Extramural Research
Bibliometrics
Grantee Research Project Results
Bibliometric Analysis for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research and Developments Science and Technology for Sustainability (STS) Research Program
April 2007
This is a bibliometric analysis of the papers prepared by intramural and extramural researchers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Science and Technology for Sustainability (STS) Research Program. For this analysis, 662 papers were reviewed, and they were published from 1996 to 2006. These publications were cited 12,887 times in the journals covered by Thomson’s Web of Science1 and Scopus2. Of these 662 publications, 546 (82%) have been cited at least once in a journal.
Searches of Thomson Scientific’s Web of Science and Scopus were conducted to obtain times cited data for the STS journal publications. The analysis was completed using Thomson’s Essential Science Indicators (ESI) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) as benchmarks. ESI provides access to a unique and comprehensive compilation of essential science performance statistics and science trends data derived from Thomson’s databases. For this analysis, the ESI highly cited papers thresholds as well as the hot papers thresholds were used to assess the influence and impact of the STS papers. JCR is a recognized authority for evaluating journals. It presents quantifiable statistical data that provide a systematic, objective way to evaluate the world’s leading journals and their impact and influence in the global research community. The two key measures used in this analysis to assess the journals in which the EPA STS papers are published are the Impact Factor and Immediacy Index. The Impact Factor is a measure of the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The Impact Factor helps evaluate a journal’s relative importance, especially when compared to other journals in the same field. The Immediacy Index is a measure of how quickly the “average article” in a journal is cited. This index indicates how often articles published in a journal are cited within the same year and it is useful in comparing how quickly journals are cited.
The report includes a summary of the results of the analysis, an analysis of the 662 STS research papers analyzed by ESI field (e.g., chemistry, environment/ecology, engineering), an analysis of the journals in which the STS papers were published, a table of the highly cited researchers in the STS Research Program, and a list of the patents and patent applications resulting from the program.
Summary of Results
- More than one-quarter of the STS publications are highly cited papers. A review of the citations indicates that 187 (28.2%) of the STS papers qualify as highly cited when using the ESI criteria for the top 10% of highly cited publications. This is 2.8 times the number expected. Thirty-two (4.8%) of the STS papers qualify as highly cited when using the ESI criteria for the top 1%, which is 4.8 times the number expected. Six (0.91%) of these papers qualify as very highly cited when using the criteria for the top 0.1%, which is 9.1 times the number anticipated. One paper (0.15%) actually meets the 0.01% threshold for the most highly cited papers, which is 15 times the 0.066 number expected.
- The STS papers are more highly cited than the average paper. Using the ESI average citation rates for papers published by field as the benchmark, in 11 of the 17 fields in which the EPA STS papers were published, the ratio of actual to expected cites is greater than 1, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average papers in those fields. For all 17 fields combined, the ratio of total number of cites to the total number of expected cites (12,887 to 5,134) is 2.5, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average paper.
- One-third of the STS papers are published in high impact journals. Two hundred twenty-seven (227) of the 662 papers were published in the top 10% of journals ranked by JCR Impact Factor, representing 34.3% of EPA’s STS papers. This number is 3.4 times higher than expected. Two hundred thirty-nine (239) of the 661 papers appear in the top 10% of journals ranked by JCR Immediacy Index, representing 36.1% of EPA’s STS papers. This number is 3.6 times higher than expected.
- Eight of the STS papers qualify as hot papers. Using the hot paper thresholds established by ESI as a benchmark, 8 hot papers, representing 1.2% of the STS papers, were identified in the analysis. Hot papers are papers that were highly cited shortly after they were published. The number of STS hot papers is 12 times higher than the 0.66 hot papers expected.
- The authors of the STS papers cite themselves much less than the average author. Four hundred seventy-seven (477) of the 12,887 cites are author self-cites. This 3.7% author self-citation rate is well below the accepted range of 10-30% author self-citation rate.
- Eight of the authors of the STS papers are included in ISIHighlyCited.com,which is a database of the world’s most influential researchers who have made key contributions to science and technology during the period from 1981 to 1999.
- There were 25 patents issued and 9 patent applications filed by investigators from 1996 to 2006 for research that was conducted under EPA’s STS research program. Seventeen (68%) of the 25 patents have been referenced by 114 other patents.
Highly Cited STS Publications
All of the journals covered by ESI are assigned a field, and to compensate for varying citation rates across scientific fields, different thresholds are applied to each field. Thresholds are set to select highly cited papers to be listed in ESI. Different thresholds are set for both field and year of publication. Setting different thresholds for each year allows comparable representation for older and younger papers for each field.
The 662 STS research papers reviewed for this analysis were published in journals that were assigned to 17 of the 22 ESI fields. The distribution of the papers among these 17 fields and the number of citations by field are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. STS Papers by ESI Fields
ESI Field |
No. of EPA STS Papers |
Average Cites/Paper |
|
10,179 |
Chemistry |
384 |
26.51 |
1,122 |
Engineering |
94 |
11.94 |
352 |
Environment/Ecology |
64 |
5.50 |
318 |
Multidisciplinary |
2 |
159.00 |
294 |
Biology & Biochemistry |
29 |
10.14 |
243 |
Materials Science |
41 |
5.93 |
94 |
Computer Science |
9 |
10.44 |
85 |
Physics |
9 |
9.44 |
55 |
Microbiology |
8 |
6.88 |
45 |
Economics & Business |
4 |
11.25 |
40 |
Molecular Biology & Genetics |
2 |
20.00 |
26 |
Social Sciences, General |
7 |
3.71 |
17 |
Plant & Animal Science |
2 |
8.50 |
16 |
Agricultural Sciences |
2 |
8.00 |
1 |
Pharmacology & Toxicology |
2 |
0.50 |
0 |
Clinical Medicine |
1 |
0.00 |
0 |
Geosciences |
2 |
0.00 |
Total = 12,887 |
Total = 662 |
19.47 |
There are 187 (28.2% of the papers analyzed) highly cited EPA STS papers in 9 of the 17 fields—Chemistry, Engineering, Multidisciplinary, Environment/Ecology, Materials Science, Computer Science, Biology & Biochemistry, Economics & Business, and Plant & Animal Science—when using the ESI criteria for the top 10% of papers. Table 2 shows the number of EPA papers in those 9 fields that meet the top 10% threshold in ESI.
Table 2. Number of Highly Cited STS Papers by Field (top 10%)
ESI Field |
No. of Papers |
Average Cites/Paper |
% of EPA Papers in Field |
|
7,724 |
Chemistry |
131 |
58.96 |
34.11% |
974 |
Engineering |
31 |
3.03 |
32.98% |
315 |
Multidisciplinary |
1 |
315.00 |
50.00% |
173 |
Environment/Ecology |
6 |
28.83 |
9.38% |
132 |
Materials Science |
7 |
18.86 |
17.07% |
81 |
Computer Science |
6 |
13.50 |
66.67% |
70 |
Biology & Biochemistry |
2 |
35.00 |
6.90% |
40 |
Economics & Business |
2 |
20.00 |
50.00% |
17 |
Plant & Animal Science |
1 |
17.00 |
50.00% |
Total = 9,526 |
Total = 187 |
50.94 |
28.25% |
Thirty-two (4.8%) of the papers analyzed qualify as highly cited when using the ESI criteria for the top 1% of papers. These papers cover six fields—Chemistry, Engineering, Multidisciplinary, Environment/Ecology, Materials Science, and Plant & Animal Science. Table 3 shows the 32 papers by field that meet the top 1% threshold in ESI. The citations for these 32 papers are provided in Tables 4 through 9. There were 6 (0.91%) very highly cited STS papers in the fields of Chemistry, Engineering, and Multidisciplinary. These papers, which meet the top 0.1% threshold in ESI, are listed in Table 10. One of the STS papers actually meets the top 0.01% threshold in ESI, which represents 0.15% of the papers. The citation for this paper is provided in Table 11.
Table 3. Number of Highly Cited STS Papers by Field (top 1%)
ESI Field |
No. of Papers |
Average Cites/Paper |
% of EPA Papers in Field |
|
3,482 |
Chemistry |
20 |
174.10 |
5.21% |
457 |
Engineering |
7 |
65.28 |
7.45% |
315 |
Multidisciplinary |
1 |
315.00 |
50.00% |
75 |
Environment/Ecology |
2 |
37.50 |
3.13% |
62 |
Materials Science |
1 |
62.00 |
2.44% |
17 |
Plant & Animal Science |
1 |
17.00 |
50.00% |
Total = 4,408 |
Total = 32 |
137.75 |
4.83% |
Table 4. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Chemistry (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
128 |
Canelas DA |
Dispersion polymerization of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide: importance of effective surfactants. Macromolecules 1996;29(8):2818-2821. |
365 |
Li CJ |
Aqueous Barbier-Grignard type reaction: scope, mechanism, and synthetic applications. Tetrahedron 1996;52(16):5643-5668. |
107 |
Mesiano AJ |
Supercritical biocatalysis. Chemical Reviews 1999;99(2):623-633. |
193 |
Matyjaszewski K |
Transition metal catalysis in controlled radical polymerization: atom transfer radical polymerization. Chemistry-A European Journal 1999;5(11):3095-3102. |
247 |
Patten TE |
Copper(I)-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Accounts of Chemical Research 1999;32(10):895-903. |
380 |
Li CJ |
Organic syntheses using indium-mediated and catalyzed reactions in aqueous media. Tetrahedron 1999;55(37):11149-11176. |
573 |
Varma RS |
Solvent-free organic syntheses - using supported reagents and microwave irradiation. Green Chemistry 1999;1(1):43-55. |
105 |
Matyjaszewski K |
Gradient copolymers by atom transfer radical copolymerization. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2000;13(12):775-786. |
113 |
Varma RS |
Solvent-free accelerated organic syntheses using microwaves. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2001;73(1):193-198. |
156 |
Blanchard LA |
High-pressure phase behavior of ionic liquid/CO2 systems. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2001;105(12):2437-2444. |
450 |
Huddleston JG |
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium cation. Green Chemistry 2001;3(4):156-164. |
70 |
Holbrey JD |
Efficient, halide free synthesis of new, low cost ionic liquids: 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts containing methyl- and ethyl-sulfate anions. Green Chemistry 2002;4(5):407-413. |
104 |
Wei CM |
Enantioselective direct-addition of terminal alkynes to imines catalyzed by copper(I)pybox complex in water and in toluene. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002;124(20):5638-5639. |
111 |
Varma RS |
Clay and clay-supported reagents in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002;58(7):1235-1255. |
126 |
Swatloski RP |
Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002;124(18):4974-4975. |
56 |
Holbrey JD |
Crystal polymorphism in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halides: supporting ionic liquid formation by inhibition of crystallization. Chemical Communications 2003;14:1636-1637. |
73 |
Kaar JL |
Impact of ionic liquid physical properties on lipase activity and stability. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2003;125(14):4125-4131. |
103 |
Swatloski RP |
Ionic liquids are not always green: hydrolysis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Green Chemistry 2003;5(4):361-363. |
17 |
Lutz JF |
Nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of chain-end functionality in the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene. Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry 2005;43(4):897-910. |
5 |
Ju Y |
Aqueous N-heterocyclization of primary amines and hydrazines with dihalides: microwave-assisted syntheses of N-azacycloalkanes, isoindole, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, and phthalazine derivatives. Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006;71(1):135-141. |
Table 5. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Engineering (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
56 |
Chandler K |
Alkylation reactions in near-critical water in the absence of acid catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 1997;36(12):5175-5179. |
53 |
Clancy JL |
UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal of the American Water Works Association 1998;90(9):92-102. |
62 |
Bukhari Z |
Medium-pressure UV for oocyst inactivation. Journal of the American Water Works Association 1999;91(3):86-94. |
179 |
Blanchard LA |
Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2001;40(1):287-292. |
37 |
Abraham MH |
Some novel liquid partitioning systems: water-ionic liquids and aqueous biphasic systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2003;42(3):413-418. |
54 |
Ceraolo M |
Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description. Journal of Power Sources 2003;113(1):131-144. |
16 |
Choi Y |
Kinetics, simulation and insights for CO selective oxidation in fuel cell applications. Journal of Power Sources 2004;129(2):246-254. |
Table 6. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Multidisciplinary (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
315 |
Blanchard LA |
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature 1999;399(6731):28-29. |
Table 7. Highly Cited STS Papers in the Field of Environment/Ecology (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
42 |
Bare JC |
TRACI: the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2003;6(3-4):49-78. |
33 |
Suh S |
System boundary selection in life-cycle inventories using hybrid approaches. Environmental Science & Technology 2004;38(3):657-664. |
Table 8. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Materials Science (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
62 |
Davis KA |
Statistical, gradient, block, and graft copolymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations. Materials Today 2002;159:1-169. |
Table 9. Highly Cited STS Paper in the Field of Plant & Animal Science (top 1%)
First Author |
Paper |
|
17 |
Walsh CJ |
The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 2005;24(3):706-723. |
Table 10. Very Highly Cited STS Papers (top 0.1%)
ESI Field |
No. of Cites |
First Author |
Paper |
Chemistry |
380 |
Li CJ |
Organic syntheses using indium-mediated and catalyzed reactions in aqueous media. Tetrahedron 1999;55(37):11149-11176. |
573 |
Varma RS |
Solvent-free organic syntheses - using supported reagents and microwave irradiation. Green Chemistry 1999;1(1):43-55. |
|
450 |
Huddleston JG |
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium cation. Green Chemistry 2001;3(4):156-164. |
|
Engineering |
179 |
Blanchard LA |
Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2001;40(1):287-292. |
54 |
Ceraolo M |
Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description. Journal of Power Sources 2003;113(1):131-144. |
|
Multidisciplinary |
315 |
Blanchard LA |
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature 1999;399(6731):28-29. |
Table 11. Very Highly Cited STS Paper (top 0.01%)
| ESI Field | No. of Cites |
First Author |
Paper |
Multidisciplinary |
315 |
Blanchard LA |
Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2. Nature 1999;399(6731):28-29. |
Ratio of Actual Cites to Expected Citation Rates
The expected citation rate is the average number of cites that a paper published in the same journal in the same year and of the same document type (article, review, editorial, etc.) has received from the year of publication to the present. Using the ESI average citation rates for papers published by field as the benchmark, in 11 of the 17 fields in which the EPA STS papers were published, the ratio of actual to expected cites is greater than 1, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average papers in those fields (see Table 12). For all 17 fields combined, the ratio of total number of cites to the total number of expected cites (12,887 to 5,134) is 2.51, indicating that the STS papers are more highly cited than the average paper.
Table 12. Ratio of Actual Cites to Expected Cites for STS Papers by Field
| ESI Field | Total Cites |
Expected Cite Rate |
Ratio |
Agricultural Sciences |
16 |
10.40 |
1.54 |
Biology & Biochemistry |
294 |
368.91 |
0.80 |
Chemistry |
10,179 |
3,574.33 |
2.85 |
Clinical Medicine |
0 |
14.37 |
0.00 |
Computer Science |
94 |
27.08 |
3.47 |
Economics & Business |
45 |
24.82 |
1.81 |
Engineering |
1,122 |
326.19 |
3.44 |
Environment/Ecology |
352 |
368.01 |
0.96 |
Geosciences |
0 |
15.58 |
0.00 |
Materials Science |
243 |
172.98 |
1.40 |
Microbiology |
55 |
52.59 |
1.04 |
Molecular Biology & Genetics |
40 |
45.50 |
0.88 |
Multidisciplinary |
318 |
6.68 |
47.60 |
Pharmacology & Toxicology |
1 |
27.79 |
0.04 |
Physics |
85 |
72.61 |
1.17 |
Plant & Animal Science |
17 |
1.34 |
12.69 |
Social Sciences, General |
26 |
24.46 |
1.06 |
TOTAL |
12,887 |
5,133.64 |
2.51 |
JCR Benchmarks
Impact Factor. The JCR Impact Factor is a well known metric in citation analysis. It is a measure of the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The Impact Factor helps evaluate a journal’s relative importance, especially when compared to others in the same field. The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the current year to articles published in the 2 previous years by the total number of articles published in the 2 previous years.
Table 13 indicates the number of STS papers published in the top 10% of journals, based on the JCR Impact Factor. Two hundred twenty-seven (227) of 662 papers were published in the top 10% of journals, representing 34.3% of EPA’s STS papers. This indicates that more than one-third of the STS papers are published in the highest quality journals as determined by the JCR Impact Factor, which is 3.4 times higher than the expected percentage.
Table 13. STS Papers in Top 10% of Journals by JCR Impact Factor
Journal |
Impact Factor(IF) |
JCR IF Rank |
|
1 |
Science |
30.927 |
6 |
1 |
Nature |
29.273 |
11 |
1 |
Chemical Reviews |
20.869 |
23 |
2 |
Accounts of Chemical Research |
13.141 |
62 |
1 |
Aldrichimica Acta |
9.917 |
97 |
2 |
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition |
9.596 |
108 |
18 |
Journal of the American Chemical Society |
7.419 |
170 |
2 |
Advanced Functional Materials |
6.770 |
190 |
1 |
Analytical Chemistry |
5.635 |
242 |
1 |
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |
4.926 |
313 |
2 |
Chemistry-A European Journal |
4.907 |
314 |
4 |
Chemistry of Materials |
4.818 |
327 |
4 |
Journal of Catalysis |
4.780 |
332 |
1 |
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |
4.745 |
334 |
1 |
Bioscience |
4.708 |
336 |
1 |
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis |
4.632 |
347 |
1 |
Ecology |
4.506 |
366 |
1 |
International Review of Cytology |
4.481 |
372 |
1 |
Biotechnology Advances |
4.455 |
381 |
23 |
Chemical Communications |
4.426 |
385 |
11 |
Organic Letters |
4.368 |
397 |
3 |
Journal of Bacteriology |
4.167 |
440 |
1 |
Applied Physics Letters |
4.127 |
450 |
22 |
Environmental Science & Technology |
4.054 |
467 |
5 |
Journal of Physical Chemistry B |
4.033 |
474 |
22 |
Macromolecules |
4.024 |
479 |
1 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
3.851 |
535 |
1 |
Applied and Environmental Microbiology |
3.818 |
544 |
3 |
Applied Catalysis B-Environmental |
3.809 |
547 |
5 |
Langmuir |
3.705 |
569 |
5 |
Journal of Materials Chemistry |
3.688 |
575 |
24 |
Journal of Organic Chemistry |
3.675 |
577 |
2 |
Biomacromolecules |
3.618 |
598 |
1 |
Journal of Mass Spectrometry |
3.574 |
618 |
1 |
Crystal Growth & Design |
3.551 |
627 |
3 |
Organometallics |
3.473 |
651 |
1 |
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials |
3.355 |
689 |
1 |
Chemical Research in Toxicology |
3.339 |
699 |
28 |
Green Chemistry |
3.255 |
722 |
3 |
Current Organic Chemistry |
3.102 |
775 |
12 |
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry |
3.027 |
806 |
3 |
Water Research |
3.019 |
809 |
Total = 227 |
Immediacy Index. The JCR Immediacy Index is a measure of how quickly the average article in a journal is cited. It indicates how often articles published in a journal are cited within the year they are published. The Immediacy Index is calculated by dividing the number of citations to articles published in a given year by the number of articles published in that year.
Table 14 indicates the number of STS papers published in the top 10% of journals, based on the JCR Immediacy Index. Two hundred thirty-nine (239) of the 662 papers appear in the top 10% of journals, representing 36.1% of the STS papers. This indicates that one-third of the STS papers are published in the highest quality journals as determined by the JCR Immediacy Index, which is 3.6 times higher than the expected percentage.
Table 14. STS Papers in Top 10% of Journals by JCR Immediacy Index
Journal |
Immediacy Index(II) |
JCR II Rank |
|
1 |
Science |
6.398 |
6 |
1 |
Nature |
5.825 |
11 |
1 |
Chemical Reviews |
4.523 |
23 |
2 |
Accounts of Chemical Research |
3.414 |
36 |
2 |
Angewandte Chemie-International Edition |
2.109 |
82 |
18 |
Journal of the American Chemical Society |
1.435 |
162 |
2 |
Chemistry-A European Journal |
1.111 |
266 |
23 |
Chemical Communications |
1.029 |
296 |
11 |
Organic Letters |
0.993 |
325 |
1 |
Crystal Growth & Design |
0.989 |
328 |
1 |
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |
0.937 |
360 |
1 |
International Review of Cytology |
0.919 |
369 |
2 |
Advanced Functional Materials |
0.890 |
400 |
3 |
Journal of Bacteriology |
0.874 |
413 |
24 |
Journal of Organic Chemistry |
0.862 |
418 |
1 |
Journal of the North American Benthological Society |
0.797 |
479 |
3 |
Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 1 |
0.793 |
481 |
22 |
Macromolecules |
0.767 |
497 |
3 |
Organometallics |
0.762 |
501 |
4 |
Journal of Catalysis |
0.761 |
504 |
1 |
Bioscience |
0.731 |
538 |
1 |
Chemical Research in Toxicology |
0.729 |
542 |
5 |
Journal of Materials Chemistry |
0.728 |
545 |
1 |
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis |
0.726 |
551 |
1 |
Aldrichimica Acta |
0.714 |
564 |
4 |
Chemistry of Materials |
0.714 |
564 |
1 |
Analytical Chemistry |
0.713 |
569 |
1 |
Inorganic Chemistry |
0.713 |
569 |
5 |
Journal of Physical Chemistry B |
0.705 |
578 |
3 |
Current Organic Chemistry |
0.674 |
618 |
2 |
Metabolic Engineering |
0.674 |
618 |
1 |
Journal of Mass Spectrometry |
0.660 |
645 |
8 |
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment |
0.644 |
669 |
2 |
New Journal of Chemistry |
0.634 |
688 |
2 |
Biomacromolecules |
0.633 |
690 |
28 |
Green Chemistry |
0.631 |
695 |
1 |
Ecology |
0.621 |
710 |
5 |
Langmuir |
0.610 |
724 |
5 |
Synlett |
0.578 |
787 |
1 |
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters |
0.573 |
799 |
12 |
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-Polymer Chemistry |
0.564 |
819 |
1 |
Applied Physics Letters |
0.551 |
848 |
22 |
Environmental Science & Technology |
0.541 |
874 |
Total = 239 |
Hot Papers
ESI establishes citation thresholds for hot papers, which are selected from the highly cited papers in different fields, but the time frame for citing and cited papers is much shorter—papers must be cited within 2 years of publication and the citations must occur in a 2-month time period. Papers are assigned to 2-month periods and thresholds are set for each period and field to select 0.1% of papers. There were no hot papers identified for the current 2-month period (i.e., September-October 2006), but there were a number of hot papers identified from previous periods.
Using the hot paper thresholds established by ESI as a benchmark, 8 hot papers, representing 1.2% of the STS papers, were identified in three fields—Chemistry, Engineering, and Plant & Animal Science. The number of STS hot papers is 12 times higher than expected. The hot papers are listed in Table 15.
Table 15. Hot Papers Identified Using ESI Thresholds
| Field | ESI Hot Papers Threshold |
No. of Cites in 2-Month Period |
Paper |
Chemistry |
10 |
10 cites in March-April 2001 |
Matyjaszewski K. Transition metal catalysis in controlled radical polymerization: atom transfer radical polymerization. Chemistry-A European Journal 1999;5(11):3095-3102. |
10 |
10 cites in January-February |
Li C-J, Chan T-H. Organic synthesis using indium-mediated and catalyzed reactions in aqueous media. Tetrahedron 1999;55(37):11149-11176. |
|
9 |
9 cites in October-November 2000 |
Patten TE, Matyjaszewski K. Copper(I)-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. Accounts of Chemical Research 1999;32(10):895-903. |
|
9 |
9 cites in April-May 2003 |
Huddleston JG, Visser AE, Reichert WM, et al. Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imadazolium cation. Green Chemistry 2001;3(4):156-164. |
|
Engineering |
4 |
5 cites in August 2000 |
Clancy JL, Hargy TM, Marshall MM, et al. UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Journal of the American Water Works Association 1998;90(9):92-102. |
4 |
6 cites in September-October |
Blanchard LA, Brennecke JF. Recovery of organic products from ionic liquids using supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2001;40(1):287-292. |
|
5 |
5 cites in April-May 2004 |
Abraham MH, Zissimos AM, Huddleston JG, et al. Some novel liquid partitioning systems: water-ionic liquids and aqueous biphasic systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2003;42(3):4131-418. |
|
Plant & Animal Science |
5 |
7 cites in September 2005 |
Walsh CJ, Roy AH, Feminella JW, et al. The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 2005;24(3):706-723. |
Author Self-Citation
Self-citations are journal article references to articles from that same author (i.e., the first author). Because higher author self-citation rates can inflate the number of citations, the author self-citation rate was calculated for the STS papers. Of the 12,887 total cites, 477 are author self-cites—a 3.7% author self-citation rate. Garfield and Sher3 found that authors working in research-based disciplines tend to cite themselves on the average of 20% of the time. MacRoberts and MacRoberts4 claim that approximately 10% to 30% of all the citations listed fall into the category of author self-citation. Kovacic and Misak5 recently reported a 20% author self-citation rate for medical literature. Therefore, the 3.7% self-cite rate for the STS papers is well below the range for author self-citation.
Highly Cited Researchers
A search of Thomson’s ISIHighlyCited.com revealed that 8 (0.9%) of the 931 authors of the STS papers are highly cited researchers. ISIHighlyCited.com is a database of the world’s most influential researchers who have made key contributions to science and technology during the period from 1981 to 1999. The highly cited researchers identified during this analysis of the STS publications are presented in Table 16.
Table 16. Highly Cited Researchers Authoring STS Publications
| Highly Cited Researcher | Affiliation |
ESI Field |
Abraham, Michael H. |
University College London |
Chemistry |
Calabrese, Joe C. |
E.I. Dupont de Nemours Co. |
Chemistry |
Groffman, Peter Mark |
Institute of Ecosystem Studies |
Environment/Ecology |
Haddon, Robert C. |
University of California–Riverside |
Physics |
Katritzky, Alan R. |
University of Florida |
Chemistry |
Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof |
Carnegie Mellon University |
Chemistry |
Paquette, Leo Armand |
Ohio State University |
Chemistry |
Suidan, Makram T. |
University of Cincinnati |
Environment/Ecology |
Total = 8 |
Patents
There were 25 patents issued to and 9 patent applications filed by investigators from 1996 to 2006 for research that was conducted under EPA’s STS research program. Seventeen (68%) of the 25 patents have been referenced by 114 other patents. These patents and patent applications, along with the patents that reference them, are listed in Table 17.
Table 17. Patents and Patent Applications from the STS Research Program (1996-2006)
| Patent No. or Applica-tion No. | Inventor(s) |
Title |
Issue Date or Applica-tion Date |
No. of Patents that Referenced This Patent |
5,647,221 |
Garris Jr. CA |
Pressure exchanging ejector and refrigeration apparatus and method |
7/15/97 |
Referenced by 14 patents: (1) 7,143,602 Ejector-type depressurizer for vapor compression refrigeration system (2) 7,121,906 Method and apparatus for decreasing marine vessel power plant exhaust temperature (3) 7,059,147 Cooling system for a vehicle (4) 7,043,912 Apparatus for extracting exhaust heat from waste heat sources while preventing backflow and corrosion (5) 6,904,760 Compact refrigeration system (6) 6,835,484 Supersonic vapor compression and heat rejection cycle (7) 6,647,742 Expander driven motor for auxiliary machinery (8) 6,550,265 Ejector cycle system (9) 6,434,943 Pressure exchanging compressor-expander and methods of use (10) 6,248,154 Operation process of a pumping-ejection apparatus and related apparatus (11) 6,192,692 Liquid powered ejector (12) 6,164,078 Cryogenic liquid heat exchanger system with fluid ejector (13) 6,138,456 Pressure exchanging ejector and methods of use (14) 6,038,876 Motor vehicle air-conditioning system |
5,907,075 |
Subramanian B, Clark MC |
Solid acid supercritical alkylation reactions using carbon dioxide and/or other co-solvents |
5/25/99 |
Referenced by 7 patents: (1) 7,090,830 Drug condensation aerosols and kits (2) 6,924,407 Pressure-tuned solid catalyzed heterogeneous chemical reactions (3) 6,914,105 Continuous process for making polymers in carbon dioxide (4) 6,887,813 Method for reactivating solid catalysts used in alkylation reactions (5) 6,806,332 Continuous method and apparatus for separating polymer from a high pressure carbon dioxide fluid stream (6) 6,579,821 Method for reactivating solid catalysts used in alkylation reactions (7) 6,103,948 Solid catalyzed isoparaffin alkylation at supercritical fluid and near-supercritical fluid conditions |
6,013,774 |
Meister JJ, Chen MJ |
Biodegradable plastics and composites from wood |
1/11/00 |
Referenced by 1 patent: (1) 6,488,997 Degradable composite material, its disposable products and processing method thereof |
6,039,878 |
Sikdar S, Vane L |
Recovery of volatile organic compounds in water by pervaporation |
3/21/00 |
Referenced by 3 patents: (1) 6,858,145 Method of removing organic impurities from water (2) 6,335,202 Method and apparatus for on-line measurement of the permeation characteristics of a permeant through dense nonporous membrane (3) 6,264,726 Method of filtering a target compound from a first solvent that is above its critical density |
6,103,121 |
Bhattacharyya D, Bachas LG, Cullen L, Hestekin JA, Sikdar S |
Membrane-based sorbent for heavy metal sequestration |
8/15/00 |
Referenced by 3 patents: (1) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite polymer and silica-based membrane (2) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a composite polymer and silica-based membrane (3) 6,533,938 Polymer enhanced diafiltration: filtration using PGA |
6,117,328 |
Sikdar SK, Ji W, Wang S-t |
Adorbent-filled membranes for pervaporation |
9/12/00 |
Referenced by 5 patents: (1) 7,014,681 Flexible and porous membranes and adsorbents, and method for the production thereof (2) 6,779,529 Cigarette filter (3) 6,740,143 Mixed matrix nanoporous carbon membranes (4) 6,706,531 Device for conditioning a polluted soil-sample-method of analysis by pyrolysis (5) 6,500,233 Purification of p-xylene using composite mixed matrix membranes |
6,138,456 |
Garris CA |
Pressure exchanging ejector and methods of use |
10/31/00 |
Referenced by 8 patents: (1) 7,143,602 Ejector-type depressurizer for vapor compression refrigeration system (2) 7,137,243 Constant volume combustor (3) 6,966,199 Ejector with throttle controllable nozzle and ejector cycle using the same (4) 6,904,769 Ejector-type depressurizer for vapor compression refrigeration system (5) 6,729,158 Ejector decompression device with throttle controllable nozzle (6) 6,550,265 Ejector cycle system (7) 6,471,489 Supersonic 4-way self-compensating fluid entrainment device (8) 6,434,943 Pressure exchanging compressor-expander and methods of use |
6,139,742 |
Bhattacharyya D, Bachas LG, Cullen L, Hestekin JA, Sikdar SK |
Membrane-based sorbent for heavy metal sequestration |
10/31/00 |
Referenced by 5 patents: (1) 7,049,366 Acrylic acid composition and its production process, and process for producing water-absorbent resin using this acrylic acid composition, and water-absorbent resin (2) 7,009,010 Water-absorbent resin and production process therefor (3) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite polymer and silica-based membrane (4) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a composite polymer and silica-based membrane (5) 6,306,301 Silica-based membrane sorbent for heavy metal sequestration |
6,306,301 |
Bhattacharyya D, Ritchie SM, Bachas LG, Hestekin JA, Sikdar SK |
Silica-based membrane sorbent for heavy metal sequestration |
10/23/01 |
Referenced by 2 patents: (1) 6,544,419 Method of preparing a composite polymer and silica-based membrane (2) 6,544,418 Preparing and regenerating a composite polymer and silica-based membrane |
6,434,943 |
Garris CA |
Pressure exchanging compressor-expander and methods of use |
8/20/02 |
Referenced by 6 patents: (1) 7,137,243 Constant volume combustor (2) 7,104,068 Turbine component with enhanced stagnation prevention and corner heat distribution (3) RE39,217 Centrifugal pump having oil misting system with pivoting blades (4) 6,663,991 Fuel cell pressurization system (5) 6,608,418 Permanent magnet turbo-generator having magnetic bearings (6) 6,551,055 Centrifugal pump having oil misting system with pivoting blades |
6,512,060 |
Matyjaszewski K, Gaynor SG, Coco S |
Atom or group transfer radical polymerization |
1/28/03 |
Referenced by 11 patents: (1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same (7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP (10) 6,720,395 Method for producing a stellar polymer (11) 6,627,314 Preparation of nanocomposite structures by controlled polymerization |
6,538,091 |
Matyjaszewski K, Gaynor SG, Coco S |
Atom or group transfer radical polymerization |
3/25/03 |
Referenced by 11 patents: (1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (6) 7,034,065 Ink jet ink composition (7) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same (8) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (9) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (10) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP (11) 6,713,530 Ink jet ink composition |
6,541,580 |
Matyjaszewski K, Gaynor SG, Coco S |
Atom or group transfer radical polymerization |
4/1/03 |
Referenced by 8 patents: (1) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (2) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (3) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (4) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (5) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (6) 6,884,748 Process for producing fluorinated catalysts (7) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (8) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP |
6,544,418 |
Bhattacharyya D, Ritchie SM, Bachas LG, Hestekin JA, Sikdar SK |
Preparing and regenerating a composite polymer and silica-based membrane |
4/8/03 |
Referenced by none |
6,544,419 |
Bhattacharyya D, Ritchie SM, Bachas LG, Hestekin JA, Sikdar SK |
Method of preparing a composite polymer and silica-based membrane |
4/8/03 |
Referenced by none |
6,562,605 |
Beckman EJ, Ghenciu EJ, Becker NT, Steele LM |
Extraction of water soluble biomaterials from fluids using a carbon dioxide/surfactant mixture |
5/13/03 |
Referenced by none |
6,624,262 |
Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky N |
Polymerization process for ionic monomers |
9/23/03 |
Referenced by 9 patents: (1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same (7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP |
6,624,263 |
Matyjaszewski K, Wang JS |
(Co) polymers and a novel polymerization process based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization |
9/23/03 |
Referenced by 9 patents: (1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same (7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (8) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (9) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP |
6,627,314 |
Matyjaszewski K, Pyun J |
Preparation of nanocomposite structures by controlled polymerization |
9/30/03 |
Referenced by 11 patents: (1) 7,157,530 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (2) 7,125,938 Atom or group transfer radical polymerization (3) 7,064,166 Process for monomer sequence control in polymerizations (4) 7,056,455 Process for the preparation of nanostructured materials (5) 7,049,373 Process for preparation of graft polymers (6) 7,019,082 Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same (7) 6,887,962 Processes based on atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization and novel (co)polymers having useful structures and properties (8) 6,858,372 Resist composition with enhanced X-ray and electron sensitivity (9) 6,797,380 Nanoparticle having an inorganic core (10) 6,790,919 Catalyst system for controlled polymerization (11) 6,759,491 Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP |
6,663,991 |
Garris CA |
Fuel cell pressurization system |
12/16/03 |
Referenced by none |
6,755,975 |
Vane LM, Mairal AP, Ng A, Alvarez FR, Baker RW |
Separation process using pervaporation and dephlegmation |
6/29/04 |
Referenced by 1 patent: (1) 6,899,743 Separation of organic mixtures using gas separation or pervaporation and dephlegmation |
6,759,491 |
Matyjaszewski K, Gromada J, Li M |
Simultaneous reverse and normal initiation of ATRP |
7/6/04 |
Referenced by none |
6,777,374 |
Sahle-Demessie E, Biswas P, Gonzalez MA, Wang Z-M, Sikdar SK |
Process for photo-induced selective oxidation of organic chemicals to alcohols, ketones and aldehydes using flame deposited nano-structured photocatalyst |
8/17/04 |
Referenced by none |
6,881,364 |
Vane LM, Ponangi RP |
Hydrophilic mixed matrix materials having reversible water absorbing properties |
4/19/05 |
Referenced by none |
6,900,261 |
Wool RP, Lu J, Khot SN |
Sheet molding compound resins from plant oils |
5/31/05 |
Referenced by none |
Application No. 20020110699 |
Yan Y, Cheng X, Wang Z |
Metal surfaces coated with molecular sieve for corrosion resistance |
8/15/02 |
|
Application No. 20040044152 |
Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky N |
Polymerization processes for ionic monomers |
3/4/04 |
|
Application No. 20040122189 |
Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky N |
Stabilization of transition metal complexes for catalysis in diverse environments |
6/24/04 |
|
Application No. 20040171779 |
Matyjaszewski K, Gaynor SG, Paik HJ, Pintauer T, Pyun J, Qiu J, Teodorescu M, Xia J, Zhabg X, Miller PJ |
Catalytic processes for the controlled polymerization of free radically (Co)polymeriz-able monomers and functional polymeric systems prepared thereby |
9/2/04 |
|
Application No. 20060093806 |
Yan Y, Beving D |
High aluminum zeolite coatings on corrodible metal surfaces |
5/4/06 |
|
Application No. 20060239831 |
Garris Jr. CA |
Pressure exchange ejector |
10/26/06 |
|
Application No.: 20020039673 |
Garris CA |
Fuel cell pressurization system and method of use |
4/4/02 |
|
Application No.: 20050019240 |
Lu XC, Wu X |
Flue gas purification process using a sorbent polymer composite material |
1/27/05 |
|
Application No.: 20040110893 |
Matyjaszewski K, Pakula T |
Polymers, supersoft elastomers and methods for preparing the same |
6/10/04 |
1 Thomson Scientific’s Web of Science provides access to current and retrospective multidisciplinary information from approximately 8,830 of the most prestigious, high impact research journals in the world. Web of Science also provides cited reference searching.
2 Scopus is a large abstract and citation database of research literature and quality Web sources designed to support the literature research process. Scopus offers access to 15,000 titles from 4,000 different publishers, more than 12,850 academic journals (including coverage of 535 Open Access journals, 750 conference proceedings, and 600 trade publications), 27 million abstracts, 245 million references, 200 million scientific Web pages, and 13 million patent records.
3 Garfield E, Sher IH. New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing. American Documentation 1963;18(July):195-210.
4 MacRoberts MH, MacRoberts BR. Problems of citation analysis: a critical review. Journal of the American Society of Information Science 1989;40(5):342-349.
5 Kavaci N, Misak A. Author self-citation in medical literature. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2004;170(13):1929-1930.