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ReefLink Database

Seawater Flow

Seawater Flow

Seawater flow reflects circulation patterns, currents, and wave action that move water throughout the ocean and towards the coastline.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Anemones & zooanthids are cnidarians very similar to coral, but are not characteristic reef builders. Civil Engineering and Construction specializes in the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings and homes, roads, utility lines, and ports. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea temperature is a measure of the warmth of ocean waters, and depends on water depth, solar radiation, water circulation patterns, and atmospheric temperatures. Seawater flow reflects circulation patterns, currents, and wave action that move water throughout the ocean and towards the coastline. Sediment includes dirt, sand, silt, clay, and small rocks that form soil on land or soft substrate in marine habitats, and may be transported by water, wind, or human activities. Shoreline armoring is the construction of bulkheads, seawalls, riprap or any other structure used to harden a shoreline against erosion. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Storms and hurricanes are periodic events of high precipitation, winds, wave action, and flooding that can potentially cause damage to reef habitat, property, or human lives. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Toxics are chemical pollutants that are poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful to humans, plants, or animals. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. Tunicates, or Waterborne discharges include direct and indirect discharges of pollutants into the aquatic environment, including chemicals, nutrients, sediment, and pathogens. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

Human activities that alter the landscape, including shoreline armoring and impervious surfaces, can alter surface and groundwater flow, causing freshwater discharge into coastal waters, and altering patterns of seawater flow. Seawater flow and circulation patterns influence sea surface temperature levels and alter the concentration and distribution of contaminants. Seawater circulation also influences the transport and recruitment of passive larvae and mobile adults, and ultimately the connectivity among marine aquatic populations. Coral reefs and wetlands can also alter seawater flow through wave energy attenuation, providing calm waters that may enhance recruitment of larval fish and invertebrates, in additional to protecting coastal communities from flooding or erosion. Water flow patterns can be monitored and mapped to better understand connectivity among populations, or potential patterns of contaminant distribution. Landuse or hydrological management can be implemented to minimize alterations to water flow patterns. Many of the same socio-economic sectors, such as transportation, civil engineering, and construction that create pressures on the reef also benefit from reef goods and services, such as shoreline protection or recreational opportunities that contribute to the cultural identity of the local community.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Banerjee, P; Singh, VS. 2011. Optimization of pumping rate and recharge through numerical modeling with special reference to small coral island aquifer. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36:1363-1372. 2011 India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharges; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Campbell, JE; Fourqurean, JW. 2011. Novel methodology for in situ carbon dioxide enrichment of benthic ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9:97-109. 2011 Florida Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Seawater Flow
Duckworth, AR; Wolff, CW. 2011. Population dynamics and growth of two coral reef sponges on rock and rubble substrates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 402:49-55. 2011 Australia Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Gardner, JPA; Garton, DW; Collen, JD. 2011. Near-surface mixing and pronounced deep-water stratification in a compartmentalised, human-disturbed atoll lagoon system. Coral Reefs 30:271-282. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palmyra Atoll Climate; Military; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Goldenheim, WM; Edmunds, PJ. 2011. Effects of Flow and Temperature on Growth and Photophysiology of Scleractinian Corals in Moorea, French Polynesia. Biological Bulletin 221:270-279. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Climate; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Zooxanthellae
Hernandez-Terrones, L; Rebolledo-Vieyra, M; Merino-Ibarra, M; Soto, M; Le-Cossec, A; Monroy-Rios, E. 2011. Groundwater Pollution in a Karstic Region (NE Yucatan): Baseline Nutrient Content and Flux to Coastal Ecosystems. Water Air And Soil Pollution 218:517-528. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Hoogenboom, MO; Connolly, SR; Anthony, KRN. 2011. Biotic and abiotic correlates of tissue quality for common scleractinian corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 438:119-U143. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Jimenez, IM; Kuhl, M; Larkum, AWD; Ralph, PJ. 2011. Effects of flow and colony morphology on the thermal boundary layer of corals. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8:1785-1795. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Johansen, JL; Jones, GP. 2011. Increasing ocean temperature reduces the metabolic performance and swimming ability of coral reef damselfishes. Global Change Biology 17:2971-2979. 2011 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lough, JM. 2011. Measured coral luminescence as a freshwater proxy: comparison with visual indices and a potential age artefact. Coral Reefs 30:169-182. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; India Index or Indicator Climate; Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, TR; Huntington, BE; Cokos, B. 2011. Coral responses to macroalgal reduction and fisheries closure on Caribbean patch reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:89-102. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
O'Leary, JK; Potts, DC. 2011. Using hierarchical sampling to understand scales of spatial variation in early coral recruitment. Coral Reefs 30:1013-1023. 2011 Kenya Model Fish; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Orejas, C; Ferrier-Pages, C; Reynaud, S; Gori, A; Beraud, E; Tsounis, G; Allemand, D; Gili, JM. 2011. Long-term growth rates of four Mediterranean cold-water coral species maintained in aquaria. Marine Ecology Progress Series 429:57-65. 2011 Salinity; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Schutter, M; Kranenbarg, S; Wijffels, RH; Verreth, J; Osinga, R. 2011. Modification of light utilization for skeletal growth by water flow in the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis. Marine Biology 158:769-777. 2011 Cuba Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Starczak, V; Perez-Brunius, P; Levine, HE; Gyory, J; Pineda, J. 2011. The Role Of Season And Salinity In Influencing Barnacle Distributions In Two Adjacent Coastal Mangrove Lagoons. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:275-299. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Mangroves; Salinity; Seawater Flow
Zhang, ZL; Lowe, R; Falter, J; Ivey, G. 2011. A numerical model of wave- and current-driven nutrient uptake by coral reef communities. Ecological Modelling 222:1456-1470. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Bratton, J. F. 2010. The Three Scales of Submarine Groundwater Flow and Discharge across Passive Continental Margins. Journal of Geology 118:565-575. 2010 Discharges; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Carpenter, L. W., M. R. Patterson, and E. S. Bromage. 2010. Water flow influences the spatiotemporal distribution of heat shock protein 70 within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) following heat stress: Implications for coral bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 387:52-59. 2010 Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Comte, J. C., O. Banton, J. L. Join, and G. Cabioch. 2010. Evaluation of effective groundwater recharge of freshwater lens in small islands by the combined modeling of geoelectrical data and water heads. Water Resources Research 46:W06601. 2010 Model Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davies, A. J., G. C. A. Duineveld, T. C. E. van Weering, F. Mienis, A. M. Quattrini, H. E. Seim, J. M. Bane, and S. W. Ross. 2010. Short-term environmental variability in cold-water coral habitat at Viosca Knoll, Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57:199-212. 2010 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Plankton; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Stony Coral
Edmunds, P. J. and H. S. Lenihan. 2010. Effect of sub-lethal damage to juvenile colonies of massive Porites spp. under contrasting regimes of temperature and water flow. Marine Biology 157:887-897. 2010 Cuba Corallivorous Fish; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Gecek, S. and T. Legovic. 2010. Towards carrying capacity assessment for aquaculture in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines: A numerical study of tidal circulation. Ecological Modelling 221:1394-1412. 2010 Global; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Aquaculture; Fish; Nutrients; Seawater Flow
Harrison, P. A., M. Vandewalle, M. T. Sykes, P. M. Berry, R. Bugter, F. de Bello, C. K. Feld, U. Grandin, R. Harrington, J. R. Haslett, R. H. G. Jongman, G. W. Luck, P. M. da Silva, M. Moora, J. Settele, J. P. Sousa, and M. Zobel. 2010. Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2791-2821. 2010 Europe Review Agriculture; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Non-Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Provisioning Services; Recreational Opportunities; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Koehl, M. A. R. and M. G. Hadfield. 2010. Hydrodynamics of Larval Settlement from a Larva's Point of View. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:539-551. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Seawater Flow
Omori, A., A. Kitamura, K. Fujita, K. Honda, and N. Yamamoto. 2010. Reconstruction of light conditions within a submarine cave during the past 7000 years based on the temporal and spatial distribution of algal symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifers. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292:443-452. 2010 Japan Seawater Flow; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Schutter, M., J. Crocker, A. Paijmans, M. Janse, R. Osinga, A. J. Verreth, and R. H. Wijffels. 2010. The effect of different flow regimes on the growth and metabolic rates of the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis. Coral Reefs DOI10.1007/s00338-010-0617-2. 2010 Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Sheppard, C., M. Al-Husiani, F. Al-Jamali, F. Al-Yamani, R. Baldwin, J. Bishop, F. Benzoni, E. Dutrieux, N. K. Dulvy, S. R. V. Durvasula, D. A. Jones, R. Loughland, D. Medio, M. Nithyanandan, G. M. Pilling, I. Polikarpov, A. R. G. Price, S. Purkis, B. Riegl, and M. Saburova. 2010. The Gulf: A young sea in decline. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:13-38. 2010 Review Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
STEWART-KOSTER, B., S. E. BUNN, S. J . MACKAY, N. L. POFF, R. J. NAIMAN, AND P. S. LAKE. 2010. The use of Bayesian networks to guide investments in flow and catchment restoration for impaired river ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 55:243-260. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Zawada, D. G., G. A. Piniak, and C. J. Hearn. 2010. Topographic complexity and roughness of a tropical benthic seascape. Geophysical Research Letters 37:L14604. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Substrate
Bay, L. K., H. B. Nielsen, H. Jarmer, F. Seneca, and M. J. H. van Oppen. 2009. Transcriptomic variation in a coral reveals pathways of clonal organisation. Marine Genomics 2:119-125. 2009 Light; Pathogens; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Bernard, P.-E., J.-F. Remacle, and V. Legat. 2009. Boundary discretization for high-order discontinuous Galerkin computations of tidal flows around shallow water islands. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 59:535-557. 2009 Australia Model Seawater Flow
Clarke, R. D., C. M. Finelli, and E. J. Buskey. 2009. Water flow controls distribution and feeding behavior of two co-occurring coral reef fishes: II. Laboratory experiments. Coral Reefs 14-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Hydrologic Management; Plankton; Seawater Flow
Cornelisen, C. D. and F. I. M. Thomas. 2009. Prediction and validation of flow-dependent uptake of ammonium over a seagrass-hardbottom community in Florida Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 386:71-81. 2009 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral
DeMartini, E. E., B. J. Zgliczynski, R. C. Boland, and A. M. Friedlander. 2009. Influences of wind-wave exposure on the distribution and density of recruit reef fishes at Kure and Pearl and Hermes Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85:319-332. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral
Finelli, C. M., R. D. Clarke, H. E. Robinson, and E. J. Buskey. 2009. Water flow controls distribution and feeding behavior of two co-occurring coral reef fishes: I. Field measurements. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Hydrologic Management; Plankton; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection
Guilderson, T. P., S. Fallon, M. D. Moore, D. P. Schrag, and C. D. Charles. 2009. Seasonally resolved surface water Delta C-14 variability in the Lombok Strait: A coralline perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 114:C07029. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Hoogenboom, M. O. and S. R. Connolly. 2009. Defining fundamental niche dimensions of corals: Synergistic effects of colony size, light, and flow. Ecology 90:767-780. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Mari, L., C. Biotto, A. Decoene, and L. Bonaventura. 2009. A coupled ecological-hydrodynamic model for the spatial distribution of sessile aquatic species in thermally forced basins. Ecological Modelling 220:2310-2324. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maurer, H., S. Friedel, and D. Jaeggi. 2009. Characterization of a coastal aquifer using seismic and geoelectric borehole methods. Near Surface Geophysics 7:353-366. 2009 Spain Model Forestry; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Prouty, N. G., S. D. Jupiter, M. E. Field, and M. T. McCulloch. 2009. Coral proxy record of decadal-scale reduction in base flow from Moloka'i, Hawaii. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10:Q12018. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Agriculture; Climate; Discharges; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Yamamoto, N., A. Kitamura, A. Ohmori, Y. Morishima, T. Toyofuku, and S. Ohashi. 2009. Long-term changes in sediment type and cavernicolous bivalve assemblages in Daidokutsu submarine cave, Okinawa Islands: evidence from a new core extending over the past 7,000 years. Coral Reefs 28:967-976. 2009 Japan Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Bruschetti, M., T. Luppi, E. Fanjul, A. Rosenthal, and O. Iribarne. 2008. Grazing effect of the invasive reef-forming polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) on phytoplankton biomass in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 354:212-219. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Seawater Flow
Cochard, R., S. L. Ranamukhaarachchi, G. P. Shivakoti, O. V. Shipin, P. J. Edwards, and K. T. Seeland. 2008. The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:3-40. 2008 Thailand Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Gibson, P. J., J. N. Boyer, and N. P. Smith. 2008. Nutrient mass flux between Florida Bay and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Estuaries and Coasts 31:21-32. 2008 Florida Discharges; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jimenez, I. M., M. Kuhl, A. W. D. Larkum, and P. J. Ralph. 2008. Heat budget and thermal microenvironment of shallow-water corals: Do massive corals get warmer than branching corals? Limnology and Oceanography 53:1548-1561. 2008 Model Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Lundgren, I. and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Variation in Acropora palmata bleaching across benthic zones at Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, USVI) during the 2005 thermal stress event. Bulletin of Marine Science 83:441-451. 2008 US Virgin Islands Marine Protected Areas; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Margolin, C. L. 2008. Use of the coral-sel technique in the study of small scale water flow environments on coral growth. Pages 479-483 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2008 Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Miller, R. J. and R. J. Etter. 2008. Shading facilitates sessile invertebrate dominance in the Rocky Subtidal Gulf of Maine. Ecology 89:452-462. 2008 Algae; Light; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Substrate
Motta, P. J., R. E. Hueter, T. C. Tricas, A. P. Summers, D. R. Huber, D. Lowry, K. R. Mara, M. P. Matott, L. B. Whitenack, and A. P. Wintzer. 2008. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus, feeding constraints, and suction performance in the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum. Journal of Morphology 269:1041-1055. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Seawater Flow; Substrate
Suzuki, A., T. Nakamura, H. Yamasaki, K. Minoshima, and H. Kawahata. 2008. Influence of water flow on skeletal isotopic composition in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 27:209-218. 2008 Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Carpenter, L. W. and M. R. Patterson. 2007. Water flow influences the distribution of photosynthetic efficiency within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786); implications for coral bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 351:26-Oct. 2007 Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Duineveld, G. C. A., M. S. S. Lavaleye, M. J. N. Bergman, H. De Stigter, and F. Mienis. 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:449-467. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Seawater Flow; Tunicates
Finelli, C. M., B. S. Helmuth, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. 2007. Intracolony variability in photosynthesis by corals is affected by water flow: Role of oxygen flux. Marine Ecology Progress Series 349:103-110. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Johansen, J. L., C. J. Fulton, and D. R. Bellwood. 2007. Avoiding the flow: Refuges expand the swimming potential of coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 26:577-583. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lough, J. M. 2007. Tropical river flow and rainfall reconstructions from coral luminescence: Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Paleoceanography 22. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, C. A. Muhando, J. Maina, and M. S. Mohammed. 2007. Effects of climate and seawater temperature variation on coral bleaching and mortality. Ecological Monographs 77:503-525. 2007 Indian Ocean; Kenya; Comoros; Madagascar; India Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McCreary, J. P., T. Miyama, R. Furue, T. Jensen, H.-W. Kang, B. Bang, and T. Qu. 2007. Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Progress in Oceanography 75:70-114. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Seawater Flow
Mehta, R. S. and P. C. Wainwright. 2007. Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology 210:495-504. 2007 Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Seawater Flow
Narayan, K. A., C. Schleeberger, and K. L. Bristow. 2007. Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area, North Queensland, Australia. Agricultural Water Management 89:217-228. 2007 Australia Model Agriculture; Irrigation; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water
Ribes, M. and M. J. Atkinson. 2007. Effects of water velocity on picoplankton uptake by coral reef communities. Coral Reefs 26:413-421. 2007 Bivalves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Robinson, H. E., C. M. Finelli, and E. J. Buskey. 2007. The turbulent life of copepods: Effects of water flow over a coral reef on their ability to detect and evade predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 349:171-181. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith, L. W. and C. Birkeland. 2007. Effects of intermittent flow and irradiance level on back reef Porites corals at elevated seawater temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 341:282-294. 2007 Samoa; American Samoa Complex Habitat & Resources; Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Badgley, B. D., F. Lipschultz, and K. P. Sebens. 2006. Nitrate uptake by the reef coral Diploria strigosa: Effects of concentration, water flow, and irradiance. Marine Biology 149:327-338. 2006 Bermuda Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Bales, J. D., S. A. Tomlinson, and G. Tillis. 2006. Flow and salt transport in the Suwannee River Estuary, Florida, 1999-2000: Analysis of data and three-dimensional simulations. US Geological Survey Professional Paper Jan-66. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Enriquez, S. and A. Rodriguez-Roman. 2006. Effect of water flow on the photosynthesis of three marine macrophytes from a fringing-reef lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 323:119-132. 2006 Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Light; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow
Fabricius, K. E. 2006. Effects of irradiance, flow, and colony pigmentation on the temperature microenvironment around corals: Implications for coral bleaching? Limnology and Oceanography 51:30-37. 2006 Light; Nutrients; Seawater Flow
Finelli, C. M., B. S. T. Helmuth, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. 2006. Water flow influences oxygen transport and photosynthetic efficiency in corals. Coral Reefs 25:47-57. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Flemer, D. A. and M. A. Champ. 2006. What is the future fate of estuaries given nutrient over-enrichment, freshwater diversion and low flows? Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:247-258. 2006 Discharges; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Wetlands
Hohenegger, J. 2006. The importance of symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera for West Pacific carbonate beach environments. Marine Micropaleontology 61:Apr-39. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Japan Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Seawater Flow; Substrate
Omori, M., H. Kubo, K. Kajiwara, H. Matsumoto, and A. Watanuki. 2006. Rapid recruitment of corals on top shell snail aquaculture structures. Coral Reefs 25:280. 2006 Algae; Aquaculture; Fleshy Macroalgae; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate
Scott-Holland, T. B., S. M. Bennett, and M. B. Bennett. 2006. Distribution of an asymmetrical copepod, Hatschekia plectropomi, on the gills of Plectropomus leopardus. Journal of Fish Biology 68:222-235. 2006 Fish; Seawater Flow
Stewart, H. L. 2006. Morphological variation and phenotypic plasticity of buoyancy in the macroalga Turbinaria ornata across a barrier reef. Marine Biology 149:721-730. 2006 Algae; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Watanabe, A., H. Kayanne, H. Hata, S. Kudo, K. Nozaki, K. Kato, A. Negishi, Y. Ikeda, and H. Yamano. 2006. Analysis of the seawater CO2 system in the barrier reef-lagoon system of Palau using total alkalinity-dissolved inorganic carbon diagrams. Limnology and Oceanography 51:1614-1628. 2006 Palau CO2; Primary Production; Seawater Flow
Flood, V. S., J. M. Pitt, and S. R. Smith. 2005. Historical and ecological analysis of coral communities in Castle Harbour (Bermuda) after more than a century of environmental perturbation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:545-557. 2005 Bermuda Review Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kibler, S. R., M. A. Faust, M. W. Vandersea, S. M. Varnam, R. W. Litaker, and P. A. Tester. 2005. Water column structure and circulation in the Main Channel, Twin Cays, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin 133-156. 2005 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, R. Moothien-Pillay, and A. C. Baker. 2005. Effects of geography, taxa, water flow, and temperature variation on coral bleaching intensity in Mauritius. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298:131-142. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Climate; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Nakamura, T., R. Van Woesik, and H. Yamasaki. 2005. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis is reduced by water flow in the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series 301:109-118. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Stieglitz, T. 2005. Submarine groundwater discharge into the near-shore zone of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:51-59. 2005 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Mangroves; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ulstrup, K. E., R. Hill, and P. J. Ralph. 2005. Photosynthetic impact of hypoxia on in hospite zooxanthellae in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 286:125-132. 2005 Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Van Woesik, R., T. Nakamura, H. Yamasaki, and C. Sheppard. 2005. Comment on 'Effects of geography, taxa, water flow, and temperature variation on coral bleaching intensity in Mauritius' (McClanahan et al. 2005). Marine Ecology Progress Series 305:297-299. 2005 Mauritius Seawater Flow
De Wet, C. B., H. M. Frey, S. B. Gaswirth, C. I. Mora, M. Rahnis, and C. R. Bruno. 2004. Origin of meter-scale submarine cavities and herringbone calcite cement in a Cambrian microbial reef, Ledger Formation (U.S.A.). Journal of Sedimentary Research 74:914-923. 2004 Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Furushima, Y., H. Yamamoto, T. Maruyama, T. Ohyagi, Y. Yamamura, S. Imanaga, S. Fujishima, Y. Nakazawa, and A. Shimamura. 2004. Necessity of bottom topography measurements in coral reef regions. Pages 930-935 in Ocean '04 - MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04: Bridges across the Oceans - Conference Proceedings. 2004 Japan Seawater Flow
Genovese, S. J. and J. D. Witman. 2004. Wind-mediated diel variation in flow speed in a Jamaican back reef environment: Effects on ecological processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:281-293. 2004 Global; Jamaica Algae; Climate; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Seawater Flow
Otis, D. B., K. L. Carder, D. C. English, and J. E. Ivey. 2004. CDOM transport from the Bahamas Banks. Coral Reefs 23:152-160. 2004 Bahamas Light; Salinity; Seawater Flow
Robbart, M. L., P. Peckol, S. P. Scordilis, H. A. Curran, and J. Brown-Saracino. 2004. Population recovery and differential heat shock protein expression for the corals Agaricia agaricites and A. tenuifolia in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 283:151-160. 2004 South & Central America; Belize Lab Study Seawater Flow; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tunicates
Schwindt, E., O. O. Iribarne, and F. I. Isla. 2004. Physical effects of an invading reef-building polychaete on an Argentinean estuarine environment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 59:109-120. 2004 Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Storlazzi, C. D., A. S. Ogston, M. H. Bothner, M. E. Field, and M. K. Presto. 2004. Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sediment flux across a fringing coral reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. Continental Shelf Research 24:1397-1419. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wild, C., M. Rasheed, U. Werner, U. Franke, R. Johnstone, and M. Huettel. 2004. Degradation and mineralization of coral mucus in reef environments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 267:159-171. 2004 Australia; Cuba Lab Study Seawater Flow; Sediment; Substrate
Altieri, A. H. 2003. Settlement cues in the locally dispersing temperate cup coral Balanophyllia elegans. Biological Bulletin 204:241-245. 2003 Seawater Flow; Substrate
Jones, G. D., P. L. Smart, F. F. Whitaker, B. J. Rostron, and H. G. Machel. 2003. Numerical modeling of reflux dolomitization in the Grosmont platform complex (Upper Devonian), Western Canada sedimentary basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 87:1273-1298. 2003 Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
McDonald, J. I., K. A. McGuinness, and J. N. A. Hooper. 2003. Influence of re-orientation on alignment to flow and tissue production in a Spongia sp. (Porifera:Demospongiae:Dictyoceratida). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 296:13-22. 2003 Aquaculture; Seawater Flow; Sponges
Moore, S. W. 2003. Scrambled eggs: Mechanical forces as ecological factors in early development. Evolution and Development 5:61-66. 2003 Seawater Flow
Nakamura, T., H. Yamasaki, and R. Van Woesik. 2003. Water flow facilitates recovery from bleaching in the coral Stylophora pistillata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256:287-291. 2003 Algae; Light; Seawater Flow; Zooxanthellae
Sebens, K. P., B. Helmuth, E. Carrington, and B. Agius. 2003. Effects of water flow on growth and energetics of the scleractinian coral Agaricia tenuifolia in Belize. Coral Reefs 22:35-47. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Complex Habitat & Resources; Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Drexler, J. Z. and E. W. De Carlo. 2002. Source water partitioning as a means of characterizing hydrologic function in mangroves. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10:103-113. 2002 Micronesia Mangroves; Nutrients; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kamermans, P., M. A. Hemminga, J. F. Tack, M. A. Mateo, N. Marba, M. Mtolera, J. Stapel, A. Verheyden, and T. Van Daele. 2002. Groundwater effects on diversity and abundance of lagoonal seagrasses in Kenya and on Zanzibar Island (East Africa). Marine Ecology Progress Series 231:75-83. 2002 Kenya Model Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kuffner, I. B. 2002. Effects of ultraviolet radiation and water motion on the reef coral, Porites compressa Dana: A transplantation experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 270:147-169. 2002 Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Renken, R. A., W. C. Ward, I. P. Gill, F. Gomez-Gomez, and J. Rodriguez-Martinez. 2002. Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1-139. 2002 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Climate; Discharges; Irrigation; Non-point Source Runoff; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Schrimm, M., S. Heussner, and R. Buscail. 2002. Seasonal variations of downward particle fluxes in front of a reef pass (Moorea Island, French Polynesia). Oceanologica Acta 25:61-70. 2002 Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sponaugle, S., R. K. Cowen, A. Shanks, S. G. Morgan, J. M. Leis, J. Pineda, G. W. Boehlert, M. J. Kingsford, K. C. Lindeman, C. Grimes, and J. L. Munro. 2002. Predicting self-recruitment in marine populations: Biophysical correlates and mechanisms. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:341-375. 2002 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Physical Variables; Seawater Flow
Carleton, J. H., R. Brinkman, and P. J. Doherty. 2001. Zooplankton community structure and water flow in the lee of Helix Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia). Marine Biology 139:705-717. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Plankton; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Glasby, T. M. 2001. Development of sessile marine assemblages on fixed versus moving substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 215:37-47. 2001 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Marine Worms; Seawater Flow; Sponges
Kuffner, I. B. 2001. Effects of ultraviolet radiation and water motion on the reef coral Porites compressa Dana: A flume experiment. Marine Biology 138:467-476. 2001 Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Massel, S. R. and R. M. Brinkman. 2001. Wave-induced set-up and flow over shoals and coral reefs. Part 1. A simplified bottom geometry case. Oceanologia 43:373-388. 2001 Model Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mortensen, P. B. 2001. Aquarium observations on the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa (L., 1758) (Scleractinia) and selected associated invertebrates. Ophelia 54:83-104. 2001 Marine Worms; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Stony Coral
Nakamura, T. and R. Van Woesik. 2001. Water-flow rates and passive diffusion partially explain differential survival of corals during the 1998 bleaching event. Marine Ecology Progress Series 212:301-304. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Algae; Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
River, G. F. and P. J. Edmunds. 2001. Mechanisms of interaction between macroalgae and scleractinians on a coral reef in Jamaica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 261:159-172. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Dustan, P. 2000. Florida Keys. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 405-414. 2000 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Pipelines; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Harbaugh, A. W., E. R. Banta, M. C. Hill, and M. G. McDonald. 2000. MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- User guide to modularization concepts and the Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 2000 Model Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hendler, G. and D. L. Pawson. 2000. Echinoderms of the rhomboidal Cays, Belize: Biodiversity, distribution, and ecology. Atoll Research Bulletin 275-299. 2000 South & Central America; Belize Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Mangroves; Plankton; Seagrasses; Seastars; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Hohenegger, J. 2000. Inferences on sediment production and transport at carbonate beaches using larger foraminifera. Pages 112-125 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Algae; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Substrate; Utility Policies
Jeng, W.-L., C.-F. Dai, and K.-L. Fan. 2000. Taiwan Strait. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 499-512. 2000 China; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Kirkland, D. W., R. E. Denison, and W. E. Dean. 2000. Parent brine of the castile evaporites (Upper Permian), Texas and New Mexico. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70:749-761. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Model Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Leclerc, A.-M., P. Jean-Baptiste, and D. Broc. 2000. Physics of atoll groundwater flow. Mathematical Geology 32:301-317. 2000 Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ramachandran, S. 2000. Southeast India. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 161-173. 2000 India Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fishing Sector; Irrigation; Mangroves; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shyka, T. A. and K. P. Sebens. 2000. Community structure, water column nutrients and water flow in two Pelican Cays ponds, Belize. Atoll Research Bulletin 107-121. 2000 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow
Bailey-Brock, J. H., V. R. Brock, and R. E. Brock. 1999. Intrusion of anchialine species in the marine environment: The appearance of an endemic Hawaiian shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, on the south shore of O'ahu (Hawaiian Islands). Pacific Science 53:367-369. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Barnes, D. K. A. 1999. High diversity of tropical intertidal zone sponges in temperature, salinity and current extremes. African Journal of Ecology 37:424-434. 1999 Mozambique Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Salinity; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sponges
Boyer, J. N., J. W. Fourqurean, and R. D. Jones. 1999. Seasonal and Long-term Trends in the Water Quality of Florida Bay (1989-1997). Estuaries 22:417-430. 1999 Florida Index or Indicator Non-point Source Runoff; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow
Gardella, D. J. and P. J. Edmunds. 1999. The oxygen microenvironment adjacent to the tissue of the scleractinian Dichocoenia stokesii and its effects on symbiont metabolism. Marine Biology 135:289-295. 1999 Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Leclerc, A.-M., P. Jean-Baptiste, D. Texier, and D. Broc. 1999. Density-induced water circulations in atoll coral reefs: A numerical study. Limnology and Oceanography 44:1268-1281. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Nutrients; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Porter, J. W., S. K. Lewis, and K. G. Porter. 1999. The effect of multiple stressors on the Florida Keys coral reef ecosystem: A landscape hypothesis and a physiological test. Limnology and Oceanography 44:941-949. 1999 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Model Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seawater Flow
Richter, C. and M. Wunsch. 1999. Cavity-dwelling suspension feeders in coral reefs - A new link in reef trophodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 188:105-116. 1999 Plankton; Seawater Flow
Ayers, J. F. 1998. Groundwater flow dynamics beneath atoll islands. IAHS-AISH Publication 397-404. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ayukai, T., D. Miller, E. Wolanski, and S. Spagnol. 1998. Fluxes of nutrients and dissolved and particulate organic carbon in two mangrove creeks in northeastern Australia. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2:223-230. 1998 Australia Mangroves; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Broc, D., A. M. Leclerc, and P. Jean-Baptiste. 1998. Lagoon hydrology and groundwater circulations: A computer study. Pages 543-550 in International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, CMWR. 1998 Salinity; Seawater Flow; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hahn, D. R. 1998. Hermit crab shell use patterns: Response to previous shell experience and to water flow. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 228:35-51. 1998 Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seawater Flow
Kirugara, D. 1998. Wave-induced net circulation in a reef fringed lagoon: Bamburi, Kenya. Ambio 27:752-757. 1998 Kenya Model Seawater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kraines, S. B., T. Yanagi, M. Isobe, and H. Komiyama. 1998. Wind-wave driven circulation on the coral reef at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Coral Reefs 17:133-143. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Seawater Flow
Maldonado, M. and C. M. Young. 1998. Limits on the bathymetric distribution of keratose sponges: A field test in deep water. Marine Ecology Progress Series 174:123-139. 1998 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Cyanobacteria; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Seawater Flow; Sponges
McGehee, M. A. 1998. Comparisons of water motion in coral reefs by measuring corrosion rates of dissimilar metals. Caribbean Journal of Science 34:286-297. 1998 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Seawater Flow
Rohling, E. J., M. Fenton, F. J. Jorissen, P. Bertrand, G. Ganssen, and J. P. Caulet. 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 394:162-165. 1998 Global Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sebens, K. P., S. P. Grace, B. Helmuth, E. J. Maney Jr., and J. S. Miles. 1998. Water flow and prey capture by three scleractinian corals, Madracis mirabilis, Montastrea cavernoss and Porites porites in a field enclosure. Marine Biology 131:347-360. 1998 Jamaica Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Plankton; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Vandenspiegel, D., I. Eeckhaut, and M. Jangoux. 1998. Host selection by Synalpheus stimpsoni (De Man), an ectosymbiotic shrimp of comatulid crinoids, inferred by a field survey and laboratory experiments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225:185-196. 1998 Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seawater Flow
Whitaker, F. F. and P. L. Smart. 1998. Hydrology, geochemistry and diagenesis of fracture blue holes, South Andros, Bahamas. Cave and Karst Science 25:75-82. 1998 Bahamas Index or Indicator Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Microorganisms; Primary Production; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williams, S. L. and R. C. Carpenter. 1998. Effects of unidirectional and oscillatory water flow on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in coral reef algal turfs, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 226:293-316. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Primary Production; Seawater Flow
Yamanouchi, H. 1998. Sandy sediment distribution on coral reefs and beaches at several islands of the Ryukyu Island Arc. Geographical Review of Japan, Series B 71:72-82. 1998 Beaches & Nature Parks; Seawater Flow; Sediment
[No author name available]. 1997. Proceedings of the 1998 30th Offshore Technology Conference, OTC. Part 3 (of 4). in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1997 Pipelines; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes
Foyle, T. P., J. D. Bell, M. Gervis, and I. Lane. 1997. Survival and growth of juvenile fluted giant clams, Tridacna squamosa, in large-scale grow-out trials in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture 148:85-104. 1997 Solomon Islands Aquaculture; Housing; Seawater Flow
Gillieson, D. 1997. Slope form and soil properties in polygonal karst, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 108:49-62. 1997 Papua New Guinea Rate functions Seawater Flow
Heidelberg, K.B., K.B. Sebens, and J.E. Purcell. 1997. Effects of prey escape behavior and water flow on prey capture by the Scleractinian coral, Meandrina meandrites. Pages 1081-6 in Proceedings of the 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1997 Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Helmuth, B. S. T., K. P. Sebens, and T. L. Daniel. 1997. Morphological variation in coral aggregations: Branch spacing and mass flux to coral tissues. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209:233-259. 1997 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Light; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Jokiel, P. L., M. P. Lesser, and M. E. Ondrusek. 1997. UV-absorbing compounds in the coral Pocillopora damicornis: Interactive effects of UV radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, and water flow. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1468-1473. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Kingsford, M. and M. Finn. 1997. The influence of phase of the moon and physical processes on the input of presettlement fishes to coral reefs. Journal of Fish Biology 51:176-205. 1997 Australia Model Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Physical Variables; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kraines, S., Y. Suzuki, T. Omori, K. Shitashima, S. Kanahara, and H. Komiyama. 1997. Carbonate dynamics of the coral reef system at Bora Bay, Miyako Island. Marine Ecology Progress Series 156:16-Jan. 1997 CO2; Salinity; Seawater Flow
Sebens, K. P., J. Witting, and B. Helmuth. 1997. Effects of water flow and branch spacing on particle capture by the reef coral Madracis mirabills (Duchassaing and Michelotti). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 211:28-Jan. 1997 Jamaica Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Light; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sebens, Kenneth P. 1997. Adaptive responses to water flow: morphology, energetics, and distribution of reef corals. Pages 1053-8 in Proceedings of the 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1997 Seawater Flow
Barker, R. A. and A. F. Ardis. 1996. Hydrogeologic framework of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system, west-central Texas. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1996 Oman GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Discharges; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Molcard, R., M. Fieux, and A. G. Ilahude. 1996. The Indo-Pacific throughflow in the Timor Passage. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 101:12411-12420. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Seawater Flow
Rostron, B. J. and J. Toth. 1996. Ascending fluid plumes above devonian pinnacle reefs: Numerical modeling and field example from West-Central Alberta, Canada. AAPG Memoir 185-201. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Petroleum Spills; Seawater Flow
Shashar, N., S. Kinane, P. L. Jokiel, and M. R. Patterson. 1996. Hydromechanical boundary layers over a coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 199:17-28. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Stony Coral
Szmant, A. M. and A. Forrester. 1996. Water column and sediment nitrogen and phosphorus distribution patterns in the Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 15:21-41. 1996 Florida Docks & Marinas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Corsi, R. L., S. Birkett, H. Melcer, and J. Bell. 1995. Control of VOC emissions from sewers: A multi-parameter assessment. Water Science and Technology 31:147-157. 1995 Model Discharges; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Kraines, S., N. Nakashima, T. Omori, Y. Suzuki, K. Yamada, and H. Komiyama. 1995. A new methodology for evaluating carbon flux between a coral reef, the ocean and the atmosphere. Energy Conversion and Management 36:733-736. 1995 Model Seawater Flow; Substrate
Mutti, M. and J. A. Simo. 1994. Distribution, petrography and geochemistry of early dolomite in cyclic shelf facies, Yates Formation (Guadalupian), Capitan Reef Complex, USA. Pages 91-107 Dolomites: a volume in honour of Dolomieu. 1994 Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes
Bowen James, D., P. Galya Donald, and T. Villars Monique. 1993. Modeling the impacts of plankton entrainment in a tropical bay. Pages 1167-1171 in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Plankton; Seawater Flow
Griggs John, E. and L. Peterson Frank. 1993. Ground-water flow dynamics and development strategies at the atoll scale. Ground Water 31:209-220. 1993 Marshall Islands Model Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Robert Pitt and K. Dunkers. 1993. Lake Water Quality Improvements from Treatment of Stormwater Using the Flow Balancing Method, 66th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. Anaheim, CA. October 1993.; Detecting Water Quality Trends from Stormwater Discharge Reductions, Engineerin. in 66th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. 1993 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bilger, R. W. and M. J. Atkinson. 1992. Anomalous mass transfer of phosphate on coral reef flats. Limnology and Oceanography 37:261-272. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring Seawater Flow
Lesser, M.P., V. Weis, M. Patterson, and P. Jokiel. 1992. The effects of water flow on carbon delivery and productivity in Pocillopora damicornis from `Hawaii. Pages 363-4 in Proceedings of the 7th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Sebens, Kenneth P. 1992. Water flow, growth form and distribution of scleractinian corals; Davies reef (GBR), Australia. Pages 557-60 in Proceedings of the 7th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1992 Australia Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Carpenter, R. C., J. M. Hackney, and W. H. Adey. 1991. Measurements of primary productivity and nitrogenase activity of coral reef algae in a chamber incorporating oscillatory flow. Limnology and Oceanography 36:40-49. 1991 Algae; Nutrients; Seawater Flow
Sebens, K. P. and A. S. Johnson. 1991. Effects of water movement on prey capture and distribution of reef corals. Hydrobiologia 226:91-101. 1991 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mazda, Y., Y. Sato, S. Sawamoto, H. Yokochi, and E. Wolanski. 1990. Links between physical, chemical and biological processes in Bashita-minato, a mangrove swamp in Japan. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 31:817-833. 1990 Japan Algae; Light; Mangroves; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes
Patterson, M. R. and K. P. Sebens. 1989. Forced convection modulates gas exchange in cnidarians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86:8833-8836. 1989 Anemones & Zooanthids; Octocoral; Seawater Flow
Seiler, K.-P., P. Maloszewski, and H. Behrens. 1989. Hydrodynamic dispersion in karstified limestones and dolomites in the Upper Jurassic of the Franconian Alb, F.R.G. Journal of Hydrology 108:235-247. 1989 Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith III, T. J., J. H. Hudson, M. B. Robblee, G. V. N. Powell, and P. J. Isdale. 1989. Freshwater flow from the Everglades to Florida Bay: a historical reconstruction based on fluorescent banding in the coral Solenastrea bournoni. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:274-282. 1989 Florida Model Apex Fish Predators; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Joachimski, M. M. and J. W. Scheller. 1987. Facies-controlled diagenesis in an upper jurassic coral patch-reef (Lower Tithonian, Southern Germany) [Faziesgesteuerte Diagenese am Beispiel des Korallen-Patchriffs von Laisacker (Untertithon, Sudliche Frankenalb)]. Facies 17:129-139. 1987 Germany Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Sebens, K. P. 1987. The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 371-407. 1987 Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Seawater Flow
Fries, B.M. 1986. Fate of Phosphorus from Residential Stormwater Runoff in a Southern Hardwood Wetland, Thesis, Master of Science in Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. 1986 Florida Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Herman, M. E., R. W. Buddemeier, and S. W. Wheatcraft. 1986. A layered aquifer model of atoll island hydrology: Validation of a computer simulation. Journal of Hydrology 84:303-322. 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Adey, W. H. and R. S. Steneck. 1985. Highly productive eastern caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of biological, chemical, physical, and geological factors. Pages 163-187 1985 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae; Water Depth & Sea Level
Binet, D. 1984. Copepodes planctoniques du lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie: facteurs ecologiques et associations d'especes. Marine Biology 82:143-156. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; New Caledonia Plankton; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Sebens, K.P. 1984. Water flow and coral colony size: interhabitat comparisons of the octocoral Alcyonium siderium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81:5473-5477. 1984 Octocoral; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
Wilkinson, C. R., D. M. Williams, P. W. Sammarco, R. W. Hogg, and L. A. Trott. 1984. Rates of nitrogen fixation on coral reefs across the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 80:255-262. 1984 Australia Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Winterer Edward, L. and V. Metzler Christopher. 1984. ORIGIN AND SUBSIDENCE OF GUYOTS IN MID-PACIFIC MOUNTAINS. Journal of Geophysical Research 89:9969-9979. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Seawater Flow
Crossland, C. J. and D. J. Barnes. 1983. Dissolved nutrients and organic particulates in water flowing over coral reefs at Lizard Island. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 34:835-844. 1983 Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davies, P. J. and B. G. West. 1981. Suspended-sediment transport and water movement at One Tree Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef. BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics 6:187-195. 1981 Australia Seawater Flow; Sediment
Frost, S. H. 1981. Oligocene reef coral biofacies of the Vicentin, northeast Italy. European fossil reef models 483-539. 1981 Algae; Octocoral; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate
Heslinga, G. A. and A. Hillmann. 1981. Hatchery culture of the commercial top snail Trochus niloticus in Palau, Caroline Islands. Aquaculture 22:35-43. 1981 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau Algae; Light; Seawater Flow; Snails & Conch
Wahle, C. M. 1980. Detection, pursuit, and overgrowth of tropical gorgonians by milleporid hydrocorals: Perseus and Medusa revisited. Science 209:689-691. 1980 Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Seawater Flow
Moriarty, D. J. W. 1979. Biomass of suspended bacteria over coral reefs. Marine Biology 53:193-200. 1979 Australia Microorganisms; Seawater Flow
Evans III, E. C. 1977. Microcosm responses to environmental perturbants - An extension of baseline field survey. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 30:178-191. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Substrate
Koehl, M.A.R. 1977. Water flow and the morphology of zoanthid colonies. Pages 437-44 in Proceedings of the 3d Int Coral Reef Sym. 1977 Anemones & Zooanthids; Seawater Flow
Chamberlain, John A. Jr., and Richard R. Graus. 1975. Water flow and hydromechanical adaptations of branched reef corals. 25:112-25. 1975 Seawater Flow

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Offshore Wind and Hydrokinetic Alternative Energies Policies encouraging or authorizing construction of offshore facilities are evolving, and there are many sides to the issue of how to best manage them. Alternative energies are desirable and would reduce the dependence on fossil fuel resources. However, hydrokinetic technologies are just becoming viable, meaning long term impacts are still unknown. Facilitative policies reduce barriers for alternative energy development or increase barriers or costs for incumbent technologies. These include research and innovation policies, technology improvement subsidies, market based policies that internalize externalities, and regulatory changes that simplify the permitting process. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy.

Portman, M.E. 2010. Marine Renewable Energy Policy: Some US and International Perspectices Compared. Oceanography 23:98-105.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Seawater Flow; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Monitor & Research: Research Historical Hydrology This activity involves a historical assessment of the hydrology of the surrounding water area around the sanctuary as it has affected water quality and biological communities within the sanctuary. It will clarify the role of freshwater inflows and water quality from local freshwater bodies. Also, this activity will examine the effects of structural modification and changes in quality, quantity, timing and distribution of freshwater releases from existing structures and will examine land-based practices affecting the water quality of runoff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Monitor & Research: Research Artificial Reef Siting, Size, and Materials Impact for Future Management Decisions The effects of artificial reefs on fish and invertebrate abundance and community composition and on other sanctuary resources need to be assessed. Siting and size considerations should include spatial components such as nearest natural reef, species connectivity, currents, distance to shore, expected use, hurricane occurances, etc. The longevity of artificial reefs composed of different materials needs to be evaluated and considered heavily. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Debris; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Water Resources; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, 18-18 Florida Administrative Code. 18-18.001 Intent. (1) The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, the boundaries of which are fully described in Rule 18-18.002, F.A.C., was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (2) These rules shall apply to all lands public and private within the boundaries of the preserve. However, privately owned uplands shall be excluded from these rules except as otherwise provided for herein. (3) In promulgating and implementing these rules, it is the intent of the Department to construe the provisions of Sections 258.397 and 258.35 through 258.46, F.S., together and to apply the more stringent statutory provisions for the maintenance of the preserve. (4) The preserve shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserve through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserve so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the legislature in creating the preserve; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the Act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserve; (e) To encourage activities that protect or enhance the biological and aesthetic values of the preserve, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions towards their natural condition, when reviewing applications or developing and implementing management plans for the preserve; (f) To preserve and promote indigenous life forms and habitats including but not limited to sponges, soft corals, hard corals, seagrasses, mangroves, mud flats, marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, marine mammals, tropical marine invertebrates, birds and shellfish; (g) To acquire additional title interests in land wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological or aesthetic values of the preserve.

Application to Coral Reefs:Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve protection of water quality will contribute to a lowering of contaminants leaving the preserve on tides and thus limiting the contaminants that reach off-shore ecosystems including the FKNMS and the reef system within the sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter establishes the rules to protect the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, which was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Rules and Procedures for Application for Coastal Construction Permits, 62B-041 Florida Administrative Code. No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 include (1) Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990, (2) Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2000, (3) Coastal Barriers Resources Reauthorization Act of 2005,. (1) Added additional areas along the Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys and the Virgin Islands and established "Otherwise Protected Areas OPAs); (2) amended the guidelines for making recommendations regarding additions to the CBRS and reqired a pilot digital mapping project; (3) reauthorized CBRA and required the submission of the final digital mapping pilot project.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restricted most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Forestry; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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