TRAC

Note: This information is provided for reference purposes only. Although the information provided here was accurate and current when first created, it is now outdated.

OP TOLERANCE REASSESSMENT USE/USAGE MATRIX CROP SUMMARY

Site: Apples Overall Confidence Rating: High

Background: A total of 549,370 acres are planted in apples in the United states. Organophosphate pesticides (OP) represent 68% of all pesticide useage on this crop with an average of 2.82 applications per year. Analysis of OP usage was conducted for the following five major apple regions: New England (CT, MA, ME, RI, NH, NJ, NY, VT) , North Central (MI and OH), Appalachian-Southern (DE, GA, MD, NC, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV), Western (AZ and CA), and Pacific North. (OR and WA). Insecticide use patterns and key pests vary both between and within regions. In the absence of effective controls, key pests can destroy 50-90% of the crop. Due to low damage threshold levels in apples, biological control is limited to indirect pests (non-fruit feeding) with little contribution against direct pests.

Organophosphate Pesticides % Treated # Applications Rate (lb AI/A) PHI (days)

Max²³ Avg²³ Max²¹ Avg^2-11 Max²¹ Avg^2-11 Min²¹ Avg

azinphos-methyl 80 73 --- 2.2 --- 0.7 7

chlorpyrifos 63 53 NS 1.7 4 1 30

diazinon 6 3 NS 1.6 5 1.2 21

dimethoate 35 27 NS 1 2.0025 0.9 28

malathion 13 9 NS 2.1 --- 0.7 21

methyl parathion 26 19 NS 2 1.7 21

phosmet 34 22 NS 2.9 4 1.1 7

Confidence Rating:
H= high confidence = data from several confirming sources; confirmed by personal experience
M = medium confidence = data from only a few sources; may be some conflicting or unconfirmed info.
L = low confidence = data from only one unconfirmed source

Organophosphate Target Pests for Apple in New England Region (Primary pests controlled by the OP's)^{6, 9, 17, 18}

Major Bug (Tarnished Plant), Aphids (Rosy Apple, Apple, and Spirea), Apple Maggot, Plum Curculio

Moderate Codling Moth, Leafroller (Obliquebanded and Redbanded))

Minor Fruitworm (Green and Sparganothis), Sawfly (European Apple), Leafhopper (White Apple and Potato), Scale (San Jose), Mite (European Red), Leafminer (Spotted Tentiform)

Major = 20+% of all OP usage on pest; Moderate = 5-20% of all OP usage on pest; Minor =<5% of all OP usage on pest

Sources:

1. Proprietary EPA market share information.
2. U.S. Apple QUA+ - Washington. 1997.
3. U.S. Apple QUA+ - Virginia, West Virginia. 1997.
4. U.S. Apple QUA+ - Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. 1997.
5. U.S. Apple QUA+ - Pennsylvania. 1997.
6. U.S. Apple QUA+ - New England. 1997.
7. U.S. Apple QUA+ - Michigan. 1997.
8. U.S. Apple QUA+ - California. 1997.
9. QUA+ - New England Fruit Consultants.
10. QUA+ Michigan Apple Commission. 1997
11. QUA+ - Northwest Horticultural Council. 1997.
12. Orchard Pest Management; A Resource Book for the Pacific Northwest.1993. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA.
13. Pacific Northwest 1998 Insect Control Handbook. 1998. Oregon State University.
14. 1997 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland Cooperative Extension.
15. Pennsylvania Tree Fruit Production Guide. 1996-1997. College of Agricultural Science, Penn State University.
16. 1997 Fruit Spraying Calendar for Commercial Fruit Growers. 1997. Bulletin E-154. Michigan State University Extension.
17. Pest Management Recommendations for Commercial Tree Fruit Productio. 1997. Cornell University.
18. 1996-1997 New England Apple Pest Management Guide. Cooperative Extension (Universities. of Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Vermont)
19. Apple Pest Management Guidelines. 1996. UCPMG Publication 12. IPM Education and Publications, University of California, Davis.
20. Integrated Pest Management for Apples and Pears. 1991. Publication 3340. Unversity of California.
21. Label Use Information System (LUIS) Version 5.0, EPA.
22. The All-Crop, Quick Reference Insect Control Guide (1997), Meister Publishing Company
23. EPA Crop Profile QUA.

Site: Apples					Overall Confidence Rating: High
Background: A total of 549,370 acres are planted in apples in the United states. Organophosphate pesticides (OP) represent 68% of all pesticide useage on this crop with an average of 2.82 applications per year. Analysis of OP usage was conducted for the following five major apple regions: New England (CT, MA, ME, RI, NH, NJ, NY, VT) , North Central (MI and OH), Appalachian-Southern (DE, GA, MD, NC, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV), Western (AZ and CA), and Pacific North. (OR and WA). Insecticide use patterns and key pests vary both between and within regions. In the absence of effective controls, key pests can destroy 50-90% of the crop. Due to low damage threshold levels in apples, biological control is limited to indirect pests (non-fruit feeding) with little contribution against direct pests.
Organophosphate Pesticides	% Treated		# Applications		Rate (lb AI/A)		PHI (days)
	Max²³	Avg²³	Max²¹	Avg^2-11	Max²¹	Avg^2-11	Min²¹	Avg
azinphos-methyl	80	73	---	2.2	---	0.7	7
chlorpyrifos	63	53	NS	1.7	4	1	30
diazinon	6	3	NS	1.6	5	1.2	21
dimethoate	35	27	NS	1	2.0025	0.9	28
malathion	13	9	NS	2.1	---	0.7	21
methyl parathion	26	19	NS		2	1.7	21
phosmet	34	22	NS	2.9	4	1.1	7

Organophosphate Target Pests for Apple in New England Region (Primary pests controlled by the OP's)^{6, 9, 17, 18}
Major	Bug (Tarnished Plant), Aphids (Rosy Apple, Apple, and Spirea), Apple Maggot, Plum Curculio
Moderate	Codling Moth, Leafroller (Obliquebanded and Redbanded))
Minor	Fruitworm (Green and Sparganothis), Sawfly (European Apple), Leafhopper (White Apple and Potato), Scale (San Jose), Mite (European Red), Leafminer (Spotted Tentiform)