Jump to main content or area navigation.

Contact Us

ReefLink Database

Sea Turtles

Sea Turtles

Sea turtles are any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers.

CMap

The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea turtles are any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers. Seagrasses are flowering plants that grow in marine, fully-saline environments. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally. Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Accidental by-catch is damage or harvest of non-target species, including fish or marine vertebrates, by fishing gear while collecting targeted species. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Educational & Research Opportunities pertain to the value derived from a natural ecosystem in regards to knowledge, scientific research, study, and breakthroughs, and the ability to pass this knowledge on to others. Existence value is the economic value or meaning humans place in a particular area, resource or organism simply for existing, separate from any derived use value. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Marine birds are birds that live near, and depend on the ocean environment Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems.

CMap Description

Sea turtles are most notable for their contribution to aesthetic & recreational value; but are also significant contributors to existence value, sense of place, and the educational & research value of coral reef ecosystems. Sea turtles consume invertebrates, especially jellyfish and sponges. They also render a critical service of maintaining wetland environments; sea turtle grazing encourages seagrass beds to grow laterally, ultimately creating more habitat & resources for themselves and other species. Disease-causing microorganisms, and a disturbed physical & chemical environment will stress or kill sea turtles. Accidental & illegal harvest, caused by socio-economic drivers, also removes sea turtles and reduces the ecosystem services they provide. Biological monitoring & restoration is essential in identifying changes in the abundance and condition of sea turtles; as well as determining appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Agusa, T; Takagi, K; Miller, TW; Kubota, R; Anan, Y; Iwata, H; Tanabe, S. 2011. Intake and excretion of arsenicals in green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Environmental Chemistry 8:19-29. 2011 Sea Turtles
Booth, DT; Evans, A. 2011. Warm Water and Cool Nests Are Best. How Global Warming Might Influence Hatchling Green Turtle Swimming Performance. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Fish; Sea Turtles
Gonzalez, C; Jentoft, S. 2011. MPA in Labor: Securing the Pearl Cays of Nicaragua. Environmental Management 47:617-629. 2011 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Oman; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Krueger, BH; Chaloupka, MY; Leighton, PA; Dunn, JA; Horrocks, JA. 2011. Somatic growth rates for a hawksbill turtle population in coral reef habitat around Barbados. Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:269-276. 2011 Bahamas Model; Rate functions; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Rincon-Diaz, MP; Diez, CE; van Dam, RP; Sabat, AM. 2011. Effect of Food Availability on the Abundance of Juvenile Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Inshore Aggregation Areas of the Culebra Archipelago, Puerto Rico. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10:213-221. 2011 Puerto Rico Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Rincon-Diaz, MP; Diez, CE; Van Dam, RP; Sabat, AM. 2011. Foraging Selectivity of the Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Culebra Archipelago, Puerto Rico. Journal of Herpetology 45:277-282. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Scales, KL; Lewis, JA; Lewis, JP; Castellanos, D; Godley, BJ; Graham, RT. 2011. Insights into habitat utilisation of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), using acoustic telemetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407:122-129. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles
Bell, C. D., J. M. Blumenthal, A. C. Broderick, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Investigating Potential for Depensation in Marine Turtles: How Low Can You Go? Conservation Biology 24:226-235. 2010 Global Sea Turtles
Bjorndal, K. A. and A. B. Bolten. 2010. Hawksbill sea turtles in seagrass pastures: success in a peripheral habitat. Marine Biology 157:135-145. 2010 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Life in (and out of) the lagoon: fine-scale movements of green turtles tracked using time-depth recorders. Aquatic Biology 9:113-121. 2010 Cayman Islands Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Eguchi, T., J. A. Seminoff, R. A. LeRoux, P. H. Dutton, and D. L. Dutton. 2010. Abundance and survival rates of green turtles in an urban environment: coexistence of humans and an endangered species. Marine Biology 157:1869-1877. 2010 Model Sea Turtles
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., C. J. Limpus, M. Hamann, and J. Dawson. 2010. Potential impacts of projected sea-level rise on sea turtle rookeries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:132-139. 2010 Australia Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles; Storms & Hurricanes
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., J. L. Dawson, S. G. Smithers, M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Sedimentological characteristics of key sea turtle rookeries: potential implications under projected climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:464-473. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Review Climate; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Sea Turtles; Sediment
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Past, current and future thermal profiles of green turtle nesting grounds: Implications from climate change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 383:56-64. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles
Fuentes, M. M. P. P. and J. E. Cinner. 2010. Using expert opinion to prioritize impacts of climate change on sea turtles' nesting grounds. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2511-2518. 2010 Australia Climate; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Garcon, J. S., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2010. Relative Exposure Index: an important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:140-149. 2010 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Coastal Development; Sea Turtles
Gilman, E., J. Gearhart, B. Price, S. Eckert, H. Milliken, J. Wang, Y. Swimmer, D. Shiode, O. Abe, S. H. Peckham, M. Chaloupka, M. Hall, J. Mangel, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, P. Dalzell, and A. Ishizaki. 2010. Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 11:57-88. 2010 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Sea Turtles
Hansen, L., J. Hoffman, C. Drews, and E. Mielbrecht. 2010. Designing Climate-Smart Conservation: Guidance and Case Studies. Conservation Biology 24:63-69. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; Tanzania; Madagascar; India; Fiji; Caribbean Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Jean, C., S. Ciccione, K. Ballorain, J. Y. Georges, and J. Bourjea. 2010. Ultralight aircraft surveys reveal marine turtle population increases along the west coast of Reunion Island. ORYX 44:223-229. 2010 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Obura, D. O., A. Harvey, T. Young, M. M. Eltayeb, and R. von Brandis. 2010. Hawksbill turtles as significant predators on hard coral. Coral Reefs 29:759-759. 2010 Sea Turtles; Stony Coral
Perez, E., A. Ruiz, G. Espinosa, and I. Lee. 2010. Gonadic histology and phenotypical maturation criteria in the marine turtles Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata (Testudines: Chelonidae) from Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:287-298. 2010 Cuba Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Pilcher, N. 2010. Population Structure and Growth of Immature Green Turtles at Mantanani, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Herpetology 44:168-171. 2010 Malaysia; Southeast Asia Model Sea Turtles
Santos, A. J. B., E. M. X. Freire, C. Bellini, and G. Corso. 2010. Body Mass and the Energy Budget of Gravid Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) during the Nesting Season. Journal of Herpetology 44:352-359. 2010 Sea Turtles
Sazima, C., A. Grossman, and I. Sazima. 2010. Turtle cleaners: reef fishes foraging on epibionts of sea turtles in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic, with a summary of this association type. Neotropical Ichthyology 8:187-192. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Sea Turtles
Settar, C. and T. Turner. 2010. Coral reefs and residents of the U S Virgin Islands A relationship of knowledge, outdoor activities and stewardship. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:197-212. 2010 US Virgin Islands Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral
Sherwood, O. A., B. E. Lapointe, M. J. Risk, and R. E. Jamieson. 2010. Nitrogen Isotopic Records of Terrestrial Pollution Encoded in Floridian and Bahamian Gorgonian Corals. Environmental Science and Technology 44:874-880. 2010 Florida; Bahamas Algae; Discharges; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sea Turtles; Wastewater Discharge
Southwood, A. and L. Avens. 2010. Physiological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of migration in reptiles. Journal Of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic And Environmental Physiology 180:1-23. 2010 Sea Turtles
von Brandis, R. G., J. A. Mortimer, and B. K. Reilly. 2010. In-Water Observations of the Diving Behaviour of Immature Hawksbill Turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, on a Coral Reef at D'Arros Island, Republic of Seychelles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9:26-32. 2010 Seychelles Sea Turtles
Wallace, B. P., R. L. Lewison, S. L. McDonald, R. K. McDonald, C. Y. Kot, S. Kelez, R. K. Bjorkland, E. M. Finkbeiner, S. Helmbrecht, and L. B. Crowder. 2010. Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conservation Letters [inpress]. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Witt, M. J., A. McGowan, J. M. Blumenthal, A. C. Broderick, S. Gore, D. Wheatley, J. White, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Inferring vertical and horizontal movements of juvenile marine turtles from time-depth recorders. Aquatic Biology 8:169-177. 2010 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 2009. Green light for Gorgon gas project, but environmental conditions apply. Chemical Engineer 816:13. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, C. D. L. Bell, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. A. Gibb, K. E. Luke, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Ecology of Hawksbill Turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, on a Western Caribbean Foraging Ground. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:1-10. 2009 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Octocoral; Sea Turtles; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Diving behavior and movements of juvenile hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata on a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 28:55-65. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Sea Turtles
Booth, D. T. 2009. Swimming for your life: Locomotor effort and oxygen consumption during the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling frenzy. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:50-55. 2009 Sea Turtles
Casale, P., A. D. Mazaris, D. Freggi, C. Vallini, and R. Argano. 2009. Growth rates and age at adult size of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea, estimated through capture-mark-recapture records. Scientia Marina 73:589-595. 2009 Model Sea Turtles
Flint, M., J. C. Patterson-Kane, C. J. Limpus, T. M. Work, D. Blair, and P. C. Mills. 2009. Postmortem diagnostic investigation of disease in free-ranging marine turtle populations: a review of common pathologic findings and protocols. Journal Of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21:733-759. 2009 Review Pathogens; Sea Turtles
Ischer, T., K. Ireland, and D. T. Booth. 2009. Locomotion performance of green turtle hatchlings from the Heron Island Rookery, Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 11-Jan. 2009 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Turtles
Kubis, S., M. Chaloupka, L. Ehrhart, and M. Bresette. 2009. Growth rates of juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas from three ecologically distinct foraging habitats along the east central coast of Florida, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:257-269. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Costa Rica; India; Mexico Model; Rate functions Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Limpus, C. J., D. J. Limpus, M. A. Read, and N. N. Fitzsimmons. 2009. When Is a Male Turtle Not a Male?-Observations on Intersex Turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:102-105. 2009 Australia Sea Turtles
Purgley, H., J. Jewell, J. E. Deacon, R. M. Winokur, and V. M. Tripoli. 2009. Vitamin D-3 in Captive Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:161-167. 2009 Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Hotel & Food Services; Light; Sea Turtles
Roark, A. M., K. A. Bjorndal, and A. B. Bolten. 2009. Compensatory responses to food restriction in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Ecology 90:2524-2534. 2009 Nutrients; Sea Turtles
Uyarra, M. C., A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management 43:16-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Wallace, B. P., L. Avens, J. Braun-McNeill, and C. M. McClellan. 2009. The diet composition of immature loggerheads: Insights on trophic niche, growth rates, and fisheries interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:50-57. 2009 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Waycott, M., C. M. Duarte, T. J. B. Carruthers, R. J. Orth, W. C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J. W. Fourqurean, K. L. Heck, A. R. Hughes, G. A. Kendrick, W. J. Kenworthy, F. T. Short, and S. L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:12377-12381. 2009 Global Climate; Coastal Development; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Amorocho, D. F. and R. D. Reina. 2008. Intake passage time, digesta composition and digestibility in East Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) at Gorgona National Park, Colombian Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 360:117-124. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Cleaner & Solvent Use; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Blanvillain, G., L. D. Wood, A. B. Meylan, and P. A. Meylan. 2008. Sex ratio prediction of juvenile Hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) from South Florida, USA. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 3:21-27. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Sea Turtles
Bologna, P. A. X., R. Papagian, S. Regetz, and C. Dale. 2008. Assessment of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum ex Banks Konig) community structure in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:148-155. 2008 US Virgin Islands Marine Worms; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Chaloupka, M., K. A. Bjorndal, G. H. Balazs, A. B. Bolten, L. M. Ehrhart, C. J. Limpus, H. Suganuma, S. Troeng, and M. Yamaguchi. 2008. Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:297-304. 2008 Global; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica; Japan Review Sea Turtles
Daley, B., P. Griggs, and H. Marsh. 2008. Exploiting marine wildlife in Queensland: The commercial dugong and marine turtle fisheries, 1847-1969. Australian Economic History Review 48:227-265. 2008 Australia; Europe Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Dryden, J., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2008. Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Does it afford greater protection for marine turtles? Wildlife Research 35:477-485. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Siddiqui, P. J. A., S. Farooq, S. Shafique, Z.-u.-N. Burhan, and Z. Farooqi. 2008. Conservation and management of biodiversity in Pakistan through the establishment of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:377-382. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Wabnitz, C. C., S. Andrefouet, D. Torres-Pulliza, F. E. Muller-Karger, and P. A. Kramer. 2008. Regional-scale seagrass habitat mapping in the Wider Caribbean region using Landsat sensors: Applications to conservation and ecology. Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3455-3467. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Allen, M. S. 2007. Three millennia of human and sea turtle interactions in Remote Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:959-970. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Bowen, B. W., W. S. Grant, Z. Hillis-Starr, D. J. Shaver, K. A. Bjorndal, A. B. Bolten, and A. L. Bass. 2007. Mixed-stock analysis reveals the migrations of juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean Sea. Molecular Ecology 16:49-60. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dobbs, K. A., J. D. Miller, and A. M. Landry Jr. 2007. Laparoscopy of nesting hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, at Milman Island, Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6:270-274. 2007 Australia Sea Turtles
Dobbs, K. A., J. D. Miller, D. W. Owens, and A. M. Landry. 2007. Serum testosterone and estradiol-17β levels during the peak period in a year-round Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata L. nesting population. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:151-157. 2007 Australia Sea Turtles
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. MacDonald, and C. Lumpus. 2007. Incorporating marine turtle habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:293-302. 2007 Australia Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Jokiel, P. L. and K. S. Rodgers. 2007. Ranking coral ecosystem "health and value" for the islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:60-68. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Murdoch, T. J. T., A. F. Glasspool, M. Outerbridge, J. Ward, S. Manuel, J. Gray, A. Nash, K. A. Coates, J. Pitt, J. W. Fourqurean, P. A. Barnes, M. Vierros, K. Holzer, and S. R. Smith. 2007. Large-scale decline in offshore seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:123-130. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Short, F., T. Carruthers, W. Dennison, and M. Waycott. 2007. Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350:3-20. 2007 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Whiting, S. D., M. L. Guinea, C. J. Limpus, and K. Fomiatti. 2007. Blood chemistry reference values for two ecologically distinct populations of foraging green turtles, eastern Indian Ocean. Comparative Clinical Pathology 16:109-118. 2007 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Witmer, G. W., F. Boyd, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2007. The successful eradication of introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island using diphacinone, followed by an irruption of house mice (Mus musculus). Wildlife Research 34:108-115. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Turtles
Booth, D. T. and C. Freeman. 2006. Sand and nest temperatures and an estimate of hatchling sex ratio from the Heron Island green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookery, Southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 25:629-633. 2006 Australia; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Bujang, J. S., M. H. Zakaria, and A. Arshad. 2006. Distribution and significance of seagrass ecosystems in Malaysia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 9:203-214. 2006 Malaysia Review Bivalves; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Substrate
Burgess, E. A., D. T. Booth, and J. M. Lanyon. 2006. Swimming performance of hatchling green turtles is affected by incubation temperature. Coral Reefs 25:341-349. 2006 Cuba Lab Study Sea Turtles
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., I. R. Lawler, and E. Gyuris. 2006. Dietary preferences of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on a tropical reef flat. Wildlife Research 33:671-678. 2006 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Grossman, A., C. Sazima, C. Bellini, and I. Sazima. 2006. Cleaning symbiosis between Hawksbill turtles and reef fishes at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off Northeast Brazil. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5:284-288. 2006 Planktivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kolinski, S. P., R. K. Hoeke, S. R. Holzwarth, L. I. Ilo, E. F. Cox, R. C. O'Conner, and P. S. Vroom. 2006. Nearshore distribution and an abundance estimate for green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, at Rota Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Science 60:509-522. 2006 Northern Mariana Islands Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles
Makowski, C., J. A. Seminoff, and M. Salmon. 2006. Home range and habitat use of juvenile Atlantic green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) on shallow reef habitats in Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Marine Biology 148:1167-1179. 2006 Global; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Pocock, C. 2006. Turtle riding on the great barrier reef. Society and Animals 14:129-146. 2006 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Sazima, I. and A. Grossman. 2006. Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:123-126. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Sea Turtles
Schroeder, R. E. and J. D. Parrish. 2006. Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 439-460. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Southwood, A. L., R. D. Reina, V. S. Jones, J. R. Speakman, and D. R. Jones. 2006. Seasonal metabolism of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Heron Island, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:125-135. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles
Steadman, D. W. and S. Jones. 2006. Long-term trends in prehistoric fishing and hunting on Tobago, West Indies. Latin American Antiquity 17:316-334. 2006 Tobago; India Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Taquet, C., M. Taquet, T. Dempster, M. Soria, S. Ciccione, D. Roos, and L. Dagorn. 2006. Foraging of the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas on seagrass beds at Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean), determined by acoustic transmitters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:295-302. 2006 Indian Ocean; Comoros; Mayotte; India Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Andre, J., E. Gyuris, and I. R. Lawler. 2005. Comparison of the diets of sympatric dugongs and green turtles on the Orman Reefs, Torres Strait, Australia. Wildlife Research 32:53-62. 2005 Australia; Papua New Guinea Algae; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Barile, P. J. and B. E. Lapointe. 2005. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition from a remote source enriches macroalgae in coral reef ecosystems near Green Turtle Cay, Abacos, Bahamas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1262-1272. 2005 Florida; Bahamas Algae; Nutrients; Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. and C. Limpus. 2005. Estimates of sex- and age-class-specific survival probabilities for a southern Great Barrier Reef green sea turtle population. Marine Biology 146:1251-1261. 2005 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Copley, J. 2005. From shore to shining shore. New Scientist 186:51. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Hamann, M., T. S. Jessop, C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 2005. Regional and annual variation in plasma steroids and metabolic indicators in female green turtles, Chelonia mydas. Marine Biology 148:427-433. 2005 Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Substrate
Makowski, C., R. Slattery, and M. Salmon. 2005. \Shark fishing\": A method for determining the abundance and distribution of sea turtles at shallow reef habitats". Herpetological Review 36:36-38. 2005 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. 2005 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Roos, D., D. Pelletier, S. Ciccione, M. Taquet, and G. Hughes. 2005. Aerial and snorkelling census techniques for estimating green turtle abundance on foraging areas: A pilot study in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean). Aquatic Living Resource 18:193-198. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Troeng, S., P. H. Dutton, and D. Evans. 2005. Migration of hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata from Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Ecography 28:394-402. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Waycott, M., B. J. Longstaff, and J. Mellors. 2005. Seagrass population dynamics and water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: A review and future research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:343-350. 2005 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Toxics
Balazs, G. H. and M. Chaloupka. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability in somatic growth of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) resident in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology 145:1043-1059. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Caribbean Model; Rate functions Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M., C. Limpus, and J. Miller. 2004. Green turtle somatic growth dynamics in a spatially disjunct Great Barrier Reef metapopulation. Coral Reefs 23:325-335. 2004 Australia Model; Rate functions Algae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Enge, K. M., K. L. Krysko, K. R. Hankins, T. S. Campbell, and F. W. King. 2004. Status of the nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in southwestern Florida. Southeastern Naturalist 3:571-582. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds; Sea Turtles
Jessop, T. S., M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2004. Body condition and physiological changes in male green turtles during breeding. Marine Ecology Progress Series 276:281-288. 2004 Australia Index or Indicator Sea Turtles
Gribble, N.A. 2003. GBR-prawn: modelling ecosystem impacts of changes in fisheries management of the commercial prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery in the far northern Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 65:493-506. 2003 Australia Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Houghton, J. D. R., M. J. Callow, and G. C. Hays. 2003. Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef. Journal of Natural History 37:1269-1280. 2003 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J., J. D. Miller, C. J. Parmenter, and D. J. Limpus. 2003. The Green turtle, Chelonia mydas, population of Raine Island and the northern Great Barrier Reef: 1843-2001. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49:349-440. 2003 Australia; Europe Review Sea Turtles
Miller, M. W., D. B. McClellan, and C. Begin. 2003. Observations on fisheries activities at Navassa Island. Marine Fisheries Review 65:43-49. 2003 South & Central America; Haiti; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch
Russell, D. J., G. H. Balazs, R. C. Phillips, and A. K. H. Kam. 2003. Discovery of the sea grass Halophila decipiens (Hydrocharitaceae) in the diet of the Hawaiian green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Pacific Science 57:393-397. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Southwood, A. L., R. D. Reina, V. S. Jones, and D. R. Jones. 2003. Seasonal diving patterns and body temperatures of juvenile green turtles at Heron Island, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1014-1024. 2003 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Stachowitsch, M. 2003. Research on intact marine ecosystems: A lost era. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:801-805. 2003 Global Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Worm, B., H. K. Lotze, and R. A. Myers. 2003. Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:9884-9888. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sea Turtles
Abuodha, J. O. Z. 2002. Environmental impact assessment of the proposed titanium mining project in Kwale District, Kenya. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 20:199-207. 2002 Kenya Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mining Policies; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Carruthers, T. J. B., W. C. Dennison, B. J. Longstaff, M. Waycott, E. G. Abal, L. J. McKenzie, and W. J. Lee Long. 2002. Seagrass habitats of northeast Australia: Models of key processes and controls. Bulletin of Marine Science 71:1153-1169. 2002 Australia Model Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Chaloupka, M. 2002. Stochastic simulation modelling of southern Great Barrier Reef green turtle population dynamics. Ecological Modelling 148:79-109. 2002 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. Y. and C. J. Limpus. 2002. Survival probability estimates for the endangered loggerhead sea turtle resident in southern Great Barrier Reef waters. Marine Biology 140:267-277. 2002 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Diez, C. E. and R. P. Van Dam. 2002. Habitat effect on hawksbill turtle growth rates on feeding grounds at Mona and Monito Islands, Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 234:301-309. 2002 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Australia; Caribbean Index or Indicator Sea Turtles
Leon, Y. M. and K. A. Bjorndal. 2002. Selective feeding in the hawksbill turtle, an important predator in coral reef ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245:249-258. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Dominican Republic; Columbia; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. 2002. Huracanes y biodiversidad costera tropical. Revista de Biologia Tropical 50:415-428. 2002 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
[No author name available]. 2001. News: Protection for sponge gardens. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:4. 2001 Australia Marine Birds; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Booth, D. T. and K. Astill. 2001. Incubation temperature, energy expenditure and hatchling size in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), a species with temperature-sensitive sex determination. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:389-396. 2001 Australia; Cuba Sea Turtles
Booth, D. T. and K. Astill. 2001. Temperature variation within and between nests of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Chelonia: Cheloniidae) on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:71-84. 2001 Australia; Cuba Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. and C. Limpus. 2001. Trends in the abundance of sea turtles resident in southern Great Barrier Reef waters. Biological Conservation 102:235-249. 2001 Australia Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Coberley, S. S., L. H. Herbst, L. M. Ehrhart, D. A. Bagley, S. Hirama, E. R. Jacobson, and P. A. Klein. 2001. Survey of Florida green turtles for exposure to a disease-associated herpesvirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 47:159-167. 2001 Florida; India Pathogens; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jackson, J. B. C. 2001. What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5411-5418. 2001 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sponges
Jackson, J. B. C. and E. Sala. 2001. Unnatural Oceans. Scientia Marina 65:273-281. 2001 Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Tucker, A. D. and M. A. Read. 2001. Frequency of foraging by gravid green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Raine Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Herpetology 35:500-503. 2001 Australia Sea Turtles
Carbone, F. and G. Accordi. 2000. The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:141-159. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Debrot, A. O. and I. Nagelkerken. 2000. User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curacao. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:95-106. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Huber, M. E. 2000. Torres Strait and the Gulf of Papua. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 593-610. 2000 Australia; Papua New Guinea Agriculture; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jameson, S. C., L. B. Trott, M. J. Marshall, and M. J. Childress. 2000. Nicaragua: Caribbean coast. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 517-530. 2000 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Caribbean Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Labrosse, P., R. Fichez, R. Farman, and T. Adams. 2000. New Caledonia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 723-736. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Europe; France Agriculture; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Lu, Y., Q. Yu, J. P. Zamzow, Y. Wang, G. S. Losey, G. H. Balazs, V. R. Nerurkar, and R. Yanagihara. 2000. Detection of green turtle herpesviral sequence in saddleback wrasse Thalassoma duperrey: A possible mode of transmission of green turtle fibropapilloma. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12:58-63. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Turtles
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Agriculture; Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Jessop, T. S., C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 1999. Plasma steroid interactions during high-density green turtle nesting and associated disturbance. General and Comparative Endocrinology 115:90-100. 1999 Australia Sea Turtles; Substrate
Jessop, T. S., N. N. FitzSimmons, C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 1999. Interactions between behavior and plasma steroids within the scramble mating system of the promiscuous green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Hormones and Behavior 36:86-97. 1999 Australia Sea Turtles
Lee Long, W. J., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. 1999. Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:321-328. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fitzsimmons, N. N. 1998. Single paternity of clutches and sperm storage in the promiscuous green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Molecular Ecology 7:575-584. 1998 Australia Sea Turtles
Gribble, N. A., G. McPherson, and B. Lane. 1998. Effect of the Queensland Shark Control Program on non-target species: Whale, dugong, turtle and dolphin: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:645-651. 1998 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Herbst, L. H., E. C. Greiner, L. M. Ehrhart, D. A. Bagley, and P. A. Klein. 1998. Serological association between spirorchidiasis, herpesvirus infection, and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:496-507. 1998 Florida Pathogens; Sea Turtles
Hill, M. S. 1998. Spongivory on Caribbean reefs releases corals from competition with sponges. Oecologia 117:143-150. 1998 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Menges, C. H., G. J. E. Hill, and W. Ahmad. 1998. Landsat TM data and potential feeding grounds for threatened marine turtle species in northern Australia. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19:1207-1221. 1998 Australia Algae; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Miller, J. D., K. A. Dobbs, C. J. Limpus, N. Mattocks, and A. M. Landry Jr. 1998. Long-distance migrations by the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, from north-eastern Australia. Wildlife Research 25:89-95. 1998 Australia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Review Sea Turtles
Van Dam, R. P. and C. E. Diez. 1998. Home range of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus)) at two Caribbean islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 220:15-24. 1998 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. Y. and C. J. Limpus. 1997. Robust statistical modelling of hawksbill sea turtle growth rates (southern Great Barrier Reef). Marine Ecology Progress Series 146:8-Jan. 1997 South & Central America; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Model; Rate functions Sea Turtles
Fitzsimmons, N. N., C. J. Limpus, J. A. Norman, A. R. Goldizen, J. D. Miller, and C. Moritz. 1997. Philopatry of male marine turtles inferred from mitochondrial DNA markers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:8912-8917. 1997 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Fitzsimmons, N. N., C. Moritz, C. J. Limpus, L. Pope, and R. Prince. 1997. Geographic structure of mitochondrial and nuclear gene polymorphisms in Australian green turtle populations and male-biased gene flow. Genetics 147:1843-1854. 1997 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Jackson, J. B. C. 1997. Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sponges
Limpus, C. and M. Chaloupka. 1997. Nonparametric regression modelling of green sea turtle growth rates (southern Great Barrier Reef). Marine Ecology Progress Series 149:23-34. 1997 Australia Model; Rate functions Sea Turtles
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Van Dam, R. P. and C. E. Diez. 1997. Diving behavior of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in a caribbean reef habitat. Coral Reefs 16:133-138. 1997 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Heppell, S. S., C. J. Limpus, D. T. Crouse, N. B. Frazer, and L. B. Crowder. 1996. Population model analysis for the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland. Wildlife Research 23:143-159. 1996 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Brill, R. W., G. H. Balazs, K. N. Holland, R. K. Chang, S. Sullivan, and J. C. George. 1995. Daily movements, habitat use, and submergence intervals of normal and tumor-bearing juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) within a foraging area in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 185:203-218. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Kare, B. D. 1995. A review of research on barramundi, reef fish, dugong, turtles and Spanish mackerel and their fisheries in the Torres Strait adjacent to Papua New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 21:43-55. 1995 Papua New Guinea Review Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Loop, K. A., J. D. Miller, and C. J. Limpus. 1995. Nesting by the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) on Milman Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Wildlife Research 22:241-252. 1995 Australia Sea Turtles
Maragos, J. E. and C. W. Cook Jr. 1995. The 1991-1992 rapid ecological assessment of Palau's coral reefs. Coral Reefs 14:237-252. 1995 Palau Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Limpus, C. J., P. J. Couper, and M. A. Read. 1994. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas in Queensland: population structure in a warm temperate feeding area. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35:139-154. 1994 Australia Sea Turtles
Chavez, ER NE ST O and JO HN Tunnell. 1993. Needs for management and conservation of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 2040-2053 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gyuris, E. 1993. Factors that control the emergence of green turtle hatchlings from the nest. Wildlife Research 20:345-353. 1993 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. 1993. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Queensland: breeding males in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Wildlife Research 20:513-523. 1993 Australia Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J., P. J. Couper, and K. L. D. Couper. 1993. Crab Island revisited: reassessment of the world's largest flatback turtle rookery after twelve years. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33:277-289. 1993 Australia Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Turtles
Price, A. R. G., C. R. C. Sheppard, and C. M. Roberts. 1993. The Gulf: Its biological setting. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:15-Sep. 1993 Global; Iran Review Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Hirth, H. F. and D. L. H. Rohovit. 1992. Marketing patterns of green and hawksbill turtles in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. ORYX 26:39-42. 1992 Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. 1992. The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland: population structure within a southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground. Wildlife Research 19:489-506. 1992 Australia Sea Turtles
Wibbels, T., D. W. Owens, P. Licht, C. Limpus, P. C. Reed, and M. S. Amoss Jr. 1992. Serum gonadotropins and gonadal steroids associated with ovulation and egg production in sea turtles. General and Comparative Endocrinology 87:71-78. 1992 Australia Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 1991. Our living oceans. The first annual report on the status of US living marine resources. in [No source information available]. 1991 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Mitchell, B. A. and J. R. Barborak. 1991. Developing coastal park systems in the tropics: planning in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. 1991 Global; Turks and Caicos Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Birds; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Walker, T. A. 1991. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Environmental Management 33:117-122. 1991 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Craik, W., J. Glaister, and I. Poiner. 1990. The effects of fishing. The effects of fishing. 1990 Australia; New Caledonia Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Walker, T. A. and C. J. Parmenter. 1990. Absence of a pelagic phase in the life cycle of the flatback turtle, Natator depressa (Garman). Journal of Biogeography 17:275-278. 1990 Australia Sea Turtles
Glazebrook, J. S., R. S. F. Campbell, and D. Blair. 1989. Studies on Cardiovascular fluke (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infections in sea turtles from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Comparative Pathology 101:231-250. 1989 Australia Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J., D. Zeller, D. Kwan, and W. Macfarlane. 1989. Sea-turtle rookeries in north-western Torres Strait. Australian Wildlife Research 16:517-525. 1989 Australia Sea Turtles
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Aerial surveys of sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:239-249. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Gyuris, E. and C. J. Limpus. 1988. The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland: population breeding structure. Australian Wildlife Research 15:197-209. 1988 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. and N. Nicholls. 1988. The Southern Oscillation regulates the annual numbers of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding around northern Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 15:157-161. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator Climate; Sea Turtles
Meylan, A. 1988. Spongivory in hawksbill turtles: A diet of glass. Science 239:393-395. 1988 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges
Limpus, C. J. 1987. A turtle fossil on Raine Island, Great Barrier Reef. Search 18:254-256. 1987 Australia Sea Turtles
Slocum, DE AN, RI CH AR D Berlandy, and RO BE RT Wardwell. 1986. Facilities Planning In The Caribbean A Case Study. Pages 1351-1357 in [No source information available]. 1986 South & Central America; Caribbean Improved Technology; Sea Turtles; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Limpus, C. J. and P. C. Reed. 1985. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Queensland: a preliminary description of the population structure in a coral reef feeding ground. Pages 47-52 The biology of Australasian frogs and reptiles. 1985 Australia Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J., C. J. Parmenter, V. Baker, and A. Fleay. 1983. The flatback turtle, Chelonia depressa, in Queensland: post- nesting migration and feeding ground distribution. Australian Wildlife Research 10:557-561. 1983 Australia Sea Turtles
Ogden, J. C., L. Robinson, K. Whitlock, H. Daganhardt, and R. Cebula. 1983. Diel foraging patterns in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) in St. Croix United States virgin islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66:199-205. 1983 US Virgin Islands Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Spring, S. C. 1982. Marine turtle conservation in Papua New Guinea. Pages 303-306 in Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: implications for today. Proc. conference 1980. 1982 Papua New Guinea Sea Turtles
Witzell, W. N. 1981. Predation on juvenile green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, by a grouper, Promicrops lanceolatus (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science 31:935-936. 1981 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Tonga Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles
Balazs, G. H. 1976. Green turtle migrations in the Hawaiian archipelago. Biological Conservation 9:125-140. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sea Turtles

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004, 16 United States Code § 6601. The law was created to aid in the conservation of sea turtles and their nesting habitats in foreign countries by providing funds for the conservation of nesting areas, sea turtles in in their nesting habitats, and dealing with threats to sea turtle survival.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Designate Protected Species; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

Jump to main content.