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ReefLink Database

Tunicates

Tunicates

Tunicates, or "sea squirts," are marine filter-feeding animals.

CMap

Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Marine ecosystems provide sources and templates for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biochemicals, and other biomaterials. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea turtles are any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Tunicates, or Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems.

CMap Description

Tunicates contribute to the aquarium stock and pharmaceutical & cosmetics products as well as all cultural ecosystem services. Tunicates actively filter plankton from the surrounding water and act as a trophic link, since they are consumed by other reef inhabitants., Biological harvesting and biological addition, caused by socio-economic drivers, as well as a disturbed physical & chemical environment can affect the survival, growth, & reproduction of tunicates. Persistence of the complex coral reef ecosystem and sustainability of the services it provides requires identifying changes in the abundance and condition of the reef habitat though biological monitoring & restoration.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Baird, ME; Everett, JD; Suthers, IM. 2011. Analysis of southeast Australian zooplankton observations of 1938-42 using synoptic oceanographic conditions. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58:699-711. 2011 Australia Climate; Plankton; Tunicates
Dias, GM; Yokoyama, LQ. 2011. Spatial competition induces the mobilization of morula cells in the colonial ascidian Didemnum perlucidum (Tunicata: Didemnidae). Invertebrate Biology 130:186-192. 2011 Substrate; Tunicates
Nair, JR; Pillai, D; Joseph, SM; Gomathi, P; Senan, PV; Sherief, PM. 2011. Cephalopod research and bioactive substances. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:13-27. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Tunicates
Blunt, J. W., B. R. Copp, M. H. G. Munro, P. T. Northcote, and M. R. Prinsep. 2010. Marine natural products. Natural Product Reports 27:165-237. 2010 Review Algae; Echinoderms; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Plankton; Sponges; Tunicates
Johnson, M. W., S. P. Powers, C. L. Hightower, and M. Kenworthy. 2010. Age, Growth, Mortality, and Diet Composition of Vermilion Snapper from the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139:1136-1149. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tunicates
Luna-Perez, B., C. Valle, T. V. Fernandez, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, and A. A. Ramos-Espla. 2010. Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) as an indicator of SCUBA diving impact. Ecological Indicators 10:1017-1024. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tunicates
Nunez-Pons, L., R. Forestieri, R. M. Nieto, M. Varela, M. Nappo, J. Rodriguez, C. Jimenez, F. Castelluccio, M. Carbone, A. Ramos-Espla, M. Gavagnin, and C. Avila. 2010. Chemical defenses of tunicates of the genus Aplidium from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology 33:1319-1329. 2010 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Seastars; Tunicates
Sutherland, K. R., L. P. Madina, and R. Stockerb. 2010. Filtration of submicrometer particles by pelagic tunicates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:15129-15134. 2010 Model Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Plankton; Tunicates
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 12-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 63:249-260. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
Granek, E. F., J. E. Compton, and D. L. Phillips. 2009. Mangrove-exported nutrient incorporation by sessile coral reef invertebrates. Ecosystems 12:462-472. 2009 Panama Model Algae; Bivalves; Mangroves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Hahn, Y. 2009. Molecular Evolution of TEPP Protein Genes in Metazoans. Pages 14-Jan Biochemical Genetics. 2009 Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tunicates
Vargas-Angel, B., L. S. Godwin, J. Asher, and R. E. Brainard. 2009. Invasive didemnid tunicate spreading across coral reefs at remote Swains Island, American SÄautmoa. Coral Reefs 28:53-53. 2009 Invasive Species; Tunicates
Ebada, S. S., R. A. Edrada, W. Lin, and P. Proksch. 2008. Methods for isolation, purification and structural elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates. Nature Protocols 3:1820-1831. 2008 Echinoderms; Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Goldstone, J. V. 2008. Environmental sensing and response genes in cnidaria: The chemical defensome in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Cell Biology and Toxicology 24:483-502. 2008 Review; Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Sea Urchins; Toxics; Tunicates
Kim, W. K., Y. S. Son, J. H. Lee, J. P. Hong, Y. S. Kim, J. W. Lee, and Q. Jo. 2008. Macrobenthic community at type and age-different artificial reefs located along the Korean coast of the East Sea. Journal of Environmental Biology 29:501-505. 2008 India; Japan Artificial Habitat; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Tunicates
Shenkar, N., O. Bronstein, and Y. Loya. 2008. Population dynamics of a coral reef ascidian in a deteriorating environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 367:163-171. 2008 Nutrients; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tunicates
Siddiq, A. and V. Dembitsky. 2008. Acetylenic anticancer agents. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 8:132-170. 2008 Review Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Tadesse, M., B. Gulliksen, M. B. Strom, O. B. Styrvold, and T. Haug. 2008. Screening for antibacterial and antifungal activities in marine benthic invertebrates from northern Norway. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 99:286-293. 2008 Norway Fish; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Agrawal, M. S. and B. F. Bowden. 2007. Nordehydrocyclodercitin, a hexacyclic pyridoacridine alkaloid from the marine ascidian, Aplidium sp. Natural Product Research 21:782-786. 2007 Australia Sponges; Tunicates
Duineveld, G. C. A., M. S. S. Lavaleye, M. J. N. Bergman, H. De Stigter, and F. Mienis. 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:449-467. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Seawater Flow; Tunicates
Lebar, M. D., J. L. Heimbegner, and B. J. Baker. 2007. Cold-water marine natural products. Natural Product Reports 24:774-797. 2007 Algae; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2007. Differential recruitment of benthic communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340:25-39. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Sahu, M. K., K. Sivakumar, and L. Kannan. 2007. Marine realm: A treasure house for bioprospecting. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 9:191-196. 2007 Global Algae; Echinoderms; Housing; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Thomas, J. D. and K. N. Klebba. 2007. New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea:Amphipoda). Zootaxa Jan-44. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Molluscs; Sponges; Tunicates
Henry, L.-A., E. L. R. Kenchington, T. J. Kenchington, K. G. MacIsaac, C. Bourbonnais-Boyce, and D. C. Gordon Jr. 2006. Impacts of otter trawling on colonial epifaunal assemblages on a cobble bottom ecosystem on Western Bank (northwest Atlantic). Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:63-78. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tunicates
Kelley, C., R. Moffitt, and J. R. Smith. 2006. Mega- to micro-scale classification and description of bottomfish essential fish habitat on four banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 319-332. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate; Tunicates
Miyamoto, T. 2006. Selected bioactive compounds from Japanese anaspideans and nudibranchs. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology 43:199-214. 2006 Japan Review Algae; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sponges; Tunicates
Perkol-Finkel, S., N. Shashar, and Y. Benayahu. 2006. Can artificial reefs mimic natural reef communities? The roles of structural features and age. Marine Environmental Research 61:121-135. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Puthongking, P., C. Patarapanich, S. Amnuoypol, K. Suwanborirux, A. Kubo, and N. Saito. 2006. Chemistry of ecteinascidins. Part 2. Preparation of 6′-O-acyl derivatives of stable ecteinascidin and evaluation of cytotoxicity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54:1010-1016. 2006 Japan Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Tunicates
Chavanich, S., P. Koeysin, V. Viyakarn, S. Piyatiratitivorakul, P. Menasveta, K. Suwanborirux, and S. Poovachiranon. 2005. A tunicate from a Thai coral reef: A potential source of new anticancer compounds. Coral Reefs 24:621. 2005 Tunicates
Rowley, A. F., C. L. Vogan, G. W. Taylor, and A. S. Clare. 2005. Prostaglandins in non-insectan invertebrates: Recent insights and unsolved problems. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:14-Mar. 2005 Review Special Use Permitting; Tunicates
Yahel, G., D. Marie, and A. Genin. 2005. InEx - A direct in situ method to measure filtration rates, nutrition, and metabolism of active suspension feeders. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 3:46-58. 2005 Bivalves; Discharges; Sponges; Tunicates
Chandrasekharan, N. V. and D. L. Simmons. 2004. The cyclooxygenases. Genome Biology 5. 2004 Tunicates
Feary, D. A., A. C. Hine, N. P. James, and M. J. Malone. 2004. Leg 182 synthesis: Exposed secrets of the Great Australian Bight. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 182:30-Jan. 2004 Global; Australia Algae; Coralline Algae; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tunicates; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fusetani, N. 2004. Search for drug leads from Japanese marine invertebrates. Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi/Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry 62:1073-1079. 2004 Japan Invertebrates; Sponges; Tunicates
James, N. P., D. A. Feary, C. Betzler, Y. Bone, A. E. Holbourn, Q. Li, H. Machiyama, J. A. T. Simo, and F. Surlyk. 2004. Origin of Late Pleistocene bryozoan reef mounds; Great Australian Bight. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74:20-48. 2004 Australia Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Sponges; Tunicates
Loker, E. S., C. M. Adema, S.-M. Zhang, and T. B. Kepler. 2004. Invertebrate immune systems - Not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood. Immunological Reviews 198:24-Oct. 2004 Model Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Tunicates
Robbart, M. L., P. Peckol, S. P. Scordilis, H. A. Curran, and J. Brown-Saracino. 2004. Population recovery and differential heat shock protein expression for the corals Agaricia agaricites and A. tenuifolia in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 283:151-160. 2004 South & Central America; Belize Lab Study Seawater Flow; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tunicates
Donia, M. and M. T. Hamann. 2003. Marine natural products and their potential applications as anti-infective agents. The Lancet 3:338-348. 2003 Review Cyanobacteria; Invertebrates; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Tunicates
Gribble, G. W. 2003. The diversity of naturally produced organohalogens. Chemosphere 52:289-297. 2003 Microorganisms; Sponges; Tunicates
Ouzts, A. C. and S. T. Szedlmayer. 2003. Diel Feeding Patterns of Red Snapper on Artificial Reefs in the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:1186-1193. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Tunicates
Qiu, J.-W., V. Thiyagarajan, A. W. Y. Leung, and P.-Y. Qian. 2003. Development of a marine subtidal epibiotic community in Hong Kong: Implications for deployment of artificial reefs. Biofouling 19:37-46. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Tunicates
Angel, D. L. and E. Spanier. 2002. An application of artificial reefs to reduce organic enrichment caused by net-cage fish farming: Preliminary results. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tunicates
Angel, D. L., N. Eden, S. Breitstein, A. Yurman, T. Katz, and E. Spanier. 2002. In situ biofiltration: A means to limit the dispersal of effluents from marine finfish cage aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 469:10-Jan. 2002 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Sponges; Tunicates
Mo, C., J. Douek, and B. Rinkevich. 2002. Development of a PCR strategy for thraustochytrid identification based on 18S rDNA sequence. Marine Biology 140:883-889. 2002 Tunicates
Sternhell, G., P. D. Taylor, and D. Itzhak. 2002. Galvanic effects of various metallic couples on marine biofouling in a coral reef environment. Corrosion Reviews 20:453-468. 2002 Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Tunicates
Leys, S. P. and B. M. Degnan. 2001. Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva. Biological Bulletin 201:323-338. 2001 Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tunicates
Fabricius, K. E. and M. Dommisse. 2000. Depletion of suspended particulate matter over coastal reef communities dominated by zooxanthellate soft corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 196:157-167. 2000 Algae; Bivalves; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tunicates; Turf Algae
Gribble, G. W. 2000. The natural production of organobromine compounds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 7:37-49. 2000 Algae; Microorganisms; Sponges; Tunicates
Rinkevich, B. and S. Shafir. 1998. Ex situ culture of colonial marine ornamental invertebrates: Concepts for domestication. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:237-250. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Schools & Colleges; Tunicates
Vervoort, H. C., J. R. Pawlik, and W. Fenical. 1998. Chemical defense of the Caribbean ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 164:221-228. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tunicates
Fabricius, K. E. 1997. Soft coral abundance on the central Great Barrier Reef: Effects of Acanthaster planci, space availability, and aspects of the physical environment. Coral Reefs 16:159-167. 1997 Australia Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1997. Transplantation of juvenile corals: A new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology 127:499-505. 1997 Lab Study Algae; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Fabricius, T. E. 1996. Ecosystem recovery after episodic disturbance: Resilience of some coral reefs after Acanthaster outbreaks. Senckenbergiana Maritima 27:227-235. 1996 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Octocoral; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Sato, A. 1996. The search for new drugs from marine organisms. Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews 15:171-198. 1996 Algae; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Sponges; Tunicates
Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. 1995. A colonial tunicate smothers corals and coralline algae on the Great Astrolabe Reef, Fiji. Coral Reefs 14:148-149. 1995 Fiji Algae; Coralline Algae; Tunicates
Taylor, J. D. and A. Lewis. 1995. Diet and radular morphology of Peristernia and Latirolagena (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Journal of Natural History 29:1143-1154. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Worms; Tunicates
Gerwick, W. H. 1994. Structure and biosynthesis of marine algal oxylipins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1211:243-255. 1994 Review Algae; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Sponges; Tunicates
Rinkevich, B. and C. Rabinowitz. 1994. Acquiring embryo-derived cell cultures and aseptic metamorphosis of larvae from the colonial protochordate Botryllus schlosseri. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 25:91-72. 1994 Invertebrates; Tunicates
Wuchang, WE I. 1993. Abundance patterns of tunicate spicules at the Great Barrier Reef- Queensland Plateau transect sites: implications for downslope transport and early Pleistocene initiation of the central Great Barrier Reef. Proc., scientific results, ODP, Leg 133, northeast Australian margin 447-453. 1993 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sediment; Tunicates
Meesters, E., R. Knijn, P. Willemsen, R. Pennartz, G. Roebers, and R. W. M. van Soest. 1991. Sub-rubble communities of Curacao and Bonaire coral reefs. Coral Reefs 10:189-197. 1991 Antilles Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate; Tunicates
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1989. Fouling community development on an artificial reef in Hawaiian waters. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:580-591. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sponges; Tunicates
Fitzhardinge, R. C. and J. H. Bailey-Brock. 1989. Colonization of artificial reef materials by corals and other sessile organisms. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:567-579. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Seki, M. P. and M. W. Callahan. 1988. The feeding habits of two deep slope snappers, Pristipomoides zonatus and P. auricilla, at Pathfinder Reef, Mariana Archipelago. Fishery Bulletin 86:807-811. 1988 Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Tunicates
Lewbel, G. S., R. L. Howard, and B. J. Gallaway. 1987. Zonation of dominant fouling organisms on Northern Gulf of Mexico petroleum platforms. Marine Environmental Research 21:199-224. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Anemones & Zooanthids; Boring Sponges; Discharges; Sponges; Tunicates
Choi, D. R. 1984. Ecological succession of reef cavity-dwellers ( coelobites) in coral rubble. Bulletin of Marine Science 35:72-79. 1984 Florida Bivalves; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tunicates
Montaggioni, L. F. 1982. Pleistocene marine depositionalenvironments from Mauritius island, Indian Ocean. Geobios 15:161-179. 1982 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Sediment; Tunicates
Hildemann, W. H. and A. L. Reddy. 1973. Phylogeny of immune responsiveness: marine invertebrates. Pages 2188-2194 in Federation Proceedings. 1973 Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Bergmann, W., M. J. McLean, and D. Lester. 1943. Contributions to the study of marine products. XIII. Sterols from various marine invertebrates. Journal of Organic Chemistry 8:271-282. 1943 Boring Sponges; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Tunicates

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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