubber +++ + X X Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Municipal Waste Incinerators) + Emissions Seasonal Impacts Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (Medical Waste Incinerators) + Roughly Constant Year Round Miscellaneous Emissions (million tons per year) Ozone Forming Organics 0.03 PM-fine Forming Organics NOx 0.04 SOx 0.01 NH3 Primary PM-fine Total 0.08 Emissions Seasonal Impacts Roughly Constant Year Round Biogenic Emissions (million tons per year) Ozone Forming Organics 25.99 PM-fine Forming Organics 3.32 NOx SOx NH3 Primary PM-fine Total 29.31 Emissions Seasonal Impacts Roughly Constant Year Round Incentives Based Strategies (placeholder) (a) EPA-450/3-80-020a May 1980 "Electric Arc Furnaces in Ferrous Foundries- bkd infor for prop. stds. NSPS. (b) Development of Emission Control and New Technology Options for the GCVTC, Vol II, Regulatory requirement, Argonne national Lab (Bay area numbers) (c) same as (b), except for Sacramento (d) same as (b), except for San Joaquin Valley (e) Development of Control Cost Equations for PM, Final Report, 3-31-95, EPA WA I-48 (f) Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model for NOx (ERCAM-NOx), Revised Documentation, E.H. Pechan & Assocaites, Inc., September 1996 (g) Options & costs of controlling ammonia emissions in Europe, Ger Klaassen. Synthesis from table 1 and 2 in blue pamphlet-size reprint, averages for European countries. (h) Controlling Fine Particulate Matter Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, STAPPA/ALAPCO (i) Electric Utility Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Technology Options for Application by the Ozone Transport Assessment Group, OTAG Control technologies & Options Group. (j) States' Report on Electric Utility NOx Reduction Technology Options for Application by the OTAG, Control Technologies & Options Workgroup, 4-11-96 (k) E-mail quote on Chicago Board of Trade's price from Patrick Videll, also from a graph from the Internet on SO2 allowance cost (http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/update2/chart3.html) (l) Development of Emission Control & New Technology Options for the GCVTRegion, Volume 1, Technology costs, performance, & applicability, Final Report, October 1995 (m) Summary matrix of Electric Utility NOx Sources, Retrofit Control Options and Costs (Coal-fired, baseloaded duty), States' Report - 4-11-96, DRAFT, pp. 51-56 (n) Summary matrix of Electric Utility NOx Sources, Retrofit Control Options and Costs (Oil and Gas-fired, Peaking Duty Cycle), States' Report - 4-11-96, DRAFT, pp. 57-60 (o) Fugitive Dust Background Document and Technical Information Document for Best Available Control Measures, USEPA (p) Regional Particulate Strategies, Draft report, E.H. Pechan & Associates, 9-29-95 (q) Analysis of Incremental Emission Reductions and Costs of VOC and NOx Control Measures, Draft Report, E.H. Pechan, Inc, September 1994 (r) Evaluation of Fine Particulate Matter Control Technology, EC/R Incorporated, September 30, 1996 (s) Controlling Nitrogen Oxides Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, STAPPA/ALAPCO, July 1994 (t) Analysis of Incremental Emission Reductions and Costs of VOC and NOx Control Measures, Draft Report, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., September 1994