ReefLink Database

Wetland & Reef Restoration
Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. Examples include maintaining nurseries, replenishing native populations or establishing new populations, repairing damaged individuals, restoring wetland hydrology, or removing undesirable species.
CMap
CMap Description
A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses to directly alter the reef ecosystem. Wetland or reef restoration may include repairing damaged individuals, or replenishing degraded reefs or wetlands with nursery-grown individuals. The most widely accepted definition of restoration is "the return of a habitat to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance". This includes placing all restoration efforts in a landscape context where the restored patch is integrated into an ecosystem context. A healthy functioning reef ecosystem, beyond its existence or cultural value, is essential for a number of ecosystem goods and services, including shoreline protection, fishing, and recreational opportunities.Citations
Citation | Year | Study Location | Study Type | Database Topics |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annibaldi, A; Illuminati, S; Truzzi, C; Scarponi, G. 2011. SWASV speciation of Cd, Pb and Cu for the determination of seawater contamination in the area of the Nicole shipwreck (Ancona coast, Central Adriatic Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2813-2821. | 2011 | Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Blackwood, JC; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. A model-based approach to determine the long-term effects of multiple interacting stressors on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2722-2733. | 2011 | South & Central America; Caribbean | Model | Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Guest, JR; Dizon, RM; Edwards, AJ; Franco, C; Gomez, ED. 2011. How Quickly do Fragments of Coral "Self-Attach" after Transplantation? Restoration Ecology 19:234-242. | 2011 | Philippines | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Linan-Cabello, MA; Flores-Ramirez, LA; Laurel-Sandoval, MA; Mendoza, EG; Santiago, OS; Delgadillo-Nuno, MA. 2011. Acclimation in Pocillopora spp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 44:61-72. | 2011 | South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico | Index or Indicator | Pathogens; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae |
Linden, B; Rinkevich, B. 2011. Creating stocks of young colonies from brooding coral larvae, amenable to active reef restoration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 398:40-46. | 2011 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Climate; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. | 2011 | Field Study & Monitoring | Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands | |
Borell, E. M., S. B. C. Romatzki, and S. C. A. Ferse. 2010. Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field. Coral Reefs 29:191-200. | 2010 | Field Study & Monitoring | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Edwards, A. J., editor. 2010. Reef rehabilitation manual. The Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, St Lucia, Australia. | 2010 | Global; Australia | Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae | |
Levy, G., L. Shaish, A. Haim, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Mid-water rope nursery Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. Ecological Engineering 36:560-569. | 2010 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Lirman, D., N. Gracias, B. Gintert, A. C. R. Gleason, G. Deangelo, M. Dick, E. Martinez, and R. P. Reid. 2010. Damage and recovery assessment of vessel grounding injuries on coral reef habitats by use of georeferenced landscape video mosaics. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8:88-97. | 2010 | Florida | Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Lirman, D., T. Thyberg, J. Herlan, C. Hill, C. Young-Lahiff, S. Schopmeyer, B. Huntington, R. Santos, and C. Drury. 2010. Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production. Coral Reefs 29:729-735. | 2010 | South & Central America; Caribbean | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Mbije, N. E. J., E. Spanier, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Testing the first phase of the 'gardening concept' as an applicable tool in restoring denuded reefs in Tanzania. Ecological Engineering 36:713-721. | 2010 | Tanzania | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Omori, M. 2010. Degradation and restoration of coral reefs: Experience in Okinawa, Japan. Marine Biology Research 7:3-12. | 2010 | Japan | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Shaish, L., G. Levy, G. Katzir, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Coral Reef Restoration (Bolinao, Philippines) in the Face of Frequent Natural Catastrophes. Restoration Ecology 18:285-299. | 2010 | Global; Philippines | Field Study & Monitoring | Climate; Salinity; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Shaish, L., G. Levy, G. Katzir, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 36:1424-1432. | 2010 | Philippines | Field Study & Monitoring | Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Villanueva, R. D., A. J. Edwards, and J. D. Bell. 2010. Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications. Restoration Ecology 18:803-809. | 2010 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Algae; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Wells, L., F. Perez, M. Hibbert, L. Clerveaux, J. Johnson, and T. J. Goreau. 2010. Effect of severe hurricanes on Biorock Coral Reef Restoration Projects in Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:141-149. | 2010 | Turks and Caicos | Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Westerberg, V. H., R. Lifran, and S. B. Olsen. 2010. To restore or not? A valuation of social and ecological functions of the Marais des Baux wetland in Southern France. Ecological Economics 69:2383-2393. | 2010 | France | Model | Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Mcmurray, S. E. and J. R. Pawlik. 2009. A novel technique for the reattachment of large coral reef sponges. Restoration Ecology 17:192-195. | 2009 | South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean | Remediation; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Miller, M. W., A. Valdivia, K. L. Kramer, B. Mason, D. E. Williams, and L. Johnston. 2009. Alternate benthic assemblages on reef restoration structures and cascading effects on coral settlement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:147-156. | 2009 | Florida | Lab Study | Algae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2009. The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 369:1-7. | 2009 | Artificial Habitat; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2009. The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 369:7-Jan. | 2009 | Artificial Habitat; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Shafir, S., S. Abady, and B. Rinkevich. 2009. Improved sustainable maintenance for mid-water coral nursery by the application of an anti-fouling agent. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:124-128. | 2009 | Aquaculture; Nutrients; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Shearer, T. L., I. Porto, and A. L. Zubillaga. 2009. Restoration of coral populations in light of genetic diversity estimates. Coral Reefs 7-Jan. | 2009 | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Cabaitan, P. C., E. D. Gomez, and P. M. Alino. 2008. Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 357:85-98. | 2008 | Philippines | Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Dizon, R. M., A. J. Edwards, and E. D. Gomez. 2008. Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1140-1148. | 2008 | Philippines | Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
GARRISON, V. and G. WARD. 2008. Storm-generated coral fragments - A viable source of transplants for reef rehabilitation. Biological Conservation 141:3089-3100. | 2008 | South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean | Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Li, Y.-C., H. Huang, Z.-J. Dong, J.-S. Lian, and G.-W. Zhou. 2008. Headway of study on coral reefs ecological restoration. Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecologica Sinica 28:5047-5054. | 2008 | Global; China | Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
McDermott, S., D. Burdick, R. Grizzle, and J. Greene. 2008. Restoring ecological functions and increasing community awareness of an urban tidal pond using blue mussels. Ecological Restoration 26:254-262. | 2008 | US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) | Fish; Invertebrates; Social Organizations; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands | |
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. | 2008 | Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Military; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands | |
Okamoto, M., S. Nojima, S. Fujiwara, and Y. Furushima. 2008. Development of ceramic settlement devices for coral reef restoration using in situ sexualreproduction of corals. Fisheries Science 74:1245-1253. | 2008 | Lab Study | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura. 2008. Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27:165. | 2008 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Petersen, D., A. Wietheger, and M. Laterveer. 2008. Influence of different food sources on the initial development of sexual recruits of reefbuilding corals in aquaculture. Aquaculture 277:174-178. | 2008 | Lab Study | Algae; Aquaculture; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Rinkevich, B. 2008. Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1821-1824. | 2008 | Global | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Shaish, L., G. Levy, E. Gomez, and B. Rinkevich. 2008. Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: Establishing the first step in the \gardening concept\" of reef restoration". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358:86-97. | 2008 | Philippines | Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Titlyanov, E. A. and T. V. Titlyanova. 2008. Coral - Algal competition on damaged reefs. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34:199-219. | 2008 | Algae; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
[No author name available]. 2007. Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. | 2007 | Global; Qatar | Field Study & Monitoring | Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
[No author name available]. 2007. Transportation: Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. | 2007 | Global; Qatar | Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps | Mitigation; Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Edwards, A., and E. Gomez. 2007. Reef Restoration Concepts and Guidelines: making sensible management choices in the face of uncertainty. CRTR 001/2007, Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Programme, St Lucia, Austrailia. | 2007 | Field Study & Monitoring | Scientific Research; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Macia, S., M. P. Robinson, and A. Nalevanko. 2007. Experimental dispersal of recovering Diadema antillarum increases grazing intensity and reduces macroalgal abundance on a coral reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:173-182. | 2007 | South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Abelson, A. 2006. Artificial reefs vs coral transplantation as restoration tools for mitigating coral reef deterioration: Benefits, concerns, and proposed guidelines. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:151-159. | 2006 | Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
EJF. 2006. Nature�s defence against Tsunamis- a report on the impact of mangrove loss and shrimp farm development on coastal defences. Environmental Justice Foundation, London, UK. | 2006 | Sri Lanka; India | Field Study & Monitoring | Agriculture; Aquaculture; Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Lee, S. C. 2006. Habitat complexity and consumer-mediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef. Oikos 112:442-447. | 2006 | South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean | Field Study & Monitoring | Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. | 2006 | South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean | Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. 2006. Coral nubbins as source material for coral biological research: A prospectus. Aquaculture 259:444-448. | 2006 | Global | Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. 2006. Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. Marine Biology 149:679-687. | 2006 | Aquaculture; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Yeemin, T., M. Sutthacheep, and R. Pettongma. 2006. Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:562-575. | 2006 | Thailand | Review | Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Bymers, L., E. P. Glenn, S. G. Nelson, and K. Fitzsimmons. 2005. Diversity and biomass dynamics of marine algae in Biosphere II's tropical reef macrocosm. Ecological Engineering 25:442-456. | 2005 | Algae; Nutrients; Plankton; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Fox, H. E., P. J. Mous, J. S. Pet, A. H. Muljadi, and R. L. Caldwell. 2005. Experimental assessment of coral reef rehabilitation following blast fishing. Conservation Biology 19:98-107. | 2005 | Southeast Asia; Indonesia | Field Study & Monitoring | Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Hudson, J. H. and E. C. Franklin. 2005. Structural reef restoration and coral transplantation to the R/V Columbus Iselin grounding site in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. | 2005 | Florida | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Omori, M. 2005. Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. Coral Reefs 24:563. | 2005 | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Rinkevich, B. 2005. Conservation of coral reefs through active restoration measures: Recent approaches and last decade progress. Environmental Science and Technology 39:4333-4342. | 2005 | Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Sleeman, J. C., G. S. Boggs, B. C. Radford, and G. A. Kendrick. 2005. Using agent-based models to aid reef restoration: Enhancing coral cover and topographic complexity through the spatial arrangement of coral transplants. Restoration Ecology 13:685-694. | 2005 | Model; Index or Indicator | Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Blidberg, E. 2004. Effects of copper and decreased salinity on survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae. Marine Environmental Research 58:793-797. | 2004 | US Pacific & Hawaii | Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2003. Applying forest restoration principles to coral reef rehabilitation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:387-395. | 2003 | Index or Indicator | Aquaculture; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Iwao, K., T. Fujisawa, and M. Hatta. 2002. A cnidarian neuropeptide of the GLWamide family induces metamorphosis of reef-building corals in the genus Acropora. Coral Reefs 21:127-129. | 2002 | Europe | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Salvat, B., Y. Chancerelle, M. Schrimm, R. Morancy, M. Porcher, and A. Aubanel. 2002. Restoration of a degraded coral reef site and creation of a coral garden (Bora Bora, French Polynesia) [Restauration d'une zone corallienne degradee et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynesie Francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:81-96. | 2002 | Global | Field Study & Monitoring | Complex Habitat & Resources; Molluscs; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Bowden-Kerby, A. 2001. Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:915-931. | 2001 | Model | Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Epstein, N. and B. Rinkevich. 2001. From isolated ramets to coral colonies: The significance of colony pattern formation in reef restoration practices. Basic and Applied Ecology 2:219-222. | 2001 | US Pacific & Hawaii | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2001. Strategies for gardening denuded coral reef areas: The applicability of using different types of coral material for reef restoration. Restoration Ecology 9:432-442. | 2001 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Aquaculture; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Fox, H. and J. Pet. 2001. Pilot study suggests viable options for reef restoration in Komodo National Park. Coral Reefs 20:219-220. | 2001 | Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Gleason, D. F., D. A. Brazeau, and D. Munfus. 2001. Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:933-943. | 2001 | South & Central America; Caribbean | Field Study & Monitoring | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Jaap, W. C. and J. H. Hudson. 2001. Coral reef restoration following anthropogenic disturbances. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:333. | 2001 | Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Kojis, B. L. and N. J. Quinn. 2001. The importance of regional differences in hard coral recruitment rates for determining the need for coral restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:967-974. | 2001 | South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Fiji; Northern Mariana Islands; Caribbean | Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Miller, M. W. and J. Barimo. 2001. Assessment of juvenile coral populations at two reef restoration sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Indicators of success? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:395-405. | 2001 | Florida | Index or Indicator | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Precht, W. F. 2001. Improving decision-making in coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:329-330. | 2001 | Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Sherman, R. L., D. S. Gilliam, and R. E. Spieler. 2001. Site-dependent differences in artificial reef function: Implications for coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1053-1056. | 2001 | Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Spadoni, R. H. and C. J. Kruempel. 2001. Florida keys national marine sanctuary Looe key coral reef restoration project of 1999. Pages 302-305 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 2001 | Florida | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Spieler, R. E., D. S. Gilliam, and R. L. Sherman. 2001. Artificial substrate and coral reef restoration: What do we need to know to know what we need. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1013-1030. | 2001 | Review | Sediment; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Spurgeon, J. P. G. 2001. Improving the economic effectiveness of coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1031-1045. | 2001 | Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Monetary Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Jaap, W. C. 2000. Coral reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 15:345-364. | 2000 | Florida | Review; Field Study & Monitoring | Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Nagelkerken, I., S. Bouma, S. Van den Akker, and R. P. M. Bak. 2000. Growth and survival of unattached Madracis mirabilis fragments transplanted to different reef sites, and the implication for reef rehabilitation. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:497-505. | 2000 | Antilles | Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Rinkevich, B. 2000. Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments. Marine Biology 136:807-812. | 2000 | Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef-lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18:327-332. | 1999 | Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration | ||
Yap, H. T., P. M. Alino, and E. D. Gomez. 1992. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83:91-101. | 1992 | Philippines | Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration | |
Knatz, GE RA LD IN E. 1987. Offsite Habitat Mitigation Banking: The Port Of Long Beach Experience. Pages 2530-2543 in [No source information available]. | 1987 | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Solid Waste Disposal; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Management Options
Management Option | Description | Sources | Database Topics |
---|---|---|---|
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Natural Physical Disturbance | There are currently no standardized or uniform protocols to follow after natural or catastrophic events (such as hurricanes). Such protocols need to be developed in order to respond to specific issues that follow catastrophic natural events. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Large Vessel Achoring | Damage from freighter anchor is extreme due to the mere weight and size of the anchor and chain. The chain can even be more damaging as it drags along the benthic environment leaving behind catastrophic ruin. This management response would encourage the creation of restoration and monitoring methodologies in shallow reef areas as well as at greater depths. If unacceptable damages are occurring restrictions and regulations prohibiting the use of anchors in high risk areas should be instituted. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. |
Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Transportation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development | This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop and Maintain Database for Tracking Restoration, Repairs, and Monitoring Activities | This response involves adapting NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center�s seagrass injury assessment team component to local management areas. If previously established, the management option # 165, will allow this data to be compared to previously collected baseline data such as that collected with management option #164. This would also allow for comparisons across different types of data, such as use changes, that would be contained in a #166. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Pressures; Remediation; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Injury Prevention: Minimize or Eliminate Impact from , Derelict or Sunken Vessels | This option intends to reduce the effects of vessel impacts through creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels. Actions such as these are important for reducing contact and waste impacts from live-aboard vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas | Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Monitor & Research: Research Artificial Reef Siting, Size, and Materials Impact for Future Management Decisions | The effects of artificial reefs on fish and invertebrate abundance and community composition and on other sanctuary resources need to be assessed. Siting and size considerations should include spatial components such as nearest natural reef, species connectivity, currents, distance to shore, expected use, hurricane occurances, etc. The longevity of artificial reefs composed of different materials needs to be evaluated and considered heavily. | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Debris; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Water Resources; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs | This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands | This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Restoration: Work with public outreach coordinator to inform the public about habitat restoration activities | This response involves restoration teams providing information, photos, and videos to be used in press release, TV and radio, and magazine articles to inform the public about restoration projects for corals. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Acquire Blanket Permits for Restoration Programs | Restoration programs often span multiple areas and multiple agencies. With proper collaboration between resource managers, and restoration programs, multiple programs/initiatives can work together under blanket permits from regulating agencies. For example, NOAA�s Beaufort Lab/Seagrass Research team, NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center, and DEP all coordinate restoration projects together in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Reintroduce Indigenous Living Corals | The approach reviews the policies and regulation regarding the re-introduction of living corals indigenous to a specific geographic location that were propagated in the lab. The concern about reintroduction of organisms from the lab and aquaria revolves around the possibility of introducing exotic or foreign strains of diseases to natural coral. Also, there is concern about introducing defective genetic material as well. One viable solution may be to reintroduce corals reared in in-situ coral nurseries. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Microorganisms; Reef Habitat; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Restore injured or destroyed coral reef framework | This approach would allow to use funds from case settlements to reconstruct/replace coral framework that has been compromised. This approach aids to restore the coral�s structural and ecological functionality, as well as reestablish aesthetic qualities associated with corals. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Monitor Restoration | Resource management staff should make regular field visits to restoration sites in order to monitor restoration progress. Data gathered through monitoring restoration sites will help create a scientific evaluation of restoration methodologies. Knowing the length of time required and costs accrued to restore the original ecological functionality of a reef system is essential for estimating costs for mitigation and remediation. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Remediation; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage | This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. |
Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae | Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. | The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay. (not cited) |
Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae |
Stormwater BMPs: Sustained Reservoir Minimum Release of Minimum Baseflow to Sustain Aquatic Habitat | In some regions, even high intensity rivers (e.g. Rio Loco, Puerto Rico) are seasonal, drying for long enough to kill aquatic vegetation. Creating a constant baseflow would help sustain aquatic life and ultimately help to process nutrients. High intensity rivers are already prone to extreme channel erosion from the high flow rates, this erosion is even greater without any benthic biota to hold sediment on the river bottom. Restricting the release of reservoir water to that required to maintain aquatic biota would reduce the intensity of flow, stabilize the river bottom, create habitat and naturally process nutrients that could potentially contribute to eutrophication out on the coral reef. | Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. |
Algae; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Climate; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Primary Production; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utilities; Waste Management; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality | This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Waterway Management: Lagoon Restoration | Many times lagoons/wetlands are filled for urban development, agricultural development, etc. Lagoons/wetlands are a sink for nutrients, sediment, and contaminants. Wetlands close to reef watersheds can be huge contributors to reef health. This is because wetlands intercept surface-water runoff from higher, drier land and retain excess nutrients and pollutants. Also, lagoons are beneficial because they provide habitat for an array of wildlife. Overall, they can greatly reduce the amount nutrient-contaminated water that reaches corals. | Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. |
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Laws
Legal Citation | Purpose of Law | Management Organization | Database Topics |
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Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. | Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations. Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b Legislative Actions: Comments: |
National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration Jurisdiction: Designated Marine Areas |
Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Total maximum daily loads, 62-304 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). | The Chapter establishes Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and their allocations, for waters that have been verified to be impaired by a pollutant pursuant to Chapter 62-303. F.A.C. Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats. Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body. Comments: |
Florida Department of Envitonmental Protection Jurisdiction: United States; State Coastal Waters |
Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Biomedical Research Policies; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Impervious Surfaces; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |