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Snails & Conch

Snails & Conch

Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Snails and Conch often graze on algae, but can bring harm to coral in the process.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed limbs and segmented bodies, such as lobster, crab, and shrimp. Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Bivalves are a class of molluscs known for their hinged shells, including clams, oysters, and scallops. A number of reef organisms, including stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves, deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical marine invertebrates, such as starfish and sea urchins. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Invertebrate Harvesting is the act of collecting marine invertebrates, including sponges, lobsters, and other invertebrates, for seafood or other marine products. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Invertivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on invertebrates. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Lobster, Crab, and Shrimp are crustaceans that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Molluscs are marine invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, such as clams, squid, and snails. Octopi and Squid are Mollusks that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Seastars are echinoderms that are notable for their five arms that extend from their central body. Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems.

CMap Description

Snails & conch graze coral, providing a link in the trophic food web as they are consumed by humans. The calcium carbonate deposition by some species ultimately contributes to sand & land production through the processing of other marine organisms. A few species are important as aquarium stock for marine products, and all species are important to cultural services of coral reefs. Socio-economic drivers lead to snail & conch removal & mortality through harvesting pressures; also, the survival, growth, and reproduction of molluscs are reduced by disease causing microorganisms and a disturbed physical & chemical environment. Biological monitoring, mapping, and restoration is needed to identify changes in the abundance and condition of snails & conch; and ultimately, determine the appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Angeletti, L; Taviani, M. 2011. Entrapment, preservation and incipient fossilization of benthic predatory molluscs within deep-water coral frames in the Mediterranean Sea. Geobios 44:543-548. 2011 Snails & Conch
Bellchambers, LM; Meeuwig, JJ; Evans, SN; Legendre, P. 2011. Modelling habitat associations of the common spider conch in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:83-90. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Bergsma, GS; Martinez, CM. 2011. Mutualist-induced morphological changes enhance growth and survival of corals. Marine Biology 158:2267-2277. 2011 Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Carlon, DB; Lippe, C. 2011. Estimation of mating systems in Short and Tall ecomorphs of the coral Favia fragum. Molecular Ecology 20:812-828. 2011 Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Claremont, M; Reid, DG; Williams, ST. 2011. Evolution of corallivory in the gastropod genus Drupella. Coral Reefs 30:977-990. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Snails & Conch
del Monaco, C; Noriega, N; Narciso, S. 2011. Note on density and predation rate of Coralliophila abbreviata and Coralliophila caribaea on juvenile colonies of Acropora palmata in a deteriorated coral reef of Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 39:161-166. 2011 Venezuela Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Garcia-Rios, CI; Alvarez-Ruiz, M. 2011. Diversity and microstructure of quitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Caribbean of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:129-136. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Costa Rica; Caribbean Molluscs; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Gittenberger, A; Gittenberger, E. 2011. Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals. Organisms Diversity and Evolution 11:21-41. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Maldives; Thailand; Egypt; Palau; Indonesia Model Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Hsieh, HYJ; Chen, KS; Lin, YHI; Huang, YCA; Baird, AH; Tsai, WS; Su, WC; Chen, CLA. 2011. Establishment of a No-take Area (NTA) could not Guarantee the Preservation of Coral Communities in Chinwan Inner Bay, Penghu, Taiwan. Zoological Studies 50:443-453. 2011 Taiwan Rate functions Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch
Maoka, T; Akimoto, N; Tsushima, M; Komemushi, S; Mezaki, T; Iwase, F; Takahashi, Y; Sameshima, N; Mori, M; Sakagami, Y. 2011. Carotenoids in Marine Invertebrates Living along the Kuroshio Current Coast. Marine Drugs 9:1419-1427. 2011 Seastars; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Onton, K; Page, CA; Wilson, SK; Neale, S; Armstrong, S. 2011. Distribution and drivers of coral disease at Ningaloo reef, Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:75-84. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Climate; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Stella, JS; Pratchett, MS; Hutchings, PA; Jones, GP. 2011. Coral-Associated Invertebrates: Diversity, Ecological Importance And Vulnerability To Disturbance. Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:43-104. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Sutherland, K. P., S. Shaban, J. L. Joyner, J. W. Porter, and E. K. Lipp. 2011. Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Eklhorn Coral Acropora palmata. PLoS One 6:1-7. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Sutherland, KP; Shaban, S; Joyner, JL; Porter, JW; Lipp, EK. 2011. Human Pathogen Shown to Cause Disease in the Threatened Eklhorn Coral Acropora palmata. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Anker, A. 2010. A Second Finding Of Vercoia Interrupta Kim & Fujita, 2004 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Crangonidae), A Remarkable Shrimp Imitating Dead Snail Shells. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 58:27-30. 2010 Philippines Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Coleman, H. M. 2010. Complex species interaction in tropical backreef communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 393:124-129. 2010 Jamaica Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Urchins; Snails & Conch
del Monaco, C., E. Villamizar, and S. Narciso. 2010. Selectivity of preys of Coralliophila abbreviata and C. caribaea in coral reefs of the National Park Morrocoy, Venezuela: an experimental approximation. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 38:57-69. 2010 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Octocoral; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Dumas, P., H. Jimenez, M. Leopold, G. Petro, and R. Jimmy. 2010. Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu. Environmental Conservation 37:364-372. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Snails & Conch
Frey, M. A. 2010. The relative importance of geography and ecology in species diversification: evidence from a tropical marine intertidal snail (Nerita). Journal of Biogeography 37:1515-1528. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model; GIS & Maps Mangroves; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Giovas, C. M., S. M. Fitzpatrick, M. Clark, and M. Abed. 2010. Evidence for size increase in an exploited mollusc: humped conch (Strombus gibberulus) at Chelechol ra Orrak, Palau from ca. 3000-0 BP. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2788-2798. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Micronesia Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Guzner, B., A. Novplansky, O. Shalit, and N. E. Chadwick. 2010. Indirect Impacts Of Recreational Scuba Diving: Patterns Of Growth And Predation In Branching Stony Corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:727-742. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Nienhuis, S., A. R. Palmer, and C. D. G. Harley. 2010. Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:2553-2558. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Snails & Conch
Oliverio, M. and M. V. Modica. 2010. Relationships of the haematophagous marine snail Colubraria (Rachiglossa: Colubrariidae), within the neogastropod phylogenetic framework. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158:779-800. 2010 Model Fish; Snails & Conch
Puillandre, N., A. V. Sysoev, B. M. Olivera, A. Couloux, and P. Bouchet. 2010. Loss of planktotrophy and speciation: geographical fragmentation in the deep-water gastropod genus Bathytoma (Gastropoda, Conoidea) in the western Pacific. Systematics and Biodiversity 8:371-394. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Philippines Plankton; Snails & Conch
Schoepf, V., J. Herler, and M. Zuschin. 2010. Microhabitat use and prey selection of the coral-feeding snail Drupella cornus in the northern Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 641:45-57. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Selkoe, K. A., J. R. Watson, C. White, T. Ben Horin, M. Iacchei, S. Mitarai, D. A. Siegel, S. D. Gaines, and R. J. Toonen. 2010. Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species. Molecular Ecology 19:3708-3726. 2010 Model Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Stier, A. C., C. S. McKeon, C. W. Osenberg, and J. S. Shima. 2010. Guard crabs alleviate deleterious effects of vermetid snails on a branching coral. Coral Reefs 29:1019-1022. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Seastars; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Sutherland, K. P., J. W. Porter, J. W. Turner, B. J. Thomas, E. E. Looney, T. P. Luna, M. K. Meyers, J. C. Futch, and E. K. Lipp. 2010. Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Environmental Microbiology 12:1122-1131. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Vendrasco, M. J., R. D. Hoare, and G. L. Bell. 2010. The youngest rostroconch mollusc from North America, Minycardita capitanensis n. sp. Zootaxa 61-64. 2010 Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Wernberg, T., F. Tuya, M. S. Thomsen, and G. A. Kendrick. 2010. Turban snails as habitat for foliose algae: contrasting geographical patterns in species richness. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:1237-1242. 2010 Australia Algae; Snails & Conch
Whalen, K. E., A. L. Lane, J. Kubanek, and M. E. Hahn. 2010. Biochemical Warfare on the Reef: The Role of Glutathione Transferases in Consumer Tolerance of Dietary Prostaglandins. PLoS One 5:e8537. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Octocoral; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Witman, J. D., M. Brandt, and F. Smith. 2010. Coupling between subtidal prey and consumers along a mesoscale upwelling gradient in the Galapagos Islands. Ecological Monographs 80:153-177. 2010 Snails & Conch
Bach, C. E. and B. A. Hazlett. 2009. Shell shape affects movement patterns and microhabitat distribution in the hermit crabs Calcinus elegans, C. laevimanus and C. latens. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 382:27-33. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Baker, R. D., P. Hallock, E. F. Moses, D. E. Williams, and A. Ramirez. 2009. Larger Foraminifers Of The Florida Reef Tract, Usa: Distribution Patterns On Reef-Rubble Habitats. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 39:267-277. 2009 Florida Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes
Becker, E. L., E. E. Cordes, S. A. Macko, and C. R. Fisher. 2009. Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56:786-800. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Snails & Conch
Bergsma, G. S. 2009. Tube-dwelling coral symbionts induce significant morphological change in Montipora. Symbiosis 49:143-150. 2009 Marine Worms; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Calvo, M., J. Templado, M. Oliverio, and A. MacHordom. 2009. Hidden Mediterranean biodiversity: Molecular evidence for a cryptic species complex within the reef building vermetid gastropod Dendropoma petraeum (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96:898-912. 2009 Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Johannesson, K. 2009. Inverting the null-hypothesis of speciation: a marine snail perspective. Evolutionary Ecology 23:5-16. 2009 Model Snails & Conch
Karras, C. and J. J. Agar. 2009. Cruzan fishers' perspectives on the performance of the Buck Island Reef National Monument and the red hind seasonal closure. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:578-585. 2009 US Virgin Islands Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Waste Management
Meng, P.-J., J. Lin, and L.-L. Liu. 2009. Aquatic organotin pollution in Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Management 90. 2009 Taiwan Review; Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Small Boats; Snails & Conch
Molinski, T. F., D. S. Dalisay, S. L. Lievens, and J. P. Saludes. 2009. Drug development from marine natural products. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8:69-85. 2009 Europe Review Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Snails & Conch
Morton, B. and G. Blackmore. 2009. Seasonal variations in the density of and corallivory by Drupella rugosa and Cronia margariticola (Caenogastropoda: Muricidae) from the coastal waters of Hong Kong: ('plagues' or 'aggregations'? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:147-159. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Morton, B. and G. Blackmore. 2009. Seasonal variations in the density of and corallivory by Drupella rugosa and Cronia margariticola (Caenogastropoda: Muricidae) from the coastal waters of Hong Kong: Plagues or aggregations? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:147-159. 2009 United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Motus, M. A. and O. Vinn. 2009. The worm endosymbionts in tabulate corals from the Silurian of Podolia, Ukraine. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 58:185-192. 2009 Snails & Conch
Radermacher, P., B. R. Schone, E. Gischler, W. Oschmann, J. Thebault, and J. Fiebig. 2009. Sclerochronology - a highly versatile tool for mariculture and reconstruction of life history traits of the queen conch, Strombus gigas (Gastropoda). Aquatic Living Resources 22:307-318. 2009 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Non-point Source Runoff; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rypien, K. L. and D. M. Baker. 2009. Isotopic labeling and antifungal resistance as tracers of gut passage of the sea fan pathogen Aspergillus sydowii. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86:1-7. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Octocoral; Pathogens; Snails & Conch
Sazima, I., A. Carvalho-Filho, J. L. Gasparini, and C. Sazima. 2009. A new species of scaly blenny of the genus Labrisomus (Actinopterygii: Labrisomidae) from the tropical West Atlantic. Zootaxa 62-68. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Taviani, M., L. Angeletti, M. Dimech, C. Mifsud, A. Freiwald, M. G. Harasewych, and M. Oliverio. 2009. Coralliophilinae (Gastropoda: Muricidae) associated with deep-water coral banks in the Mediterranean. Nautilus 123:106-112. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fishing Sector; Snails & Conch
Wallace, B. P., L. Avens, J. Braun-McNeill, and C. M. McClellan. 2009. The diet composition of immature loggerheads: Insights on trophic niche, growth rates, and fisheries interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:50-57. 2009 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Zimmer, R. K., J. T. Fingerut, and C. A. Zimmer. 2009. Dispersal pathways, seed rains, and the dynamics of larval behavior. Ecology 90:1933-1947. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Zvuloni, A., Y. Artzy-Randrup, L. Stone, E. Kramarsky-Winter, R. Barkan, and Y. Loya. 2009. Spatio-temporal transmission patterns of black-band disease in a coral community. PLoS One 4. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Marine Worms; Pathogens; Snails & Conch
Cordes, E. E., M. P. McGinley, E. L. Podowski, E. L. Becker, S. Lessard-Pilon, S. T. Viada, and C. R. Fisher. 2008. Coral communities of the deep Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55:777-787. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Cudney-Bueno, R., R. Prescott, and O. Hinojosa-Huerta. 2008. The black murex snail, Hexaplex nigritus (Mollusca, Muricidae), in the gulf of California, mexico: I. reproductive ecology and breeding aggregations. Bulletin of Marine Science 83:285-298. 2008 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Del Monaco, C., E. Villamizar, and S. Narciso. 2008. Temporary abundance variation of Coralliophila abbreviata and Coralliophila caribaea (Mollusca, Coralliophilidae) in a coral reef at Morrocoy National Park [Variabilidad temporal de la abundancia de Coralliophila abbreviata y Coralliophila caribaea (Mollu. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56:501-511. 2008 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Kano, Y. and T. Kase. 2008. Diversity and distributions of the submarine-cave Neritiliidae in the Indo-Pacific (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha). Organisms Diversity and Evolution 8:22-43. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; India; Indonesia Echinoderms; Sediment; Snails & Conch
McConnaughey, T. A. and D. P. Gillikin. 2008. Carbon isotopes in mollusk shell carbonates. Geo-Marine Letters 28:287-299. 2008 Review; Model Algae; Bivalves; CO2; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Prescott, R. and R. Cudney-Bueno. 2008. Mobile 'reefs' in the northeastern Gulf of California: Aggregations of black murex snails Hexaplex nigritus as habitat for invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 367:185-192. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Scaps, P. and F. Runtukahu. 2008. Assessment of the coral reefs of the luwuk peninsula, central sulawesi, indonesia [evaluation des recifs coralliens de la peninsule de Luwuk, Sulawesi central, Indonesie]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 133:341-355. 2008 Cuba; Indonesia Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Octocoral; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Seastars; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Shafir, S., O. Gur, and B. Rinkevich. 2008. A Drupella cornus outbreak in the northern Gulf of Eilat and changes in coral prey. Coral Reefs 27:379. 2008 Snails & Conch
Vescogni, A., F. R. Bosellini, M. Reuter, and T. C. Brachert. 2008. Vermetid reefs and their use as palaeobathymetric markers: New insights from the Late Miocene of the Mediterranean (Southern Italy, Crete). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 267:89-101. 2008 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Vinn, O. and M.-A. Motus. 2008. The earliest endosymbiotic mineralized tubeworms from the Silurian of Podolia, Ukraine. Journal of Paleontology 82:409-414. 2008 Snails & Conch
Zubillaga, A. L., L. M. Marquez, A. Croquer, and C. Bastidas. 2008. Ecological and genetic data indicate recovery of the endangered coral Acropora palmata in Los Roques, Southern Caribbean. Coral Reefs 27:63-72. 2008 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Aldana Aranda, D. and M. Perez Perez. 2007. Abundance and distribution of Queen conch (Strombus gigas, Linne 1758) veligers of Alacranes reef, Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:59-63. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Amesbury, J. R. 2007. Mollusk collecting and environmental change during the Prehistoric Period in the Mariana Islands. Coral Reefs 26:947-958. 2007 Guam Bivalves; Mangroves; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Coyne, M. K., B. Jones, and D. Ford. 2007. Highstands during Marine Isotope Stage 5: evidence from the Ironshore Formation of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Quaternary Science Reviews 26:536-559. 2007 Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hickman, C. S. and S. S. Porter. 2007. Nocturnal swimming, aggregation at light traps, and mass spawning of scissurellid gastropods (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). Invertebrate Biology 126:17-Oct. 2007 Lab Study Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Hsieh, H. J., C. A. Chen, C.-F. Dai, W. Ou, W.-S. Tsai, and W.-C. Su. 2007. From the drawing board to the field: An example for establishing an MPA in Penghu, Taiwan. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:619-635. 2007 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation
Johnston, L. and M. W. Miller. 2007. Variation in life-history traits of the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata on three coral hosts. Marine Biology 150:1215-1225. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Kantor, Y. I. and P. Bouchet. 2007. Out of Australia: Belloliva (neogastropoda: Olividae) in the Coral Sea and New Caledonia. American Malacological Bulletin 22:27-73. 2007 Australia; New Caledonia Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. 2007. Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:409-419. 2007 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Prescott, R., V. Koch, C. Yingling, and C. R. Verdugo. 2007. Settlement of Pacific calico scallop larvae (Argopecten ventricosus, Sowerby II, 1842) on their predator, the black murex snail (Hexaplex nigritus, Philippi, 1845). Journal of Shellfish Research 26:1065-1070. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Snails & Conch; Substrate
Schembri, P. J., M. Dimech, M. Camilleri, and R. Page. 2007. Living deep-water Lophelia and Madrepora corals in Maltese waters (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48:77-83. 2007 Bivalves; Marine Worms; Snails & Conch
Grober-Dunsmore, R., V. Bonito, and T. K. Frazer. 2006. Potential inhibitors to recovery of Acropora palmata populations in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:123-132. 2006 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Pathogens; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Hawgood, B. J. 2006. The marine biologist-Bob Endean. Toxicon 48:768-779. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Snails & Conch
Jagt-Yazykova, E., W. Krawczynski, and M. Rakocinski. 2006. Molluscs from the Early Frasnian Goniatite level at Kostomłoty in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51:707-718. 2006 Poland Carbon Storage & Cycling; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes
Johnson, S. B., C. R. Young, W. J. Jones, A. Waren, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2006. Migration, isolation, and speciation of hydrothermal vent limpets (Gastropoda; Lepetodrilidae) across the Blanco Transform Fault. Biological Bulletin 210:140-157. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Lab Study Snails & Conch
Kim, K., A. P. Alker, K. Shuster, C. Quirolo, and C. D. Harvell. 2006. Longitudinal study of aspergillosis in sea fan corals. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 69:95-99. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Pathogens; Snails & Conch
Lev, E. 2006. Healing with animals in the Levant from the 10th to the 18th century. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2. 2006 Oman Review Housing; Pathogens; Snails & Conch
Munoz, G. and T. H. Cribb. 2006. Parasite communities and diet of Coris Batuensis (Pisces: Labridae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52:191-198. 2006 Australia Bivalves; Fish; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Planktivorous Fish; Snails & Conch
Omori, M., H. Kubo, K. Kajiwara, H. Matsumoto, and A. Watanuki. 2006. Rapid recruitment of corals on top shell snail aquaculture structures. Coral Reefs 25:280. 2006 Algae; Aquaculture; Fleshy Macroalgae; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate
Blundell, A. G. and M. B. Mascia. 2005. Discrepancies in reported levels of international wildlife trade. Conservation Biology 19:2020-2025. 2005 Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Snails & Conch
Chan, G. L. 2005. A study of the effects of the San Francisco oil spill on marine organisms. Page 8142 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Petroleum Spills; Snails & Conch
Chan, G. L. 2005. The five-year recruitment of marine life after the 1971 San Francisco oil spill. Page 3151 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Seastars; Snails & Conch
Delgado, G. A., R. A. Glazer and D. Wetzel. 2005. The Effects of Water Quality on Embryogenesis and Larval Development of Queen Conch: Implications for Recruitment to and Coastal Development of the Florida Keys. South Florida Water Management District #OT050676. 2005 Florida Coastal Development; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Snails & Conch
Galle, A. and R. L. Parsley. 2005. Epibiont relationships on hyolithids demonstrated by Ordovician trepostomes (Bryozoa) and Devonian tabulates (Anthozoa). Bulletin of Geosciences 80:125-138. 2005 Snails & Conch; Substrate
Kita, M., M. Kitamura, T. Koyama, T. Teruya, H. Matsumoto, Y. Nakano, and D. Uemura. 2005. Feeding attractants for the muricid gastropod Drupella cornus, a coral predator. Tetrahedron Letters 46:8583-8585. 2005 Snails & Conch
LeGore, R. S., M. P. Hardin, and D. Ter-Ghazaryan. 2005. Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:145-153. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Worms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Watters, M. R. 2005. Tropical marine neurotoxins: Venoms to drugs. Seminars in Neurology 25:278-289. 2005 Europe Anemones & Zooanthids; Invertivorous Fish; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch
Williams, D. E., Miller, M.W. 2005. Coral disease outbreak: pattern, prevalence and transmission in Acropora cervicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 301:119-128. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Wilson, S. K., S. Street, and T. Sato. 2005. Discarded queen conch (Strombus gigas) shells as shelter sites for fish. Marine Biology 147:179-188. 2005 South & Central America; Turks and Caicos; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
[No author name available]. 2004. Wastewater, polluted runoff may cause coral reef destruction. Water Environment and Technology 16:8. 2004 Florida Agriculture; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Snails & Conch; Wastewater Discharge
Bandel, K. and J. Fryda. 2004. Sasakiela, a new Early Carboniferous porcelliid genus (Porcellioidea, Gastropoda) with an unusual shell ontogeny. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Monatshefte 135-150. 2004 Snails & Conch
Brito-Manzano, N. and D. A. Aranda. 2004. Development, growth and survival of the larvae of queen conch Strombus gigas under laboratory conditions. Aquaculture 242:479-487. 2004 Lab Study Algae; Snails & Conch
Chen, M.-H., K. Soong, and M.-L. Tsai. 2004. Host effect on size structure and timing of sex change in the coral-inhabiting snail Coralliophila violacea. Marine Biology 144:287-293. 2004 Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Fortunato, H. 2004. Reproductive strategies in gastropods across the Panama seaway. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 46:139-148. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama; Caribbean Echinoderms; Molluscs; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Glazer, R. A. and J. A. Kidney. 2004. Habitat associations of adult queen conch (Strombus gigas L.) in an unfished florida keys back reef: Applications to essential fish habitat. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:205-224. 2004 Florida Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Hayward, D. C., D. J. Miller, and E. E. Ball. 2004. Snail expression during embryonic development of the coral Acropora: Blurring the diploblast/triploblast divide? Development Genes and Evolution 214:257-260. 2004 Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Lapointe, B. E., P. J. Barile, C. S. Yentsch, M. M. Littler, D. S. Littler, and B. Kakuk. 2004. The relative importance of nutrient enrichment and herbivory on macroalgal communities near Norman's Pond Cay, Exumas Cays, Bahamas: A \natural\" enrichment experiment". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 298:275-301. 2004 Bahamas Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lozouet, P. 2004. The European Tertiary Neritiliidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritopsina): Indicators of tropical submarine cave environments and freshwater faunas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140:447-467. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Europe Index or Indicator Snails & Conch
Martindale, M. Q., K. Pang, and J. R. Finnerty. 2004. Investigating the origins of triplosblasty: 'Mesodermal' gene expression in a diploblastic animal, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum, Cnidaria; class, Anthozoa). Development 131:2463-2474. 2004 Anemones & Zooanthids; Snails & Conch
Nevalainen, T. J., R. J. Quinn, and J. N. A. Hooper. 2004. Phospholipase A2 in porifera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 137:413-420. 2004 Australia Snails & Conch; Sponges
Williams, S. T. and D. G. Reid. 2004. Speciation and diversity on tropical rocky shores: A global phylogeny of snails of the genus Echinolittorina. Evolution 58:2227-2251. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama Fish; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Baums, I. B., M. W. Miller, and A. M. Szmant. 2003. Ecology of a corallivorous gastropod, Coralliophila abbreviata, on two scleractinian hosts, I: Population structure of snails and corals. Marine Biology 142:1083-1091. 2003 Florida Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Baums, I. B., M. W. Miller, and A. M. Szmant. 2003. Ecology of a corallivorous gastropod, Coralliophila abbreviata, on two seleractinian hosts. II. Feeding, respiration and growth. Marine Biology 142:1093-1101. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Brooke, B. P., C. D. Woodroffe, C. V. Murray-Wallace, H. Heijnis, and B. G. Jones. 2003. Quaternary calcarenite stratigraphy on Lord Howe Island, southwestern Pacific Ocean and the record of coastal carbonate deposition. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:859-880. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Beach & Land Formation; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2003. Density and Gorgonian host-occupation patterns by Flamingo Tongue snails (Cyphoma gibbosum) in the Florida keys. Caribbean Journal of Science 39:116-127. 2003 Florida Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Octocoral; Snails & Conch
Chivian, E., C. M. Roberts, and A. S. Bernstein. 2003. The Threat to Cone Snails [1]. Science 302:391. 2003 Snails & Conch
Keller, B.D. and S. Donahue. 2003. 2002-03 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary science report: an ecosystem report card after five years of marine zoning. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-06-12. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Sanctuary Program, Silver Spring, MD. 2003 Florida Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Monetary Valuation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Lev, E. 2003. Traditional healing with animals (zootherapy): Medieval to present-day Levantine practice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85:107-118. 2003 Oman Review Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Snails & Conch
Miller, M. W., D. B. McClellan, and C. Begin. 2003. Observations on fisheries activities at Navassa Island. Marine Fisheries Review 65:43-49. 2003 South & Central America; Haiti; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch
Perez, M. P. and D. A. Aranda. 2003. Reproductive activity of Strombus gigas (Mesogasteropoda: Strombidae) in differente habitats of Alacranes reef, Yucatan [Actividad reproductiva de Strombus gigas (Mesogasteropoda: Strombidae) en diferentes habitats del Arrecife Alacranes, Yucatan]. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:119-126. 2003 Snails & Conch
Robertson, R. 2003. The edible West Indian \whelk\" Cittarium pica (Gastropoda: Trochidae): Natural history with new observations". Pages 27-47 in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2003 Florida; Antilles; Bahamas; Bermuda; India; France Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Soong, K. and M.-H. Chen. 2003. Sex expression of an immobile coral-inhabiting snail, Quoyula monodonta. Marine Biology 143:351-358. 2003 Taiwan Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Vazquez-Dominguez, E. 2003. Diversity and distribution of crustaceans and echinoderms and their relation with sedimentation levels in coral reefs [Diversidad y distribucion de crustaceos y equinodermos y su relacion con niveles de sedimentacion en arrecifes coralinos]. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:183-193. 2003 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Echinoderms; Seagrasses; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Weil, E., E. A. Hern�ndez-Delgado, A. W. Bruckner, A. L. Ortiz, M. Nemeth, and H. Ruiz. 2003. Distribution and Status of Acroporid Coral (Scleractinia) Populations in Puerto Rico. Acropora Workshop, University of Puerto Rico, La Parguera, Puerto Rico. 2003 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Boring Sponges; Fish; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Yamada, M.-O., K. Fujimori, G. Yamada, H. Satoh, S. Tohno, Y. Tohno, Y. Moriwake, C. Azuma, and T. Minami. 2003. A Special Comment on Trace Metals in the Viscera of Turbo Marmoratus, a Toxic Snail, on Ryukyu Island. Biological Trace Element Research 95:241-246. 2003 Snails & Conch
Acosta, C. A. 2002. Spatially explicit dispersal dynamics and equilibrium population sizes in marine harvest refuges. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59:458-468. 2002 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Chen, M.-H. and K. Soong. 2002. Estimation of age in the sex-changing, coral-inhabiting snail Coralliophila violacea from the growth striae on opercula and a mark-recapture experiment. Marine Biology 140:337-342. 2002 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Snails & Conch
Craik, D. 2002. Venoms to Drugs 2002 Conference: 14-19 July 2002, Heron Island, Queensland, Australia. Pages 881-884 in IDrugs. 2002 Australia Snails & Conch
De Jesus Navarrete, A. 2002. Distribution and abundance of Strombus costatus (GMELIN, 1791) larvae and adults at the biosphere reserve: Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 21:227-231. 2002 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hoare, R. D., R. H. Mapes, and T. E. Yancey. 2002. Structure, taxonomy, and epifauna of Pennsylvanian rostroconchs (Mollusca). Journal of Paleontology 76:30-Jan. 2002 Algae; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Krieger, K. J. and B. L. Wing. 2002. Megafauna associations with deepwater corals (Primnoa spp.) in the Gulf of Alaska. Hydrobiologia 471:83-90. 2002 Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. A comparison of the ecology of shallow subtidal gastropods between western Indian Ocean and Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 21:399-406. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Indian Ocean; Belize; Kenya; Madagascar; India; Caribbean Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. The effects of time, habitat, and fisheries management on Kenyan coral-reef-associated gastropods. Ecological Applications 12:1484-1495. 2002 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. The near future of coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 29:460-483. 2002 Global Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Miller, M. W., I. B. Baums, D. E. Williams, and A. M. Szmant. 2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-479. 2002 Florida Index or Indicator Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Morton, B., G. Blackmore, and C. T. Kwok. 2002. Corallivory and prey choice by Drupella rugosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in Hong Kong. Journal of Molluscan Studies 68:217-223. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Salinity; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
NOAA, USEPA, and the State of Florida. 2002. Sanctuary Monitoring Report 2000. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Roberts, C. M., C. J. McClean, J. E. N. Veron, J. P. Hawkins, G. R. Allen, D. E. McAllister, C. G. Mittermeier, F. W. Schueler, M. Spalding, F. Wells, C. Vynne, and T. B. Werner. 2002. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295:1280-1284. 2002 Climate; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Black, R. and M. S. Johnson. 2001. Contrasting life histories and demographies of eight species of littorines at ningaloo reef, Western Australia. Journal of Shellfish Research 20:393-402. 2001 Australia Mangroves; Snails & Conch
Bruckner, A. and R. Bruckner. 2001. Condition of restored Acropora palmata fragments off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, 2 years after the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding. Coral Reefs 20:235-243. 2001 Puerto Rico Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boring Sponges; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Dahlhoff, E. P., B. A. Buckley, and B. A. Menge. 2001. Physiology of the rocky intertidal predator Nucella ostrina along an environmental stress gradient. Ecology 82:2816-2829. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Invertebrates; Snails & Conch
De Jesus Navarrete, A. 2001. Crecimiento del caracol Strombus gigas (Gastropoda: Strombidae) en cuatro ambientes de Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:85-91. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Snails & Conch
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Miller, M. W. 2001. Corallivorous snail removal: Evaluation of impact on Acropora palmata. Coral Reefs 19:293-295. 2001 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Paulay, G. 2001. Benthic ecology and biota of Tarawa Atoll Lagoon: Influence of equatorial upwelling, circulation, and human harvest. Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-33. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kiribati Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Ryland, J. S. 2001. Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells. Journal of Natural History 35:1085-1101. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); South Africa Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Snails & Conch
Zuschin, M., J. Hohenegger, and F. F. Steininger. 2001. Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the northern red sea. Coral Reefs 20:107-116. 2001 Bivalves; Hydrocoral; Molluscs; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Crame, J. A. 2000. Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: Evidence from the composition of Recent bivalve faunas. Paleobiology 26:188-214. 2000 Global; Australia; China; Indonesia Climate; Snails & Conch
Debrot, A. O. and I. Nagelkerken. 2000. User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curacao. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:95-106. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Harborne, A. R., M. D. McField, and E. K. Delaney. 2000. Belize. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 501-516. 2000 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Ismail, N. S., A. Z. Elkarmi, and S. M. Al-Moghrabi. 2000. Population structure and shell morphometrics of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 29:165-170. 2000 Snails & Conch
Kappner, I., S. M. Al-Moghrabi, and C. Richter. 2000. Mucus-net feeding by the vermetid gastropod Dendropoma maxima in coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 204:309-313. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Molluscs; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Knowlton, N. 2000. Molecular genetic analyses of species boundaries in the sea. Hydrobiologia 420:73-90. 2000 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Snails & Conch
McConnaughey, R. A., K. L. Mier, and C. B. Dew. 2000. An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:1377-1388. 2000 Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octocoral; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Roseth, R. 2000. Shell sand: A new filter medium for constructed wetlands and wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 35:1335-1355. 2000 Norway Sewage Treatment; Snails & Conch; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Agriculture; Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Zuschin, M., J. Hohenegger, and F. F. Steininger. 2000. A comparison of living and dead molluscs on coral reef associated hard substrata in the northern Red Sea - Implications for the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 159:167-190. 2000 Sediment; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level
Al-Jufaili, S., M. Al-Jabri, A. Al-Baluchi, R. M. Baldwin, S. G. Wilson, F. West, and A. D. Matthews. 1999. Human impacts on coral reefs in the Sultanate of Oman. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 49:65-74. 1999 Oman Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Pathogens; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Bell, J. D. and M. Gervis. 1999. New species for coastal aquaculture in the tropical Pacific - constraints, prospects and considerations. Aquaculture International 7:207-223. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Cumming, R. L. 1999. Predation on reef-building corals: Multiscale variation in the density of three corallivorous gastropods, Drupella spp. Coral Reefs 18:147-157. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Gomes, C., H. A. Oxenford, and R. B. G. Dales. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA D-loop variation and implications for stock structure of the four-wing flyingfish, Hirundichthys affinis, in the central western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 64:485-500. 1999 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; Tobago; Caribbean Model Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Konig, G. M. and A. D. Wright. 1999. Cymbastela hooperi and Amphimedon terpenensis: Where do they really belong? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:281-288. 1999 Australia Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Murray, S. N., T. G. Denis, J. S. Kido, and J. R. Smith. 1999. Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in southern California marine reserves. Pages 100-106 in California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation
Pansini, M., R. Cattaneo-Vietti, and S. Schiaparelli. 1999. Relationship between sponges and a taxon of obligatory inquilines: the siliquariid molluscs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:427-438. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); New Caledonia; Philippines Molluscs; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Powis, T. G., N. Stanchly, C. D. White, P. F. Healy, J. J. Awe, and F. Longstaffe. 1999. A reconstruction of Middle Preclassic Maya subsistence economy at Cahal Pech, Belize. Antiquity 73:364-376. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Agriculture; Corallivorous Fish; Land & Air Transportation; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Weisler, M. I. 1999. The Antiquity of Aroid Pit Agriculture and Significance of Buried a Horizons on Pacific Atolls. Geoarchaeology - An International Journal 14:621-654. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Marshall Islands GIS & Maps Agriculture; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Antonius, A., and B. Riegl. 1998. Coral diseases and Drupella cornus invasion in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs 17:48. 1998 Pathogens; Snails & Conch
Chadee, D. D., R. A. Ward, and R. J. Novak. 1998. Natural habitats of Aedes aegypti in the Caribbean - A review. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 14:11-May. 1998 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Trinidad; Egypt; Caribbean Review Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Chen, M.-H., Y.-W. Yang, and K. Soong. 1998. Preliminary observations on change of sex by the coral-inhabiting snails Coralliophila violacea (Lamarck) (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 230:207-212. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Herbert, D. G. 1998. Revision of the genus Calliotrochus Fischer, 1879 (Gastropoda: Trochoidea). Invertebrate Systematics 12:545-565. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; China Snails & Conch
Nakamura, K. 1998. Geography and thematic maps. Geographical Review of Japan, Series A 71:155-168. 1998 India; Japan; Europe GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Snails & Conch
Oren, U., I. Brickner, and Y. Loya. 1998. Prudent sessile feeding by the corallivore snail Coralliophila violacea on coral energy sinks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 265:2043-2050. 1998 Algae; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Preece, R. C. 1998. Impact of early Polynesian occupation on the land snail fauna of Henderson Island, Pitcairn group (South Pacific). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 353:347-368. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pitcairn Islands Sediment; Snails & Conch
Takahashi, S. and H. Wada. 1998. Radiocarbon age determination at Shizuoka University (2). Geoscience Reports of the Shizuoka University 25:19-29. 1998 Snails & Conch
Vervoort, H. C., J. R. Pawlik, and W. Fenical. 1998. Chemical defense of the Caribbean ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 164:221-228. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tunicates
West, J. M. 1998. The dual role of sclerites in a gorgonian coral: Conflicting functions of support and defence. Evolutionary Ecology 12:803-821. 1998 Octocoral; Snails & Conch
Antonius, A. and B. Riegl. 1997. A possible link between coral diseases and a corallivorous snail (Drupella cornus) outbreak in the Red Sea. Atoll Research Bulletin 1997 Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Colin, P. L., W. A. Laroche, and E. B. Brothers. 1997. Ingress and settlement in the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Pisces: Serranidae), with relationship to spawning occurrence. Bulletin of Marine Science 60:656-667. 1997 Bahamas Artificial Habitat; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Gilbert, C. R. and J. C. Tyler. 1997. Apogon robbyi, a new cardinalfish (Perciformes: Apogonidae) from the Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 60:764-781. 1997 South & Central America; Jamaica; Belize; Nicaragua; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges
McConnaughey, T. A., J. Burdett, J. F. Whelan, and C. K. Paull. 1997. Carbon isotopes in biological carbonates: Respiration and photosynthesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61:611-622. 1997 CO2; Fish; Primary Production; Snails & Conch
Oliva-Rivera, J. J. and A. De Jesus-Navarrete. 1997. Biomasa fitobentica en corrales de semicultivo del caracol rosado Strombus gigas, en Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:791-796. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Poulicek, M., J.-C. Bussers, and P. Vandewalle. 1997. Biology and description of Antisabia juliae sp. nov., new hipponicid gastropod commensal on Turbo spp. in Laing Island (Papua New Guinea). Scientia Marina 61:14-May. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Rumbold, D. G. and S. C. Snedaker. 1997. Evaluation of bioassays to monitor surface microlayer toxicity in tropical marine waters. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32:135-140. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Piscivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Sheela, K. and M. Bhatt Ranjan. 1997. Antimicrobial properties of Praval Panchamrut Rasa (PPR). Indian Drugs 34:501-504. 1997 Snails & Conch
Stoner, A. W., N. Mehta, and T. N. Lee. 1997. Recruitment of Strombus veligers to the Florida keys reef tract: Relation to hydrographic events. Journal of Shellfish Research 16:6-Jan. 1997 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
West, J. M. 1997. Plasticity in the sclerites of a gorgonian coral: Tests of water motion, light level, and damage cues. Biological Bulletin 192:279-289. 1997 Light; Octocoral; Snails & Conch
Zuschin, M. and W. E. Piller. 1997. Molluscan hard-substrate associations in the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology 18:361-378. 1997 Egypt Snails & Conch; Substrate
Duffy, J. E. 1996. Resource-associated population subdivision in a symbiotic coral-reef shrimp. Evolution 50:360-373. 1996 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Hill, J. M., P. F. Alewood, and D. J. Craik. 1996. Three-dimensional solution structure of μ-conotoxin GIIIB, a specific blocker of skeletal muscle sodium channels. Biochemistry 35:8824-8835. 1996 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Snails & Conch
Opitz, S. 1996. Trophic Interactions in Caribbean Coral Reefs. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. 1996 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Primary Production; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Taylor, J. G. 1996. Seasonal occurrence, distribution and movements of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 47:637-642. 1996 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Molluscs; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Zann, L. P. 1996. The state of the Marine Environment Report for Australia (SOMER): Process, findings and perspectives. Ocean and Coastal Management 33:63-86. 1996 Global; Australia Invasive Species; Littering; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Dullo, W.-C., M. Gektidis, S. Golubic, G. A. Heiss, H. Kampmann, W. Kiene, D. K. Kroll, M. L. Kuhrau, G. Radtke, J. G. Reijmer, G. B. Reinicke, D. Schlichter, H. Schuhmacher, and K. Vogel. 1995. Factors controlling holocene reef growth: An interdisciplinary approach. Facies 32:145-188. 1995 Global; Bahamas; Egypt; Sudan; Djibouti Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Evans, S. M., M. Dawson, J. Day, C. L. J. Frid, M. E. Gill, L. A. Pattisina, and J. Porter. 1995. Domestic waste and TBT pollution in coastal areas of Ambon Island (Eastern Indonesia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:109-115. 1995 Indonesia Fish; Littering; Snails & Conch
Johnson, M. S. and R. L. Cumming. 1995. Genetic distinctness of three widespread and morphologically variable species of Drupella (Gastropoda, Muricidae). Coral Reefs 14:71-78. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan Snails & Conch
Lewy, Z. 1995. Hypothetical endosymbiontic zooxanthellae in rudists are not needed to explain their ecological niches and thick shells in comparison with hermatypic corals. Cretaceous Research 16:25-37. 1995 Middle East Algae; Bivalves; Octocoral; Salinity; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Beuret, J. and J. C. Pearson. 1994. Description of a new zygocercous cercaria (Opisthorchioidea: Heterophyidae) from prosobranch gastropods collected at Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) and a review of zygocercariae. Systematic Parasitology 27:105-125. 1994 Australia Review Fish; Snails & Conch
Black, R. and M. S. Johnson. 1994. Growth rates in outbreak populations of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus (Roding 1798) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Coral Reefs 13:145-150. 1994 Australia Snails & Conch
Fautin, D. G., D. J. Futuyma, and F. C. James. 1994. Annual review of ecology and systematic. Volume 25. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1994 Review; Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Whales & Dolphins
Greb, S. E. 1994. The fossil beds of the Falls of the Ohio in Kentucky & Indiana. Rocks & Minerals 69:170-175. 1994 India Echinoderms; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fish; Snails & Conch
Hearty, P. J. and H. L. Vacher. 1994. Quaternary stratigraphy of Bermuda: A high-resolution pre-Sangamonian rock record. Quaternary Science Reviews 13:685-697. 1994 Bermuda Model; GIS & Maps Climate; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level
Holborn, K., M. S. Johnson, and R. Black. 1994. Population genetics of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Coral Reefs 13:33-39. 1994 Australia Plankton; Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. 1994. Coral-eating snail Drupella cornus population increases in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Marine Ecology Progress Series 115:131-138. 1994 Kenya Snails & Conch
Richards, A. H., L. J. Bell, and J. D. Bell. 1994. Inshore fisheries resources of Solomon Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:90-98. 1994 Solomon Islands Aquaculture; Echinoderms; Fish; Fishing Sector; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting
Turner, S. J. 1994. Spatial variability in the abundance of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus. Coral Reefs 13:41-48. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Turner, S. J. 1994. The biology and population outbreaks of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella on Indo-Pacific reefs. Pages 461-530 Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review. Vol. 32. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Marshall Islands; Philippines Review Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Snails & Conch
Johnson, M. S., K. Holborn, and R. Black. 1993. Fine-scale patchiness and genetic heterogeneity of recruits of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus. Marine Biology 117:91-96. 1993 Australia Plankton; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Landing, E. 1993. In situ earliest Cambrian tube worms and the oldest metazoan- constructed biostrome (Placentian Series, southeastern Newfoundland). Journal of Paleontology 67:333-342. 1993 Marine Worms; Snails & Conch
Nowlis, J. P. 1993. Mate- and oviposition-influenced host preferences in the coral- feeding snail Cyphoma gibbosum. Ecology 74:1959-1969. 1993 Octocoral; Snails & Conch
Schroeter, S. C., J. D. Dixon, J. Kastendiek, R. O. Smith, and J. R. Bence. 1993. Detecting the ecological effects of environmental impacts: a case study of kelp forest invertebrates. Ecological Applications 3:331-350. 1993 Discharges; Octocoral; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Substrate
Burrows, M. T. 1992. Ontogenetic changes in foraging behaviour of the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155:199-212. 1992 Snails & Conch
Hearty, P. J., H. L. Vacher, and R. M. Mitterer. 1992. Aminostratigraphy and ages of Pleistocene limestones of Bermuda. Geological Society of America Bulletin 104:471-480. 1992 Bermuda Model Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. Muthiga. 1992. Comparative sampling methods for subtidal epibenthic gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 164:87-101. 1992 Florida Index or Indicator Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Oda, S. 1992. Prehistoric culture in the region washed by the Kuroshio Current. Quaternary Research (Tokyo) 31:409-420. 1992 Japan; Taiwan Finfish Harvest; Snails & Conch
Schumacher, Helmut. 1992. Impact of some corallivorus snails on stony corals in the Red Sea. Pages 840-5, in Proceedings of the 7th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1992 Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Stoner, A. W. and V. J. Sandt. 1992. Population structure, seasonal movements and feeding of queen conch, Strombus gigas, in deep-water habitats of the Bahamas. Bulletin of Marine Science 51:287-300. 1992 Bahamas Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Soong, K. and J.-L. Chen. 1991. Population structure and sex-change in the coral-inhabiting snail Coralliophila violacea at Hsiao-Liuchiu, Taiwan. Marine Biology 111:81-86. 1991 Taiwan Snails & Conch
Fairweather, P. G. 1990. Is predation capable of interacting with other community processes on rocky reefs? Australian Journal of Ecology 15:453-464. 1990 Algae; Snails & Conch
Garrity, S. D. and S. C. Levings. 1990. Effects of an oil spill on the gastropods of a tropical intertidal reef flat. Marine Environmental Research 30:119-153. 1990 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Molluscs; Petroleum Spills; Snails & Conch
Hayes, J. A. 1990. Distribution, movement and impact of the corallivorous gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) on a Panamanian patch reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 142:25-43. 1990 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Hayes, J. A. 1990. Prey preference in a Caribbean corallivore, Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) (Gastropoda, Coralliophilidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 47:557-560. 1990 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Kazmer, M. 1990. Birth, life and death of the Pannonian Lake. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79:171-188. 1990 Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Molluscs; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Beets, J. 1989. Experimental evaluation of fish recruitment to combinations of fish aggregating devices and benthic artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:973-983. 1989 US Virgin Islands Artificial Habitat; Fish; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Bouchet, P. 1989. A marginellid gastropod parasitizes sleeping fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 45:76-84. 1989 New Caledonia Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch
Tertschnig, W. P. 1989. Diel activity patterns and foraging dynamics of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus in a tropical seagrass community and a reef environment (Virgin Islands). Marine Ecology 10:21-Mar. 1989 US Virgin Islands Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Wicklund Robert, I. 1988. Field research programs at the Caribbean Marine Research Center - national undersea research program. Pages 119-122 in [No source information available]. 1988 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Snails & Conch
Cocke, J. M., T. R. Berkland, and H. E. Ward. 1987. Orientation of small macrofossils for thin sectioning. Journal of Geological Education 35:86-89. 1987 Echinoderms; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Morelock, JA CK. 1987. Beach Sand Budget For Western Puerto Rico. Pages 1333-1345 in [No source information available]. 1987 Puerto Rico Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schmitt, R. J. 1987. Indirect interactions between prey: apparent competition, predator aggregation, and habit segregation. Ecology 68:1887-1897. 1987 Bivalves; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch
Berner, T., A. Wishkovsky, and Z. Dubinsky. 1986. Endozoic algae in shelled gastropods - a new symbiotic association in coral reefs? - I. Photosynthetically active zooxanthellae in Strombus tricornis. Coral Reefs 5:103-106. 1986 Cuba Algae; Snails & Conch; Zooxanthellae
Berner, T., A. Wishkovsky, and Z. Dubinsky. 1986. Endozoic algae in shelled gastropods - a new symbiotic association in coral reefs? - II. Survey of distribution of endozoic algae in Red Sea snails. Coral Reefs 5:107-109. 1986 Algae; Snails & Conch
Boucher, L. M. 1986. Coral predation by muricid gastropods of the genus Drupella at Enewetak, Marshall Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 38:11-Sep. 1986 Marshall Islands Snails & Conch
Pisera, A. 1985. Paleoecology and lithogenesis of the Middle Miocene (Badenian) algal-vermetid reefs from the Roztocze Hills, south-eastern Poland. Acta Geologica Polonica 35:89-155. 1985 Poland Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Salinity; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Schmitt, R. J. 1985. Competitive interactions of two mobile prey species in a patchy environment. Ecology 66:950-958. 1985 Model Snails & Conch
Chilton, N. B. and C. M. Bull. 1984. Influence of predation by a crab on the distribution of the size-groups of three intertidal gastropods in South Australia. Marine Biology 83:163-169. 1984 Australia Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Snails & Conch
Rylaarsdam, K. W. 1983. Life histories and abundance patterns of colonial corals on Jamaican reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13:249-260. 1983 Jamaica Marine Worms; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Tunnicliffe, V. 1983. Caribbean staghorn coral populations: pre- Hurricane Allen conditions in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 33:132-151. 1983 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Ayal, Y. and U. N. Safriel. 1982. Role of competition and predation in determining habitat occupancy of Cerithiidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) on the rocky, intertidal, Red Sea coasts of Sinai. Marine Biology 70:305-316. 1982 China Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Snails & Conch
Brawley, S. H. and W. H. Adey. 1982. Coralliophilia abbreviata: a significant corallivore. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:595-599. 1982 Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Hotchkiss, F. H. C. 1982. Ophiuroidea ( Echinodermata) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: structure and communities 387-412. 1982 South & Central America; Belize; China Echinoderms; Snails & Conch
Taraschewski, H. and I. Paperna. 1982. Trematode infections in Pirenella conica in three sites of a mangrove lagoon in Sinai. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 67:165-173. 1982 Fish; Mangroves; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Heslinga, G. A. and A. Hillmann. 1981. Hatchery culture of the commercial top snail Trochus niloticus in Palau, Caroline Islands. Aquaculture 22:35-43. 1981 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau Algae; Light; Seawater Flow; Snails & Conch
Rohde, K. 1981. Population dynamics of two snail species, Planaxis sulcatus and Cerithium moniliferum, and their trematode species at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Oecologia 49:344-352. 1981 Australia Snails & Conch
Snyder, C. C. 1980. Hermaphroditism. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 7:179-196. 1980 Lab Study Algae; Snails & Conch
May, J. A. and R. D. Perkins. 1979. Endolithic infestation of carbonate substrates below the sediment- water interface. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49:357-378. 1979 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize Sediment; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Rohde, K. 1977. The bird schistosome Austrobilharzia terrigalensis from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 52:39-51. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Snails & Conch
Steudler, P. A., F. J. Schmitz, and L. S. Ciereszko. 1977. Chemistry of coelenterates. Sterol composition of some predator prey pairs on coral reefs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 56:385-392. 1977 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Snails & Conch; Zooxanthellae
Taylor, J. D. 1976. Habitats, abundance and diets of Muricacean gastropods at Aldabra Atoll. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 59:155-193. 1976 Marine Worms; Snails & Conch; Substrate
Rohde, K. and R. Sandland. 1975. Factors influencing clustering in the intertidal snail Cerithium moniliferum. Marine Biology 30:203-215. 1975 Australia Snails & Conch
Chan, G. L. 1973. A Study Of The Effects Of The San Francisco Oil Spill On Marine Organisms [Proceedings Of Joint Conference On Prevention And Control Of Oil Spills]. Pages 741-782 AMER.PETROL.INST.PUBL. 1973 Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Petroleum Spills; Snails & Conch
Ott, B. and J. B. Lewis. 1972. The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamark) and the plychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50:1651-1656. 1972 Marine Worms; Snails & Conch
Bonney, T. G. 1890. Coral reefs - Snail burrows [2]. Nature 42:147-148. 1890 Snails & Conch
Becker, E. L., E. E. Cordes, S. A. Macko, and C. R. Fisher. Importance of seep primary production to Lophelia pertusa and associated fauna in the Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers South & Central America; Mexico Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Snails & Conch

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Bivalve Aquaculture Biofouling Control These management options reduce, clean or remove biofouling organisms and other waste from bivalve production areas while minimizing environmental risk. Aquaculture shellfish production requires adequate food availability and water of dependable quantity and quality. Aquaculture operations and gear must have a minimal adverse impact on the surrounding water, plant, animal and human resources. Biofouling is detrimental to shellfish production, increasing exposure to pathogens, reducing the available food stuffs, and increasing organic loading. Only environmentally appropriate biofoul control methods should be used, and fouling organisms and algae should be disposed of appropriately to avoid local degradation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA.

Algae; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Domestic Animal Waste; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Improved Technology; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Octopus & Squid; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Snails & Conch; Supplemental Feeding
Monitor & Research: Research Queen Conch Reproduction and Restoration Inshore Queen Conch may be experiencing reproductive failure. Research on various snails in other parts of the world has shown that snails are susceptible to endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic contaminants. This activity will determine the cause of reproductive failure, possibly by endocrine disruption, of queen conch in reef areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Applied Chemicals; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants; Snails & Conch; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Queen Conch Restoration Activities Volunteers assist with raising juvenile queen conchs at a hatchery located at Keys Marine Lab through this volunteer program. They also locate and tag wild, adult conchs for population and reproduction studies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Social Organizations
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restoration: Transplant Queen Conch from inshore to offshore environments Scientists have determined that moving queen conch from non-reproductive, inshore environments to reproductive, offshore environments is a cost-effective method for increasing reproductive output. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Responses; Snails & Conch

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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