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ReefLink Database

Sea Urchins

Sea Urchins

Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. In particular, Diadema sea urchins are extremely valuable parts of reef life, because they are herbivores that prevent algae overgrowth that can kill corals.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed limbs and segmented bodies, such as lobster, crab, and shrimp. Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Bivalves are a class of molluscs known for their hinged shells, including clams, oysters, and scallops. A number of reef organisms, including stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves, deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical marine invertebrates, such as starfish and sea urchins. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Invertebrate Harvesting is the act of collecting marine invertebrates, including sponges, lobsters, and other invertebrates, for seafood or other marine products. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Invertivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on invertebrates. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Lobster, Crab, and Shrimp are crustaceans that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Molluscs are marine invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, such as clams, squid, and snails. Octopi and Squid are Mollusks that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Seastars are echinoderms that are notable for their five arms that extend from their central body. Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems.

CMap Description

Sea urchins fulfill several functions on a coral reef. Sea urchins graze macroalgae and render a critical supporting service in maintaining the reef habitat. In turn, the reef habitat provides the supporting service of complex habitat & resources. The grazing of sea urchins processes the calcium carbonate, resulting in sand & land production. Also, a few urchin species are important as aquarium stock, and all species are important to cultural services of coral reefs. Disease-causing microorganisms have decimated the sea urchin population and altered the precarious balance between echinoderm herbivores and habitat. Altering the physical & chemical environment reduces echinoderm survival, growth, and reproduction. Biological monitoring, mapping, and restoration is needed to identify changes in the abundance and condition of sea urchins; and ultimately, to determine the appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Blanco, FM; Alonso, LC; Sanson, GG; Amargos, FP. 2011. Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1149-1163. 2011 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Clemente, S; Hernandez, JC; Brito, A. 2011. Context-dependent effects of marine protected areas on predatory interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:119-133. 2011 Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Coma, R; Serrano, E; Linares, C; Ribes, M; Diaz, D; Ballesteros, E. 2011. Sea Urchins Predation Facilitates Coral Invasion in a Marine Reserve. PLoS One 6. 2011 Algae; Invasive Species; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Diaz-Perez, L; Carpizo-Ituarte, E. 2011. Effect of thermal stress on survival and delay of metamorphosis in larvae of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Ciencias Marinas 37:403-414. 2011 Lab Study Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Dunlap, PV; Nakamura, M. 2011. Functional Morphology of the Luminescence System of Siphamia versicolor (Perciformes: Apogonidae), a Bacterially Luminous Coral Reef Fish. Journal of Morphology 272:897-909. 2011 Fish; Microorganisms; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Edwards, HJ; Elliott, IA; Eakin, CM; Irikawa, A; Madin, JS; McField, M; Morgan, JA; van Woesik, R; Mumby, PJ. 2011. How much time can herbivore protection buy for coral reefs under realistic regimes of hurricanes and coral bleaching? Global Change Biology 17:2033-2048. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Bahamas; Belize; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Fricke, A; Teichberg, M; Beilfuss, S; Bischof, K. 2011. Succession patterns in algal turf vegetation on a Caribbean coral reef. Botanica Marina 54:111-126. 2011 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fung, T; Seymour, RM; Johnson, CR. 2011. Alternative stable states and phase shifts in coral reefs under anthropogenic stress. Ecology 92:967-982. 2011 Florida Model Algae; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Gianguzza, P; Agnetta, D; Bonaviri, C; Di Trapani, F; Visconti, G; Gianguzza, F; Riggio, S. 2011. The rise of thermophilic sea urchins and the expansion of barren grounds in the Mediterranean Sea. Chemistry and Ecology 27:129-134. 2011 Climate; Fish; Sea Urchins
Gonzalez-Rivero, M; Yakob, L; Mumby, PJ. 2011. The role of sponge competition on coral reef alternative steady states. Ecological Modelling 222:1847-1853. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model Algae; Boring Sponges; Fish; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Gorzelak, P; Stolarski, J; Dubois, P; Kopp, C; Meibom, A. 2011. (26)mg labeling of the sea urchin regenerating spine: Insights into echinoderm biomineralization process. Journal of Structural Biology 176:119-126. 2011 Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Hurd, CL; Cornwall, CE; Currie, K; Hepburn, CD; McGraw, CM; Hunter, KA; Boyd, PW. 2011. Metabolically induced pH fluctuations by some coastal calcifiers exceed projected 22nd century ocean acidification: a mechanism for differential susceptibility? Global Change Biology 17:3254-3262. 2011 Global Algae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kawamata, S; Yoshimitsu, S; Tanaka, T; Igari, T; Tokunaga, S. 2011. Importance of sedimentation for survival of canopy-forming fucoid algae in urchin barrens. Journal of Sea Research 66:76-86. 2011 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Korzen, L., A. Israel, and A. Abelson. 2011. Grazing Effects of Fish versus Sea Urchins on Turf Algae and Coral Recruits: Possible Implications for Coral Reef Resilience and Restoration. Journal of Marine Biology 1-8. 2011 Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Lesser, MP; Slattery, M. 2011. Phase shift to algal dominated communities at mesophotic depths associated with lionfish (Pterois volitans) invasion on a Bahamian coral reef. Biological Invasions 13:1855-1868. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Caribbean Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invasive Species; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
McClanahan, T; Karnauskas, M. 2011. Relationships between benthic cover, current strength, herbivory, and a fisheries closure in Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 30:9-19. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, TR; Huntington, BE; Cokos, B. 2011. Coral responses to macroalgal reduction and fisheries closure on Caribbean patch reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:89-102. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
McClanahan, TR; Muthiga, NA; Coleman, RA. 2011. Testing for top-down control: can post-disturbance fisheries closures reverse algal dominance? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:658-675. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Alino, PM; Geronimo, RC; Villanoy, CL; Gurney, GG. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. 2011 China; Philippines Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Decision Support; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Fulton, EA. 2011. Characterizing sensitivity and uncertainty in a multiscale model of a complex coral reef system. Ecological Modelling 222:3320-3334. 2011 Model Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Fung, T; Seymour, RM; Cherubin, LM; Arias-Gonzalez, JE; Fulton, EA. 2011. Regional-scale scenario modeling for coral reefs: a decision support tool to inform management of a complex system. Ecological Applications 21:1380-1398. 2011 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fish; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Ruiz-Ramos, DV; Hernandez-Delgado, EA; Schizas, NV. 2011. Population Status Of The Long-Spined Urchin Diadema Antillarum In Puerto Rico 20 Years After A Mass Mortality Event. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:113-127. 2011 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Salinas-de-Leon, P; Costales-Carrera, A; Zeljkovic, S; Smith, DJ; Bell, JJ. 2011. Scleractinian settlement patterns to natural cleared reef substrata and artificial settlement panels on an Indonesian coral reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93:80-85. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Sangil, C; Sanson, M; Afonso-Carrillo, J. 2011. Spatial variation patterns of subtidal seaweed assemblages along a subtropical oceanic archipelago: Thermal gradient vs herbivore pressure. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94:322-333. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Savriama, Y; Klingenberg, CP. 2011. Beyond bilateral symmetry: geometric morphometric methods for any type of symmetry. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11. 2011 Algae; Housing; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Thabard, M; Gros, O; Hellio, C; Marechal, JP. 2011. Sargassum polyceratium (Phaeophyceae, Fucaceae) surface molecule activity towards fouling organisms and embryonic development of benthic species. Botanica Marina 54:147-157. 2011 Martinique Algae; Bivalves; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Young, MAL; Bellwood, DR. 2011. Diel patterns in sea urchin activity and predation on sea urchins on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 30:729-736. 2011 Australia; Kenya Climate; Fish; Sea Urchins
Alcolado, P. M., I. E. Morgan, P. A. Kramer, R. N. Ginsburg, P. Blanchon, E. de la Guardia, V. Kosminin, S. Gonzalez-Ferrer, and M. Hernandez. 2010. Condition of remote reefs off southwest Cuba. Ciencias Marinas 36:179-197. 2010 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Banks, S. C., S. D. Ling, C. R. Johnson, M. P. Piggott, J. E. Williamson, and L. B. Beheregaray. 2010. Genetic structure of a recent climate change-driven range extension. Molecular Ecology 19:2011-2024. 2010 Global; Australia Model Climate; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins
Baskett, M. L. and A. K. Salomon. 2010. Recruitment facilitation can drive alternative states on temperate reefs. Ecology 91:1763-1773. 2010 Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Baumiller, T. K., M. A. Salamon, P. Gorzelak, R. Mooi, C. G. Messing, and F. J. Gahn. 2010. Post-Paleozoic crinoid radiation in response to benthic predation preceded the Mesozoic marine revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:5893-5896. 2010 Poland Lab Study Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Blanco, F. M., G. G. Sanson, F. P. Amargosi, and L. C. Alonsol. 2010. Abundance, distribution and size structure of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) in South Eastern Cuban coral reefs. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:663-676. 2010 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Brogger, M. I. and V. A. Ivanov. 2010. Syndesmis patagonica n. sp (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina. Zootaxa 60-68. 2010 South & Central America Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Byrne, M., M. Ho, E. Wong, N. A. Soars, P. Selvakumaraswamy, H. Shepard-Brennand, S. A. Dworjanyn, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2404. 2010 Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Capasso, E., S. R. Jenkins, M. Frost, and H. Hinz. 2010. Investigation of benthic community change over a century-wide scale in the western English Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:1161-1172. 2010 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Coleman, H. M. 2010. Complex species interaction in tropical backreef communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 393:124-129. 2010 Jamaica Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Urchins; Snails & Conch
Cortes, J., A. C. Fonseca, J. Nivia-Ruiz, V. Nielsen-Munoz, J. Samper-Villarreal, E. Salas, S. Martinez, and P. Zamora-Trejos. 2010. Monitoring coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves in Costa Rica (CARICOMP). Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:1-22. 2010 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sediment
Edgar, G. J., A. Davey, G. Kelly, R. B. Mawbey, and K. Parsons. 2010. Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south-western Pacific. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:378-396. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Edgar, G. J., S. A. Banks, M. Brandt, R. H. Bustamante, A. Chiriboga, S. A. Earle, L. E. Garske, P. W. Glynn, J. S. Grove, S. Henderson, C. P. Hickman, K. A. Miller, F. Rivera, and G. M. Wellington. 2010. El Nino, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galapagos marine species. Global Change Biology 16:2876-2890. 2010 Global Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Small Herbivorous Fish
Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, and J. L. Bodkin. 2010. Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago. Conservation Biology 24:852-860. 2010 Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Sea Urchins
Foster, M. S. and D. R. Schiel. 2010. Loss of predators and the collapse of southern California kelp forests (?): Alternatives, explanations and generalizations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 393:59-70. 2010 Review Coastal Development; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Gischler, E. 2010. Possible Fossil Echinoid Mass Mortality Detected In Holocene Lagoons, Belize. Palaios 25:260-268. 2010 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Goddard, J. H. R. and M. S. Love. 2010. Megabenthic Invertebrates On Shell Mounds Associated With Oil And Gas Platforms Off California. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:533-554. 2010 Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Invasive Species; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Hernandez, J. C. and M. P. Russell. 2010. Substratum cavities affect growth-plasticity, allometry, movement and feeding rates in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:520-525. 2010 Lab Study Sea Urchins
Hiscock, K., S. Sharrock, J. Highfield, and D. Snelling. 2010. Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England-ex-HMS 'Scylla'. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:69-94. 2010 England Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Idjadi, J. A., R. N. Haring, and W. F. Precht. 2010. Recovery of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum promotes scleractinian coral growth and survivorship on shallow Jamaican reefs. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:E80-E80. 2010 Jamaica Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Idjadi, J. A., R. N. Haring, and W. F. Precht. 2010. Recovery of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum promotes scleractinian coral growth and survivorship on shallow Jamaican reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 403:91-100. 2010 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Johansson, C. L., D. R. Bellwood, and M. Depczynski. 2010. Sea urchins, macroalgae and coral reef decline: a functional evaluation of an intact reef system, Ningaloo, Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:65-74. 2010 Australia Index or Indicator Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Lauzon-Guay, J. S. and R. E. Scheibling. 2010. Spatial dynamics, ecological thresholds and phase shifts: modelling grazer aggregation and gap formation in kelp beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 403:29-41. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Urchins
Ling, S. D., S. Ibbott, and J. C. Sanderson. 2010. Recovery of canopy-forming macroalgae following removal of the enigmatic grazing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 395:135-146. 2010 Australia Model Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Matthew, S., R. Ratnayake, M. A. Becerro, R. Ritson-Williams, V. J. Paul, and H. Luesch. 2010. Intramolecular Modulation of Serine Protease Inhibitor Activity in a Marine Cyanobacterium with Antifeedant Properties. Marine Drugs 8:1803-1816. 2010 Cyanobacteria; Fish; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins
O'Donnell, M. J., A. E. Todgham, M. A. Sewell, L. M. Hammond, K. Ruggiero, N. A. Fangue, M. L. Zippay, and G. E. Hofmann. 2010. Ocean acidification alters skeletogenesis and gene expression in larval sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 398:157-171. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Radford, C. A., J. A. Stanley, C. T. Tindle, J. C. Montgomery, and A. G. Jeffs. 2010. Localised coastal habitats have distinct underwater sound signatures. Marine Ecology Progress Series 401:21-29. 2010 Beaches & Nature Parks; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E., F. Ruiz-Renteria, B. van Tussenbroek, G. Barba-Santos, E. Escalante-Mancera, G. Jordan-Garza, and E. Jordan-Dahlgren. 2010. Environmental state and tendencies of the Puerto Morelos CARICOMP site, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:23-43. 2010 South & Central America; Oman; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Schutte, V. G. W., E. R. Selig, and J. F. Bruno. 2010. Regional spatio-temporal trends in Caribbean coral reef benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:115-122. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; Mexico Algae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Valentine, J. P. and G. J. Edgar. 2010. Impacts of a population outbreak of the urchin Tripneustes gratilla amongst Lord Howe Island coral communities. Coral Reefs 29:399-410. 2010 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Vermeij, M. J. A., A. O. Debrot, N. van der Hal, J. Bakker, and R. P. M. Bak. 2010. Increased Recruitment Rates Indicate Recovering Populations Of The Sea Urchin Diadema Antillarum On Curacao. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:719-725. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Vermeij, M. J. A., M. L. Dailer, S. M. Walsh, M. K. Donovan, and C. M. Smith. 2010. The effects of trophic interactions and spatial competition on algal community composition on Hawaiian coral reefs. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 31:291-299. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kenya Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Turf Algae
Williams, S. M., P. M. Yoshioka, and J. R. G. Sais. 2010. Recruitment pattern of Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs 29:809-812. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Agatsuma, Y., H. Hazama, and H. Arakawa. 2009. Limited Recovery Of The Kelp Eisenia Bicyclis After Population Reduction Of The Sea Urchins Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus And Anthocidaris Crassispina On Kii Peninsula, Southwestern Japan. Journal of Shellfish Research 28:939-946. 2009 Japan Salinity; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Alexander, T. J., N. Barrett, M. Haddon, and G. Edgar. 2009. Relationships between mobile macroinvertebrates and reef structure in a temperate marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:31-44. 2009 Australia Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Alvarez-Filip, L., N. K. Dulvy, J. A. Gill, I. M. Cote, and A. R. Watkinson. 2009. Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:3019-3025. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L., N.K. Dulvy, J.A. Gill, I.M. Cote, A.R. Watkinson. 2009. Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Arkema, K. K., D. C. Reed, and S. C. Schroeter. 2009. Direct and indirect effects of giant kelp determine benthic community structure and dynamics. Ecology 90:3126-3137. 2009 Model Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Light; Sea Urchins
Bulleri, F., L. Tamburello, and L. Benedetti-Cecchi. 2009. Loss of consumers alters the effects of resident assemblages on the local spread of an introduced macroalga. Oikos 118:269-279. 2009 Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invasive Species; Sea Urchins
Byrne, M., M. Ho, P. Selvakumaraswamy, H. D. Nguyen, S. A. Dworjanyn, and A. R. Davis. 2009. Temperature, but not pH, compromises sea urchin fertilization and early development under near-future climate change scenarios. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:1883-1888. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Ceccherelli, G., S. Pinna, and N. Sechi. 2009. Evaluating the effects of protection on Paracentrotus lividus distribution in two contrasting habitats. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:59-64. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clark, D., M. Lamare, and M. Barker. 2009. Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species. Marine Biology 156:1125-1137. 2009 Lab Study; Index or Indicator CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top - down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a Marine Protected Area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top-down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a marine protected area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes. Ecological Applications 19:1967-1974. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Political Pressure; Sea Urchins
Eklof, J. S., S. Frocklin, A. Lindvall, N. Stadlinger, A. Kimathi, J. N. Uku, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. How effective are MPAs? Predation control and 'spill-in effects' in seagrass-coral reef lagoons under contrasting fishery management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:83-96. 2009 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars
Fabry, V. J., J. B. McClintock, J. T. Mathis, and J. M. Grebmeier. 2009. Ocean acidification at high latitudes: the bellwether. Oceanography 22:160-171. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Furman, B. and K. L. Heck. 2009. Differential Impacts Of Echinoid Grazers On Coral Recruitment. Bulletin of Marine Science 85:121-132. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Galvan, D. E., F. Botto, A. M. Parma, L. Bandieri, N. Mohamed, and O. O. Iribarne. 2009. Food partitioning and spatial subsidy in shelter-limited fishes inhabiting patchy reefs of Patagonia. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2585-2605. 2009 Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Gianguzza, P., C. Bonaviri, and P. Guidetti. 2009. Crushing predation of the spiny star Marthasterias glacialis upon the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Marine Biology 4-Jan. 2009 Fish; Sea Urchins
Harborne, A. R., P. G. Renaud, E. H. M. Tyler, and P. J. Mumby. 2009. Reduced density of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum inside a Caribbean marine reserve linked to increased predation pressure by fishes. Coral Reefs 28:783-791. 2009 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Harborne, A. R., P. G. Renaud, E. H. M. Tyler, and P. J. Mumby. 2009. Reduced density of the herbivorous urchin Diadema antillarum inside a Caribbean marine reserve linked to increased predation pressure by fishes. Coral Reefs 9-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Irving, A. D. and J. D. Witman. 2009. Positive effects of damselfish override negative effects of urchins to prevent an algal habitat switch. Journal of Ecology 97:337-347. 2009 Global Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Levenbach, S. 2009. Grazing intensity influences the strength of an associational refuge on temperate reefs. Oecologia 159:181-190. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Sea Urchins; Turf Algae
Lima, E. J. B., P. B. Gomes, and J. R. B. Souza. 2009. Reproductive biology of Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in a northeast Brazilian sandstone reef. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 81:51-59. 2009 Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Ling, S. D. and C. R. Johnson. 2009. Population dynamics of an ecologically important range-extender: Kelp beds versus sea urchin barrens. Marine Ecology Progress Series 374:113-125. 2009 Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, S. D. Frusher, and K. R. Ridgway. 2009. Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climate-driven catastrophic phase shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:22341-22345. 2009 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Mariante, F. L. F., G. B. Lemos, F. J. Eutropio, and L. C. Gomes. 2009. Reproductive biology of Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Praia da Costa, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo. Zoologia 26:641-646. 2009 Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, J. Maina, A. T. Kamukuru, and S. A. S. Yahya. 2009. Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:758-771. 2009 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Miller, M. W., K. L. Kramer, S. M. Williams, L. Johnston, and A. M. Szmant. 2009. Assessment of current rates of Diadema antillarum larval settlement. Coral Reefs 28:511-515. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Index or Indicator Sea Urchins
Miller, T. L., A. J. Downie, and T. H. Cribb. 2009. Morphological disparity despite genetic similarity; new species of Lobosorchis Miller & Cribb, 2005 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Maldives. Zootaxa 37-52. 2009 Australia; Maldives Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:331-336. 2009 Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Mumby, P. J. 2009. Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Sea Urchins
Mumby, P. J. 2009. Phase shifts and the stability of macroalgal communities on Caribbean coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28:761-773. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Sea Urchins
Norstrom, A. V., M. Nystrom, J. Lokrantz, and C. Folke. 2009. Alternative states on coral reefs: Beyond coral-macroalgal phase shifts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376:293-306. 2009 Review Algae; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Ortega, L., F. Tuya, and R. J. Haroun. 2009. The sea urchin Diadema antillarum Phillipi, 1845 influences the diversity and composition of the mobile mega-invertebrate community on rocky bottoms off the Canary Archipelago. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 44:489-495. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Echinoderms; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Ortega-Borges, L., F. Tuya, and R. J. Haroun. 2009. Does Depth And Sedimentation Interact With Sea Urchins To Affect Algal Assemblage Patterns On Eastern Atlantic Reefs? Journal of Shellfish Research 28:947-955. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Renken, H. and P. J. Mumby. 2009. Modelling the dynamics of coral reef macroalgae using a Bayesian belief network approach. Ecological Modelling 220:1305-1314. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Sauchyn, L. K. and R. E. Scheibling. 2009. Degradation of sea urchin feces in a rocky subtidal ecosystem: implications for nutrient cycling and energy flow. Aquatic Biology 6:99-108. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Scheibling, R. E., N. E. Kelly, and B. G. Raymond. 2009. Herbivory and community organization on a subtidal cobble bed. Marine Ecology Progress Series 382:113-128. 2009 Algae; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Shaw, M., A. Negri, K. Fabricius, and J. F. Mueller. 2009. Predicting water toxicity: Pairing passive sampling with bioassays on the Great Barrier Reef. Aquatic Toxicology 95:108-116. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Shears, N. T. and P. M. Ross. 2009. Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis; an increasing and ecologically important phenomenon on temperate reefs in New Zealand and worldwide. Harmful Algae 8:916-925. 2009 Algae; Climate; Sea Urchins
Sonnenholzner, J. I., L. B. Ladah, and K. D. Lafferty. 2009. Cascading effects of fishing on Galapagos rocky reef communities: Reanalysis using corrected data. Marine Ecology Progress Series 375:209-218. 2009 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Todgham, A. E. and G. E. Hofmann. 2009. Transcriptomic response of sea urchin larvae Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to CO2-driven seawater acidification. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:2579-2594. 2009 Global Climate; CO2; Invertebrates; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Turon, X., R. Marti, and M. J. Uriz. 2009. Chemical bioactivity of sponges along an environmental gradient in a Mediterranean cave. Scientia Marina 73:387-397. 2009 Sea Urchins; Sponges
Uthicke, S., B. Schaffelke, and M. Byrne. 2009. A boom-bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms. Ecological Monographs 79:3-24. 2009 Global Review; Model Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Pathogens; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Valavi, H., A. Savari, V. Yavari, P. Kochanian, A. Safahieh, and O. S. Savadkuhi. 2009. Coral Reef Anthropogenic Impact Bio-Indicators In The Northern Part Of The Persian Gulf. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 7:215-227. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Vanderklift, M. A., P. S. Lavery, and K. I. Waddington. 2009. Intensity of herbivory on kelp by fish and sea urchins differs between inshore and offshore reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376:203-211. 2009 Australia Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins
Yap, H. T. 2009. Local changes in community diversity after coral transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 374:33-41. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Amato, K. R., S. L. Emel, C. A. Lindgren, K. M. Sullan, P. R. Wright, and J. J. Gilbert. 2008. Covering behavior of two co-occurring Jamaican sea urchins: Differences in the amount of covering and selection of covering material. Bulletin of Marine Science 82:255-261. 2008 Jamaica Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
Chiantore, M., I. Vielmini, D. Privitera, L. Mangialajo, and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 2008. Habitat effects on the population structure of Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. Chemistry and Ecology 24:145-157. 2008 Algae; Sea Urchins
Cleary, D. F. R., L. De Vantier, Giyanto, L. Vail, P. Manto, N. J. De Voogd, P. G. Rachello-Dolmen, Y. Tuti, A. Budiyanto, J. Wolstenholme, B. W. Hoeksema, and Suharsono. 2008. Relating variation in species composition to environmental variables: A multi-taxon study in an Indonesian coral reef complex. Aquatic Science 70:419-431. 2008 Java; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Courtney, A. J., M. J. Campbell, D. P. Roy, M. L. Tonks, K. E. Chilcott, and P. M. Kyne. 2008. Round scallops and square meshes: A comparison of four codend types on the catch rates of target species and by-catch in the Queensland (Australia) saucer scallop (Amusium balloti) trawl fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:849-864. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Entrambasaguas, L., A. Perez-Ruzafa, J. A. Garcia-Charton, B. Stobart, and J. J. Bacallado. 2008. Abundance, spatial distribution and habitat relationships of echinoderms in the Cabo Verde Archipelago (eastern Atlantic). Marine and Freshwater Research 59:477-488. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Ferguson, A. M. and A. R. Davis. 2008. Heart of glass: Spicule armament and physical defense in temperate reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:77-86. 2008 Encrusting Sponges; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Furman, B. T. and K. L. Heck, Jr. 2008. Effects of nutrient enrichment and grazers on coral reefs: an experimental assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 363:89-101. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Goldstone, J. V. 2008. Environmental sensing and response genes in cnidaria: The chemical defensome in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Cell Biology and Toxicology 24:483-502. 2008 Review; Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Sea Urchins; Toxics; Tunicates
Hall-Spencer, J. M., R. Rodolfo-Metalpa, S. Martin, E. Ransome, M. Fine, S. M. Turner, S. J. Rowley, D. Tedesco, and M.-C. Buia. 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96-99. 2008 CO2; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hengge, U. R. 2008. Arthropod bite reactions and pyodermias [Iktusreaktionen und pyodermien]. Hautarzt 59:633-641. 2008 Arthropods; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Hern�ndez, J. C., S. Clemente, C. Sangil, and A. Brito. 2008. The key role of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum in controlling macroalgae assemblages throughout the Canary Islands (eastern subtropical Atlantic): an spatio-temporal approach. Marine Environmental Research 66:259-270. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Boats; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hofmann, G. E., M. J. O'Donnell, and A. E. Todgham. 2008. Using functional genomics to explore the effects of ocean acidification on calcifying marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:219-225. 2008 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Jordan-Garza, A. G., M. A. Maldonado, D. M. Baker, and R. E. Rodriguez-Martinez. 2008. High abundance of Diadema antillarum on a Mexican reef. Coral Reefs 27:295. 2008 Sea Urchins
Kang, C.-K., E. J. Choy, Y. Son, J.-Y. Lee, J. K. Kim, Y. Kim, and K.-S. Lee. 2008. Food web structure of a restored macroalgal bed in the eastern Korean peninsula determined by C and N stable isotope analyses. Marine Biology 153:1181-1198. 2008 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Kelly, J. R., R. E. Scheibling, S. J. Iverson, and P. Gagnon. 2008. Fatty acid profiles in the gonads of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis on natural algal diets. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:9-Jan. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Kim, W. K., Y. S. Son, J. H. Lee, J. P. Hong, Y. S. Kim, J. W. Lee, and Q. Jo. 2008. Macrobenthic community at type and age-different artificial reefs located along the Korean coast of the East Sea. Journal of Environmental Biology 29:501-505. 2008 India; Japan Artificial Habitat; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Tunicates
Levenbach, S. 2008. Behavioral mechanism for an associational refuge for macroalgae on temperate reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 370:45-52. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sea Urchins
Levenbach, S. 2008. Community-wide ramifications of an associational refuge on shallow rocky reefs. Ecology 89:2819-2828. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Sea Urchins
Ling, S. D. 2008. Range expansion of a habitat-modifying species leads to loss of taxonomic diversity: A new and impoverished reef state. Oecologia 156:883-894. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Urchins
Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, S. Frusher, and C. K. King. 2008. Reproductive potential of a marine ecosystem engineer at the edge of a newly expanded range. Global Change Biology 14:907-915. 2008 Global; Australia Index or Indicator Algae; Climate; Sea Urchins
Macia, S. and M. P. Robinson. 2008. Habitat-dependent growth in a Caribbean sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus: The importance of food type. Helgoland Marine Research 62:303-308. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
O'Leary, J., J. C. Braga, and T. McClanahan. 2008. The Effect Of Fisheries Management On Species-Composition Of Crustose Coralline Algae, With Implications For Coral Recruitment. in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2008 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Page, H. M., D. C. Reed, M. A. Brzezinski, J. M. Melack, and J. E. Dugan. 2008. Assessing the importance of land and marine sources of organic matter to kelp forest food webs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 360:47-62. 2008 Algae; Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Radford, C. A., A. G. Jeffs, C. T. Tindle, and J. C. Montgomery. 2008. Temporal patterns in ambient noise of biological origin from a shallow water temperate reef. Oecologia 156:921-929. 2008 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Radford, C., A. Jeffs, C. Tindle, and J. C. Montgomery. 2008. Resonating sea urchin skeletons create coastal choruses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:37-43. 2008 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Rios-Jara, E., C. M. Galvan-Villa, and F. A. Solis-Marin. 2008. Echinoderms of the National Park Isla Isabel, Nayarit, Mexico [Equinodermos del Parque Nacional Isla Isabel, Nayarit, Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79:131-141. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rodriguez-Cabello, C., F. Sanchez, A. Serrano, and I. Olaso. 2008. Effects of closed trawl fishery areas on some elasmobranch species in the Cantabrian Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 72:418-428. 2008 Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Scheibling, R. E. and M. C. Robinson. 2008. Settlement behaviour and early post-settlement predation of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:59-66. 2008 Lab Study Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Shears, N. T., R. C. Babcock, and A. K. Salomon. 2008. Context-dependent effects of fishing: variation in trophic cascades across environmental gradients. Ecological Applications 18:1860-1873. 2008 Model Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Vanderklift, M. A. and T. Wernberg. 2008. Detached kelps from distant sources are a food subsidy for sea urchins. Oecologia 157:327-335. 2008 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Attrill, M. J. and F. Kelmo. 2007. Opportunistic responses of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) populations following the 1997-98 El Nino event in Bahia, Brazil. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:243-248. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Bedry, R. and L. De Haro. 2007. Venomous and poisonous animals. v. envenomations by venomous marine invertebrates [Envenimations ou intoxications par les animaux venimeux ou veneneux v - invertebres marins venimeux]. Medecine Tropicale 67:223-231. 2007 Europe Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Light; Medical Care; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Brown-Saracino, J., P. Peckol, H. Allen Curran, and M. L. Robbart. 2007. Spatial variation in sea urchins, fish predators, and bioerosion rates on coral reefs of Belize. Coral Reefs 26:71-78. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Cardona, L., M. Sales, and D. Lopez. 2007. Changes in fish abundance do not cascade to sea urchins and erect algae in one of the most oligotrophic parts of the Mediterranean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:273-282. 2007 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Carlon, D. B. and C. Lippe. 2007. Eleven new microsatellite markers for the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla and cross-amplification in Tripneustes ventricosa. Molecular Ecology Notes 7:1002-1004. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Sea Urchins
Coppard, S. E. and A. C. Campbell. 2007. Grazing preferences of diadematid echinoids in Fiji. Aquatic Botany 86:204-212. 2007 Fiji Algae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Dumas, P., M. Kulbicki, S. Chifflet, R. Fichez, and J. Ferraris. 2007. Environmental factors influencing urchin spatial distributions on disturbed coral reefs (New Caledonia, South Pacific). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 344:88-100. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Endo, H., N. Nakabayashi, Y. Agatsuma, and K. Taniguchi. 2007. Food of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus nudus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus associated with vertical distributions in fucoid beds and crustose coralline flats in northern Honshu, Japan. Marine Ecology Progress Series 352:125-135. 2007 Japan Algae; Sea Urchins
Gonzalez Gandara, C., M. Cruz Arellano, C. Dominguez Barradas, A. Serrano Solis, and A. D. J. Basanez Munoz. 2007. Macroalgae associated to four habitats from the Tuxpan reef, Veracruz, Mexico [Macroalgas asociadas a cuatro habitats del arrecife Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico]. Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola 7:252-257. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Guidetti, P. 2007. Potential of marine reserves to cause community-wide changes beyond their boundaries. Conservation Biology 21:540-545. 2007 Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins
Guidetti, P. 2007. Predator diversity and density affect levels of predation upon strongly interactive species in temperate rocky reefs. Oecologia 154:513-520. 2007 Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Guidetti, P. and E. Sala. 2007. Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:43-56. 2007 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Guidetti, P. and J. Dulcic. 2007. Relationships among predatory fish, sea urchins and barrens in Mediterranean rocky reefs across a latitudinal gradient. Marine Environmental Research 63:168-184. 2007 Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins
Hiratsuka, Y. and T. Uehara. 2007. Feeding rates and absorption efficiencies of four species of sea urchins (genus Echinometra) fed a prepared diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 148:223-229. 2007 Lab Study Algae; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Turf Algae
Macia, S., M. P. Robinson, and A. Nalevanko. 2007. Experimental dispersal of recovering Diadema antillarum increases grazing intensity and reduces macroalgal abundance on a coral reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:173-182. 2007 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Mangi, S. C. and C. M. Roberts. 2007. Factors influencing fish catch levels on Kenya's coral reefs. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14:245-253. 2007 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mapstone, B. D., N. L. Andrew, Y. Chancerelle, and B. Salvat. 2007. Mediating effects of sea urchins on interactions among corals, algae and herbivorous fish in the Moorea lagoon, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332:143-153. 2007 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. M. Calnan, and M. A. MacNeil. 2007. Toward pristine biomass: Reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecological Applications 17:1055-1067. 2007 Kenya Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Miller, R. J., A. J. Adams, J. P. Ebersole, and E. Ruiz. 2007. Evidence for positive density-dependent effects in recovering Diadema antillarum populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349:215-222. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Miller, T. L. and T. H. Cribb. 2007. Two new cryptogonimid genera Beluesca n. gen. and Chelediadema n. gen. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from tropical Indo-West Pacific Haemulidae (Perciformes). Zootaxa 45-60. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Sea Urchins
Mita, M., T. Uehara, and M. Nakamura. 2007. Effect of temperature on interactions between eggs and spermatozoa in four closely related species of sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 50:181-185. 2007 Japan Sea Urchins
Mumby, P. J., A. Hastings, and H. J. Edwards. 2007. Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature 450:98-101. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Myhre, S. and A. Acevedo-Gutierrez. 2007. Recovery of sea urchin Diadema antillarum populations is correlated to increased coral and reduced macroalgal cover. Marine Ecology Progress Series 329:205-210. 2007 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Caribbean Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Nordemar, I., G. L. Sjoo, E. Mork, and T. R. McClanahan. 2007. Effects of estimated herbivory on the reproductive potential of four East African algal species - A mechanism behind ecosystem shifts on coral reefs? Hydrobiologia 575:57-68. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Oigman-Pszczol, S. S., A. E. S. Oliveira, and J. C. Creed. 2007. Perceptions of coral in a coastal tourist town in Brazil. Coral Reefs 26:667-670. 2007 Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Pais, A., L. A. Chessa, S. Serra, A. Ruiu, G. Meloni, and Y. Donno. 2007. The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:589-597. 2007 Europe Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Shears, N. T. 2007. Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. Science for Conservation Jan-53. 2007 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Shears, N. T. and R. C. Babcock. 2007. Quantitative description mainland New Zealand's shallow subtidal reef communities. Science for Conservation 1-126. 2007 Algae; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Sinclair, C. S., R. H. Richmond, and G. K. Ostrander. 2007. Characterization of the telomere regions of scleractinian coral, Acropora surculosa. Genetica 129:227-233. 2007 Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Sonnenholzner, J. I., L. B. Ladah, and K. D. Lafferty. 2007. Cascading effects of fishing on Galapagos rocky reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 343:77-85. 2007 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Stimson, J., T. Cunha, and J. Philippoff. 2007. Food preferences and related behavior of the browsing sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) and its potential for use as a biological control agent. Marine Biology 151:1761-1772. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Invasive Species; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Tuya, F., J. Cisneros-Aguirre, L. Ortega-Borges, and R. J. Haroun. 2007. Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induced forces. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:481-488. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Sea Urchins
Walker, J. W. 2007. Effects of fine sediments on settlement and survival of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus in northeastern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 331:109-118. 2007 Lab Study Sea Urchins; Sediment
Warrell, D. A. 2007. Venomous animals. Medicine 35:659-662. 2007 Australia Octopus & Squid; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes; Textiles & Apparel
Becking, L. E., D. F. R. Cleary, N. J. Voogd, W. Renema, M. de Beer, R. W. M. van Soest, and B. W. Hoeksema. 2006. Beta diversity of tropical marine benthic assemblages in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Ecology 27:76-88. 2006 Indonesia Remote Sensing Sea Urchins; Sponges
Bulleri, F. and L. Benedetti-Cecchi. 2006. Mechanisms of recovery and resilience of different components of mosaics of habitats on shallow rocky reefs. Oecologia 149:482-492. 2006 Algae; Sea Urchins
Carpenter, R. C. and P. J. Edmunds. 2006. Local and regional scale recovery of Diadema promotes recruitment of scleractinian corals. Ecology Letters 9:268-277. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Conlan, K. E., G. H. Rau, and R. G. Kvitek. 2006. δ13C and δ15N shifts in benthic invertebrates exposed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1695-1707. 2006 Index or Indicator Bivalves; Octocoral; Point Source Discharges; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Erickson, A. A., V. J. Paul, K. L. Van Alstyne, and L. M. Kwiatkowski. 2006. Palatability of macroalgae that use different types of chemical defenses. Journal of Chemical Ecology 32:1883-1895. 2006 Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invasive Species; Sea Urchins
Fonseca E, A. C., E. Salas, and J. Cortes. 2006. Monitoring of the Meager Shoal coral reef, Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site) [Monitoreo del arrecife coralino Meager Shoal, Parque Nacional Cahuita, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP).]. Revista de biología tropical 54:755-763. 2006 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Forsman, Z. H., B. Rinkevich, and C. L. Hunter. 2006. Investigating fragment size for culturing reef-building corals (Porites lobata and P. compressa) in ex situ nurseries. Aquaculture 261:89-97. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquaculture; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Guidetti, P. 2006. Marine reserves reestablish lost predatory interactions and cause community changes in rocky reefs. Ecological Applications 16:963-976. 2006 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Harborne, A. R., P. J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C. T. Perry, C. P. Dahlgren, K. E. Holmes, and D. R. Brumbaugh. 2006. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 50:57-189. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Mitigation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Lee, S. C. 2006. Habitat complexity and consumer-mediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef. Oikos 112:442-447. 2006 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration
McClanahan, T. R., E. Verheij, and J. Maina. 2006. Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:147-165. 2006 Kenya; Tanzania Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Mumby, P. J. 2006. The impact of exploiting grazers (Scaridae) on the dynamics of Caribbean coral reefs. Ecological Applications 16:747-769. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Mumby, P. J., C. P. Dahlgren, A. R. Harborne, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, D. R. Brumbaugh, K. E. Holmes, J. M. Mendes, K. Broad, J. N. Sanchirico, K. Buch, S. Box, R. W. Stoffle, and A. B. Gill. 2006. Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs. Science 311:98-101. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Mumby, P. J., J. D. Hedley, K. Zychaluk, A. R. Harborne, and P. G. Blackwell. 2006. Revisiting the catastrophic die-off of the urchin Diadema antillarum on Caribbean coral reefs: Fresh insights on resilience from a simulation model. Ecological Modelling 196:131-148. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Jamaica; Caribbean Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Nugues, M. M. and R. P. M. Bak. 2006. Differential competitive abilities between Caribbean coral species and a brown alga: A year of experiments and a long-term perspective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 315:75-86. 2006 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Pederson, H. G. and C. R. Johnson. 2006. Predation of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma by rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in no-take marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 336:120-134. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Schroeder, R. E. and J. D. Parrish. 2006. Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 439-460. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Steiner, S. C. C. and S. M. Williams. 2006. A recent increase in the abundance of the echinoid Diadema antillarum in Dominica (Lesser Antilles): 2001-2005. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:97-103. 2006 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tuya, F., J. C. Hernandez, and S. Clemente. 2006. Is there a link between the type of habitat and the patterns of abundance of holothurians in shallow rocky reefs? Hydrobiologia 571:191-199. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Echinoderms; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Vanderklift, M. A., G. A. Kendrick, and A. J. Smit. 2006. Differences in trophic position among sympatric sea urchin species. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:291-297. 2006 Australia Algae; Sea Urchins
Al-Rousan, S. A., M. Y. Rasheed, M. A. Khalaf, and M. I. Badran. 2005. Ecological and geochemical characteristics of bottom habitats at the northern Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Chemistry and Ecology 21:227-239. 2005 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Aronson, R. B., I. G. Macintyre, S. A. Lewis, and N. L. Hilbun. 2005. Emergent zonation and geographic convergence of coral reefs. Ecology 86:2586-2600. 2005 South & Central America; Belize; Panama; Iran Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ballou, T. G., S. C. Hess, R. E. Dodge, A. H. Knap, and T. D. Sleeter. 2005. Effects of untreated and chemically dispersed oil on tropical marine communities: A long-term field experiment. Page 2365 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Bielmyer, G. K., K. V. Brix, T. R. Capo, and M. Grosell. 2005. The effects of metals on embryo-larval and adult life stages of the sea urchin, Diadema antillarum. Aquatic Toxicology 74:254-263. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Bozec, Y.-M., S. Doledec, and M. Kulbicki. 2005. An analysis of fish-habitat associations on disturbed coral reefs: Chaetodontid fishes in New Caledonia. Journal of Fish Biology 66:966-982. 2005 New Caledonia Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Fish; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Brown, T. P. 2005. Diagnosis and management of injuries from dangerous marine life. MedGenMed [electronic resource] : Medscape general medicine7:5. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Irrigation; Sea Urchins
Cleary, D.F.R., L.E. Becking, N.J. de Voogd, W. Renema, M. de Beer, R.W.M. van Soest, B.W. Hoeksema. 2005. Variation in the diversity and composition of benthic taxa as a function of distance offshore, depth and exposure in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 65:557-570. 2005 Indonesia Model Sea Urchins; Sponges
Conklin, E. J. and J. E. Smith. 2005. Abundance and spread of the invasive red algae, Kappaphycus spp., in Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i and an experimental assessment of management options. Biological Invasions 7:1029-1039. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invasive Species; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Coppard, S. E. and A. C. Campbell. 2005. Lunar periodicities of diadematid echinoids breeding in Fiji. Coral Reefs 24:324-332. 2005 Fiji Index or Indicator Ports & Harbors; Salinity; Sea Urchins
Garzon-Ferreira, J., S. Zea, and J. M. Diaz. 2005. Incidence of partial mortality and other health indicators in hard-coral communities of four southwestern Caribbean atolls. Bulletin of Marine Science 76:105-122. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Gayle, P. M. H., P. Wilson-Kelly, and S. Green. 2005. Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:105-115. 2005 Jamaica; Panama Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Octocoral; Recreational Opportunities; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Gratwicke, B. and M. R. Speight. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on Caribbean marine fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 292:301-310. 2005 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Substrate
Guidetti, P. and M. Mori. 2005. Morpho-functional defences of Mediterranean sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, against fish predators. Marine Biology 147:797-802. 2005 Fish; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Herrera-Escalante, T., R. A. Lopez-Perez, and G. E. Leyte-Morales. 2005. Bioerosion caused by the sea urchin Diadema Mexicanum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) at Bahias de Huatulco, Western Mexico. Revista de biología tropical 263-273. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
Lang, M. A. 2005. Smithsonian institution coral reef research. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize; Panama; Caribbean Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Langlois, T. J., M. J. Anderson, and R. C. Babcock. 2005. Reef-associated predators influence adjacent soft-sediment communities. Ecology 86:1508-1519. 2005 Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Lessios, H. A. 2005. Diadema antillarum populations in Panama twenty years following mass mortality. Coral Reefs 24:125-127. 2005 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Sea Urchins
Macintyre, I. G., P. W. Glynn, and F. Hinds. 2005. Evidence of the role of Diadema antillarum in the promotion of coral settlement and survivorship. Coral Reefs 24:273. 2005 Sea Urchins
Markevich, A. I. 2005. Dynamics of fish colonization of an experimental artificial reef in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 31:221-224. 2005 Japan Artificial Habitat; Fish; Sea Urchins
Micheli, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, S. Gambaccini, I. Bertocci, C. Borsini, G. C. Osio, and F. Romano. 2005. Cascading human impacts, marine protected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages. Ecological Monographs 75:81-102. 2005 Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Morocco, A. 2005. Sea urchin envenomation. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology 43:119-120. 2005 Sea Urchins
Muthiga, N. A. 2005. Testing for the effects of seasonal and lunar periodicity on the reproduction of the edible sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (L) in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Hydrobiologia 549:57-64. 2005 Kenya Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Muthiga, N. A. and V. Jaccarini. 2005. Effects of seasonality and population density on the reproduction of the Indo-Pacific echinoid Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Marine Biology 146:445-453. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Kenya Index or Indicator Plankton; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Noonburg, G. E. 2005. Management of extremity trauma and related infections occurring in the aquatic environment. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 13:243-253. 2005 Irrigation; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reichelt-Brushett, A. J. and K. Michalek-Wagner. 2005. Effects of copper on the fertilization success of the soft coral Lobophytum compactum. Aquatic Toxicology 74:280-284. 2005 Australia Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Sanchez, J. A., V. Pizarro, A. R. Acosta-de-Sanchez, P. A. Castillo, P. Herron, J. C. Martinez, P. Montoya, and C. Orozco. 2005. Evaluating coral reef benthic communities in remote Caribbean Atolls (Quitasueno, Serrana, and Roncador Banks) to recommend marine-protected areas for the seaflower biosphere reserve. Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-65. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Substrate
Schroder, H. C., G. Di Bella, N. Janipour, R. Bonaventura, R. Russo, W. E. Muller, and V. Matranga. 2005. DNA damage and developmental defects after exposure to UV and heavy metals in sea urchin cells and embryos compared to other invertebrates. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology 39:111-137. 2005 Index or Indicator Invertebrates; Light; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Taylor, R. B. and P. D. Steinberg. 2005. Host use by Australasian seaweed mesograzers in relation to feeding preferences of larger grazers. Ecology 86:2955-2967. 2005 Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Sea Urchins
Tuya, F., P. Sanchez-Jerez, and R. J. Haroun. 2005. Influence of fishing and functional group of algae on sea urchin control of algal communities in the eastern Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287:255-260. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Tuya, F., R. J. Haroun, A. Boyra, and P. Sanchez-Jerez. 2005. Sea urchin Diadema antillarum: Different functions in the structure and dynamics of reefs on both sides of the Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 302:307-310. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Algae; Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Turf Algae
Valentine, J. P. and C. R. Johnson. 2005. Persistence of sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) barrens on the east coast of Tasmania: Inhibition of macroalgal recovery in the absence of high densities of sea urchins. Botanica Marina 48:106-115. 2005 Algae; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Vanderklift, M. A. and G. A. Kendrick. 2005. Contrasting influence of sea urchins on attached and drift macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 299:101-110. 2005 Australia Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Weil, E., J. L. Torres, and M. Ashton. 2005. Population characteristics of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 17 years after the mass mortality event. Revista de biología tropical 219-231. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Wolcott, R. and C. G. Messing. 2005. A comparison of diets and water agitation methods for larval culture of the edible sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 77:177-190. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Aquaculture; Echinoderms; Remediation; Sea Urchins
Wright, J. T., S. A. Dworjanyn, C. N. Rogers, P. D. Steinberg, J. E. Williamson, and A. G. B. Poore. 2005. Density-dependent sea urchin grazing: Differential removal of species, changes in community composition and alternative community states. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298:143-156. 2005 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Alvarado, J. J. 2004. Abundance of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) in the Costa Rican Pacific [Abundancia del erizo de mar Centrostephanus coronatus (Echinoidea: Diadematidae) en el Pacifico de Costa Rica]. Revista de Biologia Tropical 52:911-913. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Appana, S. D., V. C. Vuki, and R. L. Cumming. 2004. Variation in abundance and spatial distribution of ecomorphs of the sea urchins, Echinometra sp. nov A and E. sp. nov C on a Fijian reef. Hydrobiologia 518:105-110. 2004 Fiji Sea Urchins
Ashworth, J. S., R. F. G. Ormond, and H. T. Sturrock. 2004. Effects of reef-top gathering and fishing on invertebrate abundance across take and no-take zones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 303:221-242. 2004 Egypt Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Attrill, M. J., F. Kelmo, and M. B. Jones. 2004. Impact of the 1997-98 El Nino event on the coral reef-associated echinoderm assemblage from northern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Climate Research 26:151-158. 2004 Global Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Light; Sea Urchins
Chazottes, V., V. Chevillotte, and A. Dufresne. 2004. Caracteristics of the particulate production by the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei on Indo-Pacific reefs: Influence of coral communities and implications on the sedimentary dynamics [Caracterisation de la production particulaire par l'oursin Echinometra. Geobios 37:13-22. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Light; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Coppard, S. E. and A. C. Campbell. 2004. Taxonomic significance of spine morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix. Invertebrate Biology 123:357-371. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Urchins
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, A. J. Morton, and C. R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 312:67-87. 2004 Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Fenner, D. and K. Banks. 2004. Orange Cup Coral Tubastraea coccinea invades Florida and the Flower Garden Banks, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs 23:505-507. 2004 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Sea Urchins
Geistdoerfer, P. and M. Goyffon. 2004. Dangerous aquatic animals [Animaux aquatiques dangereux]. EMC - Toxicologie-Pathologie 1:35-62. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Molluscs; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Glynn, P. W. 2004. High complexity food webs in low-diversity eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems 7:358-367. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Whales & Dolphins
Guidetti, P. 2004. Consumers of sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, in shallow Mediterranean rocky reefs. Helgoland Marine Research 58:110-116. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Guidetti, P., A. Terlizzi, and F. Boero. 2004. Effects of the edible sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, fishery along the Apulian rocky coast (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Fisheries Research 66:287-297. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hata, H. and M. Kato. 2004. Monoculture and mixed-species algal farms on a coral reef are maintained through intensive and extensive management by damselfishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 313:285-296. 2004 Japan Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 2004. Effects of Artisanal Fishing on Caribbean Coral Reefs. Conservation Biology 18:215-226. 2004 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Jenkins, G. P. 2004. The ecosystem effects of abalone fishing: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 55:545-552. 2004 Review; Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Lafferty, K. D., J. W. Porter, and S. E. Ford. 2004. Are diseases increasing in the ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35:31-54. 2004 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Loker, E. S., C. M. Adema, S.-M. Zhang, and T. B. Kepler. 2004. Invertebrate immune systems - Not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood. Immunological Reviews 198:24-Oct. 2004 Model Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Tunicates
Mita, M., T. Uehara, and M. Nakamura. 2004. Speciation in four closely related species of sea urchins (genus Echinometra) with special reference to the acrosome reaction. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 45:169-174. 2004 Japan Sea Urchins
Mooi, R., H. Constable, S. Lockhart, and J. Pearse. 2004. Echinothurioid phylogeny and the phylogenetic significance of Kamptosoma (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 51:1903-1919. 2004 Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Pereira, M. A. M. and P. M. B. Goncalves. 2004. Effects of the 2000 southern Mozambique floods on a marginal coral community: The case at Xai-Xai. African Journal of Aquatic Science 29:113-116. 2004 Mozambique Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Octocoral; Salinity; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae
Rahman, M. A., T. Uehara, and J. S. Pearse. 2004. Experimental hybridization between two recently diverged species of tropical sea urchins, Echinometra mathaei and Echinometra oblonga. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 45:14-Jan. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Urchins
Shears, N. T. and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Community composition and structure of shallow subtidal reefs in northeastern New Zealand. Science for Conservation May-43. 2004 Algae; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Suzuki, R. and H. Kan. 2004. Zonal trend of reef topography and bioerosion process by sea urchins in a fringing reef, Ishigaki Island, the Ryukyus, Japan. Chikei 25:115-137. 2004 Japan Salinity; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Toro-Farmer, G., J. R. Cantera K, E. Londono-Cruz, C. Orozco, and R. Neira O. 2004. Distribution patterns and bioerosion of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus (Diadematoida: Diadematidae), at the reef of Playa Blanca, Colombian Pacific [Patrones de distribucion y tasas de bioerosion del erizo Centrostephanus coronatus (Diadematoi. Revista de Biologia Tropical 52:67-76. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Urchins
Tuya, F., A. Boyra, P. Sanchez-Jerez, C. Barbera, and R. Haroun. 2004. Can one species determine the structure of the benthic community on a temperate rocky reef? The case of the long-spined sea-urchin Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the eastern Atlantic. Hydrobiologia 519:211-214. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Tuya, F., A. Boyra, P. Sanchez-Jerez, C. Barbera, and R. J. Haroun. 2004. Relationships between rocky-reef fish assemblages, the sea urchin Diadema antillarum and macroalgae throughout the Canarian Archipelago. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278:157-169. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Vagelli, A. A. 2004. Ontogenetic shift in habitat preference by Pterapogon kauderni, a shallow water coral reef apogonid, with direct development. Copeia 364-369. 2004 Anemones & Zooanthids; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Vaitilingon, D., I. Eeckhaut, D. Fourgon, and M. Jangoux. 2004. Population dynamics, infestation and host selection of Vexilla vexillum, an ectoparasitic muricid of echinoids, in Madagascar. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 61:241-255. 2004 Madagascar Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sea Urchins
Vanderklift, M. A. and G. A. Kendrick. 2004. Variation in abundances of herbivorous invertebrates in temperate subtidal rocky reef habitats. Marine and Freshwater Research 55:93-103. 2004 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Alves, F. M. A., L. M. Chicharo, E. Serrao, and A. D. Abreu. 2003. Grazing by Diadema antillarum (Philippi) upon algal communities on rocky substrates. Scientia Marina 67:307-311. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Algae; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Borelli, G., N. Mayer-Gostan, P. L. Merle, H. De Pontual, G. Boeuf, D. Allemand, and P. Payan. 2003. Composition of biomineral organic matrices with special emphasis on turbot (Psetta maxima) otolith and endolymph. Calcified Tissue International 72:717-725. 2003 Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Carr, R. S., M. Nipper, and G. S. Plumlee. 2003. Survey of marine contamination from mining-related activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines: Porewater toxicity and chemistry. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 6:369-379. 2003 Philippines Mining; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Griffin, S. P., R. P. Garcia, and E. Weil. 2003. Bioerosion in coral reef communities in southwest Puerto Rico by the sea urchin Echinometra viridis. Marine Biology 143:79-84. 2003 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Guidetti, P., S. Fraschetti, A. Terlizzi, and F. Boero. 2003. Distribution patterns of sea urchins and barrens in shallow Mediterranean rocky reefs impacted by the illegal fishery of the rock-boring mollusc Lithophaga lithophaga. Marine Biology 143:1135-1142. 2003 Algae; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Hill, N. A., C. Blount, A. G. B. Poore, D. Worthington, and P. D. Steinberg. 2003. Grazing effects of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in two contrasting rocky reef habitats: Effects of urchin density and its implications for the fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:691-700. 2003 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Horiuchi, Y., R. Kimura, N. Kato, T. Fujii, M. Seki, T. Endo, T. Kato, and K. Kawashima. 2003. Evolutional study on acetylcholine expression. Life Sciences 72:1745-1756. 2003 Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Keller, B.D. and S. Donahue. 2003. 2002-03 Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary science report: an ecosystem report card after five years of marine zoning. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-06-12. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Sanctuary Program, Silver Spring, MD. 2003 Florida Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Monetary Valuation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Kolm, N. and A. Berglund. 2003. Wild populations of a reef fish suffer from the \nondestructive\" aquarium trade fishery". Conservation Biology 17:910-914. 2003 Japan; Indonesia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Kramer, P. A., P. R. Kramer, and R. N. Ginsburg. 2003. Assessment of the Andros Island reef system, Bahamas (part 1: Stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bulletin 76-99. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas Index or Indicator Algae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Lindley, I. D. 2003. Echinoids of the Kairuku Formation (Lower Pliocene), Yule Island, Papua New Guinea: Regularia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 124:137-151. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea; Java Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Miller, R. J., A. J. Adams, N. B. Ogden, J. C. Ogden, and J. P. Ebersole. 2003. Diadema antillarum 17 years after mass mortality: Is recovery beginning on St. Croix? Coral Reefs 22:181-187. 2003 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Muthiga, N. A. 2003. Coexistence and reproductive isolation of the sympatric echinoids Diadema savignyi Michelin and Diadema setosum (Leske) on Kenyan coral reefs. Marine Biology 143:669-677. 2003 Kenya Index or Indicator Sea Urchins
Rezanka, T. and V. M. Dembitsky. 2003. Brominated oxylipins and oxylipin glycosides from red sea corals. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2003:309-316. 2003 Germany Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Urchins
Samyn, Y. 2003. Shallow-water regular echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from Kenya. African Zoology 38:193-212. 2003 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Van Zyl, R. F., S. Mayfield, and G. M. Branch. 2003. Aquarium experiments comparing the feeding behaviour of rock lobster Jasus lalandii on abalone and sea urchins at two sites on the west coast of South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 25:377-382. 2003 South Africa Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Vargas-Angel, B. 2003. Coral community structure off the Pacific coast of Colombia: Onshore vs offshore coral reefs. Atoll Research Bulletin 21-Jan. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae
Angel, D. L., N. Eden, S. Breitstein, A. Yurman, T. Katz, and E. Spanier. 2002. In situ biofiltration: A means to limit the dispersal of effluents from marine finfish cage aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 469:10-Jan. 2002 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Sponges; Tunicates
Aronson, R. B., W. F. Precht, M. A. Toscano, and K. H. Koltes. 2002. The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Biology 141:435-447. 2002 Global; South & Central America; Belize Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Encrusting Sponges; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Bouree, P. and A. Lancon. 2002. Dangerous aquatic animals [Les animaux aquatiques dangereux]. Revue Francaise des Laboratoires 2002:61-64. 2002 Australia; Iran Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Bulleri, F., I. Bertocci, and F. Micheli. 2002. Interplay of encrusting coralline algae and sea urchins in maintaining alternative habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243:101-109. 2002 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2002. Density, spatial distribution and size structure of sea urchins in Florida Keys coral reef and hard-bottom habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 235:117-126. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and S. G. Smith. 2002. Large-scale surveys on the Florida Reef Tract indicate poor recovery of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum. Coral Reefs 21:155-159. 2002 Florida Sea Urchins
De Loma, T. L., C. Conand, M. Harmelin-Vivien, and E. Ballesteros. 2002. Food selectivity of Tripneustes gratilla (L.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in oligotrophic and nutrient-enriched coral reefs at La Reunion (Indian Ocean). Bulletin of Marine Science 70:927-938. 2002 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Falace, A. and G. Bressan. 2002. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evolution of macroalgal vegetation on an artificial reef with anti-grazing nets (Loano-Ligurian Sea). ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Sea Urchins
Green, D., D. Howard, X. Yang, K. Partridge, N. M. P. Clarke, and R. O. C. Oreffo. 2002. Marine invertebrate skeletons: Promising tissue engineering scaffolds particularly for orthopaedic applications. Page 80 in Third Smith and Nephew International Symposium - Translating Tissue Engineering into Products. 2002 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Hartney, K. B. and K. A. Grorud. 2002. The effect of sea urchins as biogenic structures on the local abundance of a temperate reef fish. Oecologia 131:506-513. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Lev, E. 2002. Some evidence for the use of doctrine of signatures in the land of Israel and its environs during the Middle Ages. Harefuah 141:651-655. 2002 Europe Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. The near future of coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 29:460-483. 2002 Global Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral morality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31:543-550. 2002 Kenya Algae; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges
McClanahan, T., N. Polunin, and T. Done. 2002. Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology 6. 2002 Global Review Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish
Miller, M. W. and C. L. Gerstner. 2002. Reefs of an uninhabited Caribbean island: Fishes, benthic habitat, and opportunities to discern reef fishery impact. Biological Conservation 106:37-44. 2002 South & Central America; Haiti; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Mita, M., T. Uehara, and M. Nakamura. 2002. Comparative studies on the energy metabolism in spermatozoa of four closely related species of sea urchins (Genus Echinometra) in Okinawa. Zoological Science 19:419-427. 2002 Cuba; Japan Sea Urchins; Substrate
Ryan, J. C. 2002. Dust in the wind. World Watch 15:32-35. 2002 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Shears, N. T. and R. C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131-142. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Smith, Q., J. McKinney, L. Komoroske, and L. Pettersen. 2002. Dominica Coral Reef Status 2002: assessment of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum, reef fishes, and algal cover. ITME Research Reports. 2002 Algae; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
CARICOMP. 2001. Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP); a cooperative research and monitoring network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Carreiro-Silva, M. and T. R. McClanahan. 2001. Echinoid bioerosion and herbivory on Kenyan coral reefs: The role of protection from fishing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 262:133-153. 2001 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
Chiappone, M., S. L. Miller, D. W. Swanson, J. S. Ault, and S. G. Smith. 2001. Comparatively high densities of the long-spined sea urchin in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Coral Reefs 20:137-138. 2001 Florida Sea Urchins
Cole, R. G., R. C. Babcock, V. Travers, and R. G. Creese. 2001. Distributional expansion of Carpophyllum flexuosum onto wave-exposed reefs in north-eastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35:17-32. 2001 Model Sea Urchins; Shoreline Protection
Eakin, C. M. 2001. A tale of two enso events: Carbonate budgets and the influence of two warming disturbances and intervening variability, Uva Island, Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:171-186. 2001 Panama Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Sea Urchins
Edmunds, P. J. and R. C. Carpenter. 2001. Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5067-5071. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Haley, M. P. and J. L. Solandt. 2001. Population fluctuations of the sea urchins Diadema antillarum and Tripneustes ventricosus at Discovery Bay, Jamaica: A case of biological succession? Caribbean Journal of Science 37:239-245. 2001 Jamaica Algae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Substrate
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Knowlton, N. 2001. Sea urchin recovery from mass mortality: New hope for Caribbean coral reefs? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:4822-4824. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Koslow, J. A., K. Gowlett-Holmes, J. K. Lowry, T. O'Hara, G. C. B. Poore, and A. Williams. 2001. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: Community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213:111-125. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Lessios, H. A., M. J. Garrido, and B. D. Kessing. 2001. Demographic history of Diadema antillarum, a keystone herbivore on Caribbean reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268:2347-2353. 2001 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama; Caribbean Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and R. Arthur. 2001. The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes. Ecological Applications 11:559-569. 2001 Indian Ocean; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., M. McField, M. Huitric, K. Bergman, E. Sala, M. Nystrom, I. Nordemar, T. Elfwing, and N. A. Muthiga. 2001. Responses of algae, corals and fish to the reduction of macroalgae in fished and unfished patch reefs of Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 19:367-379. 2001 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, and S. Mangi. 2001. Coral and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: Interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19:380-391. 2001 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Moses, C. S. and R. M. Bonem. 2001. Recent population dynamics of diadema antillarum and Tripneustes ventricosus along the North coast of Jamaica, W.I. Bulletin of Marine Science 68:327-336. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Nipper, M. and R. S. Carr. 2001. Porewater toxicity testing: A novel approach for assessing contaminant impacts in the vicinity of coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:407-420. 2001 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Urchins; Sediment
Phinney, J. T., F. Muller-Karger, P. Dustan, and J. Sobel. 2001. Using remote sensing to reassess the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum 1983-1984. Conservation Biology 15:885-891. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Bermuda; Caribbean; Mexico GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Ballast Discharge; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Rogers-Bennett, L. and J. S. Pearse. 2001. Indirect benefits of marine protected areas for juvenile abalone. Conservation Biology 15:642-647. 2001 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Siung-Chang, A. M. and A. Lum-Kong. 2001. Possible link between reef-fish mortalities in the southeast Caribbean and South American river discharge (July-October 1999). Bulletin of Marine Science 68:343-350. 2001 South & Central America; Florida; Antilles; Bahamas; Cayman Islands; Turks and Caicos; Venezuela; Caribbean; Mexico Discharges; Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Solandt, J.-L. and A. C. Campbell. 2001. Macroalgal feeding characteristics of the sea urchin diadema Antillarum Philippi at discovery bay, Jamaica. Caribbean Journal of Science 37:227-238. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Taniguchi, K., H. Yamane, K. Sasaki, Y. Agatsuma, and H. Arakawa. 2001. Marine afforestation of the kelp Eisenia bicyclis in coralline flats by introduction of porous-concrete reefs. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi (Japanese Edition) 67:858-865. 2001 Japan Algae; Sea Urchins
Teruya, T., K. Suenaga, T. Koyama, Y. Nakano, and D. Uemura. 2001. Arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid, feeding attractants for the crown-of-thorns sea star Acanthaster planci, from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 266:123-134. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Sea Urchins; Seastars
Villouta, E., W. L. Chadderton, C. W. Pugsley, and C. H. Hay. 2001. Effects of sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) grazing in Dusky Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35:1007-1024. 2001 Algae; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Williams, I. D. and N. V. C. Polunin. 2001. Large-scale associations between macroalgal cover and grazer biomass on mid-depth reefs in the Caribbean. Coral Reefs 19:358-366. 2001 South & Central America; Cuba; Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Williams, I. D., N. V. C. Polunin, and V. J. Hendrick. 2001. Limits to grazing by herbivorous fishes and the impact of low coral cover on macroalgal abundance on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series 222:187-196. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Alsaffar, A. H. and K. P. Lone. 2000. Reproductive cycles of Diadema setosum and Echinometra mathaei (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) from Kuwait (Northern Arabian Gulf). Bulletin of Marine Science 67:845-856. 2000 Kuwait Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Andrew, N. L. and A. L. O'Neill. 2000. Large-scale patterns in habitat structure on subtidal rocky reefs in New South Wales. Marine and Freshwater Research 51:255-263. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Aronson, R. B. and W. F. Precht. 2000. Herbivory and algal dynamics on the coral reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Limnology and Oceanography 45:251-255. 2000 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bythell, J. C., Z. M. Hillis-Starr, and C. S. Rogers. 2000. Local variability but landscape stability in coral reef communities following repeated hurricane impacts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 204:93-100. 2000 Algae; Fish; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Cheroske, A. G., S. L. Williams, and R. C. Carpenter. 2000. Effects of physical and biological disturbances on algal turfs in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248:Jan-34. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Cyanobacteria; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Day, E. and G. M. Branch. 2000. Evidence for a positive relationship between juvenile abalone Haliotis midae and the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus in the South-Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 145-156. 2000 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
De Dobbeleer, G. 2000. Stings, bites and other adventures... [Piqûres, morsures et autres aventures....]. Revue Medicale de Bruxelles 21. 2000 Review Arthropods; Molluscs; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Dustan, P. 2000. Florida Keys. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 405-414. 2000 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Pipelines; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Lidz, B. H. and P. Hallock. 2000. Sedimentary petrology of a declining reef ecosystem, Florida reef tract (U.S.A.). Journal of Coastal Research 16:675-697. 2000 Florida Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Nutrients; Pathogens; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Mccartney, M. A., G. Keller, and H. A. Lessios. 2000. Dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in Atlantic and eastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Echinometra. Molecular Ecology 9:1391-1400. 2000 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama; Caribbean; South Africa Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
McClanahan, T. R. 2000. Recovery of a coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks. Biological Conservation 94:191-198. 2000 Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Mills, S. C., M. Peyrot-Clausade, and M. France Fontaine. 2000. Ingestion and transformation of algal turf by Echinometra mathaei on Tiahura fringing reef (French Polynesia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 254:71-84. 2000 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Urchins
Ostrander, G. K., K. M. Armstrong, E. T. Knobbe, D. Gerace, and E. P. Scully. 2000. Rapid transition in the structure of a coral reef community: The effects of coral bleaching and physical disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:5297-5302. 2000 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Algae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Peyrot-Clausade, M. and V. Chazottes. 2000. Reef bioerosion and its role in sediment production in Moorea (French Polynesia) and Reunion islands [La bioerosion recifale et son role dans la sedimentogenese a� Moorea (Polynesie francaise) et a� la Reunion]. Oceanis 26:275-309. 2000 Reunion Review Boring Sponges; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Substrate
Peyrot-Clausade, M., P. Chabanet, C. Conand, M. F. Fontaine, Y. Letourneur, and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 2000. Sea urchin and fish bioerosion on La Reunion and Moorea Reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:477-485. 2000 Reunion Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Pinnegar, J. K., N. V. C. Polunin, P. Francour, F. Badalamenti, R. Chemello, M.-L. Harmelin-Vivien, B. Hereu, M. Milazzo, M. Zabala, G. D'Anna, and C. Pipitone. 2000. Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: Lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environmental Conservation 27:179-200. 2000 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Caribbean Review Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Shaghude, Y. W. and K. O. Wannas. 2000. Mineralogical and biogenic composition of the Zanzibar Channel sediments, Tanzania. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 51:477-489. 2000 Tanzania; Mozambique Model Construction Codes & Projects; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Shinn, E. A., G. W. Smith, J. M. Prospero, P. Betzer, M. L. Hayes, V. Garrison, and R. T. Barber. 2000. African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs. Geophysical Research Letters 27:3029-3032. 2000 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Vierros, M. 2000. Jamaica. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 559-574. 2000 Jamaica Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Aguilar Alvarez, T. 1999. Organismos de un arrecife fosil (Oligoceno Superior-Mioceno Inferior), del Caribe de Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:453-474. 1999 Antigua; Costa Rica Index or Indicator Algae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Antonelli, P. L. and P. W. Sammarco. 1999. Evolution via Random Walk on Adaptive Landscapes. Open Systems and Information Dynamics 6:47-67. 1999 Australia Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134. 1999 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Bulleri, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, and F. Cinelli. 1999. Grazing by the sea urchins Arbacia lixula L. and Paracentrotus lividus Lam. in the Northwest Mediterranean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 241:81-95. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Cole, R. G. 1999. Trophic relationships between fishes and benthic organisms on northeastern New Zealand reefs. Vie et Milieu 49:201-212. 1999 Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Hardege, J. D. 1999. Nereidid polychaetes as model organisms for marine chemical ecology. Hydrobiologia 402:145-161. 1999 Model Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Seastars
McClanahan, T. R. 1999. Predation and the control of the sea urchin Echinometra viridis and fleshy algae in the patch reefs of Glovers Reef, Belize. Ecosystems 2:511-523. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Madagascar; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru, H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1999. The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 89:161-182. 1999 Kenya; Tanzania Model Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R., V. Hendrick, M. J. Rodrigues, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1999. Varying responses of herbivorous and invertebrate-feeding fishes to macroalgal reduction on a coral reef. Coral Reefs 18:195-203. 1999 Kenya Index or Indicator Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Prena, J., P. Schwinghamer, T. W. Rowell, D. C. Gordon Jr., K. D. Gilkinson, W. P. Vass, and D. L. McKeown. 1999. Experimental otter trawling on a sandy bottom ecosystem of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Analysis of trawl bycatch and effects on epifauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 181:107-124. 1999 China Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sewell, M. A. and C. M. Young. 1999. Temperature limits to fertilization and early development in the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 236:291-305. 1999 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Smith, A. K., P. A. Ajani, and D. E. Roberts. 1999. Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblages exposed to sewage and implications for management. Marine Environmental Research 47:241-260. 1999 Australia Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Sea Urchins
Stachowicz, J. J. and M. E. Hay. 1999. Mutualism and coral persistence: The role of herbivore resistance to algal chemical defense. Ecology 80:2085-2101. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
Arakaki, Y., T. Uehara, and I. Fagoonee. 1998. Comparative studies of the genus Echinometra from Okinawa and Mauritius. Zoological Science 15:159-168. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Mauritius Field Study & Monitoring Sea Urchins
Benedetti-Cecchi, L., F. Bulleri, and F. Cinelli. 1998. Density dependent foraging of sea urchins in shallow subtidal reefs on the west coast of Italy (western Mediterranean). Marine Ecology Progress Series 163:203-211. 1998 Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Fonseca E., A. C. and J. Cortes. 1998. Coral borers of the eastern Pacific: Aspidosiphon (A.) elegans (Sipuncula: Aspidosiphonidae) and Pomatogebia rugosa (Crustacea: Upogebiidae). Pacific Science 52:170-175. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Hader, D.-P., H. D. Kumar, R. C. Smith, and R. C. Worrest. 1998. Effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 46:53-68. 1998 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Climate; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Wetlands
Jennings, S. and M. J. Kaiser. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 201-352. 1998 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Sea Urchins; Whales & Dolphins
Jones, G. P. and C. Syms. 1998. Disturbance, habitat structure and the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Australian Journal of Ecology 23:287-297. 1998 Review; Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes
McClanahan, T. R. 1998. Predation and the distribution and abundance of tropical sea urchin populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 221:231-255. 1998 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Substrate
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. Muthiga. 1998. An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years. Environmental Conservation 25:122-130. 1998 Global; South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McConney, P. and R. Mahon. 1998. Introducing fishery management planning to Barbados. Ocean and Coastal Management 39:189-195. 1998 Review Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Nagle, D. G. and V. J. Paul. 1998. Chemical defense of a marine cyanobacterial bloom. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225:29-38. 1998 Guam Corallivorous Fish; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins
Zea, S., J. Geister, J. Garzon-Ferreira, and J. M. Diaz. 1998. Biotic changes in the reef complex of San Andres Island (Southwestern Caribbean Sea, Colombia) occurring over nearly three decades. Atoll Research Bulletin 30-Jan. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Adjeroud, M. 1997. Factors influencing spatial patterns on coral reefs around Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 159:105-119. 1997 Australia Algae; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Bianucci, G., G. Cantalamessa, W. Landini, L. Ragaini, and G. Valleri. 1997. Fossil mollusk association from Isabela Island (Galapagos, Ecuador). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 36:277-281. 1997 Arthropods; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Sponges
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 1997. Short term monitoring of biotic change in Tasmanian marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 213:261-279. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Flammang, P., M. Warnau, A. Temara, D. J. W. Lane, and M. Jangoux. 1997. Heavy metals in Diadema setosum (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) from Singapore coral reefs. Journal of Sea Research 38:35-45. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Glynn, P. W. and G. E. Leyte Morales. 1997. Coral reefs of Huatulco, West Mexico: Reef development in upwelling Gulf of Tehuantepec. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:1033-1047. 1997 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Substrate
Jackson, J. B. C. 1997. Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sponges
McClanahan, T. R. 1997. Primary succession of coral-reef algae: Differing patterns on fished versus unfished reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 218:77-102. 1997 Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Discharges; Fish; Light; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1997. Transplantation of juvenile corals: A new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology 127:499-505. 1997 Lab Study Algae; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Pennings, S. C., S. R. Pablo, and V. J. Paul. 1997. Chemical defenses of the tropical, benthic marine cyanobacterium Hormothamnion enteromorphoides: Diverse consumers and synergisms. Limnology and Oceanography 42:911-917. 1997 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Rodrigues, C. L., S. Caeiro, and S. V. Raikar. 1997. Marine macrophyte communities on the reef flat at Agatti atoll (Lakshadweep, India). Botanica Marina 40:557-568. 1997 India Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Schwartz, S. and T. Meinking. 1997. Venomous marine animals of Florida: morphology, behavior, health hazards. The Journal of the Florida Medical Association 84:433-440. 1997 Florida Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Williams, S. L. and R. C. Carpenter. 1997. Grazing effects on nitrogen fixation in coral reef algal turfs. Marine Biology 130:223-231. 1997 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Breitburg, D. L. 1996. Consumer mobility and the relative importance of consumption and competition following physical disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 138:83-92. 1996 Model Algae; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Eakin, C. M. 1996. Where have all the carbonates gone? A model comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the 1982-1983 El Nino at Uva Island in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs 15:109-119. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Model Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish
Estes, J. A. 1996. The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: examples from sea otters and kelp forests. Pages 65-72 Aquatic predators and their prey. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Columbia Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Falcon, J. M., S. A. Bortone, A. Brito, and C. M. Bundrick. 1996. Structure of and relationships within and between the littoral, rock- substrate fish communities off four islands in the Canarian Archipelago. Marine Biology 125:215-231. 1996 Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Fridkovsky, E., A. Rudi, Y. Benayahu, Y. Kashman, and M. Schleyer. 1996. Sarcoglane, a new cytotoxic diterpene from Sarcophyton glaucum. Tetrahedron Letters 37:6909-6910. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Octocoral; Sea Urchins
Glynn, P. W., J. E. N. Veron, and G. M. Wellington. 1996. Clipperton Atoll (eastern Pacific): Oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs 15:71-99. 1996 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Algae; Coralline Algae; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gravier-Bonnet, N. and D. Mioche. 1996. Annual survey of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) cohabiting in shrimp-crevices on a reef flat of La Reunion (Indian Ocean). Scientia Marina 60:165-181. 1996 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Lab Study; GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins
Guillemette, M., A. Reed, and J. H. Himmelman. 1996. Availability and consumption of food by common eiders wintering in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Evidence of prey depletion. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:32-38. 1996 Cuba Sea Urchins
Lumbang, W. A. and V. J. Paul. 1996. Chemical defenses of the tropical green seaweed Neomeris annulata Dickie: Effects of multiple compounds on feeding by herbivores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 201:185-195. 1996 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam; Caribbean Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and B. Kaunda-Arara. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery [Recuperacion de pesquerias en un parque marino de arrecife coralino]. Conservation Biology 10:1187-1199. 1996 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Mcclanahan, T. R., A. T. Kamukuru, N. A. Muthiga, M. Gilagabher Yebio, and D. Obura. 1996. Effect of sea urchin reductions on algae, coral, and fish populations. Conservation Biology 10:136-154. 1996 Kenya Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
McShane, P. E., P. K. Gerring, O. A. Anderson, and R. A. Stewart. 1996. Population differences in the reproductive biology of Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echinometridae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30:333-339. 1996 Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins
Meroz, E. and M. Ilan. 1996. Cohabitation of a coral reef sponge and a colonial scyphozoan. Marine Biology 124:453-459. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Discharges; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Mokady, O., B. Lazar, and Y. Loya. 1996. Echinoid bioerosion as a major structuring force of red sea coral reefs. Biological Bulletin 190:367-372. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Piller, W. E. and M. Rasser. 1996. Rhodolith formation induced by reef erosion in the Red Sea, Egypt. Coral Reefs 15:191-198. 1996 Egypt Algae; Coralline Algae; Discharges; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Reaka-Kudla, M. L., J. S. Feingold, and W. Glynn. 1996. Experimental studies of rapid bioerosion of coral reefs in the Galapagos Islands. Coral Reefs 15:101-107. 1996 Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Sadiq, M., A. A. Mian, and A. P. Saji. 1996. Metal bioaccumulation by sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) from the Saudi Coastal areas of Arabian Gulf: 2. Cadmium, copper, chromium, barium, calcium, and strontium. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57:964-971. 1996 Sea Urchins
Shulman, M. J. and D. R. Robertson. 1996. Changes in the coral reefs of San Bias, Caribbean Panama: 1983 to 1990. Coral Reefs 15:231-236. 1996 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Yoshioka, P. M. 1996. Variable recruitment and its effects on the population and community structure of shallow-water gorgonians. Bulletin of Marine Science 59:433-443. 1996 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Sea Urchins
Dullo, W.-C., M. Gektidis, S. Golubic, G. A. Heiss, H. Kampmann, W. Kiene, D. K. Kroll, M. L. Kuhrau, G. Radtke, J. G. Reijmer, G. B. Reinicke, D. Schlichter, H. Schuhmacher, and K. Vogel. 1995. Factors controlling holocene reef growth: An interdisciplinary approach. Facies 32:145-188. 1995 Global; Bahamas; Egypt; Sudan; Djibouti Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Lessios, H. A. 1995. Diadenza antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: Still rare, despite help from a competitor. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 259:331-337. 1995 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Plankton; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. 1995. A coral reef ecosystem-fisheries model: Impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes. Ecological Modelling 80:19-Jan. 1995 Model Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Shoreline Protection; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R. 1995. Fish predators and scavengers of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral-reef marine parks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43:187-193. 1995 Kenya Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and D. Obura. 1995. Status of Kenyan coral reefs. Coastal Management 23:57-76. 1995 Kenya Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Prince, J. 1995. Limited effects of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville) on the recruitment of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates into intertidal rock platforms at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 186:237-258. 1995 Australia Algae; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Schiel, D. R., N. L. Andrew, and M. S. Foster. 1995. The structure of subtidal algal and invertebrate assemblages at the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Marine Biology 123:355-367. 1995 Algae; Commercial Fisheries; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Tegner, M. J., P. K. Dayton, P. B. Edwards, K. L. Riser, D. B. Chadwick, T. A. Dean, and L. Deysher. 1995. Effects of a large sewage spill on a kelp forest community: Catastrophe or disturbance? Marine Environmental Research 40:181-224. 1995 Light; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Andrew, N. L. 1994. Survival of kelp adjacent to areas grazed by sea urchins in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 19:466-472. 1994 Australia Sea Urchins
Bak, R. P. M. 1994. Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs - Place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables. Coral Reefs 13:99-104. 1994 Sea Urchins
Forcucci, D. 1994. Population density, recruitment and 1991 mortality event of Diadema antillarum in the Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:917-928. 1994 Florida Sea Urchins
Gittings, S. R., T. J. Bright, and D. K. Hagman. 1994. Protection and monitoring of reefs on the Flower Garden Banks, 1972- 1992. Pages 181-187 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Glynn, P. W. 1994. State of coral reefs in the Galapagos Islands: Natural vs anthropogenic impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:131-140. 1994 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
Hughes, T. P. 1994. Coral reef degradation: a long-term study of human and natural impacts. Pages 208-213 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Jamaica Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Mann, G. S. 1994. Distribution, Abundance and Life History of the Reef Coral Favia fragum (Espter) in Barbados: Effects of Eutrophication and of the Black Sea Urchin Diadema antillarum (Philippi). McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. 1994 Nutrients; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. 1994. Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: Effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins. Coral Reefs 13:231-242. 1994 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Substrate
McClanahan, T. R. and J. C. Mutere. 1994. Coral and sea urchin assemblage structure and interrelationships in Kenyan reef lagoons. Hydrobiologia 286:109-124. 1994 Kenya Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R., M. Nugues, and S. Mwachireya. 1994. Fish and sea urchin herbivory and competition in Kenyan coral reef lagoons: The role of reef management. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 184:237-254. 1994 Kenya Fish; Sea Urchins
Patton, M. L., C. F. Valle, and R. S. Grove. 1994. Effects of bottom relief and fish grazing on the density of the giant kelp, Macrocystis. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:631-644. 1994 Cuba Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Scoffin, T. P. 1994. History of a fringing reef on the west coast of Barbados 1974-1992. Pages 273-278 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global Algae; Coralline Algae; Hydrocoral; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Smith, S. R. 1994. Status and recent history of coral reefs at the CARICOMP network of Caribbean marine laboratories. Pages 73-79 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Steneck, R. S. 1994. Is herbivore loss more damaging to reefs than hurricanes? Case studies from two Caribbean reef systems (1978-1988). Pages 220-226 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Andrew, N. L. 1993. Spatial heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing, and habitat structure on reefs in temperate Australia. Ecology 74:292-302. 1993 Australia Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins
Andrew, N. L. and A. J. Underwood. 1993. Density-dependent foraging in the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii on shallow subtidal reefs in New South Wales, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 99:89-98. 1993 Australia Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Carpenter, R. C. and S. L. Williams. 1993. Effects of algal turf canopy height and microscale substratum topography on profiles of flow speed in a coral forereef environment. Limnology and Oceanography 38:687-694. 1993 Sea Urchins
Coyer, J. A. 1993. Interactions between corals and algae on a temperate zone rocky reef: Mediation by sea urchins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 167:21-37. 1993 Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Freiwald, A. 1993. Coralline algal maerl frameworks-Islands within the phaeophytic kelp belt. Facies 29:133-148. 1993 Global; Norway Algae; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Guillemette, M., J. H. Himmelman, C. Barette, and A. Reed. 1993. Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1259-1266. 1993 Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Le Campion-Alsumard, T., J.-C. Romano, M. Peyrot-Clausade, J. Le Campion, and R. Paul. 1993. Influence of some coral reef communities on the calcium carbonate budget of Tiahura reef (Moorea, French Polynesia). Marine Biology 115:685-693. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Miller, D. J., P. L. Harrison, T. J. Mahony, J. P. McMillan, A. Miles, D. M. Odorico, and M. R. Ten Lohuis. 1993. Nucleotide sequence of the histone gene cluster in the coral Acropora formosa (Cnidaria; Scleractinia): Features of histone gene structure and organization are common to diploblastic and triploblastic metazoans. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37:245-253. 1993 Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Schroeter, S. C., J. D. Dixon, J. Kastendiek, R. O. Smith, and J. R. Bence. 1993. Detecting the ecological effects of environmental impacts: a case study of kelp forest invertebrates. Ecological Applications 3:331-350. 1993 Discharges; Octocoral; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Substrate
Steneck, R. S. 1993. Is herbivore loss more damaginig to reefs than hurricanes? Case studies from two Caribbean reef systems (1978-1988). Pages 220-226 Global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazard and history. Rosential School fo Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 1993 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Andrew, N. L. and A. J. Underwood. 1992. Associations and abundance of sea urchins and abalone on shallow subtidal reefs in southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:1547-1559. 1992 Sea Urchins
Done, T. J. and D. C. Potts. 1992. Influences of habitat and natural disturbances on contributions of massive Porites corals to reef communities. Marine Biology 114:479-493. 1992 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Sea Urchins; Seastars; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Glynn, P. W. and M. W. Colgan. 1992. Sporadic disturbances in fluctuating coral reef environments: El Nino and coral reef development in the eastern Pacific. American Zoologist 32:707-718. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Sea Urchins; Seastars; Stony Coral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Harmelin-Vivien, M. L., M. Peyrot-Clausade, and J.-C. Romano. 1992. Transformation of algal turf by echinoids and scarid fishes on French Polynesian coral reefs. Coral Reefs 11:45-50. 1992 Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Turf Algae
Knowlton, N. 1992. Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. American Zoologist 32:674-682. 1992 Index or Indicator Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Levitan, D. R. 1992. Community structure in times past: influence of human fishing pressure on algal-urchin interactions. Ecology 73:1597-1605. 1992 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. 1992. Epibenthic gastropods of the middle Florida keys: The role of habitat and environmental stress on assemblage composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 160:169-190. 1992 Florida Fish; Nutrients; Salinity; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
McClanahan, T. R. 1992. Resource utilization, competition, and predation: a model and example from coral reef grazers. Ecological Modelling 61:195-215. 1992 Review; Model Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sakashita, H. 1992. Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish, Diademichthys lineatus, and its dependence on host sea urchin. Environmental Biology of Fishes 34:95-101. 1992 Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Andrew, N. L. and A. B. Macdiarmid. 1991. Interrelations between sea urchins and spiny lobsters in northeastern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 70:211-222. 1991 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Asakura, A., Y. Kondo, and S. Nishihama. 1991. Distribution patterns of animals on the rocky shores of Chichijima in the Ogasawara Islands. Natural History Research 1:23-40. 1991 Marine Worms; Sea Urchins
Done, T. J., P. K. Dayton, A. E. Dayton, and R. Steger. 1991. Regional and local variability in recovery of shallow coral communities: Moorea, French Polynesia and central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 9:183-192. 1991 Australia Algae; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Small Herbivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lessios, H. A. 1991. Presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight Caribbean echinoids off the coast of Panama. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 153:27-47. 1991 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda; Panama; Caribbean Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
McClanaban, T. R. 1991. Population regulation of the rock-boring sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 147:121-146. 1991 Index or Indicator Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Morales Pedro, RO A. 1991. Sediments and quaternary study of the coastal Lagoon of Unare (Venezuela). Pages 2271-2283 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Patncio Ojeda, F. 1991. Feeding ecology of benthic mobile predators: Experimental analyses of their influence in rocky subtidal communities of the Gulf of Maine. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 149:13-44. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Echinoderms; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Pesando, D., C. Graillet, J.-C. Braekman, A. Dubreuil, J.-P. Girard, and S. Puiseux-Dao. 1991. The use of sea urchin eggs as a model to investigate the effects of crassolide, a diterpene isolated from a soft coral. Pages 395-401 in Toxicology in Vitro. 1991 Model Octocoral; Sea Urchins
Robertson, D. R. 1991. Increases in surgeonfish populations after mass mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in Panama indicate food limitation. Marine Biology 111:437-444. 1991 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Watanabe, J. M. and C. Harrold. 1991. Destructive grazing by sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp. in a central California kelp forest: potential roles of recruitment, depth, and predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 71:125-141. 1991 Algae; Deforestation & Devegetation; Invertebrates; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Williams, E. H. 1991. Threat to black sea urchins. Nature 352:385. 1991 Echinoderms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Andrew, N. L. and G. P. Jones. 1990. Patch formation by herbivorous fish in a temperate Australian kelp forest. Oecologia 85:57-68. 1990 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Asakura, A., Y. Kondo, W. Sako-Okoshi, and M. Miyata. 1990. Distribution patterns of animals and plants on the rocky shores of Hahajima in the Ogasawara Islands. Natural History Research 1:65-79. 1990 Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins
Carpenter, R. C. 1990. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. I. Long-term effects on sea urchin population-dynamics and coral reef algal communities. Marine Biology 104:67-77. 1990 US Virgin Islands Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Carpenter, R. C. 1990. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. II. Effects on population densities and grazing intensity of parrotfishes and surgeonfishes. Marine Biology 104:79-86. 1990 US Virgin Islands Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Dotan, A. 1990. Distribution of regular sea urchins on coral reefs near the south- eastern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, Red Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology 37:15-29. 1990 Sea Urchins
Dotan, A. 1990. Population structure of the echinoid Heterocentrotus mammillatus (L.) along the littoral zone of south-eastern Sinai. Coral Reefs 9:75-80. 1990 Sea Urchins
Glynn, P. W. 1990. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs in the tropical eastern Pacific. Pages 55-126 Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation. 1990 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Algae; Fish; Molluscs; Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Gunthorpe, L. and A. M. Cameron. 1990. Intracolonial variation in toxicity in scleractinian corals. Toxicon 28:1221-1227. 1990 Australia Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Jones, G. P. and N. L. Andrew. 1990. Herbivory and patch dynamics on rocky reefs in temperate Australasia: the roles of fish and sea urchins. Australian Journal of Ecology 15:505-520. 1990 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R. 1990. Kenyan coral reef-associated gastropod assemblages: distribution and diversity patterns. Coral Reefs 9:63-74. 1990 Indian Ocean; Kenya; Tanzania; India Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R. and S. H. Shafir. 1990. Causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in Kenyan coral reef lagoons. Oecologia 83:362-370. 1990 Kenya Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Schiel, D. R. 1990. Macroalgal assemblages in New Zealand: structure, interactions and demography. Hydrobiologia 192:59-76. 1990 Algae; Sea Urchins
Shulman, M. J. 1990. Aggression among sea urchins on. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 140:197-207. 1990 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Williams, S. L. and R. C. Carpenter. 1990. Photosynthesis/photon flux density relationships among components of coral reef algal turfs. Journal of Phycology 26:36-40. 1990 US Virgin Islands Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Greenstein, B. J. 1989. Mass mortality of the West-Indian echinoid Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a natural experiment in taphonomy. Palaios 4:487-492. 1989 South & Central America; Antilles; Bermuda; India; Caribbean Echinoderms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Levitan, D. R. and S. J. Genovese. 1989. Substratum-dependent predator-prey dynamics: patch reefs as refuges from gastropod predation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 130:111-118. 1989 US Virgin Islands Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. Muthiga. 1989. Patterns of preedation on a sea urchin, Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville), on Kenyan coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 126:77-94. 1989 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ogden, N. B., J. C. Ogden, and I. A. Abbott. 1989. Distribution, abundance and food of sea urchins on a leeward Hawaiian reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 45:539-549. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Sea Urchins
Rowley, R. J. 1989. Settlement and recruitment of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.) in a sea-urchin barren ground and a kelp bed: are populations regulated by settlement or post-settlement processes? Marine Biology 100:485-494. 1989 Lab Study Algae; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins
Tertschnig, W. P. 1989. Diel activity patterns and foraging dynamics of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus in a tropical seagrass community and a reef environment (Virgin Islands). Marine Ecology 10:21-Mar. 1989 US Virgin Islands Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch
Andrew, N. L. 1988. Ecological aspects of the common sea urchin, Evechinus chloroticus, in northern New Zealand: a review. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 22:415-426. 1988 Review Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Antonelli, P. L. and N. D. Kazarinoff. 1988. Modelling density-dependent aggregation and reproduction in certain terrestrial and marine ecosystems: A comparative study. Ecological Modelling 41:219-227. 1988 Model Sea Urchins; Seastars
Bray, R. N., A. C. Miller, S. Johnson, P. R. Krause, D. L. Robertson, and A. M. Westcott. 1988. Ammonium excretion by macroinvertebrates and fishes on a subtidal rocky reef in southern California. Marine Biology 100:21-30. 1988 Cuba Lab Study Algae; Fish; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Coen, L. D. 1988. Herbivory by Caribbean majid crabs: feeding ecology and plant susceptibility. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 122:257-276. 1988 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
D'Elia Christopher, F. and R. Taylor Phillip. 1988. Disturbances in coral reefs: Lessons from diadema mass mortality and coral bleaching. Pages 803-807 in [No source information available]. 1988 Environmental Education & Outreach; Sea Urchins
Disalvo, L. H., J. E. Randall, and A. Cea. 1988. Ecological reconnaissance of the Easter Island sublittoral marine environment. National Geographic Research 4:451-473. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
Ebeling, A. W. and D. R. Laur. 1988. Fish populations in kelp forests without sea otters: effects of severe storm damage and destructive sea urchin grazing. Pages 169-191 The community ecology of sea otters. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Fish; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Foster, M. S. and D. R. Schiel. 1988. Kelp communities and sea otters: keystone species or just another brick in the wall? Pages 92-115 The community ecology of sea otters. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii Deforestation & Devegetation; Sea Urchins
Laur, D. R., A. W. Ebeling, and D. A. Coon. 1988. Effects of sea otter foraging on subtidal reef communities off central California. Pages 151-168 The community ecology of sea otters. 1988 Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Littering; Sea Urchins
Lessios, H. A. 1988. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we learned? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 371-393. 1988 South & Central America; Florida; Cayman Islands; Jamaica; Bermuda; Tobago; Belize; Costa Rica; Panama; Caribbean; Mexico Mangroves; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Lessios, H. A. 1988. Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) following mass mortality in Panama. Marine Biology 99:515-526. 1988 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Panama; Caribbean Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R. 1988. Coexistence in a sea urchin guild and its implications to coral reef diversity and degradation. Oecologia 77:210-218. 1988 Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. Muthiga. 1988. Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation. Hydrobiologia 166:269-276. 1988 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Substrate
Morrison, D. 1988. Comparing fish and urchin grazing in shallow and deeper coral reef algal communities. Ecology 69:1367-1382. 1988 Jamaica Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Stevenson, J. C. 1988. Comparative ecology of submersed grass beds in freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments. Limnology and Oceanography 33:867-893. 1988 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean CO2; Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sediment
Breitburg, D. L. 1987. Interspecific competition and the abundance of nest sites: factors affecting sexual selection. Ecology 68:1844-1855. 1987 Fish; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins
Dullo, W.-C., G. Sussmeier, and G. F. Tietz. 1987. Diversity and distributional patterns of reef building scleractinians in recent lagoonal patch reefs on the Coast of Kenya. Facies 16:9-Jan. 1987 Kenya Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ettouati, W. S. and R. S. Jacobs. 1987. Effect of pseudopterosin A on cell division, cell cycle progression, DNA, and protein synthesis in cultured sea urchin embryos. Molecular Pharmacology 31:500-505. 1987 Octocoral; Sea Urchins
Foster, S. A. 1987. Territoriality of the dusky damselfish: influence on algal biomass and on the relative impacts of grazing by fishes and Diadema. Oikos 50:153-160. 1987 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Foster, S. A. 1987. The relative impacts of grazing by caribbean coral reef fishes and Diadema: effects of habitat and surge. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 105:20-Jan. 1987 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hay, M. E., W. Fenical, and K. Gustafson. 1987. Chemical defense against diverse coral-reef herbivores. Ecology 68:1581-1591. 1987 Lab Study Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Hughes, T. P., D. C. Reed, and M.-J. Boyle. 1987. Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 113:39-59. 1987 Jamaica Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Hutchings, P. A. and B. L. Wu. 1987. Coral reefs of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:25-26. 1987 China Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral
J.Stouder, D. 1987. Effects of a severe-weather disturbance on foraging patterns within a California surfperch guild. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 114:73-84. 1987 Algae; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Jackson, J. B. C. and K. W. Kaufmann. 1987. Diadema antillarum was not a keystone predator in cryptic reef environments. Science 235:687-689. 1987 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Longhurst, A. R. and D. Pauly. 1987. Ecology of tropical oceans. Ecology of tropical oceans. 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Muthiga, N. A. and T. R. McClanahan. 1987. Population changes of sea urchin ( Echinometra mathaei) on an exploited fringing reef. African Journal of Ecology 25:8-Jan. 1987 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Sebens, K. P. 1987. The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 371-407. 1987 Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Seawater Flow
Tomascik, T. and F. Sander. 1987. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals - II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Marine Biology 94:53-75. 1987 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Burke, W. A., J. R. Steinbaugh, and E. J. O'Keefe. 1986. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction following a sea urchin sting. International Journal of Dermatology 25:649-650. 1986 Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins
Cubit, J. D., D. M. Windsor, R. C. Thompson, and J. M. Burgett. 1986. Water-level fluctuations, emersion regimes, and variations of echinoid populations on a Caribbean reef flat. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 22:719-737. 1986 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fusetani, N., M. Asano, S. Matsunaga, and K. Hashimoto. 1986. Bioactive marine metabolites-XV. Isolation of aplysinopsin from the scleractinian coral Tubastrea aurea as an inhibitor of development of fertilized sea urchin eggs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 85:845-846. 1986 Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hunte, W., I. Cote, and T. Tomascik. 1986. On the dynamics of the mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in Barbados. Coral Reefs 4:135-139. 1986 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Laur, D. R., A. W. Ebeling, and D. C. Reed. 1986. Experimental evaluations of substrate types as barriers to sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus spp.) movement. Marine Biology 93:209-215. 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Urchins; Substrate
Liddell, W. D. and S. L. Ohlhorst. 1986. Changes in benthic community composition following the mass mortality of Diadema at Jamaica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 95:271-278. 1986 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Boring Sponges; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Parker, D. A. and M. J. Shulman. 1986. Avoiding predation: alarm responses of Caribbean sea urchins to simulated predation on conspecific and heterospecific sea urchins. Marine Biology 93:201-208. 1986 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Breitburg, D. L. 1985. Development of a subtidal epibenthic community: factors affecting species composition and the mechanisms of succession. Oecologia 65:173-184. 1985 Model Algae; Invertebrates; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Hay, M. E. and P. R. Taylor. 1985. Competition between herbivourous fishes and urchins on Caribbean reefs. Oecologia 65:591-598. 1985 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hughes, T. P., B. D. Keller, J. B. C. Jackson, and M. J. Boyle. 1985. Mass mortality of the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi in Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 36:377-384. 1985 Jamaica Sea Urchins
Lewis, S. M. and P. C. Wainwright. 1985. Herbivore abundance and grazing intensity on a Caribbean coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 87:215-228. 1985 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Littler, M. M., P. R. Taylor, D. S. Littler, R. H. Sims, and J. N. Norris. 1985. The distribution, abundance and primary productivity of submerged macrophytes in a Belize barrier-reef mangrove system. Atoll Research Bulletin 1985 South & Central America; Belize Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Muhs, D. R. and G. L. Kennedy. 1985. An evaluation of uranium-series dating of fossil echinoids from southern California Pleistocene marine terraces. Marine Geology 69:187-193. 1985 Sea Urchins
Reaka, M. L. 1985. The ecology of coral reefs. Page 206 in Symposia series for undersea research NOAA's undersea research program. 1985 Fish; Sea Urchins
Schuhmacher, H. and H. Mergner. 1985. Quantitative analysis of coral communities of Sanganeb-Atoll (central Red Sea). II. Comparison with a reef area near Aqaba (northern Red Sea) at the northern margin of the Indopacific reef-belt [Quantitative Analyse von Korallengemeinschaften des Sanganeb. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 39:419-440. 1985 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Index or Indicator Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Carpenter, R. C. 1984. Predator and population density control of homing behavior in the Caribbean echinoid Diadema antillarum. Marine Biology 82:101-108. 1984 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Hay, M. E. 1984. Predictable spatial escapes from herbivory: how do these affect the evolution of herbivore resistance in tropical marine communities? Oecologia 64:396-407. 1984 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lessios, H. A., D. R. Robertson, and J. D. Cubit. 1984. Spread of Diadema Mass Mortality Through the Caribbean. Science 226:335-337. 1984 South & Central America; Caribbean Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Lessios, H. A., J. D. Cubit, D. R. Robertson, M. J. Shulman, M. R. Parker, S. D. Garrity, and S. C. Levings. 1984. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs 3:173-182. 1984 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama; Caribbean Pathogens; Salinity; Sea Urchins
Reinthal, P. N., B. Kensley, and S. M. Lewis. 1984. Dietary shifts in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula, in the absence of its primary food item, Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology 5:191-195. 1984 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Williams, A. H. 1984. The effects of Hurricane Allen on Back Reef populations of Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75:233-243. 1984 Jamaica Fish; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Hoffman, S. G. and D. R. Robertson. 1983. Foraging and reproduction of two Caribbean reef toadfishes (Batrachoididae). Bulletin of Marine Science 33:919-927. 1983 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Fish; Sea Urchins
Levings, C. D., R. E. Foreman, and V. J. Tunnicliffe. 1983. Review of the benthos of the Strait of Georgia and contiguous fjords. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1120-1141. 1983 Review Algae; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Littler, M. M., P. R. Taylor, and D. S. Littler. 1983. Algal resistance to herbivory on a Caribbean barrier reef. Coral Reefs 2:111-118. 1983 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Tunnicliffe, V. 1983. Caribbean staghorn coral populations: pre- Hurricane Allen conditions in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 33:132-151. 1983 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Hawkins, C. M. and J. B. Lewis. 1982. Ecological energetics of the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi in Barbados, West Indies. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 15:645-669. 1982 Algae; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Helfman, G. S., J. L. Meyer, and W. N. McFarland. 1982. The ontogeny of twilight migration patterns in grunts (Pisces: Haemulidae). Animal Behaviour 30:317-326. 1982 US Virgin Islands Sea Urchins
Sammarco, P. W. 1982. Echinoid grazing as a structuring force in coral communities: Whole reef manipulations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61:31-55. 1982 Jamaica Algae; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral
Sammarco, P. W. 1982. Effects of grazing by Diadema antillarum Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on algal diversity and community structure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 65:83-105. 1982 Jamaica Index or Indicator Algae; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins
Gerwick, W. H. and W. Fenical. 1981. Ichthyotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites of the tropical brown alga Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) papenfuss. Journal of Organic Chemistry 46:22-27. 1981 South & Central America; Caribbean Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Urchins
Hawkins, C. M. 1981. Efficiency of organic matter absorption by the tropical echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi fed non-macrophytic algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 49:245-253. 1981 Algae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Mergner, H. and H. Schuhmacher. 1981. Quantitative analysis of the coral community of a fore reef area near Aqaba (Red Sea) [Quantitative Analyse der Korallenbesiedlung eines Vorriffareals bei Aqaba (Rotes Meer)]. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 34:337-354. 1981 Algae; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Sikes, C. S., K. Okazaki, and R. D. Fink. 1981. Respiratory CO2 and the supply of inorganic carbon for calcification of sea urchin embryos. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 70:285-291. 1981 Cuba Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Tribble, G. W. 1981. Reef-basel herbivores and the distribution of two seagrasses (Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum) in the San Blas Islands (Western Caribbean). Marine Biology 65:277-281. 1981 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sammarco, P. W. 1980. Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 45:245-272. 1980 Jamaica Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Scoffin, T. P., C. W. Stearn, D. Boucher, P. Frydl, C. M. Hawkins, I. Hunter, and J. K. MacGeachy. 1980. Calcium carbonate budget of a fringing reef on the West Coast of Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science 30:475-508. 1980 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sea Urchins
Glynn, P. W., G. M. Wellington, and C. Birkeland. 1979. Coral reef growth in the Galapagos: Limitation by sea urchins. Science 203:47-49. 1979 Panama Sea Urchins
Sheehy Daniel, J. 1979. Fisheries Development: Japan. Water Spectrum 12:9-Jan. 1979 Japan Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Williams, A. H. 1979. Interference behavior and ecology of threespot damselfish (Eupomacentrus planifrons). Oecologia 38:223-230. 1979 Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ogden, J. C. and P. S. Lobel. 1978. The role of herbivorous fishes and urchins in coral reef communities. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3:49-63. 1978 Algae; Coralline Algae; Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Stearn, C W. and T. P. Scoffin. 1977. Carbonate budget of a fringing reef, Barbados. Pages 471-476 in Third International Coral Reef Symposium. Miami, FL. 1977 Algae; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Unkles, S. E. 1977. Bacterial Flora of the Sea Urchin Echinus esculentus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 34:347-350. 1977 Microorganisms; Sea Urchins
Ogden, J. C. 1976. Some aspects of herbivore-plant relationships on Caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aquatic Botany 2:103-116. 1976 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bak, R. P. M. and G. van Eys. 1975. Predation of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi on living coral. Oecologia 20:111-115. 1975 Antilles Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Bak, R.P.M., and G. Van Eys. 1975. Predation by the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Phillipi on living coral. Oecologia 20:111-15. 1975 Sea Urchins
Eisler, R. 1975. Acute toxicities of crude oils and oil dispersant mixtures to Red Sea fishes and invertebrates. Israel Journal of Zoology 24:16-27. 1975 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sea Urchins
Fricke, H. W. 1974. Moglicher einfluß von feinden auf das verhalten von Diadema-seeigeln. Marine Biology 27:59-62. 1974 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Sea Urchins
Fricke, H. W. 1973. Behaviour as part of ecological adaptation - In situ studies in the coral reef. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:120-144. 1973 Anemones & Zooanthids; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ogden, J. C., R. A. Brown, and N. Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science 182:715-716. 1973 India Sea Urchins
Rupp, J. H. 1973. Effects of temperature on fertilization and early cleavage of some tropical echinoderms, with emphasis on Echinometra mathaei. Marine Biology 23:183-189. 1973 Lab Study Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Fricke, H. W. 1971. Fische als Feinde tropischer Seeigel. Marine Biology 9:328-338. 1971 Fish; Sea Urchins
Glynn, P. W. 1968. Mass mortalities of echinoids and other reef flat organisms coincident with midday, low water exposures in Puerto Rico. Marine Biology 1:226-243. 1968 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Bergmann, W., M. J. McLean, and D. Lester. 1943. Contributions to the study of marine products. XIII. Sterols from various marine invertebrates. Journal of Organic Chemistry 8:271-282. 1943 Boring Sponges; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Tunicates
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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