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ReefLink Database

Whales & Dolphins

Whales & Dolphins

Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea

CMap

The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea turtles are any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers. Seagrasses are flowering plants that grow in marine, fully-saline environments. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally. Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Accidental by-catch is damage or harvest of non-target species, including fish or marine vertebrates, by fishing gear while collecting targeted species. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Educational & Research Opportunities pertain to the value derived from a natural ecosystem in regards to knowledge, scientific research, study, and breakthroughs, and the ability to pass this knowledge on to others. Existence value is the economic value or meaning humans place in a particular area, resource or organism simply for existing, separate from any derived use value. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Marine birds are birds that live near, and depend on the ocean environment Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems.

CMap Description

Whales & dolphins are most notable for their contribution to aesthetic & recreational value; but are also significant contributors to existence value, sense of place, and the educational & research value of coral reef ecosystems. Whales & dolphins consume fish, invertebrates, and plankton. Whale & dolphin populations are threatened by pressures created by socio-economic drivers. Accidental & illegal harvest, disease-causing microorganisms, and a disturbed physical & chemical environment will stress or kill whales & dolphins. Biological monitoring & restoration is essential in identifying changes in the abundance and condition of whales & dolphins; as well as determining appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Dick, DM; Hines, EM. 2011. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Marine Mammal Science 27:606-621. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors; Whales & Dolphins
Toonen, R. J., K. R. Andrews, I. B. Baums, C. E. Bird, G. T. Concepcion, T. S. Daly-Engel, J. A. Eble, A. Faucci, M. R. Gaither, M. Iacchei, J. B. Puritz, J. K. Schultz, D. J. Skillings, M. A. Timmers, and B. W. Bowen. 2011. Defining Boundaries for Ecosystem-Based Management: A Multispecies Case Study of Marine Connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago. Journal of Marine Biology 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Echinoderms; Whales & Dolphins
Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., U. R. Sumaila, K. Kaschner, and D. Pauly. 2010. The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy [inpress]. 2010 Global Funding & Incentives; Whales & Dolphins
Comeau, S., R. Jeffree, J. L. Teyssie, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. Response of the Arctic Pteropod Limacina helicina to Projected Future Environmental Conditions. PLoS One 5:e11362. 2010 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Connor, R. C. 2010. Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:2687-2697. 2010 Model Whales & Dolphins
Dudley, S. F. J. and G. Cliff. 2010. Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet. African Journal of Marine Science 32:383-397. 2010 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Whales & Dolphins
Gray, D. L., R. Canessa, R. Rollins, C. P. Keller, and P. Dearden. 2010. Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Management 46:167-180. 2010 Columbia Model Aquaculture; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Kim, S., K. K. Hammerstom, K. E. Conlan, and A. R. Thurber. 2010. Polar Ecosystem Dynamics: Recovery of Communities from Organic Enrichment in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:1031-1040. 2010 Primary Production; Whales & Dolphins
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Langhamer, O., K. Haikonen, and J. Sundberg. 2010. Wave power Sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 14:1329-1335. 2010 Global Review Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Tirard, P., M. J. Manning, I. Jollit, C. Duffy, and P. Borsa. 2010. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science 64:567-576. 2010 Cuba; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Whales & Dolphins
Vietti, R. C., G. Albertelli, S. Aliani, S. Bava, G. Bavestrello, L. B. Cecchi, C. N. Bianchi, E. Bozzo, M. Capello, M. Castellano, C. Cerrano, M. Chiantore, N. Corradi, S. Cocito, L. Cutroneo, G. Diviacco, M. Fabiano, M. Faimali, M. Ferrari, G. P. Gasparini, and Locr. 2010. The Ligurian Sea: present status, problems and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology 26:319-340. 2010 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Brewer, P. G. and K. Hester. 2009. Ocean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean to low-frequency sound. Oceanography 22:86-93. 2009 Global CO2; Military; Ocean Acidity; Whales & Dolphins
Brischoux, F., X. Bonnet, and D. Pinaud. 2009. Fine scale site fidelity in sea kraits: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 9-Jan. 2009 Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Costello, M. J. 2009. Distinguishing marine habitat classification concepts for ecological data management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:253-268. 2009 Review; GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sediment; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Finn, J., T. Tregenza, and M. Norman. 2009. Preparing the perfect cuttlefish meal: Complex prey handling by dolphins. PLoS One 4. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Fish; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Mizrahi, N., D. Kerem, O. Goffman, O. Lernau, and E. Spanier. 2009. Identified fish remains regurgitated by a solitary Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, in the Gulf of Aqaba (Mammalia: Delphinidae). Zoology in the Middle East 46:19-28. 2009 Indian Ocean; India; Egypt Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Whales & Dolphins
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciarai, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Pedersen, S. A., H. Fock, J. Krause, C. Pusch, A. L. Sell, U. Bottcher, S. I. Rogers, M. Skold, H. Skov, M. Podolska, G. J. Piet, and J. C. Rice. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:155-169. 2009 Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Rocklin, D., M. C. Santoni, J. M. Culioli, J. A. Tomasini, D. Pelletier, and D. Mouillot. 2009. Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:699-707. 2009 France Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2009. Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a mechanism for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems: A case study from Vietnam. Ambio 38:72-78. 2009 Global; Vietnam Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Vetter, W., P. Haase-Aschoff, N. Rosenfelder, T. Komarova, and J. F. Mueller. 2009. Determination of Halogenated Natural Products in Passive Samplers Deployed along the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland/Australia. Environmental Science and Technology 43:6131-6137. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Weir, C. R. 2009. Distribution, behaviour and photo-identification of Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa teuszii off Flamingos, Angola. African Journal of Marine Science 31:319-331. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Broker, K. C. A. and A. Ilangakoon. 2008. Occurrence and conservation needs of cetaceans in and around the Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary, Sri Lanka. ORYX 42:286-291. 2008 Sri Lanka Whales & Dolphins
Caruthers, A. H. and G. D. Stanley Jr. 2008. Systematic analysis of upper triassic silicified scleractinian corals from Wrangellia and the Alexander terrane, Alaska and British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology 82:470-491. 2008 South & Central America; Columbia Whales & Dolphins
Conroy, M. J., R. J. Baker, P. W. Dillingham, D. Fletcher, A. M. Gormley, and I. M. Westbrooke. 2008. Application of decision theory to conservation management: recovery of Hector�s dolphin. Wildlife Research 35:93-102. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Freire, K. M. F., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. 2008. Description of the East Brazil Large Marine Ecosystem using a trophic model. Scientia Marina 72:477-491. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2008. Rapid assessment of risks to a mobile marine mammal in an ecosystem-scale marine protected area. Conservation Biology 22:711-720. 2008 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Grech, A., H. Marsh, and R. Coles. 2008. A spatial assessment of the risk to a mobile marine mammal from bycatch. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1127-1139. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Whales & Dolphins
Hickford, M. J. H. and D. R. Schiel. 2008. Experimental gill-netting of reef fish: Species-specific responses modify capture probability across mesh sizes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358:163-169. 2008 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Whales & Dolphins
Lammers, M. O., R. E. Brainard, W. W. L. Au, T. A. Mooney, and K. B. Wong. 2008. An ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) for long-term monitoring of biological and anthropogenic sounds on coral reefs and other marine habitats. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123:1720-1728. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Whales & Dolphins
Siddiqui, P. J. A., S. Farooq, S. Shafique, Z.-u.-N. Burhan, and Z. Farooqi. 2008. Conservation and management of biodiversity in Pakistan through the establishment of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:377-382. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Cubero-Pardo, P. 2007. Distribution and environmental conditions related to the behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica [Distribucion y condiciones ambientales asocia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 55:549-557. 2007 Costa Rica Mangroves; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Erlandson, J. M., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. A. Estes, and R. S. Steneck. 2007. The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Kiszka, J. J. 2007. Atypical associations between dugongs (Dugong dugon) and dolphins in a tropical lagoon. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:101-104. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India; United Kingdom Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Kon, T., M. Nohara, Y. Yamanoue, Y. Fujiwara, M. Nishida, and T. Nishikawa. 2007. Phylogenetic position of a whale-fall lancelet (Cephalochordata) inferred from whole mitochondrial genome sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7. 2007 Japan Whales & Dolphins
McPherson, C., P. Turner, G. McPherson, and O. P. Kenny. 2007. Application of a three-dimensional hyperbolic location system to the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) depredation issue. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 7:312-321. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Whales & Dolphins
Morete, M. E., T. L. Bisi, and S. Rosso. 2007. Temporal pattern of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) group structure around Abrolhos Archipelago breeding region, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:87-92. 2007 United Kingdom Whales & Dolphins
Pichel, W. G., J. H. Churnside, T. S. Veenstra, D. G. Foley, K. S. Friedman, R. E. Brainard, J. B. Nicoll, Q. Zheng, and P. Clemente-Colon. 2007. Marine debris collects within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1207-1211. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, S. G. Wilson, C. K. S. Jenner, M. N. Jenner, G. S. Boggs, C. C. Steinberg, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2007. Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:608-623. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Physical Variables; Whales & Dolphins
Thiel, M., E. C. Macaya, E. Acuna, W. E. Arntz, H. Bastias, K. Brokordt, P. A. Camus, J. C. Castilla, L. R. Castro, M. Cortes, C. P. Dumont, R. Escribano, M. Fernandez, J. A. Gajardo, C. F. Gaymer, I. Gomez, A. E. Gonzalez, H. E. Gonzalez, P. A. Haye, and J.-E. Illanes. 2007. The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile - Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:195-344. 2007 South & Central America Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Venn-Watson, S. and S. H. Ridgway. 2007. Big brains and blood glucose: common ground for diabetes mellitus in humans and healthy dolphins. Comparative Medicine 57:390-395. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model CO2; Whales & Dolphins
Waller, R. G., J. F. Adkins, L. F. Robinson, and T. M. Shank. 2007. Ancient DNA techniques: Applications for deep-water corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:351-359. 2007 Climate; Whales & Dolphins
Andrews, K. R., L. Karczmarski, W. W. L. Au, S. H. Rickards, C. A. Vanderlip, and R. J. Toonen. 2006. Patterns of genetic diversity of the Hawaiin spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Atoll Research Bulletin 65-73. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Whales & Dolphins
Dobson, J. 2006. Sharks, wildlife tourism, and state regulation. Pages 15-23 in Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
J. Parra, G., R. Schick, and P. J. Corkeron. 2006. Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Ecography 29:396-406. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Lusseau, S. M. and S. R. Wing. 2006. Importance of local production versus pelagic subsidies in the diet of an isolated population of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops sp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:283-293. 2006 Model Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Sazima, I., C. Sazima, and J. M. Da Silva Jr. 2006. Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:451-455. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Schroeder, R. E. and J. D. Parrish. 2006. Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 439-460. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Amir, O. A., P. Berggren, S. G. M. Ndaro, and N. S. Jiddawi. 2005. Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:429-437. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tanzania Index or Indicator Fish; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Bourne, W. R. P., A. C. F. David, and I. A. W. McAllan. 2005. The birds of the southern Coral Sea including observations by HMS Herald in 1858-60. Atoll Research Bulletin 237-263. 2005 Marine Birds; Whales & Dolphins
Brensing, K., K. Linke, M. Busch, I. Matthes, and S. Eke Van Der Woude. 2005. Impact of different groups of swimmers on dolphins in swim-with-the-dolphin programs in two settings. Anthrozoos 18:409-429. 2005 Housing; Octocoral; Whales & Dolphins
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Gannier, A. and K. L. West. 2005. Distribution of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) around the Windward Islands (French Polynesia). Pacific Science 59:17-24. 2005 Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Haynes, D., S. Carter, C. Gaus, J. Muller, and W. Dennison. 2005. Organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations in blubber and liver tissue collected from Queensland (Australia) dugong (Dugong dugon). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:361-369. 2005 Australia Coastal Development; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Toxics; Whales & Dolphins
Hunt Jr., G. L. and P. J. Stabeno. 2005. Oceanography and ecology of the Aleutian Archipelago: Spatial and temporal variation. Fisheries Oceanography 14:292-306. 2005 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Plankton; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
King, M. C. and K. F. Beazley. 2005. Selecting focal species for marine protected area network planning in the Scotia-Fundy region of Atlantic Canada. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:367-385. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Kreb, D. and Budiono. 2005. Cetacean diversity and habitat preferences in tropical waters of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53:149-155. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Whales & Dolphins
Schone, B. R., E. Dunca, J. Fiebig, and M. Pfeiffer. 2005. Mutvei's solution: An ideal agent for resolving microgrowth structures of biogenic carbonates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228:149-166. 2005 Index or Indicator Climate; Fish; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Symons, L. C. and J. Morris. 2005. Development of multi-hazard contingency plans and tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Pages 9628-9631 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Whales & Dolphins
Borsa, P. and G. Hoarau. 2004. A pygmy blue whale (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) in the inshore waters of New Caledonia. Pacific Science 58:579-584. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Glynn, P. W. 2004. High complexity food webs in low-diversity eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems 7:358-367. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Whales & Dolphins
Valentine, P. S., A. Birtles, M. Curnock, P. Arnold, and A. Dunstan. 2004. Getting closer to whales - Passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 25:647-655. 2004 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2003. News: Barents Sea under threat from oil developments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:681-682. 2003 Corporate Responses; Marine Birds; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2003. Oceans 2003 MTS/IEEE Proceedings. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Wastewater Discharge; Whales & Dolphins
Gittings, S. R., K. Benson, L. Takata, and K. Witman. 2003. Conservation science in the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Marine Technology Society Journal 37:9-May. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Johnston, R. K., H. Halkola, R. George, C. In, R. Gauthier, W. Wild, M. Bell, and R. Martore. 2003. Assessing the ecological risk of creating artificial reefs from ex-warships. Pages 804-811 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Sazima, I., C. Sazima, and J. M. Silva Jr. 2003. The cetacean offal connection: Feces and vomits of spinner dolphins as a food source for reef fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 72:151-160. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Singh, H. S. 2003. Sea mammals in marine protected area in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:258-262. 2003 India Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Stachowitsch, M. 2003. Research on intact marine ecosystems: A lost era. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:801-805. 2003 Global Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Abuodha, J. O. Z. 2002. Environmental impact assessment of the proposed titanium mining project in Kwale District, Kenya. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 20:199-207. 2002 Kenya Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mining Policies; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Barros, N. B., T. A. Jefferson, and E. C. M. Parsons. 2002. Food habits of finless porpoises (Neophocaena Phocaenoides) in Hong Kong waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 115-123. 2002 China Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Beattie, A., U.R. Sumaila, V. Christensen, D. Pauly. 2002. A Model for the Bioeconomic Evaluation of Marine Protected Area Size and Placement in the North Sea. Natural Resource Modeling 15:413-437. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Blaber, S. J. M. 2002. 'Fish in hot water': The challenges facing fish and fisheries research in tropical estuaries. Journal of Fish Biology 61:20-Jan. 2002 Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Whales & Dolphins
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Schwartz, S. E. 2002. Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs. Sea Technology 43:33-37. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Topping, M., J. Pfeiffer, A. Sparks, K. T. C. Jim, and D. Yoon. 2002. Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System (AAHIS). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4816:11-Jan. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Whales & Dolphins
Abileah, R. 2001. High-resolution imagery applications in the littorals. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4540:630-638. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Whales & Dolphins
Allmon, W. D. 2001. Nutrients, temperature, disturbance, and evolution: A model for the late Cenozoic marine record of the western Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166:26-Sep. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Review; Model Marine Birds; Nutrients; Whales & Dolphins
Anderson, A. 2001. No meat on that beautiful shore: The prehistoric abandonment of subtropical Polynesian islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11:14-23. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Fish; Marine Birds; Whales & Dolphins
Gedamke, J., D. P. Costa, and A. Dunstan. 2001. Localization and visual verification of a complex minke whale vocalization. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109:3038-3047. 2001 Australia Whales & Dolphins
Jackson, J. B. C. and E. Sala. 2001. Unnatural Oceans. Scientia Marina 65:273-281. 2001 Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Janetzki, H. A. and R. A. Paterson. 2001. Aspects of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, calf mortality in Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47:431-436. 2001 Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
McLachlan, M. S., D. Haynes, and J. F. Muller. 2001. PCDDs in the water/sediment-seagrass-dugong (Dugong dugon) food chain on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Environmental Pollution 113:129-134. 2001 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Hardman-Mountford, N. J., K. A. Koranteng, and A. R. G. Price. 2000. The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 773-796. 2000 Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Hill, B. J. and T. J. Wassenberg. 2000. The probable fate of discards from prawn trawlers fishing near coral reefs: A study in the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 48:277-286. 2000 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Karczmarski, L. 2000. Conservation and management of humpback dolphins: The South African perspective. ORYX 34:207-216. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Model Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Karczmarski, L., V. G. Cockcroft, and A. McLachlan. 2000. Habitat use and preferences of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science 16:65-79. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Index or Indicator Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Knap, A. H., D. P. Connelly, and J. N. Butler. 2000. The Sargasso Sea and Bermuda. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 221-231. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Whales & Dolphins
Oakley, S., N. Pilcher, and E. Wood. 2000. Borneo. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 361-379. 2000 Global; Malaysia; Indonesia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Forestry; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Whales & Dolphins
Pauly, D., V. Christensen, R. Froese, and M. L. Palomares. 2000. Fishing down aquatic food webs. American Scientist 88:46-51. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Whales & Dolphins
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Chaloupka, M., M. Osmond, and G. Kaufman. 1999. Estimating seasonal abundance trends and survival probabilities of humpback whales in Hervey Bay (east coast Australia). Marine Ecology Progress Series 184:291-301. 1999 Australia Model Whales & Dolphins
Harvell, C. D., K. Kim, J. M. Burkholder, R. R. Colwell, P. R. Epstein, D. J. Grimes, E. E. Hofmann, E. K. Lipp, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R. M. Overstreet, J. W. Porter, G. W. Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - Climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505-1510. 1999 Global Climate; Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Haynes, D., J. F. Muller, and M. S. McLachlan. 1999. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Great Barrier Reef (Australia) dugongs (Dugong dugon). Chemosphere 38:255-262. 1999 Australia Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Perrin, W. F., MA .L .L . Dolar, and D. Robineau. 1999. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) of the western Pacific and Southeast Asia: Pelagic and shallow-water forms. Marine Mammal Science 15:1029-1053. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Japan; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan Review Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Renones, O., B. Morales-Nin, and S. Deudero. 1999. Population size structure, age and growth of Naucrates ductor in the small scale FADs fishery of Mallorca Island (western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 63:355-366. 1999 Lab Study Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Barlough, J. E., D. O. Matson, D. E. Skilling, T. Berke, E. S. Berry, R. F. Brown, and A. W. Smith. 1998. Isolation of reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:451-456. 1998 Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Gribble, N. A., G. McPherson, and B. Lane. 1998. Effect of the Queensland Shark Control Program on non-target species: Whale, dugong, turtle and dolphin: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:645-651. 1998 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Jennings, S. and M. J. Kaiser. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 201-352. 1998 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Sea Urchins; Whales & Dolphins
Karczmarski, L., V. G. Cockcroft, A. Mclaciilan, and P. E. D. Winter. 1998. Recommendations for the conservation and management of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in the Algoa Bay region, South Africa. Koedoe 41:121-129. 1998 South Africa Review Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Price, A. R. G., G. Jobbins, A. R. Dawson Shepherd, and R. F. G. Ormond. 1998. An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Conservation 25:65-76. 1998 Saudi Arabia Mangroves; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Grimshaw, R. 1997. Floating on the margins. Pages 29-30+32 Offshore Engineer. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Mitigation; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Katz, M. 1996. The Florida Keys ecosystem monitoring integration project. Earth System Monitor 6:13-Dec. 1996 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Ray, G. C. 1996. Coastal-marine discontinuities and synergisms: Implications for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:1095-1108. 1996 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Gill, P. C., E. J. Eyre, C. Garrigue, and W. H. Dawbin. 1995. Observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a cruise to New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Reefs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38:505-511. 1995 New Caledonia Whales & Dolphins
Roitblat, H. L., W. W. L. Au, P. E. Nachtigall, R. Shizumura, and G. Moons. 1995. Sonar recognition of targets embedded in sediment. Neural Networks 8:1263-1273. 1995 Review Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Fautin, D. G., D. J. Futuyma, and F. C. James. 1994. Annual review of ecology and systematic. Volume 25. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1994 Review; Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Baker, D. J. 1993. Sustainable development and NOAA's special role in meeting national goals. Marine Technology Society Journal 27:49-54. 1993 Fishing Sector; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Ellis, D. V. 1993. Wetlands or aquatic ape? Availability of food resources. Nutrition and health (Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire) 9:205-217. 1993 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Mangroves; Molluscs; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Gabric, A. J. and P. R. F. Bell. 1993. Review of the effects of non-point nutrient loading on coastal ecosystems. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:261-283. 1993 Review Discharges; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Remediation; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1991. Our living oceans. The first annual report on the status of US living marine resources. in [No source information available]. 1991 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Dipper, F. and F. Pearce. 1991. Earth, air, fire, water, oil and war. BBC Wildlife 9:190-195. 1991 Kuwait Mangroves; Whales & Dolphins
Mitchell, B. A. and J. R. Barborak. 1991. Developing coastal park systems in the tropics: planning in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. 1991 Global; Turks and Caicos Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Birds; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Popeski, D., L. R. Ebbeling, P. B. Brown, G. Hornstra, and J. M. Gerrard. 1991. Blood pressure during pregnancy in Canadian inuit: Community differences related to diet. Canadian Medical Association Journal 145:445-454. 1991 Fish; Whales & Dolphins
Lauriat-Rage, A. 1989. The Redonian (Pliocene) stratum from La Marniere, La Limouzine, Loire-Atlantique. Biostratigraphy, palaeobiology, palaeobiogeographic affinities [Le gisement redonien (pliocene) de la Marniere (La Limouziniere, Loire-Atlantique). Biostratigraphie, paleobi. Pages 117-151 Geologie de la France. 1989 France GIS & Maps Whales & Dolphins
Senowbari-Daryan, B. and G. D. Stanley Jr. 1988. Triassic sponges ( Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon ( USA). Journal of Paleontology 62:419-423. 1988 Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Dunton, K. H. and D. M. Schell. 1987. Dependence of consumers on macroalgal (Laminaria solidungula) carbon in an arctic kelp community: δ13C evidence. Marine Biology 93:615-625. 1987 Marine Worms; Octocoral; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Gatsoulis, PH IL IP, E. Fordham Mark, and E. Cooley Paul. 1986. Disney Engineers Voyage To The Deep. Civil engineering New York, N.Y56:50-53. 1986 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Whales & Dolphins
Narita, H. 1986. Some recent advanced systems for ocean development. in [No source information available]. 1986 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Samiullah, Y. 1985. Biological effects of marine oil pollution. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution 2:235-264. 1985 Global Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Tricas, T. C. and J. E. McCosker. 1984. Predatory behavior of the white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology. Pages 221-238 in Proceedings - California Academy of Science. 1984 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Robert, P. K. and R. Mitchell. 1983. Environmental implications of wave energy proposals for the outer hebrides and Moray Firth. Ocean Engineering 10:459-469. 1983 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Shoreline Protection; Whales & Dolphins

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Corporate Response: Standardized Environmental Certifications and Labels Product labeling initiatives are based on the premise that product information represented by or contained on the label is otherwise not readily available (or apparent) and is of value in consumer purchase decisions. For example, warning labels highlight product safety and toxic exposure hazards and advise consumers on ways to minimize risks. Likewise, a number of environmental certification programs (ECPs) identify products' environmental burdens and/or set standards for products' environmental attributes. Properly designed environmental labeling efforts can change consumer and manufacturer attitudes and behaviors, thus reducing environmental burdens. The specific metrics used to measure environmental label effectiveness include: 1) consumer awareness of labels, 2) consumer acceptance of labels (credibility and understanding), 3) changes in consumer behavior, 4) changes in manufacturer behavior, and 5) improvement of end goals, such as environmental quality. Malcohn, E., Bentham Paulos, Andrew Stoeckle, Herbert Han-Pu Wang, and Julie Lynch. Determinants of Effectiveness for Environmental Certification and Labeling Programs. EPA-742-R-94-001, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Forestry; Health; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Birds; Medical Care; Medical Centers; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Resource Use Management; Toxics; Transportation; Utilities; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 United States Code § 1361. With certain exceptions, the Act establishes a mortiorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals, as well as products that are made from them. DOI is responsible for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, diugong and manatee. The DOC is responsible for Cretaceans and piniped other than the walrus.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The legislation mandated the use of an ecosystem-based management approach to marine resource management. The Marine Mammal Commission was established and has specific advisory and research duties. Required that government observers aboard some fishing vessels.

Comments:The Act covers all species of marine mammals and plants, including anadromous fish, except for marine ammmals, birds, and highly migratory species, all of which are covered under other laws or treaties. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

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