ReefLink Database

Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products
Metals, Electronics, and Machinery Products is a subsector of the Manufacturing and Trade sector, and includes the manufacture and sale of electronics and electric equipment, medical equipment, machinery, motor vehicles, and primary and fabricated metals products.
CMap
CMap Description
Manufacturing & trade sectors indirectly create pressures through their dependence on food & raw materials, such as fishing, agriculture, forestry, and mining, whose activities may cause landscape changes and lead to non-point source discharges. Manufacturing facilities may also produce waste discharges or atmospheric emissions during processing. These activities can increase pollutant runoff into the reef ecosystem. Manufacturing & trade sectors benefit from a number of goods provided by the reef, including seafood and other marine products. Economic markets, including consumer pressure, can elicit corporate responses from manufacturing & trade sectors to modify their activities or the types of resources that they produce and sell. Manufacturing & trade regulations may control use of natural goods, and can influence the numbers, distribution, and technology of factories and retail shops.Citations
Citation | Year | Study Location | Study Type | Database Topics |
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Bainbridge, S; Eggeling, D; Page, G. 2011. Lessons from the Field-Two Years of Deploying Operational Wireless Sensor Networks on the Great Barrier Reef. Sensors 11:6842-6855. | 2011 | Australia | Field Study & Monitoring | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products |
do Carmo, J. A., C. S. Reis, and H. Freitas. 2010. Working with Nature by Protecting Sand Dunes: Lessons Learned. Journal of Coastal Research 26:1068-1078. | 2010 | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes | |
Wang, S., L. L. Zhang, E. Meyer, and M. V. Matz. 2010. Characterization of a Group of MITEs with Unusual Features from Two Coral Genomes. PLoS One 5:e10700. | 2010 | Stony Coral | ||
Downs, C. A., E. Kramarsky-Winter, J. Martinez, A. Kushmaro, C. M. Woodley, Y. Loya, and G. K. Ostrander. 2009. Symbiophagy as a cellular mechanism for coral bleaching. Autophagy 5:211-216. | 2009 | Global | Algae; Nutrients | |
Guo, W. and H. H. Sawin. 2009. Review of profile and roughening simulation in microelectronics plasma etching. Journal Of Physics D-applied Physics 42:194014. | 2009 | Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model | Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
Takahashi, S., S. M. Whitney, and M. R. Badger. 2009. Different thermal sensitivity of the repair of photodamaged photosynthetic machinery in cultured Symbiodinium species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:3237-3242. | 2009 | Algae; Zooxanthellae | ||
Allen, T. and R. Southwick. 2008. Sportfishing in America: an economic engine and conservation powerhouse. American Sportfishing Association. | 2008 | Finfish Harvest; Manufacturing & Trade; Medical Centers; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation | ||
Moya, A., C. Ferrier-Pages, P. Furla, S. Richier, E. Tambutte, D. Allemand, and S. Tambutte. 2008. Calcification and associated physiological parameters during a stress event in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 151:29-36. | 2008 | Climate; Stony Coral; Toxics; Zooxanthellae | ||
Murray, B., M. Murray, J. Shott, and I. Lin. 2008. Coral - Software to help operate and manage advanced University Laboratories. Pages 20-23 in Biennial University/Government/Industry Microelectronics Symposium - Proceedings. | 2008 | Lab Study | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
Richier, S., M. Rodriguez-Lanetty, C. E. Schnitzler, and V. M. Weis. 2008. Response of the symbiotic cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima transcriptome to temperature and UV increase. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 3:283-289. | 2008 | Anemones & Zooanthids; Light; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow | ||
Rudershausen, P. J., E. H. Williams, J. A. Buckel, J. C. Potts, and C. S. Manooch III. 2008. Comparison of reef fish catch per unit effort and total mortality between the 1970s and 2005-2006 in Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:1389-1405. | 2008 | US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean | Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Piscivorous Fish | |
Richardson, K. E. 2007. Diving expedition medicine - The Coral Cay Conservation experience. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 37:189-197. | 2007 | Review | Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Medical Care; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics | |
Wallis, J. 2007. 'Reef voyager' - A new fast 33-metre passenger cat from Aluminium Marine. Work Boat World 26:26. | 2007 | Australia | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
Kalker, T. 2006. On interoperability of DRM. Pages 45-46 in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop On Digital Rights Management, DRM'06. Co-located with the 13th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS'06. | 2006 | Europe | Model | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Special Use Permitting |
Merritt, R. and S. Chin. 2006. Getting the boxes to interplay. Electronic Engineering Times 1404. | 2006 | Field Study & Monitoring | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
[No author name available]. 2005. 'Oceanic Princess'-A very impressive \boutique\" cruise from Australia's NQEA". Work Boat World 24:42-43. | 2005 | Australia | Model | Cruise Ships; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products |
Blunt, J., P. Ganza, and D. Moss. 2005. Specialised equipment and mining techniques for narrow vein mining. Pages 225-234 in Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series. | 2005 | Australia; South Africa | Coal Mining; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mining | |
Nienhaus, K., G. U. Nienhaus, J. Wiedenmann, and H. Nar. 2005. Structural basis for photo-induced protein cleavage and green-to-red conversion of fluorescent protein EosFP. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:9156-9159. | 2005 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Stony Coral | |
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2005. Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment, December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Technical Report. Consultative Group on Indonesia. | 2005 | Global; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia | Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Military; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral | |
Takahashi, S., T. Nakamura, M. Sakamizu, R. Van Woesik, and H. Yamasaki. 2004. Repair Machinery of Symbiotic Photosynthesis as the Primary Target of Heat Stress for Reef-Building Corals. Plant and Cell Physiology 45:251-255. | 2004 | Field Study & Monitoring | Algae; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae | |
Beng, K. T., T. E. Teck, M. Chitre, and J. R. Potter. 2003. Estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of snapping shrimp using a portable, broadband 3-dimensional acoustic array. Pages 2706-2713 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 2003 | Lab Study; GIS & Maps | Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Water Depth & Sea Level | |
National Research Council. 2003. Oil in the sea III: inputs, fates, and effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. | 2003 | Escape & Release of Non-natives; Mitigation | ||
Dove, S.G., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, S. Ranganathan. 2001. Major colour patterns of reef-building corals are due to a family of GFP-like proteins. Coral Reefs 19:197-204. | 2001 | Model | Light; Stony Coral | |
Jayaraman, B. and K. Moon. 2000. Subset-logic programs and their implementation. Journal of Logic Programming 42:71-110. | 2000 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | ||
Weiss, D., W. Shotyk, and O. Kempf. 2000. Archives of atmospheric lead pollution. Environmental Pollution 107:262-275. | 2000 | Atmospheric Emissions; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Sediment | ||
Atkinson, M. J., H. Barnett, H. Aceves, C. Langdon, S. J. Carpenter, T. McConnaughey, E. Hochberg, M. Smith, and B. D. V. Marino. 1999. The Biosphere 2 coral reef biome. Ecological Engineering 13:147-171. | 1999 | Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Fish; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sponges | ||
Beecham, B. 1999. 'Reef jet' and 'Oceania' - debis finances two different designs to service dive cruise markets. Work Boat World 18:53-54. | 1999 | Australia | Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
Moore, S. W. 1999. Datalogging instrument arrays: Powerful yet inexpensive tools for recording the heterogeneous physical environment of coral reefs. Oceanologica Acta 22:687-698. | 1999 | Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Physical Variables | |
Hamoen, L. W., A. F. Van Werkhoven, J. J. E. Bijlsma, D. Dubnau, and G. Venema. 1998. The competence transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis recognizes short A/T-rich sequences arranged in a unique, flexible pattern along the DNA helix. Genes and Development 12:1539-1550. | 1998 | |||
Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. | 1998 | Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Venezuela; India | Model | Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water |
Okamoto, MI NE O, NA OY UK I Takatsu, and WA TA RU Koterayama. 1997. Development of an offshore type submersible platform for mariculture. Pages 69-76 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. | 1997 | Japan | Field Study & Monitoring | Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products |
[No author name available]. 1996. Subsea Shuttle built to service a semi-submersible in China. Work Boat World 15:30. | 1996 | China | ||
Hamelin, B., F. E. Grousset, P. E. Biscaye, A. Zindler, and J. M. Prospero. 1989. Lead isotopes in trade wind aerosols at Barbados: the influence of European emissions over the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 94. | 1989 | US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda; Europe | ||
Perez-Rosas, N. and T. C. Hazen. 1988. In situ survival of vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:9-Jan. | 1988 | Puerto Rico | Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator | Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sediment |
Corrans, I. J., R. C. Dunne, and S. A. Allison. 1983. Recovery Of Platinum-Group Metals From The Chromite Reefs Of The Bushveld Complex. in [No source information available]. | 1983 | South Africa | Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products | |
Brown, B. E. and M. C. Holley. 1982. Metal levels associated with tin dredging and smelting and their effect upon intertidal reef flats at ko phuket, Thailand. Coral Reefs 1:131-137. | 1982 | Thailand | Bivalves; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Molluscs; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral | |
MARDESICH, JA. 1971. The Design And Construction Of An Underwater Dredge. SAE Pap 710522. | 1971 | Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products |
Management Options
Management Option | Description | Sources | Database Topics |
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Corporate Response: Standardized Environmental Certifications and Labels | Product labeling initiatives are based on the premise that product information represented by or contained on the label is otherwise not readily available (or apparent) and is of value in consumer purchase decisions. For example, warning labels highlight product safety and toxic exposure hazards and advise consumers on ways to minimize risks. Likewise, a number of environmental certification programs (ECPs) identify products' environmental burdens and/or set standards for products' environmental attributes. Properly designed environmental labeling efforts can change consumer and manufacturer attitudes and behaviors, thus reducing environmental burdens. The specific metrics used to measure environmental label effectiveness include: 1) consumer awareness of labels, 2) consumer acceptance of labels (credibility and understanding), 3) changes in consumer behavior, 4) changes in manufacturer behavior, and 5) improvement of end goals, such as environmental quality. | Malcohn, E., Bentham Paulos, Andrew Stoeckle, Herbert Han-Pu Wang, and Julie Lynch. Determinants of Effectiveness for Environmental Certification and Labeling Programs. EPA-742-R-94-001, US EPA, Washington, DC. |
Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Forestry; Health; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Birds; Medical Care; Medical Centers; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Resource Use Management; Toxics; Transportation; Utilities; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Discharge Controls: Point Source Effluent Toxicity Standards | Effluent Toxicity is considered the aggregate toxic effect to aquatic organisms from all pollutants contained in a facility's wastewater (effluent). It is one part of the Water Quality Standards (#22) that prohibits the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts. Numerical criteria can be adopted from the Clean Water Act of based on scientifically-defensible methods. In addition to setting this numerical criteria, enforcement of the standards requires inspection programs and monitoring. | Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan. |
Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Improved Technology; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Energy Efficiency Initiatives | Energy efficiency is one of the lowest cost strategies for reducing greenhouse gases. Energy efficiency is also one of the few options that actually reduce user costs as well, since using less energy should reduce energy bills. Energy efficiency can be promoted across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. In the US, the ENERGY STAR program has served as a trusted source of information to help consumers and organizations throughout the nation adopt energy-efficient products and practices. Other ways to incentivize energy improvements include subsidizing (e.g. tax exemption) or issuing lower interest loans for investments in energy use reduction technologies and infrastructure (e.g. more efficient heating/cooling systems). | Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR and Other Climate Protection Partnerships. 2009 Annual Report. US EPA. |
Atmospheric Emissions; City Planning; Climate Regulation; CO2; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Improved Technology; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Oil & Gas Industry; Shelter; Utilities; Utility Policies; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Restoration: Environmental Remediation | Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. | Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia. |
Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Laws
Legal Citation | Purpose of Law | Management Organization | Database Topics |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund", 42 United States Code §§ 9601-9675. | Provides Liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment. Application to Coral Reefs:If a hazardous waste is spilled or discaharge illegally at or near a coral reef, the CERCLA could be used for rapid response and cleanup of the spill or discharge. Legislative Actions: Comments: |
United States Environmntal Protection Agency Jurisdiction: United States |
Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Remediation; Waste Management Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). | The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats. Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body. Comments: |
Florida Department of Environmental Protection Jurisdiction: State Coastal Waters |
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Total maximum daily loads, 62-304 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). | The Chapter establishes Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and their allocations, for waters that have been verified to be impaired by a pollutant pursuant to Chapter 62-303. F.A.C. Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats. Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body. Comments: |
Florida Department of Envitonmental Protection Jurisdiction: United States; State Coastal Waters |
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Biomedical Research Policies; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Impervious Surfaces; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Water quality based effluent limitations, 62-650 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). | To implement the provisions of Section 403.051, 403.085 through 403.088 concerning the development of effluent limitations for wastewater facilities. Application to Coral Reefs:The Florida Air and Water Pollution Act establishes that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessay to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Requiring treatment of industrial and domestic waste water indirectly protects adjoining ecosystem, such as reefs, by limiting the pollutant that reach these other systems. Legislative Actions:The Department shall not issue a permit for a discharge to waters of the state, unless the Department has established an efflent limit for those pollutants in the discharge that are present in quantities or concentrations which can be reasonably expected to cause or contribute, directly or indirectly, to a violation of any water quality standard established in rule 62-302. The effluent limit may be a technology based effluent limit (TBEL), a water quality based effluent limit (WQBEL) determined by a Level 1 process, or where applicable, a WQBEL determined by a Level 2 process. Comments: |
Florida Department of Environmental Protection Jurisdiction: US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas |
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Domestic Animal Waste; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |