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Resource Use Management

Resource Use Management

Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Examples include regulating boating or fishing activities, controls on dredging activities, establishment of protected areas, designating areas for specific uses, or permitting for special uses such as scientific collection.

CMap

Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Boating activities include movement in coastal waters and into ports that can lead to anchor drops or vessel groundings, or damage from trawling and other fishing gear. Boating Regulations are restrictions placed on boating activities to promote safety for boaters and the natural environment, and can include mooring buoys, registration and licensing, and speed limits. Civil Engineering and Construction specializes in the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings and homes, roads, utility lines, and ports. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Designated uses are a state's concise statements of its management objectives and expectations for each of the individual surface waters under its jurisdiction. Dredging regulations are decisions or policies to control the location or intensity of physically damaging activities such as dredging, draining, or filling. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fishing is the activity of catching fish for recreational, commercial, or artesanal purposes using any of a variety of fishing gear, including nets, spear guns, or hook and line. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. Fishing & harvesting management controls the activities which harvest fish and invertebrates, including commercial and recreational fishing. The Fishing Sector includes the harvesting of fish for food and recreation. The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Special use permitting is a documentation mechanism to allow activities that might otherwise be prohibited (e.g,, collection of species for scientific research in a protected area). Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Trampling occurs when humans walk on, kick, bump into, or touch corals. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses to reduce or manage contact uses that include harvesting or physical damage to reef species. Resource use management can be used to control contact uses by establishing designated uses for navigable water, swimmable water, or protected areas. Boating regulations, such as mooring buoys, fines, and low-wake zones, can be established to minimize sediment resuspension, groundings, or anchor damage. Fishing regulations can influence activities and locations of fishing boats and types of fishing gear used. Dredging regulations can be implemented to control the location and intensity of dredging, draining, or filling activities. Permitting for special uses, such as collection of species for scientific research, may be allowed. Many of the same socio-economic sectors that create pressures through contact uses benefit from goods and services provided by the reef, including recreational opportunities and seafood.

Citations

More than 2000 citations. Sorting and filtering have been disabled. Choose a more specific topic to narrow number of citations.

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Delean, S. and G. De'ath. 20008. Spatial and temoporal patterns of indicators of reef health on the Great Barrier Reef. Report to the Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited, Cains, Australia. 20008 Australia Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Fish; Resource Use Management
2011. Coastal Capital Literature Review: Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources in Jamaica. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Jamaica Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Contribution of Jamaica�s Coral Reefs. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Aburto-Oropeza, O; Erisman, B; Galland, GR; Mascarenas-Osorio, I; Sala, E; Ezcurra, E. 2011. Large Recovery of Fish Biomass in a No-Take Marine Reserve. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Alvarez-Filip, L; Cote, IM; Gill, JA; Watkinson, AR; Dulvy, NK. 2011. Region-wide temporal and spatial variation in Caribbean reef architecture: is coral cover the whole story? Global Change Biology 17:2470-2477. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L; Gill, JA; Dulvy, NK; Perry, AL; Watkinson, AR; Cote, IM. 2011. Drivers of region-wide declines in architectural complexity on Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 30:1051-1060. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ateweberhan, M; McClanahan, TR; Graham, NAJ; Sheppard, CRC. 2011. Episodic heterogeneous decline and recovery of coral cover in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:739-752. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; India; Southeast Asia; Caribbean Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ban, NC; Adams, V; Pressey, RL; Hicks, J. 2011. Promise and problems for estimating management costs of marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 4:241-252. 2011 Global; Australia Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas
Ban, NC; Adams, VM; Almany, GR; Ban, S; Cinner, JE; McCook, LJ; Mills, M; Pressey, RL; White, A. 2011. Designing, implementing and managing marine protected areas: Emerging trends and opportunities for coral reef nations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:21-31. 2011 Australia; Europe Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bell, CM; Needham, MD; Szuster, BW. 2011. Congruence Among Encounters, Norms, Crowding, and Management in a Marine Protected Area. Environmental Management 48:499-513. 2011 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Bellchambers, LM; Meeuwig, JJ; Evans, SN; Legendre, P. 2011. Modelling habitat associations of 14 species of holothurians from an unfished coral atoll: implications for fisheries management. Aquatic Biology 14:57-66. 2011 Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Octocoral
Bertucci, A; Tambutte, S; Supuran, CT; Allemand, D; Zoccola, D. 2011. A New Coral Carbonic Anhydrase in Stylophora pistillata. Marine Biotechnology 13:992-1002. 2011 Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Beukers-Stewart, BD; Beukers-Stewart, JS; Jones, GP. 2011. Behavioural and developmental responses of predatory coral reef fish to variation in the abundance of prey. Coral Reefs 30:855-864. 2011 Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Blackwood, JC; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. A model-based approach to determine the long-term effects of multiple interacting stressors on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2722-2733. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Blanco, FM; Alonso, LC; Sanson, GG; Amargos, FP. 2011. Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1149-1163. 2011 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bradman, H; Grewe, P; Appleton, B. 2011. Direct comparison of mitochondrial markers for the analysis of swordfish population structure. Fisheries Research 109:95-99. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; Pacific Ocean Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Brady, AK; Snyder, KA; Vize, PD. 2011. Circadian Cycles of Gene Expression in the Coral, Acropora millepora. PLoS One 6. 2011 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Campbell, SJ; Kartawijaya, T; Sabarini, EK. 2011. Connectivity in reef fish assemblages between seagrass and coral reef habitats. Aquatic Biology 13:65-77. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Chan, WH; Mak, YL; Wu, JJ; Jin, L; Sit, WH; Lam, JCW; de Mitcheson, YS; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS; Murphy, MB. 2011. Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati. Chemosphere 84:117-123. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Kiribati Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Christensen, V., J. Steenbeek, and P. Failler. 2011. A combined ecosystem and value chain modeling approach for evaluating societal cost and benefit of fishing. Ecological Modelling 222:857-864. 2011 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Claisse, JT; Clark, TB; Schumacher, BD; McTee, SA; Bushnell, ME; Callan, CK; Laidley, CW; Parrish, JD. 2011. Conventional tagging and acoustic telemetry of a small surgeonfish, Zebrasoma flavescens, in a structurally complex coral reef environment. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91:185-201. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Claudet, J; Garcia-Charton, JA; Lenfant, P. 2011. Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area. Conservation Biology 25:105-114. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Clemente, S; Hernandez, JC; Brito, A. 2011. Context-dependent effects of marine protected areas on predatory interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:119-133. 2011 Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Cullen-Unsworth, LC; Pretty, J; Smith, DJ. 2011. Developing community-derived indicators of economic status in the coral triangle: A management support tool. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:446-454. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Housing; Marine Protected Areas
Dale, JJ; Wallsgrove, NJ; Popp, BN; Holland, KN. 2011. Nursery habitat use and foraging ecology of the brown stingray Dasyatis lata determined from stomach contents, bulk and amino acid stable isotopes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:221-236. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
Davies, AJ; Guinotte, JM. 2011. Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Stony Coral
Detournay, O; Weis, VM. 2011. Role of the Sphingosine Rheostat in the Regulation of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbioses. Biological Bulletin 221:261-269. 2011 Cuba Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting
Di Franco, A; De Benedetto, G; De Rinaldis, G; Raventos, N; Sahyoun, R; Guidetti, P. 2011. Large scale-variability in otolith microstructure and microchemistry: The case study of Diplodus sargus sargus (Pisces: Sparidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 78:182-192. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Dick, DM; Hines, EM. 2011. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Marine Mammal Science 27:606-621. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors; Whales & Dolphins
Edgar, GJ; Banks, SA; Bessudo, S; Cortes, J; Guzman, HM; Henderson, S; Martinez, C; Rivera, F; Soler, G; Ruiz, D; Zapata, FA. 2011. Variation in reef fish and invertebrate communities with level of protection from fishing across the Eastern Tropical Pacific seascape. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20:730-743. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Edwards, HJ; Elliott, IA; Eakin, CM; Irikawa, A; Madin, JS; McField, M; Morgan, JA; van Woesik, R; Mumby, PJ. 2011. How much time can herbivore protection buy for coral reefs under realistic regimes of hurricanes and coral bleaching? Global Change Biology 17:2033-2048. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Bahamas; Belize; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Evans, LS; Brown, K; Allison, EH. 2011. Factors Influencing Adaptive Marine Governance in a Developing Country Context: a Case Study of Southern Kenya. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 Kenya; Oman Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Fablet, R; Pecquerie, L; de Pontual, H; Hoie, H; Millner, R; Mosegaard, H; Kooijman, SALM. 2011. Shedding Light on Fish Otolith Biomineralization Using a Bioenergetic Approach. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Fang, GC; Nam, DH; Basu, N. 2011. Mercury and selenium content of Taiwanese seafood. Food Additives & Contaminants Part B-surveillance 4:212-217. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Taiwan Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Farmer, NA; Ault, JS. 2011. Grouper and snapper movements and habitat use in Dry Tortugas, Florida. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:169-184. 2011 Florida Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Feary, DA; Cinner, JE; Graham, NAJ; Januchowski-Hartley, FA. 2011. Effects of Customary Marine Closures on Fish Behavior, Spear-Fishing Success, and Underwater Visual Surveys. Conservation Biology 25:341-349. 2011 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Field, IC; Meekan, MG; Speed, CW; White, W; Bradshaw, CJA. 2011. Quantifying movement patterns for shark conservation at remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:61-71. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Findlay, HS; Wood, HL; Kendall, MA; Spicer, JI; Twitchett, RJ; Widdicombe, S. 2011. Comparing the impact of high CO(2) on calcium carbonate structures in different marine organisms. Marine Biology Research 7:565-575. 2011 Global Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Folpp, H; Lowry, M; Gregson, M; Suthers, IM. 2011. Colonization And Community Development Of Fish Assemblages Associated With Estuarine Artificial Reefs. Pages 55-67 in 9th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats (CARAH). SAO PAULO. 2011 Australia Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Forrester, G; Harmon, L; Helyer, J; Holden, W; Karis, R. 2011. Experimental evidence for density-dependent reproductive output in a coral reef fish. Population Ecology 53:155-163. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Special Use Permitting
Forrester, GE; O'Connell-Rodwell, C; Baily, P; Forrester, LM; Giovannini, S; Harmon, L; Karis, R; Krumholz, J; Rodwell, T; Jarecki, L. 2011. Evaluating Methods for Transplanting Endangered Elkhorn Corals in the Virgin Islands. Restoration Ecology 19:299-306. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Frisch, AJ; Hobbs, JPA. 2011. Effects of autotomy on long-term survival and growth of painted spiny lobster (Panulirus versicolor) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Biology 158:1645-1652. 2011 Florida; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Fukuda, S; Suzuki, I; Hama, T; Shiraiwa, Y. 2011. Compensatory response of the unicellular-calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi (Coccolithophoridales, Haptophyta) to ocean acidification. Journal of Oceanography 67:17-25. 2011 Cuba Algae; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Fulton, EA. 2011. Interesting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate change around Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:1329-1342. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Model Climate; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Game, ET; Lipsett-Moore, G; Hamilton, R; Peterson, N; Kereseka, J; Atu, W; Watts, M; Possingham, H. 2011. Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands. Conservation Letters 4:38-46. 2011 Solomon Islands GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Gao, L; Hailu, A. 2011. Evaluating the effects of area closure for recreational fishing in a coral reef ecosystem: The benefits of an integrated economic and biophysical modeling. Ecological Economics 70:1735-1745. 2011 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Godinot, C; Grover, R; Allemand, D; Ferrier-Pages, C. 2011. High phosphate uptake requirements of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:2749-2754. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Goetze, JS; Langlois, TJ; Egli, DP; Harvey, ES. 2011. Evidence of artisanal fishing impacts and depth refuge in assemblages of Fijian reef fish. Coral Reefs 30:507-517. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Golbuu, Y; Friedlander, AM. 2011. Spatial and temporal characteristics of grouper spawning aggregations in marine protected areas in Palau, western Micronesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 92:223-231. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Palau; Micronesia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Gonzalez, C; Jentoft, S. 2011. MPA in Labor: Securing the Pearl Cays of Nicaragua. Environmental Management 47:617-629. 2011 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Oman; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Grafton, RQ; Akter, S; Kompas, T. 2011. A Policy-enabling framework for the ex-ante evaluation of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:478-487. 2011 Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Graham, N. A. J., P. Chabanet, R. D. Evans, S. Jennings, Y. Letourneur, M. A. MacNeil, T. R. McClanahan, M. C. O� hman, N. V. C. Polunin, and S. K. Wilson. 2011. Extinction vulnerability of coral reef fishes. Ecology Letters 1-8. 2011 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Graham, NAJ; Ainsworth, TD; Baird, AH; Ban, NC; Bay, LK; Cinner, JE; De Freitas, DM; Diaz-Pulido, G; Dornelas, M; Dunn, SR; Fidelman, PIJ; Foret, S; Good, TC; Kool, J; Mallela, J; Penin, L; Pratchett, MS; Williamson, DH. 2011. From Microbes To People: Tractable Benefits Of No-Take Areas For Coral Reefs. Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:105-135. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Graham, NAJ; Nash, KL; Kool, JT. 2011. Coral reef recovery dynamics in a changing world. Coral Reefs 30:283-294. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Caribbean Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Grkovic, T; Whitson, EL; Rabe, DC; Gardella, RS; Bottaro, DP; Linehan, WM; McMahon, JB; Gustafson, KR; McKee, TC. 2011. Identification and evaluation of soft coral diterpenes as inhibitors of HIF-2 alpha induced gene expression. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21:2113-2115. 2011 Octocoral; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Guarderas, AP; Hacker, SD; Lubchenco, J. 2011. Ecological effects of marine reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 429:219-U847. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Hamilton, RJ; Potuku, T; Montambault, JR. 2011. Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle. Biological Conservation 144:1850-1858. 2011 Micronesia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Hannak, JS; Kompatscher, S; Stachowitsch, M; Herler, J. 2011. Snorkelling and trampling in shallow-water fringing reefs: Risk assessment and proposed management strategy. Journal of Environmental Management 92:2723-2733. 2011 Cuba; Egypt Model; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Harborne, AR; Mumby, PJ; Kennedy, EV; Ferrari, R. 2011. Biotic and multi-scale abiotic controls of habitat quality: their effect on coral-reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:201-214. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Hargreaves-Allen, V; Mourato, S; Milner-Gulland, EJ. 2011. A Global Evaluation of Coral Reef Management Performance: Are MPAs Producing Conservation and Socio-Economic Improvements? Environmental Management 47:684-700. 2011 Global; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Harmata, KL; Blackstone, NW. 2011. Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid. Physiological And Biochemical Zoology 84:481-493. 2011 China Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Hitt, S; Pittman, SJ; Nemeth, RS. 2011. Diel movements of fishes linked to benthic seascape structure in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:275-291. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Sediment
Hixon, MA. 2011. 60 Years Of Coral Reef Fish Ecology: Past, Present, Future. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:727-765. 2011 Cuba Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Hongo, C; Kayanne, H. 2011. Key species of hermatypic coral for reef formation in the northwest Pacific during Holocene sea-level change. Marine Geology 279:162-177. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; India; Palau Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Howell, KL; Holt, R; Endrino, IP; Stewart, H. 2011. When the species is also a habitat: Comparing the predictively modelled distributions of Lophelia pertusa and the reef habitat it forms. Biological Conservation 144:2656-2665. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Substrate
Hsieh, HYJ; Chen, KS; Lin, YHI; Huang, YCA; Baird, AH; Tsai, WS; Su, WC; Chen, CLA. 2011. Establishment of a No-take Area (NTA) could not Guarantee the Preservation of Coral Communities in Chinwan Inner Bay, Penghu, Taiwan. Zoological Studies 50:443-453. 2011 Taiwan Rate functions Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch
Huntington, BE; Karnauskas, M; Lirman, D. 2011. Corals fail to recover at a Caribbean marine reserve despite ten years of reserve designation. Coral Reefs 30:1077-1085. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Hur, SP; Takeuchi, Y; Esaka, Y; Nina, W; Park, YJ; Kang, HC; Jeong, HB; Lee, YD; Kim, SJ; Takemura, A. 2011. Diurnal expression patterns of neurohypophysial hormone genes in the brain of the threespot wrasse Halichoeres trimaculatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Molecular and Integrative Physiology 158:490-497. 2011 Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Jacobi, MN; Jonsson, PR. 2011. Optimal networks of nature reserves can be found through eigenvalue perturbation theory of the connectivity matrix. Ecological Applications 21:1861-1870. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Jentoft, S; Chuenpagdee, R; Pascual-Fernandez, JJ. 2011. What are MPAs for: On goal formation and displacement. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:75-83. 2011 Oman Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Jones, RJ. 2011. Spatial patterns of chemical contamination (metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFS) in sediments of a non-industrialized but densely populated coral atoll/small island state (Bermuda). Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:1362-1376. 2011 South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics
Karnauskas, M; Huntington, BE; Babcock, EA; Lirman, D. 2011. Pre-existing spatial patterns in fish abundances influence species-specific responses in a Caribbean marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:235-246. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Karnauskas, M; McClellan, DB; Wiener, JW; Miller, MW; Babcock, EA. 2011. Inferring trends in a small-scale, data-limited tropical fishery based on fishery-independent data. Fisheries Research 111:40-52. 2011 South & Central America; Haiti; Caribbean Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Kayal, M; Lenihan, HS; Pau, C; Penin, L; Adjeroud, M. 2011. Associational refuges among corals mediate impacts of a crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci outbreak. Coral Reefs 30:827-837. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Seastars; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kellner, JB; Sanchirico, JN; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. Optimizing for multiple species and multiple values: tradeoffs inherent in ecosystem-based fisheries management. Conservation Letters 4:21-30. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Kininmonth, S; Beger, M; Bode, M; Peterson, E; Adams, VM; Dorfman, D; Brumbaugh, DR; Possingham, HP. 2011. Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation. Ecological Modelling 222:1272-1282. 2011 Model Marine Protected Areas
Kininmontha, S., M. Beger, M. Bode, E. Peterson, V. M. Adams, D. Dorfman, D. R. Brumbaugh, and H. P. Possingham. 2011. Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation. Ecological Modelling 222:1272-1282. 2011 Model Marine Protected Areas
Kvitt, H; Rosenfeld, H; Zandbank, K; Tchernov, D. 2011. Regulation of Apoptotic Pathways by Stylophora pistillata (Anthozoa, Pocilloporidae) to Survive Thermal Stress and Bleaching. PLoS One 6. 2011 Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
La Mesa, G; Molinari, A; Bava, S; Finoia, MG; Cattaneo-Vietti, R; Tunesi, L. 2011. Gradients of abundance of sea breams across the boundaries of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Fisheries Research 111:24-30. 2011 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology 25:1044-1052. 2011 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Lapointe, BE; Thacker, K; Hanson, C; Getten, L. 2011. Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29:775-789. 2011 Florida; Jamaica Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Leggat, W; Seneca, F; Wasmund, K; Ukani, L; Yellowlees, D; Ainsworth, TD. 2011. Differential Responses of the Coral Host and Their Algal Symbiont to Thermal Stress. PLoS One 6. 2011 Hydrocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Leis, JM; Van Herwerden, L; Patterson, HM. 2011. Estimating Connectivity In Marine Fish Populations: What Works Best? Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:193-234. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Licuanan, WY; Medina, MLS; Luzon, KS; Samson, MS; Nanola, CL; Rollon, RN; Roleda, MY. 2011. Priority Reef Areas in the Pacific Coast of the Philippines for Marine Protected Area Deployment. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 94:384-400. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Lin, YC; Huang, SY; Jean, YH; Chen, WF; Sung, CS; Kao, ES; Wang, HM; Chakraborty, C; Duh, CY; Wen, ZH. 2011. Intrathecal lemnalol, a natural marine compound obtained from Formosan soft coral, attenuates nociceptive responses and the activity of spinal glial cells in neuropathic rats. Behavioural Pharmacology 22:739-750. 2011 Model Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Lorenzo, B; Ilaria, V; Sergio, R; Stefano, S; Giovanni, S. 2011. Involvement of recreational scuba divers in emblematic species monitoring: The case of Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum). Journal for Nature Conservation 19:312-318. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Lowe, PK; Bruno, JF; Selig, ER; Spencer, M. 2011. Empirical Models of Transitions between Coral Reef States: Effects of Region, Protection, and Environmental Change. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Macdonald, AHH; Schleyer, MH; Lamb, JM. 2011. Acropora austera connectivity in the south-western Indian Ocean assessed using nuclear intron sequence data. Marine Biology 158:613-621. 2011 Indian Ocean; Mozambique; India; South Africa Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Malcolm, HA; Jordan, A; Smith, SDA. 2011. Testing a depth-based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:173-185. 2011 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Marshell, A; Mills, JS; Rhodes, KL; McIlwain, J. 2011. Passive acoustic telemetry reveals highly variable home range and movement patterns among unicornfish within a marine reserve. Coral Reefs 30:631-642. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector
McCaffrey, K; Hawkins, MB; Godwin, J. 2011. Sexual Phenotype Differences in zic2 mRNA Abundance in the Preoptic Area of a Protogynous Teleost, Thalassoma bifasciatum. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
McClanahan, TR. 2011. Coral reef fish communities in management systems with unregulated fishing and small fisheries closures compared with lightly fished reefs - Maldives vs. Kenya. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:186-198. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Maldives; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, TR. 2011. Human and coral reef use interactions: From impacts to solutions? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:3-10. 2011 Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Graham, NAJ; MacNeil, MA; Muthiga, NA; Cinner, JE; Bruggemann, JH; Wilson, SK. 2011. Critical thresholds and tangible targets for ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:17230-17233. 2011 Indian Ocean; India Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Hicks, CC. 2011. Changes in life history and ecological characteristics of coral reef fish catch composition with increasing fishery management. Fisheries Management and Ecology 18:50-60. 2011 Kenya Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Muthiga, NA; Coleman, RA. 2011. Testing for top-down control: can post-disturbance fisheries closures reverse algal dominance? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:658-675. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, TR; Omukoto, JO. 2011. Comparison of Modern and Historical Fish Catches (AD 750-1400) to Inform Goals for Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Conservation Biology 25:945-955. 2011 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mclean, DL; Harvey, ES; Meeuwig, JJ. 2011. Declines in the abundance of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) in areas closed to fishing at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 406:71-78. 2011 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McMahon, KW; Berumen, ML; Mateo, I; Elsdon, TS; Thorrold, SR. 2011. Carbon isotopes in otolith amino acids identify residency of juvenile snapper (Family: Lutjanidae) in coastal nurseries. Coral Reefs 30:1135-1145. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama; Caribbean Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton; Seagrasses; Wetlands
Meadows, A. 2011. Wildlife Conservation Education And International Programmes. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21:305-316. 2011 Global Review; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Invasive Species; Mangroves
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Alino, PM; Geronimo, RC; Villanoy, CL; Gurney, GG. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. 2011 China; Philippines Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Decision Support; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sea Urchins
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Perez, P; Eustache, J; Fulton, EA; Cleland, D. 2011. Coupling Biophysical and Socioeconomic Models for Coral Reef Systems in Quintana Roo, Mexican Caribbean. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Tourism & Recreation
Meyer, E; Aglyamova, GV; Matz, MV. 2011. Profiling gene expression responses of coral larvae (Acropora millepora) to elevated temperature and settlement inducers using a novel RNA-Seq procedure. Molecular Ecology 20:3599-3616. 2011 Global; Europe Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Mills, M; Jupiter, SD; Pressey, RL; Ban, NC; Comley, J. 2011. Incorporating Effectiveness of Community-Based Management in a National Marine Gap Analysis for Fiji. Conservation Biology 25:1155-1164. 2011 Fiji; Philippines Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Moore, CH; Van Niel, K; Harvey, ES. 2011. The effect of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial distribution of temperate demersal fish. Ecography 34:425-435. 2011 Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Mouillot, D; Albouy, C; Guilhaumon, F; Lasram, FBR; Coll, M; Devictor, V; Meynard, CN; Pauly, D; Tomasini, JA; Troussellier, M; Velez, L; Watson, R; Douzery, EJP; Mouquet, N. 2011. Protected and Threatened Components of Fish Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Current Biology 21:1044-1050. 2011 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Muallil, RN; Geronimo, RC; Cleland, D; Cabral, RB; Doctor, MV; Cruz-Trinidad, A; Alino, PM. 2011. Willingness to exit the artisanal fishery as a response to scenarios of declining catch or increasing monetary incentives. Fisheries Research 111:74-81. 2011 China; Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Monetary Valuation
Munday, PL; Gagliano, M; Donelson, JM; Dixson, DL; Thorrold, SR. 2011. Ocean acidification does not affect the early life history development of a tropical marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 423:211-221. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Munday, PL; Hernaman, V; Dixson, DL; Thorrold, SR. 2011. Effect of ocean acidification on otolith development in larvae of a tropical marine fish. Biogeosciences 8:1631-1641. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Murillo, FJ; Munoz, PD; Altuna, A; Serrano, A. 2011. Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): interaction with fishing activities. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:319-332. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean GIS & Maps Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Murugan, A; Dhanya, S; Sarcar, AB; Naganathan, V; Rajagopal, S; Balasubramanian, T. 2011. Fishery biology, demography of three spotted seahorse, Hippocampus trimaculatus inhabiting Gulf of Mannar region, Southeast coast of India. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:411-423. 2011 India Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Nanola, CL; Alino, PM; Carpenter, KE. 2011. Exploitation-related reef fish species richness depletion in the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:405-420. 2011 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Nava, H; Ramirez-Herrera, MT. 2011. Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working? Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1487-1501. 2011 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Needham, MD; Szuster, BW; Bell, CM. 2011. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:633-641. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Nevitt, GA. 2011. The Neuroecology of Dimethyl Sulfide: A Global-Climate Regulator Turned Marine Infochemical. Integrative And Comparative Biology 51:819-825. 2011 Global Lab Study Algae; Climate; Marine Birds; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Nowak, K; Lee, PC. 2011. Demographic Structure of Zanzibar Red Colobus Populations in Unprotected Coral Rag and Mangrove Forests. Pages 24-45 in 22nd Congress of the International-Primatological-Society. NEW YORK. 2011 Global Index or Indicator Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Ochavillo, D; Tofaeono, S; Sabater, M; Trip, EL. 2011. Population structure of Ctenochaetus striatus (Acanthuridae) in Tutuila, American Samoa: The use of size-at-age data in multi-scale population size surveys. Fisheries Research 107:14-21. 2011 Samoa; American Samoa Algae; Coralline Algae; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Oigman-Pszczol, SS; Creed, JC. 2011. Can patterns in benthic communities be explained by an environmental pressure index? Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2181-2189. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Onton, K; Page, CA; Wilson, SK; Neale, S; Armstrong, S. 2011. Distribution and drivers of coral disease at Ningaloo reef, Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:75-84. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Climate; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Palmer, CV; Bythell, JC; Willis, BL. 2011. A comparative study of phenoloxidase activity in diseased and bleached colonies of the coral Acropora millepora. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 35:1096-1099. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Pantile, R; Webster, N. 2011. Strict thermal threshold identified by quantitative PCR in the sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile. Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:97-105. 2011 Australia Climate; Special Use Permitting; Sponges
Pelletier, D; Leleu, K; Mou-Tham, G; Guillemot, N; Chabanet, P. 2011. Comparison of visual census and high definition video transects for monitoring coral reef fish assemblages. Fisheries Research 107:84-93. 2011 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Peng, SE; Chen, WNU; Chen, HK; Lu, CY; Mayfield, AB; Fang, LS; Chen, CS. 2011. Lipid bodies in coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis: Proteomic and ultrastructural studies. Proteomics 11:3540-3555. 2011 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Pernice, M; Dunn, SR; Miard, T; Dufour, S; Dove, S; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Regulation of Apoptotic Mediators Reveals Dynamic Responses to Thermal Stress in the Reef Building Coral Acropora millepora. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; Cuba Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Perry, RI. 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on marine wild capture fisheries: an update. Journal of Agricultural Science 149:63-75. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Pittman, S. J. and K. A. Brown. 2011. Multi-Scale Approach for Predicting Fish Species Distributions across Coral Reef Seascapes. PLoS One 3:1-12. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Pittman, S., R. Kneib, C. Simenstad, and I. Nagelkerken. 2011. THEME SECTION - Seascape ecology: application of landscape ecology to the marine environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:187-302. 2011 Resource Use Management
Pittman, SJ; Brown, KA. 2011. Multi-Scale Approach for Predicting Fish Species Distributions across Coral Reef Seascapes. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Planes, S; Raventos, N; Ferrari, B; Alcoverro, T. 2011. Fish herbivory leads to shifts in seagrass Posidonia oceanica investments in sexual reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:205-213. 2011 Carbon Storage & Cycling; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Pollnac, R; Seara, T. 2011. Factors Influencing Success of Marine Protected Areas in the Visayas, Philippines as Related to Increasing Protected Area Coverage. Environmental Management 47:584-592. 2011 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Pratchett, MS; Bay, LK; Gehrke, PC; Koehn, JD; Osborne, K; Pressey, RL; Sweatman, HPA; Wachenfeld, D. 2011. Contribution of climate change to degradation and loss of critical fish habitats in Australian marine and freshwater environments. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:1062-1081. 2011 Australia; India Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Ramos, R; Bastidas, C; Debrot, D; Garcia, E. 2011. Phase I and II biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in the coral Siderastrea siderea act as biomarkers for reproductive condition and habitat quality. Marine Biology Research 7:398-406. 2011 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
Rooper, CN; Wilkins, ME; Rose, CS; Coon, C. 2011. Modeling the impacts of bottom trawling and the subsequent recovery rates of sponges and corals in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Continental Shelf Research 31:1827-1834. 2011 Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Sponges; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rosendo, S; Brown, K; Joubert, A; Jiddawi, N; Mechisso, M. 2011. A clash of values and approaches: A case study of marine protected area planning in Mozambique. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:55-65. 2011 Global; Mozambique Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Rosic, NN; Pernice, M; Dove, S; Dunn, S; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Gene expression profiles of cytosolic heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 from symbiotic dinoflagellates in response to thermal stress: possible implications for coral bleaching. Cell Stress & Chaperones 16:69-80. 2011 Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Russ, GR; Alcala, AC. 2011. Enhanced biodiversity beyond marine reserve boundaries: The cup spillith over. Ecological Applications 21:241-250. 2011 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Ryu, J., T. M. Leschine, J. Namb, W. K. Chang, and K. Dyson. 2011. A resilience-based approach for comparing expert preferences across two large-scale coastal management programs. Journal of Environmental Management 92:92-101. 2011 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Saavedra-Sotelo, NC; Calderon-Aguilera, LE; Reyes-Bonilla, H; Lopez-Perez, RA; Medina-Rosas, P; Rocha-Olivares, A. 2011. Limited genetic connectivity of Pavona gigantea in the Mexican Pacific. Coral Reefs 30:677-686. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Stony Coral
Saenz-Agudelo, P; Jones, GP; Thorrold, SR; Planes, S. 2011. Connectivity dominates larval replenishment in a coastal reef fish metapopulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278:2954-2961. 2011 Papua New Guinea Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Salinas-de-Leon, P; Costales-Carrera, A; Zeljkovic, S; Smith, DJ; Bell, JJ. 2011. Scleractinian settlement patterns to natural cleared reef substrata and artificial settlement panels on an Indonesian coral reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93:80-85. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Samy, M; Lizaso, JLS; Forcada, A. 2011. Status of marine protected areas in Egypt. Pages 165-177 in Conference on SIEBM 2010. BARCELONA. 2011 Egypt Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Scales, KL; Lewis, JA; Lewis, JP; Castellanos, D; Godley, BJ; Graham, RT. 2011. Insights into habitat utilisation of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), using acoustic telemetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407:122-129. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles
Scholte, P; Al-Okaishi, A; Suleyman, AS. 2011. When conservation precedes development: a case study of the opening up of the Socotra archipelago, Yemen. ORYX 45:401-410. 2011 Indian Ocean; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Special Use Permitting
Scott, A; Malcolm, HA; Damiano, C; Richardson, DL. 2011. Long-term increases in abundance of anemonefish and their host sea anemones in an Australian marine protected area. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:187-196. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Seppelt, R., C. F. Dormann, F. V. Eppink, S. Lautenbach, and S. Schmidt. 2011. A quantitative review of ecosystem service studies: approaches, shortcomings and the road ahead. Journal of Applied Ecology doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01952.x. 2011 Review; Model Resource Use Management; Valuation
Shackeroff, JM; Campbell, LM; Crowder, LB. 2011. Social-Ecological Guilds: Putting People into Marine Historical Ecology. Ecology and Society 16. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing Sector
Simon, T; Pinheiro, HT; Joyeux, JC. 2011. Target fishes on artificial reefs: Evidences of impacts over nearby natural environments. Science of the Total Environment 409:4579-4584. 2011 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Sinclair, W; Newman, SJ; Vianna, GMS; Williams, S; Aspden, WJ. 2011. Spatial Subdivision and Genetic Diversity in Populations on the East and West Coasts of Australia: The Multi-Faceted Case of Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Reviews in Fisheries Science 19:52-61. 2011 Australia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Sjoo, GL; Mork, E; Andersson, S; Melander, I. 2011. Differences in top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal communities between a reef crest and back reef habitat in Zanzibar. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 91:511-518. 2011 South & Central America; Tanzania; Caribbean Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Nutrients; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Smallwood, CB; Beckley, LE; Moore, SA; Kobryn, HT. 2011. Assessing patterns of recreational use in large marine parks: A case study from Ningaloo Marine Park, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:330-340. 2011 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, SDA. 2011. Densities of the endolithic bivalve Lithophaga lessepsiana (Vaillant, 1865) in Pocillopora damicornis, Solitary Islands Marine Park, northern NSW, Australia. Molluscan Research 31:42-46. 2011 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Stevenson, TC; Tissot, BN; Dierking, J. 2011. Fisher behaviour influences catch productivity and selectivity in West Hawaii's aquarium fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:813-822. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sweatman, H; Delean, S; Syms, C. 2011. Assessing loss of coral cover on Australia's Great Barrier Reef over two decades, with implications for longer-term trends. Coral Reefs 30:521-531. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Torres-Pratts, H; Lado-Insua, T; Rhyne, AL; Rodriguez-Matos, L; Schizas, NV. 2011. Two distinct, geographically overlapping lineages of the corallimorpharian Ricordea florida (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Ricordeidae). Coral Reefs 30:391-396. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Tyler, EHM; Manica, A; Jiddawi, N; Speight, MR. 2011. A role for partially protected areas on coral reefs: maintaining fish diversity? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:231-238. 2011 Tanzania Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ulstrup, KE; Kuhl, M; van Oppen, MJH; Cooper, TF; Ralph, PJ. 2011. Variation in photosynthesis and respiration in geographically distinct populations of two reef-building coral species. Aquatic Biology 12:241-248. 2011 Australia Algae; Climate; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
van Woesik, R; Jordan-Garza, AG. 2011. Coral populations in a rapidly changing environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:11-20. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Vasquez-Yeomans, L; Vega-Cendejas, ME; Montero, JL; Sosa-Cordero, E. 2011. High species richness of early stages of fish in a locality of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System: a small-scale survey using different sampling gears. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:2379-2392. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish
Velasquez, J; Lopez-Angarita, J; Sanchez, JA. 2011. Evaluation of the FORAM index in a case of conservation Benthic foraminifera as indicators of ecosystem resilience in protected and non-protected coral reefs of the southern caribbean. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:3591-3603. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Agriculture; Algae; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Vila-Nova, DA; Bender, MG; Carvalho, A; Ferreira, CEL; Floeter, SR. 2011. The Use of Non-reef Habitats by Brazilian Reef Fish Species: Considerations for the Design of Marine Protected Areas. Natureza and Conservacao 9:79-86. 2011 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Wagner, D; Waller, RG; Toonen, RJ. 2011. Sexual reproduction of Hawaiian black corals, with a review of the reproduction of antipatharians (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Invertebrate Biology 130:211-225. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Marine Protected Areas
Waite, R., E. Cooper, N. Zenny, and L. Burke. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Value of Jamaica�s Coral Reef-Related Fisheries. Working Paper, World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D. C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Wang, JT; Meng, PJ; Sampayo, E; Tang, SL; Chen, CA. 2011. Photosystem II breakdown induced by reactive oxygen species in freshly-isolated Symbiodinium from Montipora (Scleractinia; Acroporidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 422:51-62. 2011 Index or Indicator Algae; Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Ward-Paige, CA; Pattengill-Semmens, C; Myers, RA; Lotze, HK. 2011. Spatial and temporal trends in yellow stingray abundance: evidence from diver surveys. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:263-276. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Wattage, P; Glenn, H; Mardle, S; Van Rensburg, T; Grehan, A; Foley, N. 2011. Economic value of conserving deep-sea corals in Irish waters: A choice experiment study on marine protected areas. Fisheries Research 107:59-67. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Wei, WC; Lin, SY; Chen, YJ; Wen, CC; Huang, CY; Palanisamy, A; Yang, NS; Sheu, JH. 2011. Topical application of marine briarane-type diterpenes effectively inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and dermatitis in murine skin. Journal of Biomedical Science 18. 2011 China Index or Indicator Octocoral; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, AJ; Little, LR; Begg, GA. 2011. Balancing indigenous and non-indigenous commercial objectives in a coral reef finfish fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:834-847. 2011 Australia Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Yahya, SAS; Gullstrom, M; Ohman, MC; Jiddawi, NS; Andersson, MH; Mgaya, YD; Lindahl, U. 2011. Coral bleaching and habitat effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages: An experimental study. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94:16-23. 2011 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Yesson, C; Clark, MR; Taylor, ML; Rogers, AD. 2011. The global distribution of seamounts based on 30 arc seconds bathymetry data. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 58:442-453. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
2010. MS4 Permit Improvement Guide. 833-R-10-001, US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 2010 Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Schools & Colleges; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
A. V. Borges and N. Gypens. 2010. Carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone responds more strongly to eutrophication than to ocean acidification. Limnology and Oceanography 55:346-353. 2010 Model Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Aburto-Oropeza, O., G. Paredes, I. Mascarenas-Osorio, and E. Sala. 2010. Climatic influence on reef fish recruitment and fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 410:283-287. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Climate; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Albouy, C., D. Mouillot, D. Rocklin, J. M. Culioli, and F. Le Loc'h. 2010. Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 412:207-221. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Almany, G. R., R. J. Hamilton, D. H. Williamson, R. D. Evans, G. P. Jones, M. Matawai, T. Potuku, K. L. Rhodes, G. R. Russ, and B. Sawynok. 2010. Research partnerships with local communities: two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia. Coral Reefs 29:567-576. 2010 Australia; Papua New Guinea Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Amargos, F. P., G. G. Sanson, A. J. del Castillo, A. Z. Fernandez, F. M. Blanco, and W. A. de la Red. 2010. An experiment of fish spillover from a marine reserve in Cuba. Environmental Biology of Fishes 87:363-372. 2010 Cuba Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Ang, T. Z. and A. Manica. 2010. Unavoidable limits on group size in a body size-based linear hierarchy. Behavioral Ecology 21:819-825. 2010 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Anticamara, J. A., D. Zeller, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Spatial and temporal variation of abundance, biomass and diversity within marine reserves in the Philippines. Diversity and Distributions 16:529-536. 2010 Philippines Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Arbuatti, A. and P. Lucidi. 2010. Poisonous ornamental fishes on free sale. Survey on envenomations by Pterois volitans. Sanitary and legislative aspects with reference to the Italian current regulations about dangerous animals. Veterinaria 24:37-41. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Special Use Permitting
Arceo, P. and A. Granados-Barba. 2010. Evaluating sustainability criteria for a marine protected area in Veracruz, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:535-543. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Aswani, S. and A. Sabetian. 2010. Implications of Urbanization for Artisanal Parrotfish Fisheries in the Western Solomon Islands. Conservation Biology 24:520-530. 2010 Solomon Islands Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Babcock, R. C., N. T. Shears, A. C. Alcala, N. S. Barrett, G. J. Edgar, K. D. Lafferty, T. R. McClanahan, and G. R. Russ. 2010. Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18256-18261. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Beare, D., F. Holker, G. H. Engelhard, E. McKenzie, and D. G. Reid. 2010. An unintended experiment in fisheries science: a marine area protected by war results in Mexican waves in fish numbers-at-age. Naturwissenschaften 97:797-808. 2010 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Beharry-Borg, N. and R. Scarpa. 2010. Valuing quality changes in Caribbean coastal waters for heterogeneous beach visitors. Ecological Economics 69:1124-1139. 2010 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Health Policies; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Bell, J. J., J. Berman, T. Jones, and L. J. Hepburn. 2010. Variability in the spatial association patterns of sponge assemblages in response to environmental heterogeneity. Marine Biology 157:2503-2509. 2010 South & Central America; Indonesia; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Bellchambers, L. M., S. N. Evans, and J. J. Meeuwig. 2010. Abundance and size of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) as a function of benthic habitat: implications for ecosystem-based fisheries management. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:279-287. 2010 Australia GIS & Maps Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sponges
Borsa, P., A. Collet, L. Carassou, D. Ponton, and W. J. Chen. 2010. Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genotyping identifies emperors and large-eye breams (Teleostei: Lethrinidae) from New Caledonia and reveals new large-eye bream species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38:370-389. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Bridge, D., A. G. Theofiles, R. L. Holler, E. Marcinkevicius, R. E. Steele, and D. E. Martinez. 2010. FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. PLoS One 5:e11686. 2010 Special Use Permitting; Sponges
Broad, A., N. Knott, X. Turon, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Effects of a shark repulsion device on rocky reef fishes: no shocking outcomes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:295-298. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Bruckner, A. W. 2010. Quantifying the decline in Corallium rubrum populations: Reply to Santangelo & Bramanti (2010). Marine Ecology Progress Series 418:299-303. 2010 Cuba; Spain Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Butler, A. J., T. Rees, P. Beesley, and N. J. Bax. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Australian Region. PLoS One 5:e11831. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Calado, H. and A. Gil, editors. 2010. Geographic technologies applied to marine spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management. CIGPT, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. 2010 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Carpenter, L. W., M. R. Patterson, and E. S. Bromage. 2010. Water flow influences the spatiotemporal distribution of heat shock protein 70 within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) following heat stress: Implications for coral bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 387:52-59. 2010 Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Chittaro, P. M., I. C. Kaplan, A. Keller, and P. S. Levin. 2010. Trade-Offs between Species Conservation and the Size of Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 24:197-206. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas
Chou, L. M., D. W. Huang, K. P. P. Tun, J. T. B. Kwik, Y. C. Tay, and A. L. Seow. 2010. Temporal Changes in Reef Community Structure at Bintan Island (Indonesia) Suggest Need for Integrated Management. Pacific Science 64:99-111. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Christie, M. R., D. W. Johnson, C. D. Stallings, and M. A. Hixon. 2010. Self-recruitment and sweepstakes reproduction amid extensive gene flow in a coral-reef fish. Molecular Ecology 19:1042-1057. 2010 Bahamas Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Small Herbivorous Fish
Clarke, P. and S. D. Jupiter. 2010. Law, custom and community-based natural resource management in Kubulau District (Fiji). Environmental Conservation 37:98-106. 2010 Fiji Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Claudet, J., C. W. Osenberg, P. Domenici, F. Badalamenti, M. Milazzo, J. M. Falcon, I. Bertocci, L. Benedetti-Cecchi, J. A. Garcia-Charton, R. Goni, J. A. Borg, A. Forcada, G. A. de Lucia, A. Perez-Ruzafa, P. Afonso, A. Brito, I. Guala, L. Le Direach, and Sanchez-Jerez,. 2010. Marine reserves: Fish life history and ecological traits matter. Ecological Applications 20:830-839. 2010 Europe Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Claudet, J., P. Lenfant, and M. Schrimm. 2010. Snorkelers impact on fish communities and algae in a temperate marine protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1649-1658. 2010 Index or Indicator Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Cognetti, G. and F. Maltagliati. 2010. Ecosystem service provision: an operational way for marine biodiversity conservation and management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1916-1923. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Crawford, B., M. D. Herrera, N. Hernandez, C. R. Leclair, N. Jiddawi, S. Masumbuko, and M. Haws. 2010. Small Scale Fisheries Management: Lessons from Cockle Harvesters in Nicaragua and Tanzania. Coastal Management 38:195-215. 2010 Nicaragua; Tanzania; Fiji Model Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Crec'hriou, R., F. Alemany, E. Roussel, A. Chassanite, J. Y. Marinaro, J. Mader, E. Rochel, and S. Planes. 2010. Fisheries replenishment of early life taxa: potential export of fish eggs and larvae from a temperate marine protected area. Fisheries Oceanography 19:135-150. 2010 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dalleau, M., S. Andrefouet, C. C. C. Wabnitz, C. Payri, L. Wantiez, M. Pichon, K. Friedman, L. Vigliola, and F. Benzoni. 2010. Use of Habitats as Surrogates of Biodiversity for Efficient Coral Reef Conservation Planning in Pacific Ocean Islands. Conservation Biology 24:541-552. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Dalton, S. J., S. Godwin, S. D. A. Smith, and L. Pereg. 2010. Australian subtropical white syndrome: a transmissible, temperature-dependent coral disease. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:342-350. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
David, G., M. Leopold, P. S. Dumas, J. Ferraris, J. B. Herrenschmidt, and G. Fontenelle. 2010. Integrated coastal zone management perspectives to ensure the sustainability of coral reefs in New Caledonia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 61:323-334. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia
de Juan, S. and J. Lleonart. 2010. A conceptual framework for the protection of vulnerable habitats impacted by fishing activities in the Mediterranean high seas. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:717-723. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
D'Onghia, G., P. Maiorano, L. Sion, A. Giove, F. Capezzuto, R. Carlucci, and A. Tursi. 2010. Effects of deep-water coral banks on the abundance and size structure of the megafauna in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57:397-411. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Dumas, P., H. Jimenez, M. Leopold, G. Petro, and R. Jimmy. 2010. Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu. Environmental Conservation 37:364-372. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Snails & Conch
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 2010. Biotic affinities of rocky reef fishes, invertebrates and macroalgae in different zones of the Port Davey marine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:282-296. 2010 Australia Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Edgar, G. J., A. Davey, G. Kelly, R. B. Mawbey, and K. Parsons. 2010. Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south-western Pacific. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:378-396. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Edgar, G. J., P. R. Last, N. S. Barrett, K. Gowlett-Holmes, M. Driessen, and P. Mooney. 2010. Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:297-311. 2010 Global; Australia Boating Activities; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Edgar, G. J., S. A. Banks, M. Brandt, R. H. Bustamante, A. Chiriboga, S. A. Earle, L. E. Garske, P. W. Glynn, J. S. Grove, S. Henderson, C. P. Hickman, K. A. Miller, F. Rivera, and G. M. Wellington. 2010. El Nino, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galapagos marine species. Global Change Biology 16:2876-2890. 2010 Global Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Small Herbivorous Fish
Evans, R. D., L. van Herwerden, G. R. Russ, and A. J. Frisch. 2010. Strong genetic but not spatial subdivision of two reef fish species targeted by fishers on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 102:16-25. 2010 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Fernandes, L., K. Dobbs, J. Day, and S. Slegers. 2010. Identifying biologically and physically special or unique sites for inclusion in the protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:80-88. 2010 Australia Review Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Ferse, S. C. A., M. M. Costa, K. S. Manez, D. S. Adhuri, and M. Glaser. 2010. Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation. Environmental Conservation 37:23-34. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Fonseca, A. C., H. M. Guzman, J. Cortes, and C. Soto. 2010. Marine habitats map of "Isla del Cano", Costa Rica, comparing Quickbird and Hymap images classification results. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:373-381. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Fujita, R. M., K. T. Honey, A. Morris, J. R. Wilson, and H. Russell. 2010. Cooperative Strategies In Fisheries Management: Integrating Across Scales. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:251-271. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives
Gaines, S. D., C. White, M. H. Carr, and S. R. Palumbi. 2010. Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18286-18293. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gaines, S. D., S. E. Lester, K. Grorud-Colvert, C. Costello, and R. Pollnac. 2010. Evolving science of marine reserves: New developments and emerging research frontiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18251-18255. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Garcia, T. M., H. Matthews-Cascon, and W. Franklin. 2010. Sipuncula Associated With Branching Fire Coral (Millepora Alcicornis) In A Marine Protected Area In Northeastern Brazil. Thalassas 26:9-12. 2010 Cuba Lab Study Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Garcon, J. S., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2010. Relative Exposure Index: an important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:140-149. 2010 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Coastal Development; Sea Turtles
Garmendia, E., R. Prellezo, A. Murillas, M. Escapa, and M. Gallastegui. 2010. Weak and strong sustainability assessment in fisheries. Ecological Economics 70:96-106. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Gavin, M. C., J. N. Solomon, and S. G. Blank. 2010. Measuring and Monitoring Illegal Use of Natural Resources. Conservation Biology 24:89-100. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Funding & Incentives
Gleason, M., S. McCreary, M. Miller-Henson, J. Ugoretz, E. Fox, M. Merrifield, W. McClintock, P. Serpa, and K. Hoffman. 2010. Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: A successful case study from north central California. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:52-68. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Glenn, H., P. Wattage, S. Mardle, T. Van Rensburg, A. Grehan, and N. Foley. 2010. Marine protected areas - substantiating their worth. Marine Policy 34:421-430. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Godoy, N., S. Gelcich, J. A. Vasquez, and J. C. Castilla. 2010. Spearfishing to depletion: evidence from temperate reef fishes in Chile. Ecological Applications 20:1504-1511. 2010 Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Goni, R., R. Hilborn, D. Diaz, S. Mallol, and S. Adlerstein. 2010. Net contribution of spillover from a marine reserve to fishery catches. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:233-243. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, N. A. J., M. D. Spalding, and C. R. C. Sheppard. 2010. Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:543-548. 2010 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gray, D. L., R. Canessa, R. Rollins, C. P. Keller, and P. Dearden. 2010. Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Management 46:167-180. 2010 Columbia Model Aquaculture; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Grech, A. and R. G. Coles. 2010. An ecosystem-scale predictive model of coastal seagrass distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:437-444. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Grimsditch, G., J. M. Mwaura, J. Kilonzo, and N. Amiyo. 2010. The Effects of Habitat on Coral Bleaching Responses in Kenya. Ambio 39:295-304. 2010 Kenya Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Grorud-Colvert, K., S. E. Lester, S. Airame, E. Neeley, and S. D. Gaines. 2010. Communicating marine reserve science to diverse audiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18306-18311. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Haisfield, K. M., H. E. Fox, S. Yen, S. Mangubhai, and P. J. Mous. 2010. An ounce of prevention: cost-effectiveness of coral reef rehabilitation relative to enforcement. Conservation Letters 3:243-250. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Halpern, B.S., S. E. Lester, and K. L. McLeod. 2010. Placing marine protected areas onto the ecosystembased management seascape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [earlyedition]. 2010 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Hamel, M. A. and S. Andrefouet. 2010. Using very high resolution remote sensing for the management of coral reef fisheries: Review and perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1397-1405. 2010 Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Hardiman, N. and S. Burgin. 2010. Recreational impacts on the fauna of Australian coastal marine ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2096-2108. 2010 Australia; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Boating Activities; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Harper, S. J. M., C. R. Bates, H. M. Guzman, and J. M. Mair. 2010. Acoustic mapping of fish aggregation areas to improve fisheries management in Las Perlas Archipelago, Pacific Panama. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:615-623. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management
Harrison, P. A., M. Vandewalle, M. T. Sykes, P. M. Berry, R. Bugter, F. de Bello, C. K. Feld, U. Grandin, R. Harrington, J. R. Haslett, R. H. G. Jongman, G. W. Luck, P. M. da Silva, M. Moora, J. Settele, J. P. Sousa, and M. Zobel. 2010. Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2791-2821. 2010 Europe Review Agriculture; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Non-Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Provisioning Services; Recreational Opportunities; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Haslett, J. R., P. M. Berry, G. Bela, R. H. G. Jongman, G. Pataki, M. J. Samways, and M. Zobel. 2010. Changing conservation strategies in Europe: a framework integrating ecosystem services and dynamics. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2963-2977. 2010 Europe Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities
Hastings, P. A. and G. R. Galland. 2010. Ontogeny of microhabitat use and two-step recruitment in a specialist reef fish, the Browncheek Blenny (Chaenopsidae). Coral Reefs 29:155-164. 2010 Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Hedgecock, D. 2010. Determining parentage and relatedness from genetic markers sheds light on patterns of marine larval dispersal. Molecular Ecology 19:845-847. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish
Heindel, K., J. Titschack, B. Dorschel, V. A. I. Huvenne, and A. Freiwald. 2010. The sediment composition and predictive mapping of facies on the Propeller Mound-A cold-water coral mound (Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic). Continental Shelf Research 30:1814-1829. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Heupel, M. R., A. J. Williams, D. J. Welch, C. R. Davies, A. Penny, J. P. Kritzer, R. J. Marriott, and B. D. Mapstone. 2010. Demographic characteristics of exploited tropical lutjanids: a comparative analysis. Fishery Bulletin 108:420-432. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Heupel, M. R., A. J. Williams, D. J. Welch, C. R. Davies, S. Adams, G. Carlos, and B. D. Mapstone. 2010. Demography of a large exploited grouper, Plectropomus laevis: Implications for fisheries management. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:184-195. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Model Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Heyman, W. D., L. M. Carr, and P. S. Lobel. 2010. Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:201-210. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Hinderstein, L. M., J. C. A. Marr, F. A. Martinez, M. J. Dowgiallo, K. A. Puglise, R. L. Pyle, D. G. Zawada, and R. Appeldoorn. 2010. Theme section on "Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems: Characterization, Ecology, and Management". Coral Reefs 29:247-251. 2010 Cuba Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Resource Use Management; Sponges
Hogan, J. D., R. J. Thiessen, and D. D. Heath. 2010. Variability in connectivity indicated by chaotic genetic patchiness within and among populations of a marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 417:263-U289. 2010 Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hoogenboom, M., R. Rodolfo-Metalpa, and C. Ferrier-Pages. 2010. Co-variation between autotrophy and heterotrophy in the Mediterranean coral Cladocora caespitosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:2399-2409. 2010 Cuba Nutrients; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Hopkins, G. A. and B. M. Forrest. 2010. Challenges associated with pre-border management of biofouling on oil rigs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1924-1929. 2010 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs
Huang, C. Y., J. H. Su, Y. C. Liu, Z. H. Wen, C. H. Hsu, M. Y. Chiang, and J. H. Sheu. 2010. Oppositane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Sinularia leptoclados. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 83:678-682. 2010 Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Hutchinson, N. and K. Rhodes. 2010. Home range estimates for squaretail coralgrouper, Plectropomus areolatus (Ruppell 1830). Coral Reefs 29:511-519. 2010 Micronesia Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Iwata, E., Y. Nagai, and H. Sasaki. 2010. Social rank modulates brain arginine vasotocin immunoreactivity in false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 36:337-345. 2010 Index or Indicator Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Special Use Permitting
Jackson, D. J., V. Thiel, and G. Worheide. 2010. An evolutionary fast-track to biocalcification. Geobiology 8:191-196. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Sponges
Jean, C., S. Ciccione, K. Ballorain, J. Y. Georges, and J. Bourjea. 2010. Ultralight aircraft surveys reveal marine turtle population increases along the west coast of Reunion Island. ORYX 44:223-229. 2010 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Jimenez, H., P. Dumas, L. Bigot, J. M. Amouroux, and J. Ferraris. 2010. Taxonomic resolution needed to describe invertebrate assemblages and to detect harvesting effects on coral reef ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406:211-222. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Johnson, A. E. 2010. Reducing bycatch in coral reef trap fisheries: escape gaps as a step towards sustainability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 415:201-209. 2010 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Monetary Valuation; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Johnson, J. E. and D. J. Welch. 2010. Marine Fisheries Management in a Changing Climate: A Review of Vulnerability and Future Options. Reviews in Fisheries Science 18:106-124. 2010 Global Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jordan, S. J., S. E. Hayes, D. Yoskowitz, L. S. Smith, J. K. Summers, M. Russell, and W. H. Benson. 2010. Accounting for natural resources and environmental sustainability: linking ecosystem services to human well-being. Environmental Science and Technology [inpress]. 2010 Index or Indicator Special Use Permitting
Kellner, J. B., S. Y. Litvin, A. Hastings, F. Micheli, and P. J. Mumby. 2010. Disentangling trophic interactions inside a Caribbean marine reserve. Ecological Applications 20:1979-1992. 2010 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kenchington, R. 2010. Strategic Roles Of Marine Protected Areas In Ecosystem Scale Conservation. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:303-313. 2010 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Kingsford, M. J. and I. J. Carlson. 2010. Patterns of distribution and movement of fishes, Ophthalmolepis lineolatus and Hypoplectrodes maccullochi, on temperate rocky reefs of south eastern Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 88:105-118. 2010 Australia Model Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Knittweis, L. and M. Wolff. 2010. Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation 143:2722-2729. 2010 Indonesia Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Koldewey, H. J., D. Curnick, S. Harding, L. R. Harrison, and M. Gollock. 2010. Potential benefits to fisheries and biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago/British Indian Ocean Territory as a no-take marine reserve. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1906-1915. 2010 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kopp, D., Y. Bouchon-Navaro, M. Louis, D. Mouillot, and C. Bouchon. 2010. Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:516-524. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kopp, D., Y. Bouchon-Navaro, S. Cordonnier, A. Haouisee, M. Louis, and C. Bouchon. 2010. Evaluation of algal regulation by herbivorous fishes on Caribbean coral reefs. Helgoland Marine Research 64:181-190. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Koss, R. S. and J. Y. Kingley. 2010. Volunteer health and emotional wellbeing in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:447-453. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Krief, S., E. J. Hendy, M. Fine, R. Yam, A. Meibom, G. L. Foster, and A. Shemesh. 2010. Physiological and isotopic responses of scleractinian corals to ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:4988-5001. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kronen, M., F. Magron, B. McArdle, and A. Vunisea. 2010. Reef finfishing pressure risk model for Pacific Island countries and territories. Fisheries Research 101:1-10. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review; Model Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2010. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164:513-531. 2010 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
La Mesa, G., A. Molinari, and L. Tunesi. 2010. Coastal fish assemblage characterisation to support the zoning of a new Marine Protected Area in north-western Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology 77:197-210. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Laidig, T. E. 2010. Influence of ocean conditions on the timing of early life history events for blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) off California. Fishery Bulletin 108:442-449. 2010 Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Launio, C. C., Y. Morooka, H. Aizaki, and Y. Iiguni. 2010. Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: case of Claveria, Northern Philippines. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17:401-409. 2010 Philippines Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management
Linares, C. and D. F. Doak. 2010. Forecasting the combined effects of disparate disturbances on the persistence of long-lived gorgonians: a case study of Paramuricea clavata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:59-68. 2010 Global; Study Location Model Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral
Linares, C., O. Bianchimani, O. Torrents, C. Marschal, P. Drap, and J. Garrabou. 2010. Marine Protected Areas and the conservation of long-lived marine invertebrates: the Mediterranean red coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:69-79. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Locham, G. A., B. Kaunda-Arara, and C. M. Mlewa. 2010. The influence of reef type and seasonality on population structure of coral-reef fishes within Malindi Marine Park, Kenya. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 31:494-505. 2010 Kenya Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Louzao, M., N. Anadon, J. Arrontes, C. Alvarez-Claudio, D. M. Fuente, F. Ocharan, A. Anadon, and J. L. Acuna. 2010. Historical macrobenthic community assemblages in the Aviles Canyon, N Iberian Shelf: Baseline biodiversity information for a marine protected area. Journal of Marine Systems 80:47-56. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe; Spain Marine Protected Areas
Luna-Perez, B., C. Valle, T. V. Fernandez, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, and A. A. Ramos-Espla. 2010. Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) as an indicator of SCUBA diving impact. Ecological Indicators 10:1017-1024. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tunicates
Lynam, T., J. Drewry, W. Higham, and C. Mitchell. 2010. Adaptive modelling for adaptive water quality management in the Great Barrier Reef region, Australia. Environmental Modelling & Software 25:1291-1301. 2010 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Resource Use Management; Sediment
Lynch, A. M. J., S. G. Sutton, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:312-318. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Macintosh, A., T. Bonyhady, and D. Wilkinson. 2010. Dealing with interests displaced by marine protected areas: A case study on the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Structural Adjustment Package. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:581-588. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Malcolm, H. A. and S. D. A. Smith. 2010. Objective selection of surrogate families to describe reef fish assemblages in a subtropical marine park. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:3611-3618. 2010 Australia Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Malcolm, H. A., S. D. A. Smith, and A. Jordan. 2010. Using patterns of reef fish assemblages to refine a Habitat Classification System for marine parks in NSW, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:83-92. 2010 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
March, D., M. Palmer, J. Alos, A. Grau, and F. Cardona. 2010. Short-term residence, home range size and diel patterns of the painted comber Serranus scriba in a temperate marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:195-206. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Marriott, R. J., N. D. C. Jarvis, D. J. Adams, A. E. Gallash, J. Norriss, and S. J. Newman. 2010. Maturation and sexual ontogeny in the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1396-1414. 2010 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Marshall, N. A., P. A. Marshall, A. Abdulla, and T. Rouphael. 2010. The Links Between Resource Dependency and Attitude of Commercial Fishers to Coral Reef Conservation in the Red Sea. Ambio 39:305-313. 2010 Egypt Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Martinez-Porchas, M., L. R. Martinez-Cordova, M. A. Porchas-Cornejo, and J. A. Lopez-Elias. 2010. Shrimp polyculture: a potentially profitable, sustainable, but uncommon aquacultural practice. Reviews In Aquaculture 2:73-85. 2010 Review Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Pathogens
Mason, T. J. and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Home range, habitat use, and site fidelity of barred sand bass within a southern California marine protected area. Fisheries Research 106:93-101. 2010 GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Mayfield, A. B., Y. Y. Hsiao, T. Y. Fan, C. S. Chen, and R. D. Gates. 2010. Evaluating the temporal stability of stress-activated protein kinase and cytoskeleton gene expression in the Pacific reef corals Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora hystrix. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 395:215-222. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
McCammon, A., P. C. Sikkel, and D. Nemeth. 2010. Effects of three Caribbean cleaner shrimps on ectoparasitic monogeneans in a semi-natural environment. Coral Reefs 29:419-426. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
McClanahan, T. R. 2010. Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef. Conservation Biology 24:1519-1528. 2010 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Metcalf, S. J. 2010. Qualitative Models to Complement Quantitative Ecosystem Models for the Analysis of Data-Limited Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries. Reviews in Fisheries Science 18:248-265. 2010 Australia Model Algae; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Meyer, C. G., Y. P. Papastamatiou, and T. B. Clark. 2010. Differential movement patterns and site fidelity among trophic groups of reef fishes in a Hawaiian marine protected area. Marine Biology 157:1499-1511. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mills, M., R. L. Pressey, R. Weeks, S. Foale, and N. C. Ban. 2010. A mismatch of scales: challenges in planning for implementation of marine protected areas in the Coral Triangle. Conservation Letters 3:291-303. 2010 Review Marine Protected Areas
Molloy, P. P., J. A. Anticamara, J. L. Rist, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Frugal conservation: What does it take to detect changes in fish populations? Biological Conservation 143:2532-2542. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Mondal, N. C., V. S. Singh, S. C. Puranik, and V. P. Singh. 2010. Trace element concentration in groundwater of Pesarlanka Island, Krishna Delta, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 163:215-227. 2010 India Drinking Water Supply; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Montano, S., D. Seveso, P. Galli, and D. O. Obura. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Watamu Marine Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2010 Kenya Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Moreno-Sanchez, R. d. P. and J. H. Maldonado. 2010. Evaluating the role of co-management in improving governance of marine protected areas: an experimental approach in the Colombian Caribbean. Ecological Economics 69:2557-2567. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Moussa, R. M. 2010. Estimation of the size of lagoon fish sold at the roadside as tui on Moorea Island (French Polynesia) by analysis of digital images. Cybium 34:73-82. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Munakata, A. and M. Kobayashi. 2010. Endocrine control of sexual behavior in teleost fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology 165:456-468. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Special Use Permitting
Munoz, R. C., M. L. Burton, K. J. Brennan, and R. O. Parker. 2010. Reproduction, Habitat Utilization, And Movements Of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus Maximus) In The Florida Keys, Usa: Comparisons From Fished Versus Unfished Habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:93-116. 2010 Florida; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Murchie, K. J., E. Schwager, S. J. Cooke, A. J. Danylchuk, S. E. Danylchuk, T. L. Goldberg, C. D. Suski, and D. P. Philipp. 2010. Spatial ecology of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in tidal creeks and coastal waters of Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Environmental Biology of Fishes 89:95-104. 2010 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Murphy, H. M. and G. P. Jenkins. 2010. Observational methods used in marine spatial monitoring of fishes and associated habitats: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:236-252. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Norse, E. A. 2010. Ecosystem-Based Spatial Planning And Management Of Marine Fisheries: Why And How? Bulletin of Marine Science 86:179-195. 2010 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
O'Donnell, M. J., A. E. Todgham, M. A. Sewell, L. M. Hammond, K. Ruggiero, N. A. Fangue, M. L. Zippay, and G. E. Hofmann. 2010. Ocean acidification alters skeletogenesis and gene expression in larval sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 398:157-171. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Ogden, J. C. 2010. Marine spatial planning (MSP) A first step to ecosystem-based management (EBM) in the Wider Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:71-79. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas
Ojea, E. and M. L. Loureiro. 2010. Valuing the recovery of overexploited fish stocks in the context of existence and option values. Marine Policy 34:514-521. 2010 Global; Europe Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Papastamatiou, Y. P., A. M. Friedlander, J. E. Caselle, and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Long-term movement patterns and trophic ecology of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 386:94-102. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Pierce, S. J., A. Mendez-Jimenez, K. Collins, M. Rosero-Caicedo, and A. Monadjem. 2010. Developing a Code of Conduct for whale shark interactions in Mozambique. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:782-788. 2010 Global; Mozambique Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Pimentel, C. R. and J. C. Joyeux. 2010. Diet and food partitioning between juveniles of mutton Lutjanus analis, dog Lutjanus jocu and lane Lutjanus synagris snappers (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in a mangrove-fringed estuarine environment. Journal of Fish Biology 76:2299-2317. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pineda, J., F. Porri, V. Starczak, and J. Blythe. 2010. Causes of decoupling between larval supply and settlement and consequences for understanding recruitment and population connectivity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 392:9-21. 2010 Review Invertebrates; Special Use Permitting
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Pollnac, R., P. Christie, J. E. Cinner, T. Dalton, T. M. Daw, G. E. Forrester, N. A. J. Graham, and T. R. McClanahan. 2010. Marine reserves as linked social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18262-18265. 2010 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Philippines; Caribbean Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Poonian, C., P. Z. R. Davis, and C. K. McNaughton. 2010. Impacts of Recreational Divers on Palauan Coral Reefs and Options for Management. Pacific Science 64:557-565. 2010 Cuba; Palau Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Portune, K. J., C. R. Voolstra, M. Medina, and A. M. Szmant. 2010. Development and heat stress-induced transcriptomic changes during embryogenesis of the scleractinian coral Acropora palmata. Marine Genomics 3:51-62. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Plankton; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Puce, S., M. Bo, C. G. Di Camillo, L. Paoli, D. Pica, and G. Bavestrello. 2010. Morphology and development of the early growth stages of an Indonesian Stylaster (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:1145-1151. 2010 Indonesia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Protected Areas
Raina, J. B., E. A. Dinsdale, B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2010. Do the organic sulfur compounds DMSP and DMS drive coral microbial associations? Trends in Microbiology 18:101-108. 2010 Global Climate; Climate Regulation; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting
Ransom, K. P. and S. C. Mangi. 2010. Valuing Recreational Benefits of Coral Reefs: The Case of Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve, Kenya. Environmental Management 45:145-154. 2010 Kenya Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Rasalato, E., V. Maginnity, and J. M. Brunnschweiler. 2010. Using local ecological knowledge to identify shark river habitats in Fiji (South Pacific). Environmental Conservation 37:90-97. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rasher, D. B. and M. E. Hay. 2010. Chemically rich seaweeds poison corals when not controlled by herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:9683-9688. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Rassweiler, A., R. J. Schmitt, and S. J. Holbrook. 2010. Triggers and maintenance of multiple shifts in the state of a natural community. Oecologia 164:489-498. 2010 Algae; Echinoderms; Resource Use Management
Reitzel, A. M., L. Behrendt, and A. M. Tarrant. 2010. Light Entrained Rhythmic Gene Expression in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis: The Evolution of the Animal Circadian Clock. PLoS One 5:e12805. 2010 Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reyes-Bonilla, H., L. E. Calderon-Aguilera, G. Cruz-Pinon, R. A. Lopez-Perez, and P. Medina-Rosas. 2010. Evaluation of gamma diversity of reef corals (Scleractinia) in the Mexican Pacific. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 81:113-121. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Reza, M. I. H. and S. A. Abdullah. 2010. Regional Index of ecological integrity: a need for sustainable management of natural resources. Ecological Indicators 11:220-229. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Richlen, M. L., S. L. Morton, E. A. Jamali, A. Rajan, and D. M. Anderson. 2010. The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 9:163-172. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Malaysia; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Mexico Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Rosic, N. N., M. Pernice, S. Dunn, S. Dove, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2010. Differential Regulation by Heat Stress of Novel Cytochrome P450 Genes from the Dinoflagellate Symbionts of Reef-Building Corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76:2823-2829. 2010 Cuba Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Toxics
Roth, M. S., M. I. Latz, R. Goericke, and D. D. Deheyn. 2010. Green fluorescent protein regulation in the coral Acropora yongei during photoacclimation. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:3644-3655. 2010 Lab Study Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Rudershausen, P. J., W. A. Mitchell, J. A. Buckel, E. H. Williams, and E. Hazen. 2010. Developing a two-step fishery-independent design to estimate the relative abundance of deepwater reef fish: Application to a marine protected area off the southeastern United States coast. Fisheries Research 105:254-260. 2010 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Scoccia, F. and E. Gaino. 2010. Mesenterial filaments of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina provide a home to developing nauplii. Symbiosis 50:151-156. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Selig, E. R. and J. F. Bruno. 2010. A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss. PLoS One 5:e9278. 2010 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Stony Coral
Selig, E. R., K. S. Casey, and J. F. Bruno. 2010. New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19:397-411. 2010 Global Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Semmens, B. X., P. J. Auster, M. J. Paddack. 2010. Using ecological null models to assess the potential for marine protected area networks to protect biodiversity. PLoS Biology 5:e8895.doi:10.1371/jourl.pone.0008895. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Serrano, X., M. Grosell, and J. E. Serafy. 2010. Salinity selection and preference of the grey snapper Lutjanus griseus: field and laboratory observations. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1592-1608. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
Sheehy, D. J. and S. F. Vik. 2010. The role of constructed reefs in non-indigenous species introductions and range expansions. Ecological Engineering 36:1-11. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Review Artificial Habitat; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Invasive Species; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Skeletal Coral
Smith, K., M. Scarr, and C. Scarpaci. 2010. Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia. Environmental Management 46:699-710. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Speed, C. W., I. C. Field, M. G. Meekan, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Complexities of coastal shark movements and their implications for management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:275-U305. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Springer, Y. P., C. G. Hays, M. H. Carr, and M. R. Mackey. 2010. Toward Ecosystem-Based Management Of Marine Macroalgae-The Bull Kelp, Nereocystis Luetkeana. Pages 1-41 Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Vol 48. 2010 Review Algae; Primary Production
Stephen, J. A. and P. J. Harris. 2010. Commercial catch composition with discard and immediate release mortality proportions off the southeastern coast of the United States. Fisheries Research 103:18-24. 2010 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
STEWART-KOSTER, B., S. E. BUNN, S. J . MACKAY, N. L. POFF, R. J. NAIMAN, AND P. S. LAKE. 2010. The use of Bayesian networks to guide investments in flow and catchment restoration for impaired river ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 55:243-260. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sutcliffe, P. R., J. N. A. Hooper, and C. R. Pitcher. 2010. The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera). Zootaxa 1-30. 2010 Australia GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2010. The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:114-122. 2010 Vietnam Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Takemura, A., M. S. Rahman, and Y. J. Park. 2010. External and internal controls of lunar-related reproductive rhythms in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 76:7-26. 2010 Review Fish; Special Use Permitting
Taylor, B. M. and J. L. McIlwain. 2010. Beyond abundance and biomass: effects of marine protected areas on the demography of a highly exploited reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:243-258. 2010 Guam Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
TEEB. 2010. The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity. in P. Kumar, editor. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic foundations. Earthscan, United Kingdom. 2010 Climate; Climate Regulation; Cultural Policies; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Teixeira, S. F., Y. F. Duarte, and B. P. Ferreira. 2010. Reproduction of the fish Lutjanus analis (mutton snapper; Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Northeastern Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:791-800. 2010 Cuba Index or Indicator Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Teske, P. R., F. R. G. Forget, P. D. Cowley, S. von der Heyden, and L. B. Beheregaray. 2010. Connectivity between marine reserves and exploited areas in the philopatric reef fish Chrysoblephus laticeps (Teleostei: Sparidae). Marine Biology 157:2029-2042. 2010 Oman; South Africa Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Thomassin, A., C. S. White, S. S. Stead, and G. David. 2010. Social acceptability of a marine protected area: The case of Reunion Island. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:169-179. 2010 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Reunion; India Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, R. Grigg, G. Santangelo, L. Bramanti, and J. M. Gili. 2010. The Exploitation And Conservation Of Precious Corals. Pages 161-211 Oceanography And Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Vol 48. 2010 Review Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Souvenir & Decorative Trade
Turgeon, K., A. Robillard, J. Gregoire, V. Duclos, and D. L. Kramer. 2010. Functional connectivity from a reef fish perspective: behavioral tactics for moving in a fragmented landscape. Ecology 91:3332-3342. 2010 GIS & Maps Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Unsworth, R. K. F., L. C. Cullen, J. N. Pretty, D. J. Smith, and J. J. Bell. 2010. Economic and subsistence values of the standing stocks of seagrass fisheries: Potential benefits of no-fishing marine protected area management. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:218-224. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Ushie, H., H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, S. Murayama, and M. Inoue. 2010. Enhanced riverine carbon flux from carbonate catchment to the ocean: A comparative hydrogeochemical study on Ishigaki and Iriomote islands, southwestern Japan. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 115:G02017. 2010 Japan Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Uthicke, S. and C. Altenrath. 2010. Water column nutrients control growth and C : N ratios of symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Limnology and Oceanography 55:1681-1696. 2010 Australia Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
Uyarra, M. C., J. A. Gill, and I. M. Cote. 2010. Charging for Nature: Marine Park Fees and Management from a User Perspective. Ambio 39:515-523. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Valentine, J. P. and G. J. Edgar. 2010. Impacts of a population outbreak of the urchin Tripneustes gratilla amongst Lord Howe Island coral communities. Coral Reefs 29:399-410. 2010 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Vaslet, A., Y. Bouchon-Navaro, M. Louis, and C. Bouchon. 2010. Fish assemblages in a mangrove shoreline lagoon of Guadeloupe (FWI): spatial and temporal distribution patterns along environmental gradients. Cybium 34:115-127. 2010 Antilles Fish; Mangroves; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Vergauwen, L., D. Benoot, R. Blust, and D. Knapen. 2010. Long-term warm or cold acclimation elicits a specific transcriptional response and affects energy metabolism in zebrafish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 157:149-157. 2010 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Vietti, R. C., G. Albertelli, S. Aliani, S. Bava, G. Bavestrello, L. B. Cecchi, C. N. Bianchi, E. Bozzo, M. Capello, M. Castellano, C. Cerrano, M. Chiantore, N. Corradi, S. Cocito, L. Cutroneo, G. Diviacco, M. Fabiano, M. Faimali, M. Ferrari, G. P. Gasparini, and Locr. 2010. The Ligurian Sea: present status, problems and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology 26:319-340. 2010 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Vignon, M. and F. Morat. 2010. Environmental and genetic determinant of otolith shape revealed by a non-indigenous tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:231-241. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Villegas-Sanchez, C. A., R. Rivera-Madrid, and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2010. Small-scale genetic connectivity of bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) recruits in Mexican Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 29:1023-1033. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Voinov, A. and F. Bousquet. 2010. Modelling with stakeholders. Environmental Modelling & Software 25:1268-1281. 2010 Oman Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Special Use Permitting
Wabnitz, C. C. C., S. Andrefouet, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2010. Measuring progress toward global marine conservation targets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:124-129. 2010 Global Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Walker, S. P. W., L. Thibaut, and M. I. McCormick. 2010. Density-Dependent Sex Ratio Adjustment and the Allee Effect: A Model and a Test Using a Sex-Changing Fish. American Naturalist 176:312-321. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Invertebrates
Ward-Paige, C. A., C. Mora, H. K. Lotze, C. Pattengill-Semmens, L. McClenachan, E. Arias-Castro, and R. A. Myers. 2010. Large-Scale Absence of Sharks on Reefs in the Greater-Caribbean: A Footprint of Human Pressures. PLoS One 5:e11968. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Special Use Permitting
Ward-Paige, C., J. M. Flemming, and H. K. Lotze. 2010. Overestimating Fish Counts by Non-Instantaneous Visual Censuses: Consequences for Population and Community Descriptions. PLoS One 5:e11722. 2010 Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish
Weeks, R., G. R. Russ, A. A. Bucol, and A. C. Alcala. 2010. Shortcuts for marine conservation planning: The effectiveness of socioeconomic data surrogates. Biological Conservation 143:1236-1244. 2010 Philippines Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Weeks, R., G. R. Russ, A. C. Alcala, and A. T. White. 2010. Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines for Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology 24:531-540. 2010 Global; Philippines Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Wells, M. and S. Parker. 2010. The thermal variability of the waters of Fathom Five National Marine Park, Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 36:570-576. 2010 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
White, J. W. 2010. Adapting the steepness parameter from stock-recruit curves for use in spatially explicit models. Fisheries Research 102:330-334. 2010 Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Wielgus, J., A. Balmford, T. B. Lewis, C. Mora, and L. R. Gerber. 2010. Coral reef quality and recreation fees in marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 3:38-44. 2010 Global; Cuba Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Wielgus, J., E. Cooper, R. Torres, and L. Burke. 2010. Coastal capital: Dominican Republic. Case studies on the economic value of coastal ecosystems in the Dominican Republic. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute. 2010 Global; Dominican Republic Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Williams, N. B., B. Dixon, and A. Johnson. 2010. Linking Watersheds' Hydrologic Response to Sediment Deliver: A Conceptual Framework. Pages 1-8 in AWRA 2010 Summer Specialty Conference. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wilson, S. K., M. Depczynski, R. Fisher, T. H. Holmes, R. A. O'Leary, and P. Tinkler. 2010. Habitat Associations of Juvenile Fish at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: The Importance of Coral and Algae. PLoS One 5:e15185. 2010 Australia Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Wu, W., X. H. Wang, D. Paull, and J. Kesby. 2010. Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 28:667-676. 2010 Global; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Special Use Permitting
Yamana, Y., S. Sonezaki, H. I. Ogawa, and K. Kusano. 2010. Mismatch-induced lethality due to a defect in Escherichia coil RecQ helicase in exonuclease-deficient background: Dependence on MutS and UvrD functions. Plasmid 63:119-127. 2010 Special Use Permitting
Yang, R. Y., Y. C. Wu, H. H. Hwung, J. Y. Liou, and I. V. Shugan. 2010. Current countermeasure of beach erosion control and its application in Taiwan. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:552-561. 2010 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Infrastructure; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Yasue, M., L. Kaufman, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Assessing ecological changes in and around marine reserves using community perceptions and biological surveys. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:407-418. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Young, M. A., P. J. Iampietro, R. G. Kvitek, and C. D. Garza. 2010. Multivariate bathymetry-derived generalized linear model accurately predicts rockfish distribution on Cordell Bank, California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 415:247-261. 2010 Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Zvuloni, A., R. van Woesik, and Y. Loya. 2010. Diversity Partitioning of Stony Corals Across Multiple Spatial Scales Around Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. PLoS One 5:e9941. 2010 Global; Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Aburto-Oropeza, O., I. Dominguez-Guerrero, J. Cota-Nieto, and T. Plomozo-Lugo. 2009. Recruitment and ontogenetic habitat shifts of the yellow snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) in the Gulf of California. Marine Biology 156:2461-2472. 2009 Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Aguilar-Perera, A., C. Gonzalez-Salas, A. Tuz-Sulub, and H. Villegas-Hernandez. 2009. Fishery of the Goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Epinephelidae) based on local ecological knowledge and fishery records in Yucatan, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:557-566. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Ahmad, S. A. and N. Hanley. 2009. Willingness to pay for reducing crowding effect damages in Marine Parks in Malaysia. Singapore Economic Review 54:21-39. 2009 Malaysia; Oman Model Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Albanez-Lucero, M. O. and F. Arreguin-Sanchez. 2009. Modelling the spatial distribution of red grouper (Epinephelus morio) at Campeche Bank, Mexico, with respect substrate. Ecological Modelling 220:2744-2750. 2009 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Substrate
Alexander, T. J., N. Barrett, M. Haddon, and G. Edgar. 2009. Relationships between mobile macroinvertebrates and reef structure in a temperate marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:31-44. 2009 Australia Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Almany, G. R., S. R. Connolly, D. D. Heath, J. D. Hogan, G. P. Jones, L. J. McCook, M. Mills, R. L. Pressey, and D. H. Williamson. 2009. Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 Australia Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Alvarado, E. and A. Acosta. 2009. Natural lesions and regeneration of ramets of Montastraea annularis (Scleractinia: Faviidae) in a degraded reef of the Colombian Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:939-954. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Stony Coral
Alvarado, J. J., C. Fernandez, and J. Cortes. 2009. Water quality conditions on coral reefs at the marino ballena national park, pacific costa RICA. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:137-152. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Alvarado-Chacon, E. M. and A. Acosta. 2009. Population Size-Structure Of The Reef-Coral Montastraea Annularis In Two Contrasting Reefs Of A Marine Protected Area In The Southern Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 85:61-76. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L., M. Millet-Encalada, and H. Reyes-Bonilla. 2009. Impact Of Hurricanes Emily And Wilma On The Coral Community Of Cozumel Island, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:295-306. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Amaral, F. M. D., C. A. C. Ramos, Z. M. A. N. Leao, R. K. P. Kikuchi, K. K. M. Lima, L. L. Longo, R. T. S. Cordeiro, S. M. A. Lira, and S. L. Vasconcelos. 2009. Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50:277-290. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Armada, N., A. T. White, and P. Christie. 2009. Managing Fisheries Resources in Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines: An Ecosystem-Based Approach. Coastal Management 37:308-330. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Aurellado, M. E. B., V. V. Hilomen, P. M. Alino, and V. Lumbab. 2009. Movement of Reef Fishes Across Boundaries of Marine Protected Areas in Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:66-76. 2009 Philippines Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Auster, P. J. and J. S. Link. 2009. Compensation and recovery of feeding guilds in a northwest Atlantic shelf fish community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 382:163-172. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management
Ban, N. C., G. J. A. Hansen, M. Jones, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2009. Systematic marine conservation planning in data-poor regions: Socioeconomic data is essential. Marine Policy 33:794-800. 2009 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Bapary, M. A. J., P. Fainuulelei, and A. Takemura. 2009. Environmental control of gonadal development in the tropical damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea. Marine Biology Research 5:462-469. 2009 Index or Indicator Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Barbosa, C. F., M. D. Prazeres, B. P. Ferreira, and J. C. S. Seoane. 2009. Foraminiferal assemblage and reef check census in coral reef health monitoring of East Brazilian margin. Marine Micropaleontology 73:62-69. 2009 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Barletta, M. and M. F. Costa. 2009. Living and Non-living Resources Exploitation in a Tropical Semi-arid Estuary. Journal of Coastal Research 371-375. 2009 Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Salinity; Tourism & Recreation
Baron, J. S., L. Gunderson, C. D. Allen, E. Fleishman, D. McKenzie, L. A. Meyerson, J. Oropeza, and N. Stephenson. 2009. Options for National Parks and Reserves for Adapting to Climate Change. Environmental Management 44:1033-1042. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Barr, R. F. and S. Mourato. 2009. Investigating the potential for marine resource protection through environmental service markets: An exploratory study from La Paz, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:568-577. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Barrett, N., C. Buxton, and C. Gardner. 2009. Rock lobster movement patterns and population structure within a Tasmanian Marine Protected Area inform fishery and conservation management. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:417-425. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Bartlett, C. Y., C. Manua, J. Cinner, S. Sutton, R. Jimmy, R. South, J. Nilsson, and J. Raina. 2009. Comparison of Outcomes of Permanently Closed and Periodically Harvested Coral Reef Reserves. Conservation Biology 23:1475-1484. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Vanuatu Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coralline Algae; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Bartlett, C. Y., K. Pakoa, and C. Manua. 2009. Marine reserve phenomenon in the Pacific islands. Marine Policy 33:673-678. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Marine Protected Areas
Bay, L. K., K. E. Ulstrup, H. B. Nielsen, H. Jarmer, N. Goffard, B. L. Willis, D. J. Miller, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2009. Microarray analysis reveals transcriptional plasticity in the reef building coral Acropora millepora. Molecular Ecology 18:3062-3075. 2009 Lab Study Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Bennett, R. H., A. Gotz, W. H. H. Sauer, P. D. Cowley, and R. M. Palmer. 2009. Optimisation of underwater visual census and controlled angling methods for monitoring subtidal temperate reef fish communities. African Journal of Marine Science 31:277-287. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Blanco, E., J. Lozano, J. Rey-Maquieira. 2009. A dynamic approach to voluntary environmental contributions in tourism. Ecological Economics 69:104-114. 2009 Model Funding & Incentives; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Diving behavior and movements of juvenile hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata on a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 28:55-65. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Sea Turtles
Bo, M., M. Barucca, M. A. Biscotti, A. Canapa, H. F. N. Lapian, E. Olmo, and G. Bavestrello. 2009. Description of Pseudocirrhipathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipathidae), a new genus of whip black corals from the Indo-Pacific. Italian Journal of Zoology 76:392-402. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Bonkosky, M., E. A. Hernandez-Delgado, B. Sandoz, I. E. Robledo, J. Norat-Ramirez, and H. Mattei. 2009. Detection of spatial fluctuations of non-point source fecal pollution in coral reef surrounding waters in southwestern Puerto Rico using PCR-based assays. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:45-54. 2009 Puerto Rico Fishing Sector; Health Policies; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
BONNET, X., F. BRISCHOUX, D. PEARSON, and P. RIVALAN. 2009. Beach rock as a keystone habitat for amphibious sea snakes. Environmental Conservation 9-Jan. 2009 New Caledonia Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Botsford, L. W., D. R. Brumbaugh, C. Grimes, J. B. Kellner, J. Largier, M. R. O'Farrell, S. Ralston, E. Soulanille, and V. Wespestad. 2009. Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the gap between conventional fisheries management and marine protected areas. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19:69-95. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Botsford, L. W., J. W. White, A. Coffroth M.-, C. B. Paris, S. Planes, T. L. Shearer, S. R. Thorrold, and G. P. Jones. 2009. Connectivity and resilience of coral reef metapopulations in marine protected areas: matching empirical efforts to predictive needs. Coral Reefs 11-Jan. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Brewer, T. D., J. E. Cinner, A. Green, and J. M. Pandolfi. 2009. Thresholds and multiple scale interaction of environment, resource use, and market proximity on reef fishery resources in the Solomon Islands. Biological Conservation 142:1797-1807. 2009 Solomon Islands Index or Indicator Climate; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Brock, J. C. and S. J. Purkis. 2009. The Emerging Role of Lidar Remote Sensing in Coastal Research and Resource Management. Journal of Coastal Research 25:1-5. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Brock, R., E. English, E. Kenchington, and M. Tasker. 2009. The alphabet soup that protects cold-water corals in the North Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:355-360. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Europe Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Bromage, E., L. Carpenter, S. Kaattari, and M. Patterson. 2009. Quantification of coral heat shock proteins from individual coral polyps. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376:123-132. 2009 Invasive Species; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Bruce Duguid. 2009. Fasten Your Seat Belt: Airlines and cap-and-trade. CTC764, Carbon Trust, United Kingdom. 2009 Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Special Use Permitting
Bruckner, A. W. 2009. Rate and extent of decline in Corallium (pink and red coral) populations: existing data meet the requirements for a CITES Appendix II listing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:319-332. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Fishing Sector; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Special Use Permitting
Brudvig, L. A., E. I. Damschen, J. J. Tewksbury, N. M. Haddad, and D. J. Levey. 2009. Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:9328-9332. 2009 Fishing Sector; Invasive Species
Burke, J. S., W. J. Kenworthy, and L. L. Wood. 2009. Ontogenetic patterns of concentration indicate lagoon nurseries are essential to common grunts stocks in a Puerto Rican bay. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:533-543. 2009 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Bussotti, S. and P. Guidetti. 2009. Do Mediterranean fish assemblages associated with marine caves and rocky cliffs differ? Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:65-73. 2009 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Butardo-Toribio, M. Z., P. M. Alino, and E. S. Guiang. 2009. Cost-Benefit Study of Marine Protected Areas: Implications on Financing and Institutional Needs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:153-169. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Camargo, C., J. H. Maldonado, E. Alvarado, R. Moreno-Sanchez, S. Mendoza, N. Manrique, A. Mogollon, J. D. Osorio, A. Grajales, and J. A. Sanchez. 2009. Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:935-956. 2009 South & Central America; Oman; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Caras, T. and Z. Pasternak. 2009. Long-term environmental impact of coral mining at the Wakatobi marine park, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:539-544. 2009 Indonesia Algae; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Carassou, L., C. Mellin, and D. Ponton. 2009. Assessing the diversity and abundances of larvae and juveniles of coral reef fish: A synthesis of six sampling techniques. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:355-371. 2009 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Plankton; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Carr, L. M. and W. D. Heyman. 2009. Jamaica bound? Marine resources and management at a crossroads in Antigua and Barbuda. Geographical Journal 175:17-38. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Antigua; Barbuda; Caribbean Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Ceccherelli, G., S. Pinna, and N. Sechi. 2009. Evaluating the effects of protection on Paracentrotus lividus distribution in two contrasting habitats. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:59-64. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Chapman, D. D., E. A. Babcock, S. H. Gruber, J. D. Dibattista, B. R. Franks, S. A. Kessel, T. Guttridge, E. K. Pikitch, and K. A. Feldheim. 2009. Long-term natal site-fidelity by immature lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) at a subtropical island. Molecular Ecology 18:3500-3507. 2009 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Chateau, O. and L. Wantiez. 2009. Movement patterns of four coral reef fish species in a fragmented habitat in New Caledonia: Implications for the design of marine protected area networks. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:50-55. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Cheney, K. L., C. Skogh, N. S. Hart, and N. J. Marshall. 2009. Mimicry, colour forms and spectral sensitivity of the bluestriped fangblenny, Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:1565-1573. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Light; Special Use Permitting
Christie, P., R. B. Pollnac, D. L. Fluharty, M. A. Hixon, G. K. Lowry, R. Mahon, D. Pietri, B. N. Tissot, A. T. White, N. Armada, and R. L. Eisma-Osorio. 2009. Tropical Marine EBM Feasibility: A Synthesis of Case Studies and Comparative Analyses. Coastal Management 37:374-385. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Cinner, J. E. 2009. Poverty and the use of destructive fishing gear near east African marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation 36:321-326. 2009 Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, N. A. J. Graham, M. S. Pratchett, S. K. Wilson, and J. B. Raina. 2009. Gear-based fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:724-732. 2009 Kenya; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, N. A. J. Graham, M. S. Pratchett, S. K. Wilson, and J.-B. Raina. 2009. Gear-based fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:724-732. 2009 Kenya; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, T. M. Daw, N. A. J. Graham, J. Maina, S. K. Wilson, and T. P. Hughes. 2009. Linking Social and Ecological Systems to Sustain Coral Reef Fisheries. Current Biology 19:206-212. 2009 Indian Ocean; India Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector
Cinner, J., M. M. P. B. Fuentes, and H. Randriamahazo. 2009. Exploring Social Resilience in Madagascar's Marine Protected Areas. Ecology and Society 14:41. 2009 Madagascar Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Housing; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas
Claisse, J. T., M. Kienzle, M. E. Bushnell, D. J. Shafer, and J. D. Parrish. 2009. Habitat- and sex-specific life history patterns of yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens in Hawaii, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:245-255. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Claisse, J. T., S. A. McTee, and J. D. Parrish. 2009. Effects of age, size, and density on natural survival for an important coral reef fishery species, yellow tang, Zebrasoma flavescens. Coral Reefs 28:95-105. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Small Herbivorous Fish
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top - down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a Marine Protected Area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top-down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a marine protected area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clifton, J. 2009. Science, funding and participation: key issues for marine protected area networks and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Environmental Conservation 36:91-96. 2009 Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Coles, R., L. McKenzie, G. De'ath, A. Roelofs, and W. L. Long. 2009. Spatial distribution of deepwater seagrass in the inter-reef lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 392:57-68. 2009 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Point Source Discharges; Seagrasses; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Collen, J. D., J. P. A. Gardner, and D. W. Garton. 2009. Application of the littoral cell concept to managing a protected atoll: Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:628-635. 2009 Palmyra Atoll Sediment
Connell, A. D. 2009. The genus Anisomysis (Crustacea: Mysidae) from the east coast of South Africa - descriptions of three new species, and range extensions of two known species. African Natural History 5:17-30. 2009 Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Madagascar; India; South Africa Marine Protected Areas
Cooley, S. R. and S. C. Doney. 2009. Anticipating ocean acidification's economic consequences for commercial fisheries. Environmental Research Letters 4:24007. 2009 Review; Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Cowen, R. K. and S. Sponaugle. 2009. Larval Dispersal and Marine Population Connectivity. Annual Review of Marine Science 1:443-466. 2009 Model Special Use Permitting
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2009. Climate change and tropical marine agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 60:2839-2844. 2009 Global Review Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Crabbe, M. J. C. and J. P. Carlin. 2009. Multiple Symbiodinium clades in Acropora species scleractinian corals from the Ningaloo reef, Australia. International Journal of Integrative Biology 5:72-74. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Crain, C. M., B. S. Halpern, M. W. Beck, and C. V. Kappel. 2009. Understanding and Managing Human Threats to the Coastal Marine Environment. Pages 39-62 Year In Ecology And Conservation Biology 2009. 2009 Global Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management
Cruz-Trinidad, A., R. C. Geronimo, and P. M. Alino. 2009. Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:173-180. 2009 Philippines Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Csaszar, N. B. M., F. O. Seneca, and M. J. H. van Oppen. 2009. Variation in antioxidant gene expression in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora under laboratory thermal stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series 392:93-102. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Curley, B. G. and M. R. Gillings. 2009. Population connectivity in the temperate damselfish Parma microlepis: Analyses of genetic structure across multiple spatial scales. Marine Biology 156:381-393. 2009 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
De Goeij, J. M., A. De Kluijver, F. C. Van Duyl, J. Vacelet, R. H. Wijffels, A. F. P. M. De Goeij, J. P. M. Cleutjens, and B. Schutte. 2009. Cell kinetics of the marine sponge Halisarca caerulea reveal rapid cell turnover and shedding. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:3892-3900. 2009 Encrusting Sponges; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Sponges
de Loma, T. L., P. Chabanet, J. Ferraris, R. Galzin, and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 2009. Long-term spatiotemporal variations in coral-reef fish community structure and fishing at a South Pacific atoll. Aquatic Living Resources 22:281-290. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
De Moura, R. L., C. V. Minte-Vera, I. B. Curado, R. B. Francini, H. D. L. Rodrigues, G. F. Dutra, D. C. Alves, and F. J. B. Souto. 2009. Challenges and Prospects of Fisheries Co-Management under a Marine Extractive Reserve Framework in Northeastern Brazil. Coastal Management 37:617-632. 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector
de Paiva, A. C. G., M. F. V. Lima, J. R. B. de Souza, and M. E. de Araujo. 2009. Spatial distribution of the estuarine ichthyofauna of the Rio Formoso (Pernambuco, Brazil), with emphasis on reef fish. Zoologia 26:266-278. 2009 Fish; Salinity; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
deGroot, R. S., R. Alkemade, L. Braat, L. Hein, and L. Willemen. 2009. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecological Complexity (inpress). 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Di Camillo, C. G., S. Puce, and G. Bavestrello. 2009. Macrorhynchia species (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) with a description of two new species. Italian Journal of Zoology 76:208-228. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Di Franco, A., A. Marchini, P. Baiata, M. Milazzo, and R. Chemello. 2009. Developing a scuba trail vulnerability index (STVI): a case study from a Mediterranean MPA. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:1201-1217. 2009 Cuba Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Di Franco, A., M. Milazzo, P. Baiata, A. Tomasello, and R. Chemello. 2009. Scuba diver behaviour and its effects on the biota of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environmental Conservation 36:32-40. 2009 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Di Franco, A., S. Bussotti, A. Navone, P. Panzalis, and P. Guidetti. 2009. Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:275-285. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Diaz-Pulido, G., L. J. McCook, S. Dove, R. Berkelmans, G. Roff, D. I. Kline, S. Weeks, R. D. Evans, D. H. Williamson, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2009. Doom and boom on a resilient reef: climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery. PLoS One 4. 2009 Global; Australia Model Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral
Dodds, W. K., W. A. Bouska, J. L. Eitzmann, T. J. Pilger, K. L. Pitts, A. J. Riley, J. T. Schloesser, and D. J. Thornbrugh. 2009. Eutrophication of U.S. freshwaters: analysis of potential economic damages. Environmental Science and Technology 43:13-19. 2009 Drinking Water Supply; Fish; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Dung, L. D. 2009. Nha Trang Bay marine protected area, Vietnam: Initial trends in coral structure and some preliminary linkages between these trends and human activities (2002-2005). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 12:249-257. 2009 Vietnam Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Duran, A. and R. Claro. 2009. The feeding activity of herbivorous fishes and their impact on coral reefs with different levels of anthropogenic degradation. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:687-697. 2009 Cuba Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Eberhard, R., C. J. Robinson, J. Waterhouse, J. Parslow, B. Hart, R. Grayson, and B. Taylor. 2009. Adaptive management for water quality planning - from theory to practice. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1189-1195. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Edgar, G. J. and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Ecological effects of marine protected areas on rocky reef communities-a continental-scale analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:51-62. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes. Ecological Applications 19:1967-1974. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Political Pressure; Sea Urchins
Edwards, P. E. T. 2009. Sustainable financing for ocean and coastal management in Jamaica: The potential for revenues from tourist user fees. Marine Policy 33:376-385. 2009 Jamaica Banks, Credit, & Securities; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Eklof, J. S., S. Frocklin, A. Lindvall, N. Stadlinger, A. Kimathi, J. N. Uku, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. How effective are MPAs? Predation control and 'spill-in effects' in seagrass-coral reef lagoons under contrasting fishery management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:83-96. 2009 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars
Elmhirst, T., S. R. Connolly, and T. P. Hughes. 2009. Connectivity, regime shifts and the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28:949-957. 2009 Model Algae; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Seastars; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fancy, S. G., J. E. Gross, and S. L. Carter. 2009. Monitoring the condition of natural resources in US national parks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 151:161-174. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. 2009. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 85:151-156. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Fay, S. A., M. X. Weber, and J. H. Lipps. 2009. The distribution of Symbiodinium diversity within individual host foraminifera. Coral Reefs 10-Jan. 2009 Papua New Guinea Special Use Permitting
Fernandes, L., J. Day, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, G. De'ath, B. Mapstone, R. Coles, T. Done, H. Marsh, I. Poiner, T. Ward, D. Williams, and R. Kenchington. 2009. A process to design a network of marine no-take areas: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:439-447. 2009 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Follesa, M. C., D. Cuccu, R. Cannas, A. Sabatini, A. M. Deiana, and A. Cau. 2009. Movement patterns of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) from a central western Mediterranean protected area. Scientia Marina 73:499-506. 2009 Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Fontes, J., J. E. Caselle, P. Afonso, and R. S. Santos. 2009. Multi-scale recruitment patterns and effects on local population size of a temperate reef fish. Journal of Fish Biology 75:1271-1286. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Forcada, A., C. Valle, P. Bonhomme, G. Criquet, G. Cadiou, P. Lenfant, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Effects of habitat on spillover from marine protected areas to artisanal fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 379:197-211. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Forst, M. F. 2009. The convergence of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the ecosystems approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:294-306. 2009 South & Central America; Australia; Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Fraser, H. M., S. P. R. Greenstreet, and G. J. Piet. 2009. Selecting MPAs to conserve ground fish biodiversity: the consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:82-89. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Fredou, T., B. P. Ferreira, and Y. Letourneur. 2009. Assessing the stocks of the primary snappers caught in Northeastern Brazilian Reef Systems. 2-A multi-fleet age-structured approach. Fisheries Research 99:97-105. 2009 Model Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Freeman, D. J., A. B. MacDiarmid, and R. B. Taylor. 2009. Habitat patches that cross marine reserve boundaries: consequences for the lobster Jasus edwardsii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:159-167. 2009 Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Fry, G. C. and D. A. Milton. 2009. Age, growth and mortality estimates for populations of red snappers Lutjanus erythropterus and L. malabaricus from northern Australia and eastern Indonesia. Fisheries Science 75:1219-1229. 2009 Australia; Indonesia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Game, E. T., M. Bode, E. McDonald-Madden, H. S. Grantham, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems. Ecology Letters 12:1336-1346. 2009 Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Geffen, Y., E. Z. Ron, and E. Rosenberg. 2009. Regulation of release of antibacterials from stressed scleractinian corals. FEMS Microbiology Letters 295:103-109. 2009 Europe Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Georgiadis, M., G. Papatheodorou, E. Tzanatos, M. Geraga, A. Ramfos, C. Koutsikopoulos, and G. Ferentinos. 2009. Coralligene formations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Morphology, distribution, mapping and relation to fisheries in the southern Aegean Sea (Greece) based on high-resolution acoustics. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:44-58. 2009 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Gerhardinger, L. C., M. Hostim-Silva, R. P. Medeiros, J. Matarezi, A. A. Bertoncini, M. O. Freitas, and B. P. Ferreira. 2009. Fishers' resource mapping and goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Serranidae) conservation in Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 7:93-102. 2009 Tonga GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Substrate
Ghermandi, A., P. A. L. D. Nunes, R. Portela, N. Rao, and S. S. Teelucksingh. 2009. Recrational, cultural, aesthetic services from estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 2009 Europe Review Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Gonzalez-Gandara, C., A. Patino-Garcia, U. Asis-Anastasio, A. Serrano, and P. Gomez. 2009. Checklist of marine sponges from Tuxpan Reef, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80:1-5. 2009 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sponges
Gotanda, K. M., K. Turgeon, and D. L. Kramer. 2009. Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Gotz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2009. Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 1: ichthyofauna. African Journal of Marine Science 31:241-251. 2009 Oman; South Africa Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gotz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2009. Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 2: benthic invertebrates and algae. African Journal of Marine Science 31:253-262. 2009 Oman; South Africa Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Grandcourt, E. M., T. Z. Al Abdessalaam, F. Francis, A. T. Al Shamsi, and S. A. Hartmann. 2009. Reproductive biology and implications for management of the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides in the southern Arabian Gulf. Journal of Fish Biology 74:820-841. 2009 Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Gray, N. J. and L. M. Campbell. 2009. Science, Policy Advocacy, and Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 23:460-468. 2009 Marine Protected Areas
Green, A., S. E. Smith, G. Lipsett-Moore, C. Groves, N. Peterson, S. Sheppard, P. Lokani, R. Hamilton, J. Almany, J. Aitsi, and L. Bualia. 2009. Designing a resilient network of marine protected areas for Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. ORYX 43:488-498. 2009 Papua New Guinea Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, O. Barneah, I. Brickner, S. Hennige, D. Suggett, and D. Smith. 2009. Association of Waminoa sp (Acoela) with corals in the Wakatobi Marine Park, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Biology 156:1021-1027. 2009 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, O. Barneah, I. Brickner, S. Hennige, D. Suggett, and D. Smith. 2009. Association of Waminoa sp. (Acoela) with corals in the Wakatobi Marine Park, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Biology 156:1021-1027. 2009 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Hall-Spencer, J. M., M. Tasker, M. Soffker, S. Christiansen, S. Rogers, M. Campbell, and K. Hoydal. 2009. Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:305-308. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Halpern, B. S., S. E. Lester, and J. B. Kellner. 2009. Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Environmental Conservation 36:268-276. 2009 Global Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Hampton-Smith, R. J. and D. J. Peet. 2009. From Polyps to People A HIghly Familiar Response to Hypoxia. Pages 19-29 in Peers, C., G. G. Haddad, and N. S. Chandel, editors. Hypoxia And Consequences From Molecule To Malady. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. 2009 Europe Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Harter, S. L., M. M. Ribera, A. N. Shepard, and J. K. Reed. 2009. Assessment of fish populations and habitat on Oculina bank, a deep-sea coral marine protected area off eastern Florida. Fishery Bulletin 107:195-206. 2009 Florida Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Hernandez, L., E. F. Balart, and H. Reyes-Bonilla. 2009. Checklist of reef decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the southern gulf of California, Mexico. Zootaxa 39-50. 2009 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Heupel, M. R., A. J. Williams, D. J. Welch, A. Ballagh, B. D. Mapstone, G. Carlos, C. Davies, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2009. Effects of fishing on tropical reef associated shark populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 95:350-361. 2009 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Hicks, C. C., T. R. McClanahan, J. E. Cinner, and J. M. Hills. 2009. Trade-offs in values assigned to ecological goods and services associated with different coral reef management strategies. Ecology and Society 14:10-27. 2009 Global; Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Hoehn, S. and B. Thapa. 2009. Attitudes and perceptions of indigenous fishermen towards marine resource management in Kuna Yala, Panama. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 16:427-437. 2009 Panama Index or Indicator Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Resource Use Management
Hourigan, T. F. 2009. Managing fishery impacts on deep-water coral ecosystems of the USA: emerging best practices. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:333-340. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ikegami, T., E. Motohashi, H. Doi, A. Hattori, and H. Ando. 2009. Synchronized diurnal and circadian expressions of four subtypes of melatonin receptor genes in the diencephalon of a puffer fish with lunar-related spawning cycles. Neuroscience Letters 462:58-63. 2009 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Jean, Y. H., W. F. Chen, C. S. Sung, C. Y. Duh, S. Y. Huang, C. S. Lin, M. H. Tai, S. F. Tzeng, and Z. H. Wen. 2009. Capnellene, a natural marine compound derived from soft coral, attenuates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 158:713-725. 2009 Model Octocoral; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Jennings, S. and R. W. Wilson. 2009. Fishing impacts on the marine inorganic carbon cycle. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:976-982. 2009 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Jones, G. P., G. R. Almany, G. R. Russ, P. F. Sale, R. S. Steneck, M. J. H. Van Oppen, and B. L. Willis. 2009. Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: History, advances and challenges. Coral Reefs 28:307-325. 2009 Model Marine Protected Areas
Jordan, S. J., L. M. Smith, and J. A. Nestlerode. 2009. Cumulative Effects of Coastal Habitat Alterations on Fishery Resources: toward Prediction at Regional Scales. Ecology and Society 14:16-35. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Model Commercial Fisheries; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Juan-Jorda, M. J., J. A. Barth, M. E. Clarke, and W. W. Wakefield. 2009. Groundfish species associations with distinct oceanographic habitats in the Northern California Current. Fisheries Oceanography 18:1-19. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Discharges; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Karfs, R. A., B. N. Abbott, P. F. Scarth, and J. F. Wallace. 2009. Land condition monitoring information for reef catchments: a new era. Rangeland Journal 31:69-86. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management
Karras, C. and J. J. Agar. 2009. Cruzan fishers' perspectives on the performance of the Buck Island Reef National Monument and the red hind seasonal closure. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:578-585. 2009 US Virgin Islands Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Waste Management
Kaunda-Arara, B., J. M. Mwaluma, G. A. Locham, V. Oresland, and M. K. Osore. 2009. Temporal variability in fish larval supply to Malindi Marine Park, coastal Kenya. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:S10-S18. 2009 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Keller, B. D., D. F. Gleason, E. McLeod, C. M. Woodley, S. Airame, B. D. Causey, A. M. Friedlander, R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. E. Johnson, S. L. Miller, and R. S. Steneck. 2009. Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas. Environmental Management 44:1069-1088. 2009 Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kerwath, S. E., E. B. Thorstad, T. F. Naesje, P. D. Cowley, F. Okland, C. Wilke, and C. G. Attwood. 2009. Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa. Conservation Biology 23:653-661. 2009 South Africa Model Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kinney, M. J. and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2009. Reassessing the value of nursery areas to shark conservation and management. Conservation Letters 2:53-60. 2009 GIS & Maps Apex Fish Predators; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Knittweis, L., W. E. Kraemer, J. Timm, and M. Kochzius. 2009. Genetic structure of Heliofungia actiniformis (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) populations in the Indo-Malay Archipelago: Implications for live coral trade management efforts. Conservation Genetics 10:241-249. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Koldewey, H. J., J. Atkinson, and A. Debney. 2009. Threatened species on the menu? Towards sustainable seafood use in zoos and aquariums. International Zoo Yearbook 43:71-81. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Wetlands
Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, and A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: A contingent behaviour approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 53:213-229. 2009 Australia Model Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Krediet, C. J., K. B. Ritchie, and M. Teplitski. 2009. Catabolite regulation of enzymatic activities in a white pox pathogen and commensal bacteria during growth on mucus polymers from the coral Acropora palmata. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87:57-66. 2009 Cuba Microorganisms; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate
Krediet, C. J., K. B. Ritchie, M. Cohen, E. K. Lipp, K. P. Sutherland, and M. Teplitski. 2009. Utilization of mucus from the coral Acropora palmata by the pathogen Serratia marcescens and by environmental and coral commensal bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:3851-3858. 2009 Cuba Microorganisms; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2009. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19-Jan. 2009 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
Kundzewicz, Z. W. and P. Doll. 2009. Will groundwater ease freshwater stress under climate change? Hydrological Sciences Journal-journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 54:665-675. 2009 Global Climate; Drinking Water Supply; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lan, T. D. 2009. Assessment of some marine ecosystems using sustainable utilization indicators in Hai Phong-Quang Ninh coastal area, Vietnam. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 12:243-248. 2009 Vietnam Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Mangroves; Stony Coral
Langhamer, O. and D. Wilhelmsson. 2009. Colonisation of fish and crabs of wave energy foundations and the effects of manufactured holes - A field experiment. Marine Environmental Research 68:151-157. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars; Shoreline Protection
Layke, C. 2009. Measuring nature�s benefits: a preliminary roadmap for improving ecosystem service indicators. 2009 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Climate Regulation; Corporate Responses; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting
Lefevre, J.-M. 2009. High swell warnings in the Caribbean Islands during March 2008. Natural Hazards 49:361-370. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Model
Leopold, M., A. Cakacaka, S. Meo, J. Sikolia, and D. Lecchini. 2009. Evaluation of the effectiveness of three underwater reef fish monitoring methods in Fiji. Biodiversity and Conservation 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Lester, S. E., B. S. Halpern, K. Grorud-Colvert, J. Lubchenco, B. I. Ruttenberg, S. D. Gaines, S. Airame, and R. R. Warner. 2009. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:33-46. 2009 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Levin, P. S., I. Kaplan, R. Grober-Dunsmore, P. M. Chittaro, S. Oyamada, K. Andrews, and M. Mangel. 2009. A framework for assessing the biodiversity and fishery aspects of marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:735-742. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, S. D. Frusher, and K. R. Ridgway. 2009. Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climate-driven catastrophic phase shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:22341-22345. 2009 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Little, L. R., A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, G. A. Begg, B. Goldman, and N. Ellis. 2009. Different responses to area closures and effort controls for sedentary and migratory harvested species in a multispecies coral reef linefishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:1931-1941. 2009 GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Lopez-Sanz, A., N. Vert, M. Zabala, and A. Sabates. 2009. Small-scale distribution of fish larvae around the Medes Islands marine protected area (NW Mediterranean). Journal of Plankton Research 31:763-775. 2009 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Luiz, O. J., A. P. Balboni, G. Kodja, M. Andrade, and H. Marum. 2009. Seasonal occurrences of Manta birostris (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) in southeastern Brazil. Ichthyological Research 56:96-99. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Luna, B., C. V. Perez, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:517-523. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Mair, J. M., S. L. Cunningham, J. A. Sibaja-Cordero, H. M. Guzman, M. F. Arroyo, D. Merino, and R. Vargas. 2009. Mapping benthic faunal communities in the shallow and deep sediments of Las Perlas Archipelago, Pacific Panama. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:375-383. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama GIS & Maps Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Makowski, C., S. E. Prekel, M. J. Lybolt, and R. M. Baron. 2009. The Benthic Ecological Assessment for Marginal Reefs (BEAMR) method. Journal of Coastal Research 25:515-522. 2009 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral
Maliao, R. J., A. T. White, A. P. Maypa, and R. G. Turingan. 2009. Trajectories and magnitude of change in coral reef fish populations in Philippine marine reserves: a meta-analysis. Coral Reefs 28:809-822. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Martin-Smith, K. 2009. A Risk-Management Framework For Avoiding Significant Adverse Impacts Of Bottom Fishing Gear On Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Ccamlr Science 16:177-193. 2009 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mascia, M. B. and C. A. Claus. 2009. A Property Rights Approach to Understanding Human Displacement from Protected Areas: the Case of Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 23:16-23. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Maughan, M. and J. Brodie. 2009. Reef exposure to river-borne contaminants: a spatial model. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1132-1140. 2009 Australia; Europe Model; GIS & Maps Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maxim, L. and J. H. Spangenberg. 2009. Driving forces of chemical risks for the European biodiversity. Ecological Economics 69:43-54. 2009 Europe Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Special Use Permitting
Maynard, J. A., J. E. Johnson, P. A. Marshall, C. M. Eakin, G. Goby, H. Schuttenberg, and C. M. Spillman. 2009. A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate. Environmental Management 11-Jan. 2009 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., J. C. Castilla, A. T. White, and O. Defeo. 2009. Healing small-scale fisheries by facilitating complex socio-ecological systems. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19:33-47. 2009 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Fishing Sector; Housing; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
McClanahan, T. R., J. E. Cinner, N. A. J. Graham, T. M. Daw, J. Maina, S. M. Stead, A. Wamukota, K. Brown, V. Venus, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2009. Identifying reefs of hope and hopeful actions: Contextualizing environmental, ecological, and social parameters to respond effectively to climate change. Conservation Biology 23:662-671. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; India Climate; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, J. Omukoto, and L. Pearson. 2009. Recent seawater temperature histories, status, and predictions for madagascar's coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380:117-128. 2009 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Algae; Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, S. K. Wilson, Y. Letourneur, and R. Fisher. 2009. Effects of fisheries closure size, age, and history of compliance on coral reef fish communities in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396:99-109. 2009 Indian Ocean; India Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, J. Maina, A. T. Kamukuru, and S. A. S. Yahya. 2009. Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:758-771. 2009 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McCook, L. J., G. R. Almany, M. L. Berumen, J. C. Day, A. L. Green, G. P. Jones, J. M. Leis, S. Planes, G. R. Russ, P. F. Sale, and S. R. Thorrold. 2009. Management under uncertainty: Guide-lines for incorporating connectivity into the protection of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28:353-366. 2009 Global; Australia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines
McLeod, E., B. Szuster, and R. Salm. 2009. Sasi and Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. Coastal Management 37:656-676. 2009 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Housing; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting
McLeod, E., R. Salm, A. Green, and J. Almany. 2009. Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:362-370. 2009 Biocriteria; Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Meyer, C. G. and K. N. Holland. 2009. Spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of recreational snorkelers and SCUBA divers in Hawaiian Marine Protected Areas. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8-Jan. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Moffitt, E. A., L. W. Botsford, D. M. Kaplan, and M. R. O'Farrell. 2009. Marine reserve networks for species that move within a home range. Ecological Applications 19:1835-1847. 2009 Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Molloy, P. P., I. B. McLean, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Effects of marine reserve age on fish populations: a global meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:743-751. 2009 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Monaco, M. E., A. M. Friedlander, C. Caldow, S. D. Hile, C. Menza, and R. H. Boulon. 2009. Long-term monitoring of habitats and reef fish found inside and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: A comparative assessment. Caribbean Journal of Science 45:338-347. 2009 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Morita, M., A. Iguchi, and A. Takemura. 2009. Roles of calmodulin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in flagellar motility regulation in the coral Acropora digitifera. Marine Biotechnology 11:118-123. 2009 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:331-336. 2009 Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Muller, E. B., S. A. L. M. Kooijman, P. J. Edmunds, F. J. Doyle, and R. M. Nisbet. 2009. Dynamic energy budgets in syntrophic symbiotic relationships between heterotrophic hosts and photoautotrophic symbionts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 259:44-57. 2009 Model Light; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Munday, P.L., J. M. Leis, J. M. Lough, C. B. Paris, M. J. Kingsford, M. L. Berumen, J. Lambrechts. 2009. Climate change and coral reef connectivity. Coral Reefs 23:379-395. 2009 Global Review; Model Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Muthiga, N. A. 2009. Evaluating the effectiveness of management of the Malindi-Watamu marine protected area complex in Kenya. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:417-423. 2009 Kenya; Tanzania; Seychelles Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Myers, M. R. and R. F. Ambrose. 2009. Differences in benthic cover inside and outside marine protected areas on the Great Barrier Reef: influence of protection or disturbance history? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:736-747. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Nelson, D.M., T. Haverland, and E. Finnen. 2009. EcoGIS - GIS Tools for Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries Management. Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 75, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring (MD, USA). 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Nelson, E., G. Mendoza, J. Regetz, S. Polasky, H. Tallis, D. R. Cameron, K. M. A. Chan, G. C. Daily, J. Goldstein, P. M. Kareiva, E. Lonsdorf, R. Naidoo, T. H. Ricketts, and M. R. Shaw. 2009. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:4-11. 2009 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Carbon Storage & Cycling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Nicholson, E., G. M. Mace, P. R. Armsworth, G. Atkinson, S. Buckle, T. Clements, R. M. Ewers, J. E. Fa, T. A. Gardner, J. Gibbons, R. Grenyer, R. Metcalfe, S. Mourato, M. Muuls, D. Osborn, D. C. Reuman, C. Watson, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2009. Priority research areas for ecosystem services in a changing world. Journal of Applied Ecology 1-6. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Nunes, P. A. L. D., H. Ding, and A. Markandya. 2009. The economic valuation of marine ecosystems. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 2009 Europe Review Climate; Climate Regulation; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Nursey-Bray, M. 2009. A Guugu Yimmithir Bam Wii: Ngawiya and Girrbithi: Hunting, planning and management along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Geoforum 40:442-453. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Resource Use Management
Nursey-Bray, M. and P. Rist. 2009. Co-management and protected area management: Achieving effective management of a contested site, lessons from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA). Marine Policy 33:118-127. 2009 Australia Review; Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas
Nuryanto, A. and M. Kochzius. 2009. Highly restricted gene flow and deep evolutionary lineages in the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Marine Protected Areas
Obura, D. O. 2009. Reef corals bleach to resist stress. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:206-212. 2009 Climate; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Ojeda-Martinez, C., F. G. Casalduero, J. T. Bayle-Sempere, C. B. Cebrian, C. Valle, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, A. Forcada, P. Sanchez-Jerez, P. Martin-Sosa, J. M. Falcon, F. Salas, M. Graziano, R. Chemello, B. Stobart, P. Cartagena, A. Perez-Ruzafa, F. Vandeperre, E. Rochel, S. Planes, and A. Brito. 2009. A conceptual framework for the integral management of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:89-101. 2009 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Olbers, J. M., L. Celliers, and M. H. Schleyer. 2009. Zonation of benthic communities on the subtropical Aliwal Shoal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Zoology 44:8-23. 2009 Cuba; South Africa Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral
Ortiz-Lozano, L., A. Granados-Barba, and I. Espejel. 2009. Ecosystemic zonification as a management tool for marine protected areas in the coastal zone: Applications for the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:317-323. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Oxford Economics. 2009. Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching. 2009 Global; Australia Review Climate; CO2; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Paddack, M. J., J. D. Reynolds, C. Aguilar, R. S. Appeldoorn, J. Beets, E. W. Burkett, P. M. Chittaro, K. Clarke, R. Esteves, A. C. Fonseca, G. E. Forrester, A. M. Friedlander, J. Garcia-Sais, G. Gonzalez-Sanson, L. K.B. Jordan, D. B. McClellan, M. W. Miller, P. P. Molloy, P. J. Mumby, I. Nagelkerken, M. Nemeth, R. Navas-Camacho, J. Pitt, N. V.C. Polunin, M. C. Reyes-Nivia, D. R. Robertson, A. Rodriguez-Ramirez, E. Salas, S. R. Smith, R. E. Spieler, M. A. Steele, I. D. Williams, C. L. Wormald, A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Recent region-wide declines in Caribbean Reef Fish Abundance. Current Biology 19:590-595. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Page, C. A., D. M. Baker, C. D. Harvell, Y. Golbuu, L. Raymundo, S. J. Neale, K. B. Rosell, K. L. Rypien, J. P. Andras, and B. L. Willis. 2009. Influence of marine reserves on coral disease prevalence. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87:135-150. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau Climate; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens
Palmer, C. V., C. K. Modi, and L. D. Mydlarz. 2009. Coral Fluorescent Proteins as Antioxidants. PLoS One 4:e7298. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Parks, N. 2009. Is regulation on ocean acidification on the horizon? Environmental Science and Technology 6118-6119. 2009 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Pedersen, S. A., H. Fock, J. Krause, C. Pusch, A. L. Sell, U. Bottcher, S. I. Rogers, M. Skold, H. Skov, M. Podolska, G. J. Piet, and J. C. Rice. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:155-169. 2009 Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Pellegrini, J. A. C., M. L. G. Soares, F. O. Chaves, G. C. D. Estrada, and V. F. Cavalcanti. 2009. A Method for the Classification of Mangrove Forests and Sensitivity/Vulnerability Analysis. Journal of Coastal Research 443-447. 2009 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Penney, A. J., S. J. Parker, and J. H. Brown. 2009. Protection measures implemented by New Zealand for vulnerable marine ecosystems in the South Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:341-354. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Perez, A. 2009. Fisheries management at the tri-national border between Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. Marine Policy 33:195-200. 2009 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Peters, H. and J. P. Hawkins. 2009. Access to marine parks: A comparative study in willingness to pay. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:219-228. 2009 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Pietri, D., P. Christie, R. B. Pollnac, R. Diaz, and A. Sabonsolin. 2009. Information Diffusion in Two Marine Protected Area Networks in the Central Visayas Region, Philippines. Coastal Management 37:331-348. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas
Pistortus, P. A. and F. E. Taylor. 2009. Declining catch rates of reef fish in Aldabra's marine protected area. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:S2-S9. 2009 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Pitcher, C. R., C. Y. Burridge, T. J. Wassenberg, B. J. Hill, and I. R. Poiner. 2009. A large scale BACI experiment to test the effects of prawn trawling on seabed biota in a closed area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Fisheries Research 99:168-183. 2009 Australia Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Planes, S., G. P. Jones, and S. R. Thorrold. 2009. Larval dispersal connects fish populations in a network of marine protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:5693-5697. 2009 Papua New Guinea Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Preuss, B., D. Pelletier, L. Wantiez, Y. Letourneur, S. Sarramegna, M. Kulbicki, R. Galzin, and J. Ferraris. 2009. Considering multiple-species attributes to understand better the effects of successive changes in protection status on a coral reef fish assemblage. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:170-179. 2009 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Quicoy, A. R. and N. D. Briones. 2009. Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment of Coastal Ecotourism in Calatagan, Batangas, Phlippines. Journal Of Environmental Science And Management 12:11-26. 2009 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Radermacher, P., B. R. Schone, E. Gischler, W. Oschmann, J. Thebault, and J. Fiebig. 2009. Sclerochronology - a highly versatile tool for mariculture and reconstruction of life history traits of the queen conch, Strombus gigas (Gastropoda). Aquatic Living Resources 22:307-318. 2009 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Non-point Source Runoff; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rahman, M. A. and T. Oomori. 2009. In Vitro Regulation of CaCO3 Crystal Growth by the Highly Acidic Proteins of Calcitic Sclerites in Soft Coral, Sinularia Polydactyla. Connective Tissue Research 50:285-293. 2009 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Raventos, N., B. Ferrari, and S. Planes. 2009. Differences in population parameters and behaviour of the herbivorous fish Sarpa salpa between protected and unprotected seagrass meadows in the north-western Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:1153-1159. 2009 Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Raymundo, L. J., A. R. Halford, A. P. Maypa, and A. M. Kerr. 2009. Functionally diverse reef-fish communities ameliorate coral disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:17067-17070. 2009 Australia; Philippines Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Reid-Grant, K. and M. G. Bhat. 2009. Financing marine protected areas in Jamaica: An exploratory study. Marine Policy 33:128-136. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Reopanichkul, P., T. A. Schlacher, R. W. Carter, and S. Worachananant. 2009. Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1356-1362. 2009 Global; Thailand Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral Reefs Threats and Conservation in an Era of Global Change. Pages 136-186 Year In Ecology And Conservation Biology 2009. 2009 Global; Florida Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral reefs: threats and conservation in an era of global change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162:136-186. 2009 Global; Florida Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Rocklin, D., M. C. Santoni, J. M. Culioli, J. A. Tomasini, D. Pelletier, and D. Mouillot. 2009. Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:699-707. 2009 France Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Rodriguez-Lanetty, M., S. Harii, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2009. Early molecular responses of coral larvae to hyperthermal stress. Molecular Ecology 18:5101-5114. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, N. Udy, and P. Maxwell. 2009. An Integrated Field and Remote Sensing Approach for Mapping Seagrass Cover, Moreton Bay, Australia. Journal of Spatial Science 54:45-62. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Sabourault, C., P. Ganot, E. Deleury, D. Allemand, and P. Furla. 2009. Comprehensive EST analysis of the symbiotic sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. BMC Genomics 10:333. 2009 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Saenz-Agudelo, P., G. P. Jones, S. R. Thorrold, and S. Planes. 2009. Estimating connectivity in marine populations: An empirical evaluation of assignment tests and parentage analysis under different gene flow scenarios. Molecular Ecology 18:1765-1776. 2009 Papua New Guinea; Britain Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Sanchez, F., A. Serrano, and M. G. Ballesteros. 2009. Photogrammetric quantitative study of habitat and benthic communities of deep Cantabrian Sea hard grounds. Continental Shelf Research 29:1174-1188. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Santos, R. S., S. Christiansen, B. Christiansen, and S. Gubbay. 2009. Toward the conservation and management of Sedlo Seamount: A case study. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:2720-2730. 2009 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Scarfe, B. E., T. R. Healy, and H. G. Rennie. 2009. Research-Based Surfing Literature for Coastal Management and the Science of Surfing-A Review. Journal of Coastal Research 25:539-557. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Schobernd, C. M. and G. R. Sedberry. 2009. Shelf-edge and upper-slope reef fish assemblages in the south atlantic bight: Habitat characteristics, spatial variation, and reproductive behavior. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:67-92. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Scott, A. and P. L. Harrison. 2009. Gametogenic and reproductive cycles of the sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor. Marine Biology 156:1659-1671. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Study Location Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions. 2009 Southeast Asia; Europe Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance
Selkoe, K. A., B. S. Halpern, C. M. Ebert, E. C. Franklin, E. R. Selig, K. S. Casey, J. Bruno, and R. J. Toonen. 2009. A map of human impacts to a "pristine" coral reef ecosystem, the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument. Coral Reefs 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Climate; Finfish Harvest; Light; Marine Debris; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures; Water Depth & Sea Level
Shipp, R. L. and S. A. Bortone. 2009. A prospective of the importance of artificial habitat on the management of red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:41-47. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Shokri, M. R., W. Gladstone, and A. Kepert. 2009. Annelids, arthropods or molluscs are suitable as surrogate taxa for selecting conservation reserves in estuaries. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:1117-1130. 2009 Australia Arthropods; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Molluscs
Silvano, R. A. M., M. Ramires, and J. Zuanon. 2009. Effects of fisheries management on fish communities in the floodplain lakes of a Brazilian Amazonian Reserve. Ecology Of Freshwater Fish 18:156-166. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Smith, M. D., J. N. Sanchirico, and J. E. Wilen. 2009. The economics of spatial-dynamic processes: Applications to renewable resources. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 57:104-121. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Model Economic Markets & Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-Based Identifications for the Ornamental Fish Trade. PLoS One 4:e6300. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Special Use Permitting
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, and P. Martin. 2009. Patterns of species and functional diversity around a coastal marine reserve: a fisheries perspective. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:554-565. 2009 Spain GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Stobart, B., R. Warwick, C. Gonzalez, S. Mallol, D. Diaz, O. Renones, and R. Goni. 2009. Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:47-60. 2009 Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Sutton, S. G. and R. C. Tobin. 2009. Recreational fishers' attitudes towards the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 36:245-252. 2009 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2009. Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a mechanism for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems: A case study from Vietnam. Ambio 38:72-78. 2009 Global; Vietnam Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Ternengo, S., C. Levron, D. Mouillot, and B. Marchand. 2009. Site influence in parasite distribution from fishes of the Bonifacio Strait Marine Reserve (Corsica Island, Mediterranean Sea). Parasitology Research 104:1279-1287. 2009 Index or Indicator Fish
Tissot, B. N., W. J. Walsh, and M. A. Hixon. 2009. Hawaiian Islands Marine Ecosystem Case Study: Ecosystem- and Community-Based Management in Hawaii. Coastal Management 37:255-273. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tognelli, M. F., M. Fernandez, and P. A. Marquet. 2009. Assessing the performance of the existing and proposed network of marine protected areas to conserve marine biodiversity in Chile. Biological Conservation 142:3147-3153. 2009 Marine Protected Areas
Turchin, P. 2009. Long-term population cycles in human societies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162:1-17. 2009 Global Review Special Use Permitting
Tyler, E. H. M., M. R. Speight, P. Henderson, and A. Manica. 2009. Evidence for a depth refuge effect in artisanal coral reef fisheries. Biological Conservation 142:652-667. 2009 Tanzania Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
UNCWI. 2009. Healthy Watersheds through Healthy Forests. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Collaboration & Partnering; Drinking Water Supply; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Underwood, J. N., L. D. Smith, M. J. H. Van Oppen, and J. P. Gilmour. 2009. Ecologically relevant dispersal of corals on isolated reefs: Implications for managing resilience. Ecological Applications 19:18-29. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Unsworth, R. K. F., S. L. Garrard, P. S. De Leon, L. C. Cullen, D. J. Smith, K. A. Sloman, and J. J. Bell. 2009. Structuring of Indo-Pacific fish assemblages along the mangrove-seagrass continuum. Aquatic Biology 5:85-95. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Uyarra, M. C., A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management 43:16-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Valle, C. and J. T. Bayle-Sempere. 2009. Effects of a marine protected area on fish assemblage associated with Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds: temporal and depth variations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25:537-544. 2009 Cuba Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Van Herwerden, L., J. H. Choat, S. J. Newman, M. Leray, and G. Hillersoy. 2009. Complex patterns of population structure and recruitment of Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Epinephelidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: implications for fisheries management. Marine Biology 156:1595-1607. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Taiwan Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Van Herwerden, L., J. Howard Choat, S. J. Newman, M. Leray, and G. Hillersoy. 2009. Complex patterns of population structure and recruitment of Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Epinephelidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: implications for fisheries management. Marine Biology 13-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Taiwan Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
van Herwerden, L., W. J. Aspden, S. J. Newman, G. G. Pegg, L. Briskey, and W. Sinclair. 2009. A comparison of the population genetics of Lethrinus miniatus and Lutjanus sebae from the east and west coasts of Australia: Evidence for panmixia and isolation. Fisheries Research 100:148-155. 2009 Australia Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
von der Heyden, S. 2009. Why do we need to integrate population genetics into South African marine protected area planning? African Journal of Marine Science 31:263-269. 2009 South Africa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Voolstra, C. R., J. Schnetzer, L. Peshkin, C. J. Randall, A. M. Szmant, and M. Medina. 2009. Effects of temperature on gene expression in embryos of the coral Montastraea faveolata. BMC Genomics 10:627. 2009 Global Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Vosoghi, G. H., M. R. Fatemi, S. Jamili, A. R. Nikoyab, and M. Rabbaniba. 2009. The fluctuation of coralline fish larvae of Khark and Kharko (Persian Gulf). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 4:136-142. 2009 Iran; Oman Index or Indicator Fish; Mangroves; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Vroom, P. S. and M. A. V. Timmers. 2009. Spatial And Temporal Comparison Of Algal Biodiversity And Benthic Cover At Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawai'Ian Islands. Journal of Phycology 45:337-347. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Turf Algae
Vroom, P. S. and M. A. V. Timmers. 2009. Spatial and temporal comparison of algal biodiversity and benthic cover at gardner pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Phycology 45:337-347. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Turf Algae
Vu, I., G. Smelick, S. Harris, S. C. Lee, E. Weil, R. F. Whitehead, and J. F. Bruno. 2009. Macroalgae has no effect on the severity and dynamics of Caribbean yellow band disease. PLoS One 4. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Walker, B. K., L. K. B. Jordan, and R. E. Spieler. 2009. Relationship of reef fish assemblages and topographic complexity on southeastern florida coral reef habitats. Journal of Coastal Research 53:39-48. 2009 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Walker, S. P. W. and M. I. McCormick. 2009. Fish ears are sensitive to sex change. Biology Letters 5:73-76. 2009 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management
Watson, D. L., M. J. Anderson, G. A. Kendrick, K. Nardi, and E. S. Harvey. 2009. Effects of protection from fishing on the lengths of targeted and non-targeted fish species at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:241-249. 2009 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Watts, M. E., I. R. Ball, R. S. Stewart, C. J. Klein, K. Wilson, C. Steinback, R. Lourival, L. Kircher, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software 24:1513-1521. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Wells, S. 2009. Dynamite fishing in northern Tanzania - pervasive, problematic and yet preventable. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:20-23. 2009 Tanzania Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, I. D., W. J. Walsh, J. T. Claisse, B. N. Tissot, and K. A. Stamoulis. 2009. Impacts of a Hawaiian marine protected area network on the abundance and fishery sustainability of the yellow tang, Zebrasoma flavescens. Biological Conservation 142:1066-1073. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Williamson, D. H., G. P. Jones, and S. R. Thorrold. 2009. An experimental evaluation of transgenerational isotope labelling in a coral reef grouper. Marine Biology 156:2517-2525. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Yooyongwech, S., S. Sugaya, Y. Sekozawa, and H. Gemma. 2009. Differential adaptation of high- and low-chill dormant peaches in winter through aquaporin gene expression and soluble sugar content. Plant Cell Reports 28:1709-1715. 2009 Special Use Permitting
Yost, D. M. and C. L. Mitchelmore. 2009. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase activity in different strains of the symbiotic alga Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 386:61-70. 2009 Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting
2008. Coral Bay Watershed Management Plan A Pilot Project for Watershed Planning in the USVI. Center for Watershed Protection, Wllicott City,(Maryland, USA). 2008
2008. DRAFT PROPOSED REVISIONS TO: U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. Chapter 7. Water Pollution Control, Subchapter 186. Water Quality Standards for Waters of the Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands. 2008 US Virgin Islands Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Designated Uses; Discharges; Irrigation; Mangroves; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Afonso, P., J. Fontes, K. N. Holland, and R. S. Santos. 2008. Social status determines behaviour and habitat usage in a temperate parrotfish: Implications for marine reserve design. Marine Ecology Progress Series 359:215-227. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish
Afonso, P., T. Morato, and R. S. Santos. 2008. Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense. Fisheries Research 90:92-99. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Ainsworth, C. H., D. A. Varkey, and T. J. Pitcher. 2008. Ecosystem simulations supporting ecosystem-based fisheries management in the Coral Triangle, Indonesia. Ecological Modelling 214:361-374. 2008 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Allen, G. R. 2008. Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:541-556. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Malaysia; Oman; Japan; Palau; Micronesia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Anu, G. and S. M. Nair. 2008. Allometric variability of heavy metals in corals of Lakshadweep islands. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 90:1135-1144. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Special Use Permitting
Appeldoorn, R. S. 2008. Transforming reef fisheries management: Application of an ecosystem-based approach in the USA Caribbean. Environmental Conservation 35:232-241. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Armstrong, C. W. and S. van den Hove. 2008. The formation of policy for protection of cold-water coral off the coast of Norway. Marine Policy 32:66-73. 2008 Norway Oil & Gas Industry
Asafu-Adjaye, J. and S. Tapsuwan. 2008. A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management 29:1122-1130. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Beaumont, N. J., M.C. Austen, S.C. Mangi, and M. Townsend. 2008. Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:386-396. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Beech, T., M. Dowd, C. Field, B. Hatcher, and S. Andrefouet. 2008. A stochastic approach to marine reserve design: Incorporating data uncertainty. Ecological Informatics 3:321-333. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Marine Protected Areas
Bellquist, L. F., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2008. Fine-scale movement patterns, site fidelity, and habitat selection of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps). Fisheries Research 91:325-335. 2008 GIS & Maps Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bradley, P., W. Davis, W. Fisher, H. Bell, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2008. Biological criteria for protection of U.S. coral reefs. Pages 1078-1082 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Broderick, K. 2008. Adaptive management for water quality improvement in the great barrier reef catchments: Learning on the edge. Geographical Research 46:303-313. 2008 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Resource Use Management
Bunce, M., L. D. Rodwell, R. Gibb, and L. Mee. 2008. Shifting baselines in fishers' perceptions of island reef fishery degradation. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:285-302. 2008 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Cannon, J. 2008. A bargain for clean water. 2008 Review Agriculture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Carney, R. S. 2008. Developing a better bio-geology overview and information needs for effective assessment of the environmental risks of deepwater oil and gas development. Pages 1200-1207 in Offshore Technology Conference, Proceedings. 2008 Review Special Use Permitting
Cassata, L. and L. B. Collins. 2008. Coral reef communities, habitats, and substrates in and near sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Journal of Coastal Research 24:139-151. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Chang, Y.C., F.W. Hong, and M.T. Lee. 2008. A system dynamic based DSS for sustainable coral reef management in Kenting coastal zone, Taiwan. Ecological Modelling 211:153-168. 2008 Taiwan Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Fish; Sewage Treatment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Clua, E. and P. Legendre. 2008. Shifting dominance among Scarid species on reefs representing a gradient of fishing pressure. Aquatic Living Resource 21:339-348. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Tonga Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish
Conroy, M. J., R. J. Baker, P. W. Dillingham, D. Fletcher, A. M. Gormley, and I. M. Westbrooke. 2008. Application of decision theory to conservation management: recovery of Hector�s dolphin. Wildlife Research 35:93-102. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Cooper, E., L. Burke, and N. Bood. 2008. Coastal capital: Belize, the economic contribution of Belize�s coral reefs and mangroves. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Costa, O. S., Jr., M. Nimmo, and M. J. Attrill. 2008. Coastal nutrification in Brazil: A review of the role of nutrient excess on coral reef demise. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 25:257-270. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Review Discharges; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Crabbe, M.J.C., E. Martinez, C. Garcia, J. Chub, L. Castro, and J. Guy. 2008. Growth modelling indicates hurricanes and severe storms are linked to low coral recruitment in the Caribbean. Marine Environmental Research 65:364-368. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2008. 'Loved to death': Coral collecting in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1770-1970. Environment and History 14:89-119. 2008 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
D'Angelo, C., A. Denzel, A. Vogt, M. V. Matz, F. Oswald, A. Salih, G. U. Nienhaus, and J. Wiedenmann. 2008. Blue light regulation of host pigment in reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364:97-106. 2008 Climate; Ports & Harbors; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Davies, A. J., M. Wisshak, J. C. Orr, and J. Murray Roberts. 2008. Predicting suitable habitat for the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia). Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55:1048-1062. 2008 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Stony Coral
Day, J. 2008. The need and practice of monitoring, evaluating and adapting marine planning and management-lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Policy 32:823-831. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
de Araujo, H. A. B. and A. DE J. Machado. 2008. Benthic foraminifera associated with the South Bahia Coral Reefs, Brazil. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 38:23-38. 2008 Index or Indicator Sediment
De Loma, T. L., C. W. Osenberg, J. S. Shima, Y. Chancerelle, N. Davies, A. J. Brooks, and R. Galzin. 2008. A framework for assessing impacts of marine protected areas in Moorea (French Polynesia). Pacific Science 62:431-441. 2008 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
de Paula Silva, P. H., S. McBride, R. de Nys, and N. A. Paul. 2008. Integrating filamentous 'green tide' algae into tropical pond-based aquaculture. Aquaculture 284:74-80. 2008 Australia Algae; Aquaculture; Nutrients; Remediation; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
DeBoer, T. S., M. D. Subia, Ambariyanto, M. V. Erdmann, K. Kovitvongsa, and P. H. Barber. 2008. Phylogeography and limited genetic connectivity in the endangered boring giant clam across the coral triangle. Conservation Biology 22:1255-1266. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Dewan, A. K., K. P. Maruska, and T. C. Tricas. 2008. Arginine vasotocin neuronal phenotypes among congeneric territorial and shoaling reef butterflyfishes: Species, sex and reproductive season comparisons. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 20:1382-1394. 2008 Europe Model Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Special Use Permitting
Dimond, J. and E. Carrington. 2008. Symbiosis regulation in a facultatively symbiotic temperate coral: Zooxanthellae division and expulsion. Coral Reefs 27:601-604. 2008 England Index or Indicator Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. Macdonald, H. Marsh, and R. Coles. 2008. Incorporating dugong habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:368-375. 2008 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Douvere, F. 2008. The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy 32:762-771. 2008 Australia; Europe Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Drew, C. A. and D. B. Eggleston. 2008. Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:233-243. 2008 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Dryden, J., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2008. Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Does it afford greater protection for marine turtles? Wildlife Research 35:477-485. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Edgar, G. J., S. Banks, R. Bensted-Smith, M. Calvopina, A. Chiriboga, L. E. Garske, S. Henderson, K. A. Miller, and S. Salazar. 2008. Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:955-968. 2008 Global Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Eggleston, D. B., D. M. Parsons, G. T. Kellison, G. R. Plaia, and E. G. Johnson. 2008. Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management. Ecological Applications 18:258-272. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Felix-Hackradt, F. C. and C. W. Hackradt. 2008. Populational study and monitoring of the goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), in the coast of Parana, Brazil [Estudo populacional e monitoramento do mero, Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822), no litoral do Parana, Brasil]. Natureza and Conservacao 6:139-154. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Piscivorous Fish
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Francini-Filho, R. B. and R. L. De Moura. 2008. Dynamics of fish assemblages on coral reefs subjected to different management regimes in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1166-1179. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Freire, K. M. F., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. 2008. Description of the East Brazil Large Marine Ecosystem using a trophic model. Scientia Marina 72:477-491. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Frisch, A. J., R. Baker, J.-P.A. Hobbs, and L. Nankervis. 2008. A quantitative comparison of recreational spearfishing and linefishing on the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for management of multi-sector coral reef fisheries. Coral Reefs 27:85-95. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Gaino, E. and F. Scoccia. 2008. Female gametes of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina (Anthozoa, Antipatharia) from the Indonesian Marine Park of Bunaken. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 51:119-126. 2008 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Gala, W. R., R. W. Hill, and L. A. Hostetter. 2008. Use of Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) to determine the environmentally superior project alternative. Pages 1393-1401 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Artificial Habitat; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Game, E. T., E. McDonald-Madden, M. L. Puotinen, and H. P. Possingham. 2008. Should we protect the strong or the weak? Risk, resilience, and the selection of marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 22:1619-1629. 2008 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Gavella, N. 2008. On the acquisition of ownership by appropriation of sea fish and other sea organisms [O stjecanju vlasništva prisvajanjem morskih riba i drugih morskih organizama]. Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu 58:113-134. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gelcich, S., N. Godoy, L. Prado, and J. C. Castilla. 2008. Add-on conservation benefits of marine territorial user rights fishery policies in central Chile. Ecological Applications 18:273-281. 2008 Oman Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Goffredo, S. and H. R. Lasker. 2008. An adaptive management approach to an octocoral fishery based on the Beverton-Holt model. Coral Reefs 27:751-761. 2008 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Graham, N. A. J., T. R. McClanahan, M. A. MacNeil, S. K. Wilson, N. V. C. Polunin, S. Jennings, P. Chabanet, S. Clark, M. D. Spalding, Y. Letourneur, L. Bigot, R. Galzin, M. C. Ohman, K. C. Garpe, A. J. Edwards, and C. R. C. Sheppard. 2008. Climate warming, marine protected areas and the ocean-scale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS One 3. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, R. T., R. Carcamo, K. L. Rhodes, C. M. Roberts, and N. Requena. 2008. Historical and contemporary evidence of a mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis Cuvier, 1828) spawning aggregation fishery in decline. Coral Reefs 27:311-319. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Grandcourt, E. M., T. Hecht, A. J. Booth, and J. Robinson. 2008. Retrospective stock assessment of the Emperor red snapper (Lutjanus sebae) on the Seychelles Bank between 1977 and 2006. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65:889-898. 2008 Seychelles Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Granek, E. F., E. M. P. Madin, M. A. Brown, W. Figueira, D. S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, J. E. Williams, J. Post, S. Zahn, and R. Arlinghaus. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22:1125-1134. 2008 Global; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2008. Rapid assessment of risks to a mobile marine mammal in an ecosystem-scale marine protected area. Conservation Biology 22:711-720. 2008 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Grober-Dunsmore, R., T. K. Frazer, J. P. Beets, W. J. Lindberg, P. Zwick, and N. A. Funicelli. 2008. Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages. Landscape Ecology 23:37-53. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Guest, J. R., P. A. Todd, E. Goh, B. Sivaloganathan, and K. P. Reddy. 2008. Can giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) populations be restored on Singapore's heavily impacted coral reefs? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:570-579. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Light; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Guidetti, P., E. Vierucci, and S. Bussotti. 2008. Differences in escape response of fish in protected and fished Mediterranean rocky reefs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:625-627. 2008 United Kingdom Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Gullstrom, M., M. Bodin, P. G. Nilsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2008. Seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 363:241-255. 2008 Indian Ocean; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gunderson, D. R., A. M. Parma, R. Hilborn, J. M. Cope, D. L. Fluharty, M. L. Miller, R. D. Vetter, S. S. Heppell, and H. G. Greene. 2008. The challenge of managing nearshore rocky reef resources. Fisheries 33:172-179. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Guzman, H. M., S. Benfield, O. Breedy, and J. M. Mair. 2008. Broadening reef protection across the Marine Conservation Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Distribution and diversity of reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. Environmental Conservation 35:46-54. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Review Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Harborne, A. R., P. J. Mumby, C. V. Kappel, C. P. Dahlgren, F. Micheli, K. E. Holmes, J. N. Sanchirico, K. Broad, I. A. Elliott, and D. R. Brumbaugh. 2008. Reserve effects and natural variation in coral reef communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1010-1018. 2008 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Hasler, H. and J. A. Ott. 2008. Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1788-1794. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Hern�ndez, J. C., S. Clemente, C. Sangil, and A. Brito. 2008. The key role of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum in controlling macroalgae assemblages throughout the Canary Islands (eastern subtropical Atlantic): an spatio-temporal approach. Marine Environmental Research 66:259-270. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Boats; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Holmberg, J., B. Norman, and Z. Arzoumanian. 2008. Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecological Applications 18:222-233. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hoover, C. A., M. Slattery, N. M. Targett, and A. G. Marsh. 2008. Transcriptome and metabolite responses to predation in a South Pacific soft coral. Biological Bulletin 214:319-328. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Lab Study; Model Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Huang, H.-J., L.-H. Wang, W.-N.U. Chen, L.-S. Fang, and C.-S. Chen. 2008. Developmentally regulated localization of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in different tissue layers of coral larvae. Coral Reefs 27:365-372. 2008 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Huebert, K. B. 2008. Barokinesis and depth regulation by pelagic coral reef fish larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 367:261-269. 2008 Florida Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN-WCPA). 2008. Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks�Making It Happen. IUCN-WCPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D.C. 2008 Global; Palau; Micronesia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity
Jankun, J., T. Doerks, A. M. Aleem, W. Lysiak-Szydlowska, and E. Skrzypczak-Jankun. 2008. Do Human lipoxygenases have a PDZ regulatory domain? Current Molecular Medicine 8:768-773. 2008 Review Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Jimenez-Badillo, L. 2008. Management challenges of small-scale fishing communities in a protected reef system of Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:19-26. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Schools & Colleges; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Johansson, M. L., M. A. Banks, K. D. Glunt, H. M. Hassel-Finnegan, and V. P. Buonaccorsi. 2008. Influence of habitat discontinuity, geographical distance, and oceanography on fine-scale population genetic structure of copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus). Molecular Ecology 17:3051-3061. 2008 Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Johnson, D. W. 2008. Combined effects of condition and density on post-settlement survival and growth of a marine fish. Oecologia 155:43-52. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Jones, A. M., S. Gardner, and W. Sinclair. 2008. Losing 'Nemo': Bleaching and collection appear to reduce inshore populations of anemonefishes. Journal of Fish Biology 73:753-761. 2008 Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kaiser, M. J. and R. A. Kasprzak. 2008. The impact of the 2005 hurricane season on the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program. Marine Policy 32:956-967. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Oil & Gas Industry; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Kamenos, N. A., S. C. Strong, D. M. Shenoy, S. T. Wilson, A. D. Hatton, and P. G. Moore. 2008. Red coralline algae as a source of marine biogenic dimethylsulphoniopropionate. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:61-66. 2008 Global; Cuba Algae; Climate; Climate Regulation; Coralline Algae; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Kaniewska, P., K. R. N. Anthony, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Variation in colony geometry modulates internal light levels in branching corals, Acropora humilis and Stylophora pistillata. Marine Biology 155:649-660. 2008 Australia Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kellner, J. B., R. M. Nisbet, and S. D. Gaines. 2008. Spillover from marine reserves related to mechanisms of population regulation. Theoretical Ecology 1:117-127. 2008 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Kendall, M. S. and T. Miller. 2008. The influence of thematic and spatial resolution on maps of a coral reef ecosystem. Marine Geodesy 31:75-102. 2008 Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Seagrasses
Kendall, M. S., L. J. Bauer, and C. F. G. Jeffrey. 2008. Influence of benthic features and fishing pressure on size and distribution of three exploited reef fishes from the southeastern United States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:1134-1146. 2008 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Kerwath, S. E., A. Gotz, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2008. The effect of marine protected areas on an exploited population of sex-changing temperate reef fish: An individual-based model. African Journal of Marine Science 30:337-350. 2008 Oman; South Africa Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kracker, L., M. Kendall, and G. McFall. 2008. Benthic features as a determinant for fish biomass in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Geodesy 31:267-280. 2008 GIS & Maps Fish; Fishing Sector
Lam, K. and B. Morton. 2008. Soft corals, sea fans, gorgonians (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) and black and wire corals (Ceriantipatharia: Antipatharia) from submarine caves in Hong Kong with a checklist of local species and a description of a new species of Paraminabea. Journal of Natural History 42:749-780. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Lam, K., B. Morton, and P. Hodgson. 2008. Ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae, Oculinidae and Rhizangiidae) recorded from submarine caves in Hong Kong. Journal of Natural History 42:729-747. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Leujak, W. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2008. Quantifying acceptable levels of visitor use on Red Sea reef flats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:930-944. 2008 Egypt Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Linares, C., R. Coma, and M. Zabala. 2008. Restoration of threatened red gorgonian populations: An experimental and modelling approach. Biological Conservation 141:427-437. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Lindsay, M. J., H. M. Patterson, and S. E. Swearer. 2008. Habitat as a surrogate measure of reef fish diversity in the zoning of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:265-273. 2008 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Lloret, J. and V. Riera. 2008. Evolution of a mediterranean coastal zone: Human impacts on the marine environment of cape creus. Environmental Management 42:977-988. 2008 Cuba Boating Activities; Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Loper, C., R. Pomeroy, V. Hoon, P. McConney, M. Pena, A. Sanders, G. Sriskanthan, S. Vergara, M. Pido, R. Vave, C. Vieux, I. Wanyonyi. 2008. Socioeconomic conditions along the world�s tropical coasts: 2008. Conservation International. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lucieer, V. and H. Pederson. 2008. Linking morphometric characterisation of rocky reef with fine scale lobster movement. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 63:496-509. 2008 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Lundgren, I. and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Variation in Acropora palmata bleaching across benthic zones at Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, USVI) during the 2005 thermal stress event. Bulletin of Marine Science 83:441-451. 2008 US Virgin Islands Marine Protected Areas; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
MacNeil, M. A., N. A. J. Graham, M. J. Conroy, C. J. Fonnesbeck, N. V. C. Polunin, S. P. Rushton, P. Chabanet, and T. R. McClanahan. 2008. Detection heterogeneity in underwater visual-census data. Journal of Fish Biology 73:1748-1763. 2008 Kenya Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Maina, J., V. Venus, T. R. McClanahan, and M. Ateweberhan. 2008. Modelling susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing data and GIS models. Ecological Modelling 212:180-199. 2008 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Decision Support; Light; Marine Protected Areas
Mapleston, A., D. Welch, G. A. Begg, M. McLennan, D. Mayer, and I. Brown. 2008. Effect of changes in hook pattern and size on catch rate, hooking location, injury and bleeding for a number of tropical reef fish species. Fisheries Research 91:203-211. 2008 Australia Fish; Fishing Sector
Mapstone, B. D., L. R. Little, A. E. Punt, C. R. Davies, A. D. M. Smith, F. Pantus, A. D. McDonald, A. J. Williams, and A. Jones. 2008. Management strategy evaluation for line fishing in the Great Barrier Reef: Balancing conservation and multi-sector fishery objectives. Fisheries Research 94:315-329. 2008 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Maynard, J. A., K. R. N. Anthony, S. Afatta, L. F. Anggainin, D. Haryanti, and Ambariyanto. 2008. Rock anchoring in Karimun Jawa, Indonesia: Ecological impacts and management implications. Pacific Conservation Biology 14:242-243. 2008 Indonesia Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Resource Use Management
McCauley, D. J., F. J. Joyce, and J. H. Lowenstein. 2008. Effects of the aquarium fish industry in costa rica on populations of the cortez rainbow wrasse thalassoma lucasanum [Efectos de la industria de peces ornamentales en costa rica sobre las poblacionesde la vieja de cortes thalassoma lucasanum]. Ciencias Marinas 34:445-451. 2008 Costa Rica Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R. 2008. Response of the coral reef benthos and herbivory to fishery closure management and the 1998 ENSO disturbance. Oecologia 155:169-177. 2008 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., C. C. Hicks, and E. S. Darling. 2008. Malthusian overfishing and efforts to overcome it on Kenyan coral reefs. Ecological Applications 18:1516-1529. 2008 Kenya Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Metcalf, S. J., J. M. Dambacher, A. J. Hobday, and J. M. Lyle. 2008. Importance of trophic information, simplification and aggregation error in ecosystem models. Marine Ecology Progress Series 360:25-36. 2008 Model Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Planktivorous Fish
Meynecke, J. O, S. Y. Lee, and N. C. Duke. 2008. Linking spatial metrics and fish catch reveals the importance of coastal wetland connectivity to inshore fisheries in Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation 141:981-996. 2008 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Miller, D. J. and A. Wright. 2008. Investigator group expedition 2006: Application of remote survey techniques to characterise the benthic habitats. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 132:243-250. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Miller, K. J. and D. J. Ayre. 2008. Protection of genetic diversity and maintenance of connectivity among reef corals within marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 22:1245-1254. 2008 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Mislan, K. A. S. and R. C. Babcock. 2008. Survival and behaviour of juvenile red rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, on rocky reefs with varying predation pressure and habitat complexity. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:246-253. 2008 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Monk, J., D. Ierodiaconou, A. Bellgrove, and L. Laurenson. 2008. Using community-based monitoring with GIS to create habitat maps for a marine protected area in Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:865-871. 2008 Global; Australia; Cuba; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Mora, C. 2008. A clear human footprint in the coral reefs of the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:767-773. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Agriculture; Algae; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Morton, J. K., M. E. Platell, and W. Gladstone. 2008. Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei: Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia. Marine Biology 154:577-592. 2008 Australia; Cuba Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting
Moya, A., S. Tambutte, A. Bertucci, E. Tambutte, S. Lotto, D. Vullo, C. T. Supuran, D. Allemand, and D. Zoccola. 2008. Carbonic anhydrase in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata: Characterization, localization, and role in biomineralization. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283:25475-25484. 2008 Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Mueller, E. M. and C. J. Booker. 2008. Assessment of resilience of Montastrea faveolata inside and outside of a marine park. Page 5 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral reef Symposium. 2008 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Munn, C. B., H. K. Marchant, and A. J. Moody. 2008. Defences against oxidative stress in vibrios associated with corals. FEMS Microbiology Letters 281:58-63. 2008 Europe Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting
Naber. H., G.-H. Lange, and M. E. Hatziolos. 2008. Valuation of Marine Ecosystem Services: A Gap Analysis. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 2008 Europe Review Climate; Climate Regulation; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Water and Sediment Control Basin. CODE 638. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2008 Non-point Source Runoff; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
O'Leary, J., J. C. Braga, and T. McClanahan. 2008. The Effect Of Fisheries Management On Species-Composition Of Crustose Coralline Algae, With Implications For Coral Recruitment. in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. 2008 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Olsson, P., C. Folke, and T. P. Hughes. 2008. Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:9489-9494. 2008 Global; Australia; Oman Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff
Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura. 2008. Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27:165. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Ortiz, D. M. and B. N. Tissot. 2008. Ontogenetic patterns of habitat use by reef-fish in a Marine Protected Area network: A multi-scaled remote sensing and in situ approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:217-232. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
Ospina-Guerreo, S. P., R. M. Landinez-Garcia, D. J. Rodriguez-Castro, R. Arango, and E. Marquez. 2008. Genetic connectivity of Stegastes partitus in the South Caribbean evidenced by microsatellite analysis [Conectividad genetica de Stegastes partitus en el Caribe Sur evidenciada por analisis microsatelite]. Ciencias Marinas 34:155-163. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Palmer, C. V., L. D. Mydlarz, and B. L. Willis. 2008. Evidence of an inflammatory-like response in non-normally pigmented tissues of two scleractinian corals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:2687-2693. 2008 Climate; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate
Pares-Ramos, I., W. A. Gould, and T. M. Aide. 2008. Suburban growth and forest expansion following agricultural abandonment in Puerto Rico (1991-2000). Pages 1-24 in Berlin Conference "Long-Term Policies: Governing Social-Ecological Change" International Conference of the Social-Ecological Research. Berlin, (Germany). 2008 Global; Puerto Rico Agriculture; Housing; Manufacturing & Trade
Parsons, G. R. and S. M. Thur. 2008. Valuing changes in the quality of coral reef ecosystems: A stated preference study of SCUBA diving in the Bonaire National Marine Park. 40:593-608. 2008 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Valuation
Patterson, H. M. and S. E. Swearer. 2008. Origin of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, from Lord Howe Island, Australia, inferred from otolith chemistry. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:409-416. 2008 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Pelletier, D., J. Claudet, J. Ferraris, L. Benedetti-Cecchi, and J. Antonio Garc�a-Charton. 2008. Models and indicators for assessing conservation and fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65:765-779. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Piola, R. F. and E. L. Johnston. 2008. The potential for translocation of marine species via small-scale disruptions to antifouling surfaces. Biofouling 24:145-155. 2008 Australia Algae; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas
Pittman, S. J., S. D. Hile, C. F. G. Jeffrey, C. Caldow, M. S. Kendall, M. E. Monaco, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Fish assemblages and benthic habitats of Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) and the surrounding seascape: a characterization of spatial and temporal patterns. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Pomeroy, R. S., M. D. Pido, J. F. A. Pontillas, B. S. Francisco, A. T. White, E. M. C. Ponce De Leon, and G. T. Silvestre. 2008. Evaluation of policy options for the live reef food fish trade in the province of Palawan, Western Philippines. Marine Policy 32:55-65. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Poonian, C. N. S. 2008. The influence of protected area management on the status of coral reefs at Misali Island, Tanzania following the 1998 bleaching event in the western Indian Ocean. African Journal of Ecology 46:471-478. 2008 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Tanzania; India Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Przeslawski, R., S. Ahyong, M. Byrne, G. Worheide, and P. Hutchings. 2008. Beyond corals and fish: The effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs. Global Change Biology 14:2773-2795. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review Climate; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Purkis, S. J., N. A. J. Graham, and B. M. Riegl. 2008. Predictability of reef fish diversity and abundance using remote sensing data in Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago). Coral Reefs 27:167-178. 2008 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Reimao, J. Q., A. E. Migotto, M. H. Kossuga, R. G. S. Berlinck, and A. G. Tempone. 2008. Antiprotozoan activity of Brazilian marine cnidarian extracts and of a modified steroid from the octocoral Carijoa riisei. Parasitology Research 103:1445-1450. 2008 Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Rhodes, K. L., M. H. Tupper, and C. B. Wichilmel. 2008. Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia. Coral Reefs 27:443-454. 2008 Micronesia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Richier, S., M. Rodriguez-Lanetty, C. E. Schnitzler, and V. M. Weis. 2008. Response of the symbiotic cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima transcriptome to temperature and UV increase. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 3:283-289. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Light; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ridgway, T., C. Riginos, J. Davis, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Genetic connectivity patterns of Pocillopora verrucosa in southern African Marine Protected Areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 354:161-168. 2008 Mozambique; South Africa Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Rinkevich, B. 2008. Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1821-1824. 2008 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Rioja-Nieto, R. and C. Sheppard. 2008. Effects of management strategies on the landscape ecology of a Marine Protected Area. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:397-404. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Roberts, J. M., L.-A. Henry, D. Long, and J. P. Hartley. 2008. Cold-water coral reef frameworks, megafaunal communities and evidence for coral carbonate mounds on the Hatton Bank, north east Atlantic. Facies 54:297-316. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral
Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., S. Reynaud, D. Allemand, and C. Ferrier-Pages. 2008. Temporal and depth responses of two temperate corals, Cladocora caespitosa and Oculina patagonica, from the North Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 369:103-114. 2008 Algae; Light; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Rodriguez-Cabello, C., F. Sanchez, A. Serrano, and I. Olaso. 2008. Effects of closed trawl fishery areas on some elasmobranch species in the Cantabrian Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 72:418-428. 2008 Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E. 2008. Community involvement in marine protected areas: The case of Puerto Morelos reef, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management 88:1151-1160. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Roncin, N, F. Alban, E. Charbonnel, R. Crec�hriou, R. de la Cruz Modino, J.-M. Culioli, M. Dimech, R. Go�i, I. Guala, R. Higgins, E. Lavisse, L. L Direach, B. Luna, C. Marcos, F. Maynou, J. Pascual, J. Person, P. Smith, B. Stobart, E. Szelianszky, C. Valle, S. Vaselli, and J. Boncoeur. 2008. Uses of ecosystem services provided by MPAs: how much do they impact the local economy? A southern Europe perspective. Journal for Nature Conservation 16:256-270. 2008 Cuba; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Sale, P. F. and J. P. Kritzer. 2008. Connectivity: what it is, how it is measured, and why it is important for management of reef fishes. Pages 16-30 in R. Grober-Dunsmore and B. D. Keller, editors. Caribbean connectivity: implications for marine protected area management. Proceedings of a special symposium, 9-11 November 2006, 59th Annual Meeting of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Belize City, Belize. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Santos, L. N., F. G. Araujo, and D. S. Brotto. 2008. Artificial structures as tools for fish habitat rehabilitation in a neotropical reservoir. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:896-908. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species
Santos, P. R., N. Added, J. H. Aburaya, and M. A. Rizzutto. 2008. Measurements of Sr/Ca in bones to evaluate differences in temperature. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 266:1616-1618. 2008 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Schwarz, J. A., P. B. Brokstein, C. Voolstra, A. Y. Terry, D. J. Miller, A. M. Szmant, M. A. Coffroth, and M. Medina. 2008. Coral life history and symbiosis: functional genomic resources for two reef building Caribbean corals, Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata. BMC Genomics 9:97. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Scinto, A., G. Bavestrello, M. Boyer, M. Previati, and C. Cerrano. 2008. Gorgonian mortality related to a massive attack by caprellids in the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:723-727. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia; United Kingdom Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Scott, A. and P. L. Harrison. 2008. Larval settlement and juvenile development of sea anemones that provide habitat for anemonefish. Marine Biology 154:833-839. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2008. Protected Areas in Today�s World: Their Values and Benefits for the Welfare of the Planet. Montreal, Technical Series no. 36. 2008 Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Selkoe, K. A., B. S. Halpern, and R. J. Toonen. 2008. Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1149-1165. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
Shcherbina, A. Y., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, C. A. Linder, and S. R. Thorrold. 2008. Mapping bathymetric and hydrographic features of Glover's Reef, Belize, with a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle. Limnology and Oceanography 53:2264-2272. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Shears, N. T., F. Smith, R. C. Babcock, C. A. J. Duffy, and E. Villouta. 2008. Evaluation of biogeographic classification schemes for conservation planning: Application to New Zealand's coastal marine environment. Conservation Biology 22:467-481. 2008 Algae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Shertzer, K. W. and E. H. Williams. 2008. Fish assemblages and indicator species: Reef fishes off the southeastern United States. Fishery Bulletin 106:257-269. 2008 Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Shivlani, M., V. R. Leeworthy, T. J. Murray, D. O. Suman, and F. Tonioli. 2008. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of management strategies and regulations of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries by commercial fishers, dive operators, and environmental group members: a baseline characterization and 10-year comparison. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Special Use Permitting
Siddiqui, P. J. A., S. Farooq, S. Shafique, Z.-u.-N. Burhan, and Z. Farooqi. 2008. Conservation and management of biodiversity in Pakistan through the establishment of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:377-382. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Skov, H. and F. Thomsen. 2008. Resolving fine-scale spatio-temporal dynamics in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:173-186. 2008 Model Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith-Keune, C. and S. Dove. 2008. Gene expression of a green fluorescent protein homolog as a host-specific biomarker of heat stress within a reef-building coral. Marine Biotechnology 10:166-180. 2008 Index or Indicator Climate; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Sonak, S., P. Pangam, and A. Giriyan. 2008. Green reconstruction of the tsunami-affected areas in India using the integrated coastal zone management concept. Journal of Environmental Management 89:14-23. 2008 Global; Sri Lanka; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Indonesia Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure
Sorokin, S. J., T. C. D. Laperousaz, and G. J. Collings. 2008. Investigator group expedition 2006: Sponges (PORIFERA). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 132:163-172. 2008 Australia Cyanobacteria; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Sponges
Speed, C. W., M. G. Meekan, D. Rowat, S. J. Pierce, A. D. Marshall, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2008. Scarring patterns and relative mortality rates of Indian Ocean whale sharks. Journal of Fish Biology 72:1488-1503. 2008 Australia; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Seychelles; India Apex Fish Predators; Boating Regulations
Stallings, C. D. 2008. Indirect effects of an exploited predator on recruitment of coral-reef fishes. Ecology 89:2090-2095. 2008 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, G. Bernard, G. Cadiou, M. Camilleri, R. Crec�hriou, G. Criquet, M. Dimech, O. Esparza, R. Higgins, P. Lenfant, and A. P�rez-Ruzafa. 2008. Spatial assessment of fishing effort around European marine reserves: Implications for successful fisheries management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:2018-2026. 2008 Europe; Spain; France Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Steyn, E., P. J. Fielding, and M. H. Schleyer. 2008. The artisanal fishery for East Coast rock lobsters Panulirus homarus along the Wild Coast, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30:497-506. 2008 South Africa Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Sweatman, H. 2008. No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. Current Biology 18. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes
Taggart, S. J., J. Mondragon, A. G. Andrews, and J. K. Nielsen. 2008. Spatial patterns and movements of red king and Tanner crabs: Implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:151-163. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Tapsuwan, S. and J. Asafu-Adjaye. 2008. Estimating the economic benefit of SCUBA diving in the Similan Islands, Thailand. Coastal Management 36:431-442. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Teh, L. C. L., L. S. L. Teh, and F. C. Chung. 2008. A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3061-3077. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tessier, E., L. Bigot, C. Cadet, B. Cauvin, P. Chabanet, C. Conand, J.-B. Nicet, and J.-P. Quod. 2008. Coral reefs of Reunion Island in 2007: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de la Reunion en 2007: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:85-102. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Treml, E. A., P. N. Halpin, D. L. Urban, and L. F. Pratson. 2008. Modeling population connectivity by ocean currents, a graph-theoretic approach for marine conservation. Landscape Ecology 23:19-36. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Model Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Van Nguyen, L. and H. Kim Phan. 2008. Distribution and factors influencing on structure of reef fish communities in Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area, South-Central Vietnam. Environmental Biology of Fishes 82:309-324. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; China; Vietnam Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Venerus, L. A., A. M. Parma, and D. E. Galvan. 2008. Annual occupation pattern of temperate rocky reefs by the Argentine sandperch Pseudopercis semifasciata in San Jose Gulf Marine Park, Argentina. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:217-229. 2008 Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Verweij, M. C., I. Nagelkerken, I. Hans, S. M. Ruseler, and P. R. D. Mason. 2008. Seagrass nurseries contribute to coral reef fish populations. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1540-1547. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Vidal, L. and L. Capurro Filograsso. 2008. Quantitative analysis of natural resource regulations leading to coastal ecosystems sustainability: Mexico as a case study. Journal of Coastal Research 24:876-889. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Special Use Permitting
Vignon, M., F. Morat, R. Galzin, and P. Sasal. 2008. Evidence for spatial limitation of the bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira in French Polynesia from parasite and otolith shape analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 73:2305-2320. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Wade, N. M., R. Melville-Smith, B. M. Degnan, and M. R. Hall. 2008. Control of shell colour changes in the lobster, Panulirus cygnus. Journal of Experimental Biology 211:1512-1519. 2008 Australia Model Aquaculture; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
WBCSD, WRI, and Meridian Institute. 2008. The corporate ecosystem services review: guidelines for identifying business risks and opportunities arising from ecosystem change. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. 2008 Global Review Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Climate; Corporate Responses; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Wedding, L. M. and A. Friedlander. 2008. Determining the influence of seascape structure on coral reef fishes in Hawaii using a geospatial approach. Marine Geodesy 31:246-266. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Welch, D. J., B. D. Mapstone, and G. A. Begg. 2008. Spatial and temporal variation and effects of changes in management in discard rates from the commercial reef line fishery of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 90:247-260. 2008 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Weninger, Q. 2008. Economic benefits of management reform in the Gulf of Mexico grouper fishery: A semi-parametric analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics 41:479-497. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Wilhelmsson, D. and T. Malm. 2008. Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 79:459-466. 2008 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Substrate
Williams, A. J., L. M. Currey, G. A. Begg, C. D. Murchie, and A. C. Ballagh. 2008. Population biology of coral trout species in eastern Torres Strait: Implications for fishery management. Continental Shelf Research 28:2129-2142. 2008 Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Wong, C.-K., P. Hung, K. L. H. Lee, T. Mok, T. Chung, and K.-M. Kam. 2008. Features of ciguatera fish poisoning cases in Hong Kong 2004-2007. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 21:521-527. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; India; China; Caribbean Review; Lab Study Fish
Wong, M. Y. L., P. L. Munday, P. M. Buston, and G. P. Jones. 2008. Fasting or feasting in a fish social hierarchy. Current Biology 18. 2008 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Worachananant, S., R. W. Carter, M. Hockings, and P. Reopanichkul. 2008. Managing the impacts of SCUBA divers on Thailand's coral reefs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16:645-663. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
World Bank Group. 2008. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Nature based solutions from the world bank portfolio. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Iran; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Invasive Species; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Aburto-Oropeza, O., E. Sala, G. Paredes, A. Mendoza, and E. Ballesteros. 2007. Predictability of reef fish recruitment in a highly variable nursery habitat. Ecology 88:2220-2228. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Climate; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish
Aguilar-Perera, A. and R. S. Appeldoorn. 2007. Variation in juvenile fish density along the mangrove-seagrass-coral reef continuum in SW Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:139-148. 2007 Puerto Rico Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Aldana Aranda, D. and M. Perez Perez. 2007. Abundance and distribution of Queen conch (Strombus gigas, Linne 1758) veligers of Alacranes reef, Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:59-63. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Almany, G. R., M. L. Berumen, S. R. Thorrold, S. Planes, and G. P. Jones. 2007. Local replenishment of coral reef fish populations in a marine reserve. Science 316:742-744. 2007 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Alquezar, R. and W. Boyd. 2007. Development of rapid, cost effective coral survey techniques: Tools for management and conservation planning. Journal of Coastal Conservation 11:105-119. 2007 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate
Anderson, T. W., M. H. Carr, and M. A. Hixon. 2007. Patterns and mechanisms of variable settlement and recruitment of a coral reef damselfish, Chromis cyanea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350:109-116. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Antona, M., G. David, and E. Mirault. 2007. Scientists dealing with stakeholders' demand for coral reef management indicators: Methodological approach and issues. International Journal of Sustainable Development 10:46-60. 2007 Index or Indicator
Aswani, S., S. Albert, A. Sabetian, and T. Furusawa. 2007. Customary management as precautionary and adaptive principles for protecting coral reefs in Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:1009-1021. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Azzini, F., B. Calcinai, and M. Pansini. 2007. A new species of Coelocarteria (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:1349-1353. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Beaman, R. J. and P. T. Harris. 2007. Geophysical variables as predictors of megabenthos assemblages from the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 247-263. 2007 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Sediment; Substrate
Beaudreau, A. H. and T. E. Essington. 2007. Spatial, temporal, and ontogenetic patterns of predation on rockfishes by lingcod. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:1438-1452. 2007 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish
Beckman, R. C. 2007. PSSAs and transit passage - Australia's pilotage system in the Torres Strait challenges the IMO and UNCLOS. Ocean Development and International Law 38:325-357. 2007 Australia Special Use Permitting
Bell, J. J. 2007. Contrasting patterns of species and functional composition of coral reef sponge assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:73-81. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Borges, R., R. Ben-Hamadou, M. A. Chicharo, P. Re, and E. J. Goncalves. 2007. Horizontal spatial and temporal distribution patterns of nearshore larval fish assemblages at a temperate rocky shore. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71:412-428. 2007 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Braybrook, P. J., R. Rogers, and S. Healy. 2007. Oceans acts and the false dichotomy between defence and environment. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. 2007 Australia; Europe; United Kingdom Review Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Brehmer, P., S. Georgakarakos, E. Josse, V. Trygonis, and J. Dalen. 2007. Adaptation of fisheries sonar for monitoring schools of large pelagic fish: Dependence of schooling behaviour on fish finding efficiency. Aquatic Living Resource 20:377-384. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Brown-Saracino, J., P. Peckol, H. Allen Curran, and M. L. Robbart. 2007. Spatial variation in sea urchins, fish predators, and bioerosion rates on coral reefs of Belize. Coral Reefs 26:71-78. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Bryan, T. L. and A. Metaxas. 2007. Predicting suitable habitat for deep-water gorgonian corals on the Atlantic and Pacific Continental Margins of North America. Marine Ecology Progress Series 330:113-126. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Columbia Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Resource Use Management
Caceres, T., J. A. Mesa, and F. A. Ortega. 2007. Locating waste pipelines to minimize their impact on marine environment. European Journal of Operational Research 179:1143-1159. 2007 Model Pipelines
Campbell, S. J., M. S. Pratchett, A. W. Anggoro, R. L. Ardiwijaya, N. Fadli, Y. Herdiana, T. Kartawijaya, D. Mahyiddin, A. Mukminin, S. T. Pardede, E. Rudi, A. M. Siregar, and A. H. Baird. 2007. Disturbance to coral reefs in Aceh, Northern Sumatra: Impacts of the Sumatra-Andaman tsunami and pre-tsunami degradation. Atoll Research Bulletin 55-78. 2007 Indonesia Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Turf Algae
Cappo, M., G. De'ath, and P. Speare. 2007. Inter-reef vertebrate communities of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park determined by baited remote underwater video stations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350:209-221. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Cardona, L., M. Sales, and D. Lopez. 2007. Changes in fish abundance do not cascade to sea urchins and erect algae in one of the most oligotrophic parts of the Mediterranean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:273-282. 2007 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Carpenter, L. W. and M. R. Patterson. 2007. Water flow influences the distribution of photosynthetic efficiency within colonies of the scleractinian coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786); implications for coral bleaching. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 351:26-Oct. 2007 Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Celliers, L., B. Q. Mann, A. H. H. Macdonald, and M. H. Schleyer. 2007. A benthic survey of the rocky reefs off Pondoland, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 29:65-77. 2007 South Africa GIS & Maps Algae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chakalall, B., R. Mahon, P. McConney, L. Nurse, and D. Oderson. 2007. Governance of fisheries and other living marine resources in the Wider Caribbean. Fisheries Research 87:92-99. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:271-275. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas
Cheung, W. W. L., R. Watson, T. Morato, T. J. Pitcher, and D. Pauly. 2007. Intrinsic vulnerability in the global fish catch. Marine Ecology Progress Series 333:12-Jan. 2007 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Christie, P. and A. T. White. 2007. Best practices for improved governance of coral reef marine protected areas. Coral Reefs 26:1047-1056. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Cinner, J. E. 2007. Designing marine reserves to reflect local socioeconomic conditions: Lessons from long-enduring customary management systems. Coral Reefs 26:1035-1045. 2007 Papua New Guinea Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Cinner, J. E. and S. Aswani. 2007. Integrating customary management into marine conservation. Biological Conservation 140:201-216. 2007 Review Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Cinner, J. E., S. G. Sutton, and T. G. Bond. 2007. Socioeconomic thresholds that affect use of customary fisheries management tools. Conservation Biology 21:1603-1611. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Coelho, V. R. and C. Manfrino. 2007. Coral community decline at a remote Caribbean island: Marine no-take reserves are not enough. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:666-685. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting
David, G., J.-B. Herrenschmidt, E. Mirault and A. Thomassin. 2007. Social and economic values of Pacific coral reefs. Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP) Component 1A, Project 1A4 Integrated Coastal Management (GERSA)., Noumea, New Caledonia. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Jamaica; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Davies, A. J., J. M. Roberts, and J. Hall-Spencer. 2007. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biological Conservation 138:299-312. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
De Pippo, T. and C. Petrosino. 2007. Innovative littoral preserving technologies within the European coastal management. Pages 253-258 in Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field, ATEF 2006. 2007 Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Wetlands
De Santo, E. M. and P. J. S. Jones. 2007. Offshore marine conservation policies in the North East Atlantic: Emerging tensions and opportunities. Marine Policy 31:336-347. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Diedrich, A. 2007. The impacts of tourism on coral reef conservation awareness and support in coastal communities in Belize. Coral Reefs 26:985-996. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. MacDonald, and C. Lumpus. 2007. Incorporating marine turtle habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:293-302. 2007 Australia Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Dodds, L. A., J. M. Roberts, A. C. Taylor, and F. Marubini. 2007. Metabolic tolerance of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) to temperature and dissolved oxygen change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349:205-214. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Doyen, L., M. De Lara, J. Ferraris, and D. Pelletier. 2007. Sustainability of exploited marine ecosystems through protected areas: A viability model and a coral reef case study. Ecological Modelling 208:353-366. 2007 New Caledonia Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Edmunds, P. J. and R. Elahi. 2007. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecological Monographs 77:39525. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Friedlander, A. M., E. Brown, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Defining reef fish habitat utilization patterns in Hawaii: Comparisons between marine protected areas and areas open to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 351:221-233. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Frisch, A. J. 2007. Short- and long-term movements of painted lobster (Panulirus versicolor) on a coral reef at Northwest Island, Australia. Coral Reefs 26:311-317. 2007 Australia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Frisch, A. J., S. P. W. Walker, M. I. McCormick, and T. K. Solomon-Lane. 2007. Regulation of protogynous sex change by competition between corticosteroids and androgens: An experimental test using sandperch, Parapercis cylindrica. Hormones and Behavior 52:540-545. 2007 Fish; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Froukh, T. and M. Kochzius. 2007. Genetic population structure of the endemic fourline wrasse (Larabicus quadrilineatus) suggests limited larval dispersal distances in the Red Sea. Molecular Ecology 16:1359-1367. 2007 Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Garpe, K. C. and M. C. Ohman. 2007. Non-random habitat use by coral reef fish recruits in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Marine Science 29:187-199. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Gladstone, W. 2007. Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:71-87. 2007 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Glaser, K. B. 2007. HDAC inhibitors: clinical update and mechanism-based potential. Biochemical Pharmacology 75:659-671. 2007 Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2007. Classification of benthic composition in a coral reef environment using spectral unmixing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Substrate
Graham, N. A. J., S. K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N. V. C. Polunin, J. Robinson, J. P. Bijoux, and T. M. Daw. 2007. Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology 21:1291-1300. 2007 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2007. Prioritising areas for dugong conservation in a marine protected area using a spatially explicit population model. Applied GIS 3. 2007 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Grober-Dunsmore, R., T. K. Frazer, W. J. Lindberg, and J. Beets. 2007. Reef fish and habitat relationships in a Caribbean seascape: The importance of reef context. Coral Reefs 26:201-216. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Guidetti, P. and E. Sala. 2007. Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:43-56. 2007 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, J. Trebilco, and D. Smith. 2007. Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:403-414. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Hall-Spencer, J. M., J. Pike, and C. B. Munn. 2007. Diseases affect cold-water corals too: Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) necrosis in SW England. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 76:87-97. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); England Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, F. R. Gell, and C. Dytham. 2007. Effects of trap fishing on reef fish communities. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:111-132. 2007 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Herr, A. and P. M. Kuhnert. 2007. Assesment of uncertainty in Great Barrier Reef catchment models. Water Science and Technology 56:181-188. 2007 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Resource Use Management; Sediment
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., G. Muller-Parker, C. B. Cook, R. D. Gates, E. Gladfelter, R. K. Trench, and V. M. Weis. 2007. Len Muscatine (1932-2007) and his contributions to the understanding of algal-invertebrate endosymbiosis. Coral Reefs 26:731-739. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Special Use Permitting
Hsieh, H. J., C. A. Chen, C.-F. Dai, W. Ou, W.-S. Tsai, and W.-C. Su. 2007. From the drawing board to the field: An example for establishing an MPA in Penghu, Taiwan. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:619-635. 2007 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation
Hughes, T. P., L. H. Gunderson, C. Folke, A. H. Baird, D. Bellwood, F. Berkes, B. Crona, A. Helfgott, H. Leslie, J. Norberg, M. Nystrom, P. Olsson, H. Osterblom, M. Scheffer, H. Schuttenberg, R. S. Steneck, M. Tengo, M. Troell, B. Walker, J. Wilson, and B. Worm. 2007. Adaptive management of the great barrier reef and the grand canyon world heritage areas. Ambio 36:586-592. 2007 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Resource Use Management
Jacobsen, I. P. and M. B. Bennett. 2007. Description of a new species of catshark, Atelomycterus marnkalha n. sp. (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from north-east Australia. Zootaxa 19-36. 2007 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Jegatheesan, V., C. Zeng, L. Shu, C. Manicom, and C. Steicke. 2007. Technological advances in aquaculture farms for minimal effluent discharge to oceans. Journal of Cleaner Production 15:1535-1544. 2007 Australia Aquaculture; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Johnson, D. W. 2007. Habitat complexity modifies post-settlement mortality and recruitment dynamics of a marine fish. Ecology 88:1716-1725. 2007 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Jokiel, P. L. and K. S. Rodgers. 2007. Ranking coral ecosystem "health and value" for the islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:60-68. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Juanes, F. 2007. Role of habitat in mediating mortality during the post-settlement transition phase of temperate marine fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 70:661-677. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Kao, H.-T., S. Sturgis, R. DeSalle, J. Tsai, D. Davis, D. F. Gruber, and V. A. Pieribone. 2007. Dynamic regulation of fluorescent proteins from a single species of coral. Marine Biotechnology 9:733-746. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kassahn, K. S., R. H. Crozier, A. C. Ward, G. Stone, and M. J. Caley. 2007. From transcriptome to biological function: Environmental stress in an ectothermic vertebrate, the coral reef fish Pomacentrus moluccensis. BMC Genomics 8. 2007 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kramer, K. L. and K. L. Heck Jr. 2007. Top-down trophic shifts in Florida Keys patch reef marine protected areas (Marine Ecology Progress Series (2007) 349, (111,123)). Marine Ecology Progress Series 352:310. 2007 Florida Marine Protected Areas
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Kulbicki, M., S. Sarramegna, Y. Letourneur, L. Wantiez, R. Galzin, G. Mou-Tham, C. Chauvet, and P. Thollot. 2007. Opening of an MPA to fishing: Natural variations in the structure of a coral reef fish assemblage obscure changes due to fishing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 353:145-163. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Lam, K., P. K. S. Shin, R. Bradbeer, K. K. K. Ku, P. Hodgson, and S. G. Cheung. 2007. Baseline data of subtropical coral communities in Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Hong Kong, obtained by an underwater remote operated vehicle (ROV). Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:107-112. 2007 Marine Protected Areas
Ledlie, M. H., N. A. J. Graham, J. C. Bythell, S. K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N. V. C. Polunin, and J. Hardcastle. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26:641-653. 2007 Seychelles Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lindholm, J., P. J. Auster, and A. Knight. 2007. Site fidelity and movement of adult Atlantic cod Gadus morhua at deep boulder reefs in the western Gulf of Maine, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 342:239-247. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector
Little, L. R., A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, F. Pantus, A. D. M. Smith, C. R. Davies, and A. D. McDonald. 2007. ELFSim-A model for evaluating management options for spatially structured reef fish populations: An illustration of the \larval subsidy\" effect". Ecological Modelling 205:381-396. 2007 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lukoschek, V., H. Heatwole, A. Grech, G. Burns, and H. Marsh. 2007. Distribution of two species of sea snakes, Aipysurus laevis and Emydocephalus annulatus, in the southern Great Barrier Reef: Metapopulation dynamics, marine protected areas and conservation. Coral Reefs 26:291-307. 2007 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Lund, K. and A. R. Wilbur. 2007. Habitat classification feasibility study for coastal and marine environments in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Malcolm, H. A., W. Gladstone, S. Lindfield, J. Wraith, and T. P. Lynch. 2007. Spatial and temporal variation in reef fish assemblages of marine parks in New South Wales, Australia - Baited video observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350:277-290. 2007 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Mangi, S. C., C. M. Roberts, and L. D. Rodwell. 2007. Reef fisheries management in Kenya: Preliminary approach using the driver-pressure-state-impacts-response (DPSIR) scheme of indicators. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:463-480. 2007 Kenya Review; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mayfield, A. B. and R. D. Gates. 2007. Osmoregulation in anthozoan-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 147:10-Jan. 2007 Global Review Algae; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Mbui, J. M. 2007. Modelling ecological susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing, GIS, and in situ observations: a case study in the Western Indian Ocean. Masters Thesis. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; India Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Light; Mitigation
McClanahan, T. R. 2007. Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:409-419. 2007 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. M. Calnan, and M. A. MacNeil. 2007. Toward pristine biomass: Reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecological Applications 17:1055-1067. 2007 Kenya Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. Maina, P. Chabanet, J. H. Bruggemann, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2007. Influence of instantaneous variation on estimates of coral reef fish populations and communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 340:221-234. 2007 Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Meyer, C. G. 2007. The impacts of spear and other recreational fishers on a small permanent Marine Protected Area and adjacent pulse fished area. Fisheries Research 84:301-307. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Meyer, C. G., K. N. Holland, and Y. P. Papastamatiou. 2007. Seasonal and diel movements of giant trevally Caranx ignobilis at remote Hawaiian atolls: Implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 333:13-25. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mohamed, M. 2007. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF CORAL REEFS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF DHIGALI HAA, A MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN BAA ATOLL, MALDIVES. Masters Thesis. University of Canterbury, (Christchurch, New Zealand). 2007 Maldives Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Monaco, M. E., A. M. Friedlander, C. Caldow, J. D. Christensen, C. Rogers, J. Beets, J. Miller, and R. Boulon. 2007. Characterising reef fish populations and habitats within and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: A lesson in marine protected area design. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14:33-40. 2007 US Virgin Islands Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Moore, S. A. and A. Polley. 2007. Defining indicators and standards for tourism impacts in protected areas: Cape Range National Park, Australia. Environmental Management 39:291-300. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Tourism & Recreation
Morrison, A. E. and T. L. Hunt. 2007. Human impacts on the nearshore environment: An archaeological case study from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 61:325-345. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Molluscs
Narayan, K. A., C. Schleeberger, and K. L. Bristow. 2007. Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area, North Queensland, Australia. Agricultural Water Management 89:217-228. 2007 Australia Model Agriculture; Irrigation; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Newman, C. M., A. J. Knudby, and E. F. Ledrew. 2007. Assessing the effect of management zonation on live coral cover using multi-date IKONOS satellite imagery. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Newton, K. L., B. Creese, and D. Raftos. 2007. Spatial patterns of ascidian assemblages on subtidal rocky reefs in the Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park, New South Wales. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:843-855. 2007 Marine Protected Areas
O�Garra, Tanya. 2007. Estimating the Total Economic Value (TEV) of the Navakavu LMMA in Vitu Levu Island (Fiji). Component 2A- Project 2A2, Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), New Caledonia. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Ostrom, E., M. A. Janssen, and J. M. Anderies. 2007. Going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:15176-15178. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Pais, A., E. Azzurro, and P. Guidetti. 2007. Spatial variability of fish fauna in sheltered and exposed shallow rocky reefs from a recently established Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. Italian Journal of Zoology 74:277-287. 2007 Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Pais, A., L. A. Chessa, S. Serra, A. Ruiu, G. Meloni, and Y. Donno. 2007. The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:589-597. 2007 Europe Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Park, Y.-J., J.-G. Park, N. Hiyakawa, Y.-D. Lee, S.-J. Kim, and A. Takemura. 2007. Diurnal and circadian regulation of a melatonin receptor, MT1, in the golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 150:253-262. 2007 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Pears, R. J., J. H. Choat, B. D. Mapstone, and G. A. Begg. 2007. Reproductive biology of a large, aggregation-spawning serranid, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål): Management implications. Journal of Fish Biology 71:795-817. 2007 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Penin, L., M. Adjeroud, M. S. Pratchett, and T. P. Hughes. 2007. Spatial distribution of juvenile and adult corals around Moorea (French Polynesia): Implications for population regulation. Bulletin of Marine Science 80:379-389. 2007 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Pittman, S. J., C. Caldow, S. D. Hile, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Using seascape types to explain the spatial patterns of fish in the mangroves of SW Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:273-284. 2007 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Pizarro, V., J. Polania, and J. C. Thomason. 2007. Recruitment and juvenile survivorship of brain corals at San Andres Island, Western Caribbean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48:113-119. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Price, A. R. G., M. J. Keeling, and I. N. Stewart. 2007. A robustness metric integrating spatial and temporal information: Application to coral reefs exposed to local and regional disturbances. Marine Ecology Progress Series 331:101-108. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Index or Indicator Climate; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Puverel, S., F. Houlbreque, E. Tambutte, D. Zoccola, P. Payan, N. Caminiti, S. Tambutte, and D. Allemand. 2007. Evidence of low molecular weight components in the organic matrix of the reef building coral, Stylophora pistillata. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 147:850-856. 2007 Echinoderms; Molluscs; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Ramos, J., M. N. Santos, D. Whitmarsh, and C. C. Monteiro. 2007. Stakeholder perceptions regarding the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Algarve artificial reefs. Hydrobiologia 580:181-191. 2007 Europe Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives
Raymundo, L. J., A. P. Maypa, E. D. Gomez, and P. Cadiz. 2007. Can dynamite-blasted reefs recover? A novel, low-tech approach to stimulating natural recovery in fish and coral populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1009-1019. 2007 Southeast Asia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Reed, J. K., C. C. Koenig, and A. N. Shepard. 2007. Impacts of bottom trawling on a deep-water Oculina coral ecosystem off Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:481-496. 2007 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rhodes, K. L. and M. H. Tupper. 2007. A preliminary market-based analysis of the Pohnpei, Micronesia, grouper (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) fishery reveals unsustainable fishing practices. Coral Reefs 26:335-344. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Richards, V. P., J. D. Thomas, M. J. Stanhope, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Genetic connectivity in the Florida reef system: Comparative phylogeography of commensal invertebrates with contrasting reproductive strategies. Molecular Ecology 16:139-157. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Belize Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Richardson, K. E. 2007. Diving expedition medicine - The Coral Cay Conservation experience. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 37:189-197. 2007 Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Medical Care; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Richmond, R. H., T. Rongo, Y. Golbuu, S. Victor, N. Idechong, G. Davis, W. Kostka, L. Neth, M. Hamnett, and E. Wolanski. 2007. Watersheds and coral reefs: Conservation science, policy, and implementation. Bioscience 57:598-607. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Micronesia Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Rogers, C. S., G. E. Davis, and C. McCreedy. 2007. National Parks and Caribbean Marine Reserves Research and Monitoring Workshop: St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 11-13, 2006. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR-2007/015. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Roman, G. S. J., P. Dearden, and R. Rollins. 2007. Application of zoning and \limits of acceptable change\" to manage snorkelling tourism". Environmental Management 39:819-830. 2007 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Rouphael, A. B. and M. Hanafy. 2007. An alternative management framework to limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:91-103. 2007 Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Rudershausen, P. J., J. A. Buckel, and E. H. Williams. 2007. Discard composition and release fate in the snapper and grouper commercial hook-and-line fishery in North Carolina, USA. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14:103-113. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2007. Depth-associated patterns in the development of benthic assemblages on artificial substrata deployed on shallow, subtropical reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:38-51. 2007 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Ryan, D. A., B. P. Brooke, L. B. Collins, G. A. Kendrick, K. J. Baxter, A. N. Bickers, P. J. W. Siwabessy, and C. B. Pattiaratchi. 2007. The influence of geomorphology and sedimentary processes on shallow-water benthic habitat distribution: Esperance Bay, Western Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:379-386. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Sala, A., G. Fabi, and S. Manoukian. 2007. Vertical diel dynamic of fish assemblage associated with an artificial reef (Northern Adriatic Sea). Scientia Marina 71:355-364. 2007 GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Fish
Sammarco, P. W., P. Hallock, J. C. Lang, and R. S. Legore. 2007. Roundtable discussion groups summary papers: Environmental bio-indicators in coral reef ecosystems: The need to align research, monitoring, and environmental regulation. Environmental Bioindicators 2:35-46. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Toxics
Samoilys, M. A., K. M. Martin-Smith, B. G. Giles, B. Cabrera, J. A. Anticamara, E. O. Brunio, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2007. Effectiveness of five small Philippines' coral reef reserves for fish populations depends on site-specific factors, particularly enforcement history. Biological Conservation 136:584-601. 2007 Philippines Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Samonte-Tan, G. P. B., A. T. White, M. A. Tercero, J. Diviva, E. Tabara, and C. Caballes. 2007. Economic valuation of coastal and marine resources: Bohol Marine Triangle, Philippines. Coastal Management 35:319-338. 2007 Philippines Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Santos, M. N. and C. C. Monteiro. 2007. A fourteen-year overview of the fish assemblages and yield of the two oldest Algarve artificial reefs (southern Portugal). Hydrobiologia 580:225-231. 2007 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Schmitt, R. J. and S. J. Holbrook. 2007. The scale and cause of spatial heterogeneity in strength of temporal density dependence. Ecology 88:1241-1249. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Scott, A. and P. Harrison. 2007. Broadcast spawning of two species of sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor and Heteractis crispa, that host anemonefish. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 50:163-171. 2007 Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Shears, N. T. 2007. Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. Science for Conservation Jan-53. 2007 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Shephard, S., P. Connolly, N.-R. Hareide, and E. Rogan. 2007. Establishing stakeholder connections for management of the Irish orange roughy fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64:841-845. 2007 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Siciliano, D. and R. C. Olsen. 2007. Using high resolution multispectral imaging to map Pacific coral reefs in support of UNESCO's World Heritage Central Pacific project. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6749. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Kiribati Model; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources
Sorice, M. G., C.-O. Oh, and R. B. Ditton. 2007. Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation. Ambio 36:316-322. 2007 Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Starr, R. M., E. Sala, E. Ballesteros, and M. Zabala. 2007. Spatial dynamics of the Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus in a Caribbean atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series 343:239-249. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, and P. Martin. 2007. Spatial assessment of benefits of a coastal Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. Biological Conservation 136:571-583. 2007 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Stoffle, R. and J. Minnis. 2007. Marine protected areas and the coral reefs of traditional settlements in the Exumas, Bahamas. Coral Reefs 26:1023-1032. 2007 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Model Marine Protected Areas
Stolk, P., K. Markwell, and J. M. Jenkins. 2007. Artificial reefs as recreational scuba diving resources: A critical review of research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:331-350. 2007 Cuba Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 2007 Columbia; China Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sutton, S. G. and S. L. Bushnell. 2007. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:829-846. 2007 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Tarrant, A. M. 2007. Hormonal signaling in cnidarians: Do we understand the pathways well enough to know whether they are being disrupted? Ecotoxicology 16:13-May. 2007 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Special Use Permitting
Taylor, M. S. and L. Akins. 2007. Two new species of Elacatinus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa 45-51. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Mexico Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Tazioli, S., M. Bo, M. Boyer, H. Rotinsulu, and G. Bavestrello. 2007. Ecological observations of some common antipatharian corals in the marine park of Bunaken (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoological Studies 46:227-241. 2007 Indonesia Index or Indicator Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Teh, L. S. L., D. Zeller, A. Cabanban, L. C. L. Teh, and U. R. Sumaila. 2007. Seasonality and historic trends in the reef fisheries of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia. Coral Reefs 26:251-263. 2007 Malaysia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Terashima, H., M. Sato, H. Kawasaki, and D. Thiam. 2007. Quantitative biological assessment of a newly installed artificial reef in Yenne, Senegal. Zoological Studies 46:69-82. 2007 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Tetreault, I. and R. F. Ambrose. 2007. Temperate marine reserves enhance targeted but not untargeted fishes in multiple no-take MPAS. Ecological Applications 17:2251-2267. 2007 Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Thiel, M., E. C. Macaya, E. Acuna, W. E. Arntz, H. Bastias, K. Brokordt, P. A. Camus, J. C. Castilla, L. R. Castro, M. Cortes, C. P. Dumont, R. Escribano, M. Fernandez, J. A. Gajardo, C. F. Gaymer, I. Gomez, A. E. Gonzalez, H. E. Gonzalez, P. A. Haye, and J.-E. Illanes. 2007. The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile - Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:195-344. 2007 South & Central America Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, J.-M. Gili, and W. E. Arntz. 2007. Red coral fishery at the costa brava (NW Mediterranean): Case study of an overharvested precious coral. Ecosystems 10:975-986. 2007 Cuba; Spain Review; Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Special Use Permitting
Tupper, M. 2007. Identification of nursery habitats for commercially valuable humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus and large groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in Palau. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332:189-199. 2007 Palau Algae; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Tupper, M. H. 2007. Spillover of commercially valuable reef fishes from marine protected areas in Guam, Micronesia. Fishery Bulletin 105:527-537. 2007 Micronesia; Guam Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Turner, R. A., A. Cakacaka, N. A. J. Graham, N. V. C. Polunin, M. S. Pratchett, S. M. Stead, and S. K. Wilson. 2007. Declining reliance on marine resources in remote South Pacific societies: Ecological versus socio-economic drivers. Coral Reefs 26:997-1008. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Climate; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Seastars; Surface & Groundwater Flow
United Nations (UN). 2007. An update on marine genetic resources: scientific research, commercial uses and a database on marine bioprospecting. United Nations informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, New York. 2007 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Unsworth, R. K. F., A. Powell, F. Hukom, and D. J. Smith. 2007. The ecology of Indo-Pacific grouper (Serranidae) species and the effects of a small scale no take area on grouper assemblage, abundance and size frequency distribution. Marine Biology 152:243-254. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Uyarra, M. C. and I. M. Cote. 2007. The quest for cryptic creatures: Impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals. Biological Conservation 136:77-84. 2007 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Van Dongen-Vogels, V. and J. Mallefet. 2007. Fluorescent labelling of cultivated corals as a sustainable management tool in coral trade and reefs conservation. Mer 45:81-90. 2007 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Vann, A. 2007. Marine protected areas (MPAs): federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2007 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Vega-Zepeda, A., H. Hernandez-Arana, and J. P. Carricart-Ganivet. 2007. Spatial and size-frequency distribution of Acropora (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) species in Chinchorro Bank, Mexican Caribbean: Implications for management. Coral Reefs 26:671-676. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Vincent, A. C. J., J. J. Meeuwig, M. G. Pajaro, and N. C. Perante. 2007. Characterizing a small-scale, data-poor, artisanal fishery: Seahorses in the central Philippines. Fisheries Research 86:207-215. 2007 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Watson, D. L., E. S. Harvey, G. A. Kendrick, K. Nardi, and M. J. Anderson. 2007. Protection from fishing alters the species composition of fish assemblages in a temperate-tropical transition zone. Marine Biology 152:1197-1206. 2007 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wells, S., N. Burgess, and A. Ngusaru. 2007. Towards the 2012 marine protected area targets in Eastern Africa. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:67-83. 2007 Global; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
White, J. W. and R. R. Warner. 2007. Safety in numbers and the spatial scaling of density-dependent mortality in a coral reef fish. Ecology 88:3044-3054. 2007 Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Wielgus, J., F. Ballantyne IV, E. Sala, and L. R. Gerber. 2007. Viability analysis of reef fish populations based on limited demographic information. Conservation Biology 21:447-454. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Williams, A. J., B. D. Mapstone, and C. R. Davies. 2007. Spatial and interannual patterns in growth of an exploited coral-reef fish. Journal of Fish Biology 71:970-992. 2007 Australia Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Wolfe, D., C. Dolan, and D. Hoskins. 2007. Stormy voyage. Environmental Forum 24:26-30. 2007 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Wong, M. Y. L., P. M. Buston, P. L. Munday, and G. P. Jones. 2007. The threat of punishment enforces peaceful cooperation and stabilizes queues in a coral-reef fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274:1093-1099. 2007 Special Use Permitting
Worachananant, S., R. W. Carter, and M. Hockings. 2007. Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on Surin Marine National Park, Thailand. Coastal Management 35:399-412. 2007 Thailand Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Wynne, S. P. and I. M. Cote. 2007. Effects of habitat quality and fishing on Caribbean spotted spiny lobster populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:488-494. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
[No author name available]. 2006. The further adventures of. Pages 44-47 Dredging and Port Construction. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Adams, A. J., C. P. Dahlgren, G. T. Kellison, M. S. Kendall, C. A. Layman, J. A. Ley, I. Nagelkerken, and J. E. Serafy. 2006. Nursery function of tropical back-reef systems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318:287-301. 2006 Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Ahmed, A. F., Y.-T. Hsieh, Z.-H. Wen, Y.-C. Wu, and J.-H. Sheu. 2006. Polyoxygenated sterols from the formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa. Journal of Natural Products 69:1275-1279. 2006 Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Alcala, A. C. and G. R. Russ. 2006. No-take marine reserves and reef fisheries management in the Philippines: A new people power revolution. Ambio 35:245-254. 2006 Oman; Philippines Model Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Aronson, R.B. and W.F. Precht. 2006. Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 25:441-450. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ashworth, J. S., O. E. Bruce, and M. El Hellw. 2006. Fish assemblages of Red Sea backreef biotopes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:593-609. 2006 Egypt Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ault, J. S., S. G. Smith, J. A. Bohnsack, J. Luo, D. E. Harper, and D. B. McClellan. 2006. Building sustainable fisheries in Florida's coral reef ecosystem: Positive signs in the dry tortugas. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:633-654. 2006 Florida Fish; Fishing Sector
Bevilacqua, S., A. Terlizzi, S. Fraschetti, G. F. Russo, and F. Boero. 2006. Mitigating human disturbance: Can protection influence trajectories of recovery in benthic assemblages? Journal of Animal Ecology 75:908-920. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-Jones, and P. J. B. Hart. 2006. Conservation benefits of temperate marine protected areas: Variation among fish species. Conservation Biology 20:811-820. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing
Bortone, S. A. 2006. A perspective of artificial reef research: The past, present, and future. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:8-Jan. 2006 Artificial Habitat; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
Bradbeer, R. S., K. K. K. Ku, and L. F. Yeung. 2006. Using an underwater camera to monitor real-time fish activities. Sea Technology 47:13-19. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Brunnschweiler, J. M. and J. L. Earle. 2006. A contribution to marine life conservation efforts in the South Pacific: The Shark Reef Marine Reserve, Fiji. Cybium 30:133-139. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Buitrago, J., J. Capelo, J. Gutierrez, M. Rada, R. Hernandez, and S. Grune. 2006. Living macromolluscs from a paleo-reef region on the northeastern Venezuelan continental shelf. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:634-642. 2006 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Discharges; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Burridge, C. Y., C. R. Pitcher, B. J. Hill, T. J. Wassenberg, and I. R. Poiner. 2006. A comparison of demersal communities in an area closed to trawling with those in adjacent areas open to trawling: A study in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Fisheries Research 79:64-74. 2006 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Calado, R. 2006. Marine ornamental species from European waters: A valuable overlooked resource or a future threat for the conservation of marine ecosystems? Scientia Marina 70:389-398. 2006 Europe Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Calcinai, B., C. Cerrano, C. Totti, T. Romagnoli, and G. Bavestrello. 2006. Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia). Invertebrate Biology 125:195-204. 2006 Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Chapman, D. D. F., E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. Babcock. 2006. Marine parks need sharks? [3]. Science 312:526-527. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Chauhan, O. S., S. Jayakumar, A. A. A. Menezes, C. Almeida, G. Bandekar, M. Talaulikar, A. S. Rajawat, and S. R. Nayak. 2006. Suspended sediment dynamics regulated by the macrotidal regime: Evidences from the OCM P-4 data. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6406. 2006 India Coastal Engineering; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Chimner, R. A., B. Fry, M. Y. Kaneshiro, and N. Cormier. 2006. Current extent and historical expansion of introduced mangroves on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 60:377-383. 2006 GIS & Maps Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cinner, J. E. and T. R. McClanahan. 2006. Socioeconomic factors that lead to overfishing in small-scale coral reef fisheries of Papua New Guinea. Environmental Conservation 33:73-80. 2006 Papua New Guinea Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Cinner, J., M. J. Marnane, T. R. McClanahan, and G. R. Almany. 2006. Periodic closures as adaptive coral reef management in the Indo-Pacific. Ecology and Society 11. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Claudet, J., D. Pelletier, J.-Y. Jouvenel, F. Bachet, and R. Galzin. 2006. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biological Conservation 130:349-369. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Coppe, A., G. A. Danieli, and S. Bortoluzzi. 2006. REEF: Searching regionally enriched features in genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 7. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Special Use Permitting
Cowell, P. J., B. G. Thom, R. A. Jones, C. H. Everts, and D. Simanovic. 2006. Management of uncertainty in predicting climate-change impacts on beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 22:232-245. 2006 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sediment; Substrate
Daby, D. 2006. Current patterns and the distribution of benthic habitats in a coastal lagoon of Mauritius. Hydrobiologia 556:47-60. 2006 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dalton, S. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2006. Coral disease dynamics at a subtropical location, Solitary Islands Marine Park, eastern Australia. Coral Reefs 25:37-45. 2006 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Davenport, J. and J. L. Davenport. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:280-292. 2006 Cuba Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Invasive Species; Land & Air Transportation; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Davidson, E. H. and D. H. Erwin. 2006. Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science 311:796-800. 2006 Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Day-Lewis, F. D., E. A. White, C. D. Johnson, J. W. Lane, and M. Belaval. 2006. Continuous resistivity profiling to delineate submarine groundwater discharge - Examples and limitations. Leading Edge (Tulsa, OK) 25:724-728. 2006 Discharges; Nutrients; Resource Use Management; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2006. Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation 33:353-363. 2006 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Incentives; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Deronde, B., S. Sterckx, L. Bertels, E. Knaeps, and P. Kempeneers. 2006. Imaging spectroscopy and integrated coastal zone management: A promising marriage. Pages 327-339 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dirhamsyah, D. 2006. Indonesian legislative framework for coastal resources management: A critical review and recommendation. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:68-92. 2006 Indonesia Review Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Dobson, J. 2006. Sharks, wildlife tourism, and state regulation. Pages 15-23 in Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Dove, S., J. C. Ortiz, S. Enriquez, M. Fine, P. Fisher, R. Iglesias-Prieto, D. Thornhill, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2006. Response of holosymbiont pigments from the scleractinian coral Montipora monasteriata to short-term heat stress. Limnology and Oceanography 51:1149-1158. 2006 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Dulvy, N. K. 2006. Conservation Biology: Strict Marine Protected Areas Prevent Reef Shark Declines. Current Biology 16. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Field, S. F., M. Y. Bulina, I. V. Kelmanson, J. P. Bielawski, and M. V. Matz. 2006. Adaptive evolution of multicolored fluorescent proteins in reef-building corals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 62:332-339. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Floeter, S. R., B. S. Halpern, and C. E. L. Ferreira. 2006. Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biological Conservation 128:391-402. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Foale, S. 2006. The intersection of scientific and indigenous ecological knowledge in coastal Melanesia: Implications for contemporary marine resource management. International Social Science Journal 58:129-137. 2006 Fish; Resource Use Management
Forrester, G. E., B. Evans, M. A. Steele, and R. R. Vance. 2006. Assessing the magnitude of intra- and interspecific competition in two coral reef fishes. Oecologia 148:632-640. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Special Use Permitting
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, B. M. Wetherbee, and M. Shivji. 2006. Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: The potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground. Marine Biology 149:189-199. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, M. S. Shivji, B. M. Wetherbee, and A. F. Amorim. 2006. Habitat of juvenile Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at two oceanic insular marine protected areas in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Fisheries Research 81:236-241. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Gilbert, A., S. Andrefouet, L. Yan, and G. Remoissenet. 2006. The giant clam Tridacna maxima communities of three French Polynesia islands: comparison of their population sizes and structures at early stages of their exploitation. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:1573-1589. 2006 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Gravel, M., R. Vago, and M. Tabrizian. 2006. Use of natural coralline biomaterials as reinforcing and gas-forming agent for developing novel hybrid biomatrices: Microarchitectural and mechanical studies. Tissue Engineering 12:589-600. 2006 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2
Grimsditch, G. D. and R. V. Salm. 2006. Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Zooxanthellae
Groeneveld, O. L. 2006. The mine manager's toolkit. Pages 5-Mar in Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series. 2006 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining Policies; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Hajkowicz, S. 2006. Multi-attributed environmental index construction. Ecological Economics 57:122-139. 2006 Australia Index or Indicator Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Halls, A. S., R. L. Welcomme, and R. W. Burn. 2006. The relationship between multi-species catch and effort: Among fishery comparisons. Fisheries Research 77:78-83. 2006 South & Central America Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Halpern, B.S., K. Cottenie, B.R. Broitman. 2006. Strong Top-Down Control in Southern California Kelp Forest Ecosystems. Science 312:1230-1232. 2006 Global Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Harding, S., J. Comley, and P. Raines. 2006. Baseline data analysis as a tool for predicting the conservation value of tropical coastal habitats in the Indo-Pacific. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:696-705. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; United Kingdom Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Hawgood, B. J. 2006. The marine biologist-Bob Endean. Toxicon 48:768-779. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Snails & Conch
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, C. Dytham, C. Schelten, M. M. Nugues. 2006. Effects of habitat characteristics and sedimentation on performance of marine reserves in St. Lucia. Biological Conservation 127:487-499. 2006 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish
Heasman, M. P. 2006. In pursuit of cost-effective fisheries enhancement of New South Wales blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach) fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 25:211-224. 2006 Review; Model Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Heemstra, P. C., H. Fricke, K. Hissmann, J. Schauer, M. Smale, and K. Sink. 2006. Interactions of fishes with particular reference to coelacanths in the canyons at Sodwana Bay and the St Lucia Marine Protected Area of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 102:461-465. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Comoros; South Africa Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Hilbert, K. W. 2006. Land cover change within the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve: 1974-2001. Journal of Coastal Research 22:1552-1557. 2006 South & Central America; Mexico Remote Sensing Landscape Changes; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Hyland, J., C. Cooksey, W. L. Balthis, M. Fulton, D. Bearden, G. McFall, and M. Kendall. 2006. The soft-bottom macrobenthos of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary and nearby shelf waters off the coast of Georgia, USA. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 330:307-326. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Toxics
J. Parra, G., R. Schick, and P. J. Corkeron. 2006. Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Ecography 29:396-406. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Johnson, D. W. 2006. Density dependence in marine fish populations revealed at small and large spatial scales. Ecology 87:319-325. 2006 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kadison, E., R. S. Nemeth, S. Herzlieb, and J. Blondeau. 2006. Temporal and spatial dynamics of Lutjanus cyanopterus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) and L. jocu spawning aggregations in the United States Virgin Islands. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:69-78. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Kahn, A. E. and M. J. Durako. 2006. Thalassia testudinum seedling responses to changes in salinity and nitrogen levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335:12-Jan. 2006 Florida Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Kaiser, M. J., K. R. Clarke, H. Hinz, M. C. V. Austen, P. J. Somerfield, and I. Karakassis. 2006. Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311:14-Jan. 2006 Global Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kalker, T. 2006. On interoperability of DRM. Pages 45-46 in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop On Digital Rights Management, DRM'06. Co-located with the 13th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS'06. 2006 Europe Model Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Special Use Permitting
Kareiva, P. 2006. Conservation Biology: Beyond Marine Protected Areas. Current Biology 16. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Kayanne, H., H. Iijima, N. Nakamura, T. R. McClanahan, S. Behera, and T. Yamagata. 2006. Indian ocean dipole index recorded in Kenyan coral annual density bands. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Index or Indicator Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Kelley Hart. 2006. The upper Neuse Clean Water Iniative Conservation Plan. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Drinking Water Supply; Improved Technology; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Utilities Policies
Kelley, C. and W. Ikehara. 2006. The impacts of bottomfishing on Raita and West St. Rogatien Banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 305-317. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kuster, C., V. C. Vuki, and L. P. Zann. 2006. Validation of the accuracy of household reporting of subsistence fishing catch and effort: A Fijian case study. Fisheries Management and Ecology 13:177-184. 2006 Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Invertebrates
Lindberg, W. J., T. K. Frazer, K. M. Portier, F. Vose, J. Loftin, D. J. Murie, D. M. Mason, B. Nagy, and M. K. Hart. 2006. Density-dependent habitat selection and performance by a large mobile reef fish. Ecological Applications 16:731-746. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Lombo, F., A. Velasco, A. Castro, F. De La Calle, A. F. Brana, J. M. Sanchez-Puelles, C. Mendez, and J. A. Salas. 2006. Deciphering the biosynthesis pathway of the antitumor thiocoraline from a marine actinomycete and its expression in two Streptomyces species. ChemBioChem 7:366-376. 2006 Indian Ocean; Mozambique; India Molluscs; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Lunn, K. E. and P. Dearden. 2006. Monitoring small-scale marine fisheries: An example from Thailand's Ko Chang archipelago. Fisheries Research 77:60-71. 2006 Global; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Resource Use Management; Small Boats
Madhusoodanan, G., P. P. Ouseph, and S. Kumar. 2006. Bacterial contamination of drinking water and its impact on primary health at Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep, Union Territory of India. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 8:839-843. 2006 Global; India Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Water Utilities Policies
Mangi, S. C. and C. M. Roberts. 2006. Quantifying the environmental impacts of artisanal fishing gear on Kenya's coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1646-1660. 2006 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Physical Damage; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mann, B. Q., L. Celliers, S. T. Fennessy, S. Bailey, and A. D. Wood. 2006. Towards the declaration of a large marine protected area: A subtidal ichthyofaunal survey of the Pondoland coast in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 28:535-551. 2006 South Africa Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., E. Verheij, and J. Maina. 2006. Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:147-165. 2006 Kenya; Tanzania Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., M. J. Marnane, J. E. Cinner, and W. E. Kiene. 2006. A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. Current Biology 16:1408-1413. 2006 Oman; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Methratta, E. T. and J. S. Link. 2006. Seasonal variation in groundfish habitat associations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326:245-256. 2006 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Substrate
Minerals Management Service. 2006. Leasing Oil and Natural Gas Resources. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006 South & Central America; India; Mexico Monetary Valuation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Mora, C., S. Andrefouet, M. J. Costello, C. Kranenburg, A. Rollo, J. Veron, K. J. Gaston, and R. A. Myers. 2006. Coral reefs and the global network of marine protected areas. Science 312:1750-1751. 2006 Global Marine Protected Areas
Morgan, S. K. and S. A. Lourie. 2006. Threatened fishes of the world: Hippocampus comes cantor 1850 (Syngnathidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 75:311-313. 2006 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Morita, M., A. Nishikawa, A. Nakajima, A. Iguchi, K. Sakai, A. Takemura, and M. Okuno. 2006. Eggs regulate sperm flagellar motility initiation, chemotaxis and inhibition in the coral Acropora digitifera, A. gemmifera and A. tenuis. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:4574-4579. 2006 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Mumby, P. J. 2006. Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales. Biological Conservation 128:215-222. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Mumby, P. J., C. P. Dahlgren, A. R. Harborne, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, D. R. Brumbaugh, K. E. Holmes, J. M. Mendes, K. Broad, J. N. Sanchirico, K. Buch, S. Box, R. W. Stoffle, and A. B. Gill. 2006. Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs. Science 311:98-101. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Munday, P. L., A. M. Cardoni, and C. Syms. 2006. Cooperative growth regulation in coral-dwelling fishes. Biology Letters 2:355-358. 2006 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Nellemann, C. and E. Corcoran. 2006. Our precious coasts � Marine pollution, climate change and the resilience of coastal ecosystems. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID, Arendal, Norway. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; CO2; Coastal Development; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Overholtzer-McLeod, K. L. 2006. Consequences of patch reef spacing for density-dependent mortality of coral-reef fishes. Ecology 87:1017-1026. 2006 Global; Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Page, C. and B. Willis. 2006. Distribution, host range and large-scale spatial variability in black band disease prevalence on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 69:41-51. 2006 Australia Cyanobacteria; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Pante, E., M. Adjeroud, P. Dustan, L. Penin, and M. Schrimm. 2006. Spatial patterns of benthic invertebrate assemblages within atoll lagoons: Importance of habitat heterogeneity and considerations for marine protected area design in French Polynesia. Aquatic Living Resource 19:207-217. 2006 Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Park, Y.-J., J.-G. Park, S.-J. Kim, Y.-D. Lee, MD .S . Rahman, and A. Takemura. 2006. Melatonin receptor of a reef fish with lunar-related rhythmicity: Cloning and daily variations. Journal of Pineal Research 41:166-174. 2006 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Pears, R. J., J. H. Choat, B. D. Mapstone, and G. A. Begg. 2006. Demography of a large grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, from Australia's Great Barrier Reef: Implications for fishery management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 307:259-272. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Live Collection; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Rahman, M. A., Y. Isa, and T. Uehara. 2006. Studies on two closely related species of octocorallians: Biochemical and molecular characteristics of the organic matrices of endoskeletal sclerites. Marine Biotechnology 8:415-424. 2006 Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Ramos, J., M. N. Santos, D. Whitmarsh, and C. C. Monteiro. 2006. The usefulness of the analytic hierarchy process for understanding reef diving choices: A case study. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:213-219. 2006 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Reed, J. K., D. C. Weaver, and S. A. Pomponi. 2006. Habitat and fauna of deep-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the southeastern U.S.: Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:343-375. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico GIS & Maps Biomedical Research Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restrepo, J. D., P. Zapata, J. M. Diaz, J. Garzon-Ferreira, and C. B. Garcia. 2006. Fluvial fluxes into the Caribbean Sea and their impact on coastal ecosystems: The Magdalena River, Colombia. Global and Planetary Change 50:33-49. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ritchie, K. B. 2006. Regulation of microbial populations by coral surface mucus and mucus-associated bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series 322:14-Jan. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Invasive Species; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Rodriguez-Lanetty, M., W. S. Phillips, and V. M. Weis. 2006. Transcriptome analysis of a cnidarian - Dinoflagellate mutualism reveals complex modulation of host gene expression. BMC Genomics 7. 2006 Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, W. C. Dennison, A. G. Dekker, and V. E. Brando. 2006. Monitoring toxic cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula (Gomont) in Moreton Bay, Australia by integrating satellite image data and field mapping. Harmful Algae 5:45-56. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Substrate
Santos, M. N., P. G. Lino, P. Pousao-Ferreira, and C. C. Monteiro. 2006. Preliminary results of hatchery-reared seabreams released at artificial reefs off the algarve coast (Southern Portugal): A pilot study. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:177-184. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector
Satria, A., Y. Matsuda, and M. Sano. 2006. Questioning community based coral reef management systems: Case study of awig-awig in Gili Indah, Indonesia. Environment, Development and Sustainability 8:99-118. 2006 Indonesia Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Schneider, K. and J. Erez. 2006. The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma. Limnology and Oceanography 51:1284-1293. 2006 Lab Study CO2; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Severance, E. G. and S. A. Karl. 2006. Contrasting population genetic structures of sympatric, mass-spawning Caribbean corals. Marine Biology 150:57-68. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Silvano, R. A. M., P. F. L. MacCord, R. V. Lima, and A. Begossi. 2006. When does this fish spawn? Fishermen's local knowledge of migration and reproduction of Brazilian coastal fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76:371-386. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith, M. D., J. Zhang, and F. C. Coleman. 2006. Effectiveness of marine reserves for large-scale fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:153-164. 2006 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Stone, R. P. 2006. Coral habitat in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska: Depth distribution, fine-scale species associations, and fisheries interactions. Coral Reefs 25:229-238. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Temraz, T. A., W. E. Houssen, M. Jaspars, D. R. Woolley, K. N. Wease, S. N. Davies, and R. H. Scott. 2006. A pyridinium derivative from Red Sea soft corals inhibited voltage-activated potassium conductances and increased excitability of rat cultured sensory neurones. BMC Pharmacology 6. 2006 Octocoral; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Thapa, B., A. R. Graefe, and L. A. Meyer. 2006. Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Journal of Leisure Research 38:601-615. 2006 Florida; Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Titlyanov, E. A., T. V. Titlyanova, I. M. Yakovleva, and T. L. Kalita. 2006. Rhythmical changes in the division and degradation of symbiotic algae in hermatypic corals. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32:19-Dec. 2006 Japan Algae; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, M. Aranguren, J.-M. Gili, and W. Arntz. 2006. Effects of spatial variability and colony size on the reproductive output and gonadal development cycle of the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Marine Biology 148:513-527. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Turner, I. L., S. G. J. Aarninkhof, and R. A. Holman. 2006. Coastal imaging applications and research in Australia. Journal of Coastal Research 22:37-48. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Engineering
Turton, A., C. Schultz, H. Buckle, M. Kgomongoe, T. Malungani, and M. Drackner. 2006. Gold, scorched earth and water: The hydropolitics of Johannesburg. International Journal of Water Resources Development 22:313-335. 2006 South Africa Housing; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Van Alstyne, K. L., P. Schupp, and M. Slattery. 2006. The distribution of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in tropical Pacific coral reef invertebrates. Coral Reefs 25:321-327. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Climate; Climate Regulation; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting; Sponges; Zooxanthellae
Vize, P. D. 2006. Deepwater broadcast spawning by Montastraea cavernosa, Montastraea franksi, and Diploria strigosa at the Flower Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs 25:169-171. 2006 South & Central America; Mexico Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Wantiez, L., O. Chateau, and S. Le Mouellic. 2006. Initial and mid-term impacts of cyclone Erica on coral reef fish communities and habitat in the South Lagoon Marine Park of New Caledonia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86:1229-1236. 2006 New Caledonia Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Watanuki, N. and B. J. Gonzales. 2006. The potential of artificial reefs as fisheries management tools in developing countries. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:19-Sep. 2006 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Weil, E. 2006. Diversity and relative abundance of corals, octocorals and sponges at Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic [Diversidad y abundancia relativa de corales, octocorales y esponjas en el Parque Nacional Jaragua, Republica Dominicana.]. Revista de biología tropical 54:423-443. 2006 South & Central America; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Wilhelmsson, D., T. Malm, and M. C. Ohman. 2006. The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:775-784. 2006 Europe Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wilkinson, C., A. Caillaud, L. DeVantier, and R. South. 2006. Strategies to reverse the decline in valuable and diverse coral reefs, mangroves and fisheries: The bottom of the J-Curve in Southeast Asia? Ocean and Coastal Management 49:764-778. 2006 Global; Southeast Asia Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Williams, A. J., C. R. Davies, and B. D. Mapstone. 2006. Regional patterns in reproductive biology of Lethrinus miniatus on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine and Freshwater Research 57:403-414. 2006 Australia Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Williams, I. D., W. J. Walsh, A. Miyasaka, and A. M. Friedlander. 2006. Effects of rotational closure on coral reef fishes in Waikiki-Diamond Head Fishery Management Area, Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 310:139-149. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Yum, S. 2006. Ubiquitin expression in soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) exposed to environmental stresses. Korean Journal of Genetics 28:149-156. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 2005. Subsea pipeline to Magnetic Island. Civil Engineers Australia 77:40. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2005. Technology applications: Global biodiversity information. JPT, Journal of Petroleum Technology 57:16. 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas. 2005 Boating Regulations; Docks & Marinas
Abesamis, R. A. and G. R. Russ. 2005. Density-dependent spillover from a marine reserve: Long-term evidence. Ecological Applications 15:1798-1812. 2005 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Amaral, A. C. Z. and S. Jablonski. 2005. Conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:625-631. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Andrefouet, S., A. Gilbert, L. Yan, G. Remoissenet, C. Payri, and Y. Chancerelle. 2005. The remarkable population size of the endangered clam Tridacna maxima assessed in Fangatau Atoll (Eastern Tuamotu, French Polynesia) using in situ and remote sensing data. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:1037-1048. 2005 Remote Sensing Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Ashworth, J. S. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2005. Effects of fishing pressure and trophic group on abundance and spillover across boundaries of a no-take zone. Biological Conservation 121:333-344. 2005 Egypt Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ault, J. S., J. A. Bohnsack, S. G. Smith, and J. Luo. 2005. Towards sustainable multispecies fisheries in the Florida, USA, coral reef ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science 76:595-622. 2005 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Auster, P. J., B. X. Semmens, and K. Barber. 2005. Pattern in the co-occurrence of fishes inhabiting the coral reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:187-194. 2005 Antilles Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Badran, M. I. and M. K. Al Zibdah. 2005. Environmental quality of Jordanian coastal surface sediment, Gulf of Aqaba, red sea. Ambio 34:615-620. 2005 Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Begg, G. A., B. D. Mapstone, A. J. Williams, S. Adams, C. R. Davies, and D. C. Lou. 2005. Multivariate life-history indices of exploited coral reef fish populations used to measure the performance of no-take zones in a marine protected area. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:679-692. 2005 Australia Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bell, R., R. Buchsbaum, C. Roman, and M. Chandler. 2005. Inventory of intertidal marine habitats, Boston Harbor Islands national park area. Northeastern Naturalist 12:169-200. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Invertebrates; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate
Bender, K. and R. Taylor. 2005. Oil spill contingency planning in Thailand. Page 5512 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Thailand Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Bennett, J., P. Lawrence, R. Johnstone, R. Shaw. 2005. Adaptive management and its role in managing Great Barrier Reef water quality. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:70-75. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering
Bergenius, M. A. J., B. D. Mapstone, G. A. Begg, and C. D. Murchie. 2005. The use of otolith chemistry to determine stock structure of three epinepheline serranid coral reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 72:253-270. 2005 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Bosman, C., R. Uken, and A. M. Smith. 2005. The bathymetry of the Aliwal Shoal, Scottburgh, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 101:255-257. 2005 South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Boulon, R., M. Chiappone, R. Halley, W. Jaap, B. Keller, B. Kruczynski, M. Miller, and C. Rogers. 2005. Atlantic Acropora Status Review. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Briones, R., M. Dey, I. Stobutzki, and M. Prein. 2005. Ex ante impact assessment for research on natural resources management: Methods and application to aquatic resource systems. Research Evaluation 14:217-227. 2005 Model Fish; Resource Use Management
Bruckner, A. W. 2005. The importance of the marine ornamental reef fish trade in the wider Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:127-137. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Maldives; Sri Lanka; India; Japan; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean; Europe Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Capili, E. B., A. C. S. Ibay, and J. R. T. Villarin. 2005. Climate change impacts and adaptation on Philippine coasts. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Plankton; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Carrubba, L. and J. Torres. 2005. Bibliography of coral reef and coralline communities in Puerto Rico. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Lajas, Puerto Rico. 2005 Puerto Rico Remote Sensing Algae; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Cervino, J. M., R. Hayes, T. J. Goreau, and G. W. Smith. 2005. Erratum: Zooxanthellae regulation in yellow blotch/band and other coral diseases contrasted with temperature related bleaching: In situ destruction vs expulsion (Symbiosis (2004) 37 (63-85)). Symbiosis 38:101-104. 2005 Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Chateau, O. and L. Wantiez. 2005. Comparison of coral reef fish communities between two fished and one protected reefs in New Caledonia South Lagoon Marine Park [Comparaison de la structure des communautes de poissons coralliens d'interet commercial entre une reserve marine et deux zo. Cybium 29:159-174. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Chatenoux, B. and P. Peduzzi. 2005. Analysis on the role of bathymetry and other environmental parameters in the impacts from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. UNEP/GRID, Europe. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; India Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Infrastructure; Mangroves; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2005. Impacts of lost fishing gear on coral reef sessile invertebrates in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Biological Conservation 121:221-230. 2005 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Cho, L. 2005. Marine protected areas: A tool for integrated coastal management in Belize. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:932-947. 2005 South & Central America; Belize Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas
Christie, P. 2005. Observed and perceived environmental impacts of marine protected areas in two Southeast Asia sites. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:252-270. 2005 Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Cinner, J. 2005. Socioeconomic factors influencing customary marine tenure in the Indo-Pacific. Ecology and Society 10. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Resource Use Management
Claydon, J. 2005. Spawning aggregations of coral reef fishes: Characteristics, hypotheses, threats and management. Oceanography and Marine Biology 42:265-301. 2005 Review Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Clua, E., B. Beliaeff, C. Chauvet, G. David, J. Ferraris, M. Kronen, M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, D. Pelletier, O. Thebaud, and M. Leopold. 2005. Towards multidisciplinary indicator dashboards for coral reef fisheries management. Aquatic Living Resource 18:199-213. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Craik, W. 2005. Oil spills in the great barrier reef region. Page 5801 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Australia Review Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills
Craik, W. 2005. Protecting the Great Barrier Reef from an oil spill. Pages 6586-6598 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills
D'Agnes, H., J. Castro, L. D'Agnes, and R. Montebon. 2005. Gender issues within the population-environment nexus in Philippines coastal areas. Coastal Management 33:447-458. 2005 Philippines Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Davies, P.L., B.D. Eyre. 2005. Estuarine modification of nutrient and sediment exports to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park from the Daintree and Annan River catchments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:174-185. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
DeVogelaere, A., R. Kochevar, M. Tamburri, G. Cailliet, E. Burton, S. Benson, and W. Douros. 2005. Exploring the davidson seamount: Combining science, public outreach, and resource management. Pages 371-376 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 Model Resource Use Management; Sponges
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. Second part. Development and management [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Seconde partie. Amenagement et gestion]. Oceanis 31:195-341. 2005 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Ed Parnell, P., C. E. Lennert-Cody, L. Geelen, L. D. Stanley, and P. K. Dayton. 2005. Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296:39-52. 2005 Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Elliott, J. E. 2005. Responding to vessel groundings and oil spills in national parks and marine sanctuaries. Pages 10012-10017 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses
Enriquez, S. and N. I. Pantoja-Reyes. 2005. Form-function analysis of the effect of canopy morphology on leaf self-shading in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Oecologia 145:235-243. 2005 Model; Index or Indicator Light; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Epstein, N., M. J. A. Vermeij, R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2005. Alleviating impacts of anthropogenic activities by traditional conservation measures: Can a small reef reserve be sustainedly managed? Biological Conservation 121:243-255. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Fernandes, L., J. Day, A. Lewis, S. Slegers, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, D. Cameron, B. Jago, J. Hall, D. Lowe, J. Innes, J. Tanzer, V. Chadwick, L. Thompson, K. Gorman, M. Simmons, B. Barnett, K. Sampson, G. De�Ath, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, H. Possingham, I. Ball, T. Ward, K. Dobbs, J. Aumend, D. Slater, and K. Stapleton. 2005. Establishing representative no-take areas in the great barrier reef: Large-scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 19:1733-1744. 2005 Global; Australia; Japan Cultural Protections; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Finkl, C. W., R. H. Charlier, and S. L. Krupa. 2005. Vulnerability of coastal environments to land use and abuse: The example of southeast Florida. International Journal of Environmental Studies 62:535-554. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gascuel, D., Y.-M. Bozec, E. Chassot, A. Colomb, and M. Laurans. 2005. The trophic spectrum: Theory and application as an ecosystem indicator. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:443-452. 2005 New Caledonia; Europe Model; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gayle, P. M. H., P. Wilson-Kelly, and S. Green. 2005. Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:105-115. 2005 Jamaica; Panama Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Octocoral; Recreational Opportunities; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Gee, N. 2005. Coastal management: Sea palling, Norfolk. Geography Review 18:13-Oct. 2005
Gjertsen, H. 2005. Can habitat protection lead to improvements in human well-being? Evidence from marine protected areas in the Philippines. World Development 33:199-217. 2005 Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Gladstone, W. and T. Alexander. 2005. A test of the higher-taxon approach in the identification of candidate sites for marine reserves. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:3151-3168. 2005 Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Graham, N. A. J., N. K. Dulvy, S. Jennings, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2005. Size-spectra as indicators of the effects of fishing on coral reef fish assemblages. Coral Reefs 24:118-124. 2005 Fiji Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N. A. 2005. MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2005 Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Grimsditch, G. D. and R. V. Salm. 2005. Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Halpern, B. S. 2005. Predicting local responses to marine reserves from global evidence. Pages 686-696 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Resource Use Management; Substrate
Hardin, M. P. and R. S. Legore. 2005. Development of management policy for the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate fishery in Puerto Rico: A case study. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:139-144. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Resource Use Management
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, D. Kooistra, K. Buchan, and S. White. 2005. Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management 33:373-387. 2005 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, R. and P. J. Ralph. 2005. Diel and seasonal changes in fluorescence rise kinetics of three scleractinian corals. Functional Plant Biology 32:549-559. 2005 Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Huang, Y.-C., J.-H. Guh, Y.-C. Shen, and C.-M. Teng. 2005. Investigation of anticancer mechanism of clavulone II, a coral cyclopentenone prostaglandin analog, in human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of Biomedical Science 12:335-345. 2005 Special Use Permitting
Hutchings, P. 2005. A complete rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:4-Jan. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Ismail, M., T. Kimura, Y. Suzuki, and M. Tsuchiya. 2005. Seasonal and spatial variations of total mass flux around coral reefs in the Southern Ryukyus, Japan. Journal of Oceanography 61:631-644. 2005 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
James, M. K. and L. B. Mason. 2005. Synthetic tropical cyclone database. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 131:181-192. 2005 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Jordan, A., M. Lawler, V. Halley, and N. Barrett. 2005. Seabed habitat mapping in the Kent Group of islands and its role in marine protected area planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:51-70. 2005 Australia GIS & Maps Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sponges
Juman, R. A. 2005. Biomass, litterfall and decomposition rates for the fringed Rhizophora mangle forest lining the Bon Accord Lagoon, Tobago. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:207-217. 2005 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Juman, R. A. 2005. The structure and productivity of the Thalassia testudinum community in Bon Accord Lagoon, Tobago. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:219-227. 2005 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Keller, B. D. and B. D. Causey. 2005. Linkages between the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:869-900. 2005 Florida Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas
King, M. C. and K. F. Beazley. 2005. Selecting focal species for marine protected area network planning in the Scotia-Fundy region of Atlantic Canada. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:367-385. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Kroon, F. J., P. L. Munday, D. A. Westcott, J.-P.A. Hobbs, and N. R. Liley. 2005. Aromatase pathway mediates sex change in each direction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:1399-1405. 2005 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kuffner, I. B. 2005. Temporal variation in photosynthetic pigments and UV-absorbing compounds in shallow populations of two Hawaiian reef corals. Pacific Science 59:561-580. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Light; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Lang, M. A. 2005. The USA scientific diving medical and safety experience. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 35:154-161. 2005 Global; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
LeDrew, E. and A. Lim. 2005. The application of the getis statistic to high resolution imagery to detect change in the spatial structure of submerged tropical corals between image dates. Pages 217-219 in Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Analysis of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images 2005. 2005 Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses
LeGore, R. S., M. P. Hardin, and D. Ter-Ghazaryan. 2005. Organization and operation of the marine ornamental fish and invertebrate export fishery in Puerto Rico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:145-153. 2005 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Worms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch
Linnane, A., W. Dimmlich, and T. Ward. 2005. Movement patterns of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, off South Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39:335-346. 2005 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Little, L. R., A. D. M. Smith, A. D. McDonald, A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, F. Pantus, and C. R. Davies. 2005. Effects of size and fragmentation of marine reserves and fisher infringement on the catch and biomass of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:177-188. 2005 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Madden, C. J., D. H. Grossman, and K. L. Goodin. 2005. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II, Arlington, Virginia. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Salinity; Substrate
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. J. Graham. 2005. Recovery trajectories of coral reef fish assemblages within Kenyan marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294:241-248. 2005 Kenya Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, and J. Davies. 2005. Perceptions of resource users and managers towards fisheries management options in Kenyan coral reefs. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:105-112. 2005 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, C. J. Starger, P. Herron-Perez, and E. Dusek. 2005. Detriments to post-bleaching recovery of corals. Coral Reefs 24:230-246. 2005 Global Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
McClanahan, T. R., S. Mwaguni, and N. A. Muthiga. 2005. Management of the Kenyan coast. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:901-931. 2005 Kenya Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing Sector; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Micheli, F. and B. Halpern. 2005. Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages. Ecology Letters 8:391-400. 2005 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Micheli, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, S. Gambaccini, I. Bertocci, C. Borsini, G. C. Osio, and F. Romano. 2005. Cascading human impacts, marine protected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages. Ecological Monographs 75:81-102. 2005 Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Milazzo, M., F. Badalamenti, T. Vega Fernandez, and R. Chemello. 2005. Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Marine Biology 146:1213-1222. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Mitchell, C., J. Brodie, and I. White. 2005. Sediments, nutrients and pesticide residues in event flow conditions in streams of the Mackay Whitsunday Region, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:23-36. 2005 Australia Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Montaggioni, L. F. 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation: Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews 71:Jan-75. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
National Marine Sanctuaries. 2005. MPAs and Enforcement. Module 7, NOAA. 2005 Special Use Permitting
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Ordines, F., J. Moranta, M. Palmer, A. Lerycke, A. Suau, B. Morales-Nin, and A. M. Grau. 2005. Variations in a shallow rocky reef fish community at different spatial scales in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 304:221-233. 2005 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Overholtzer-McLeod, K. L. 2005. Post-settlement emigration affects mortality estimates for two Bahamian wrasses. Coral Reefs 24:283-291. 2005 Bahamas Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Pelletier, D. and S. Mahevas. 2005. Spatially explicit fisheries simulation models for policy evaluation. Fish and Fisheries 6:307-349. 2005 Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Pelletier, D., J. A. Garcia-Charton, J. Ferraris, G. David, O. Thebaud, Y. Letourneur, J. Claudet, M. Amand, M. Kulbicki, and R. Galzin. 2005. Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standpoint. Aquatic Living Resource 18:15-33. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Pet, J. S., P. J. Mous, A. H. Muljadi, Y. J. Sadovy, and L. Squire. 2005. Aggregations of Plectropomus areolatus and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (groupers, Serranidae) in the Komodo National Park, Indonesia: Monitoring and implications for management. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:209-218. 2005 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Petit, C. C. and J. J. Vandenabeele. 2005. Supporting coastal and lake applications with the help of remote sensing. Pages 2771-2774 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2005 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Coastal Development; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sediment
Potter, A. and V. Molose. 2005. Access to clean water crucial in fight against AIDS. Water Wheel 4:18-20. 2005
Rahman, M. A., Y. Isa, and T. Uehara. 2005. Proteins of calcified endoskeleton: II Partial amino acid sequences of endoskeletal proteins and the characterization of proteinaceous organic matrix of spicules from the alcyonarian, Synularia polydactyla. Proteomics 5:885-893. 2005 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting
Raubenheimer, D., W. L. Zemke-White, R. J. Phillips, and K. D. Clements. 2005. Algal macronutrients and food selection by the omnivorous marine fish Girella tricuspidata. Ecology 86:2601-2610. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Fish; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Rayment, G. E. 2005. Northeast Australian experience in minimizing environmental harm from waste recycling and potential pollutants of soil and water. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36:121-131. 2005 Australia Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ribeiro, C., A. J. Almeida, R. Araujo, M. Biscoito, and M. Freitas. 2005. Fish assemblages of Cais do Carvão Bay (Madeira Island) determined by the visual census technique. Journal of Fish Biology 67:1568-1584. 2005 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Rivera-Planter, M. and C. Munoz-Pina. 2005. Fees for reefs: Economic instruments to protect Mexico's marine natural areas. Current Issues in Tourism 8:195-213. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Model Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation
Roberts, J. M., C. J. Brown, D. Long, and C. R. Bates. 2005. Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats. Coral Reefs 24:654-669. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rowley, A. F., C. L. Vogan, G. W. Taylor, and A. S. Clare. 2005. Prostaglandins in non-insectan invertebrates: Recent insights and unsolved problems. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:14-Mar. 2005 Review Special Use Permitting; Tunicates
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2005. Spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic assemblages to artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 290:67-78. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Sadovy, Y. and M. Domeier. 2005. Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs 24:254-262. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Sanchez, J. A., V. Pizarro, A. R. Acosta-de-Sanchez, P. A. Castillo, P. Herron, J. C. Martinez, P. Montoya, and C. Orozco. 2005. Evaluating coral reef benthic communities in remote Caribbean Atolls (Quitasueno, Serrana, and Roncador Banks) to recommend marine-protected areas for the seaflower biosphere reserve. Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-65. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Substrate
Sandin, S. A. and S. W. Pacala. 2005. Demographic theory of coral reef fish populations with stochastic recruitment: Comparing sources of population regulation. American Naturalist 165:107-119. 2005 Model Fish; Special Use Permitting
Sandin, S. A. and S. W. Pacala. 2005. Fish aggregation results in inversely density-dependent predation on continuous coral reefs. Ecology 86:1520-1530. 2005 Antilles Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Special Use Permitting
Sayer, M. D. J., S. H. Magill, T. J. Pitcher, L. Morissette, and C. Ainsworth. 2005. Simulation-based investigations of fishery changes as affected by the scale and design of artificial habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 67:218-243. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Schleyer, M. H. and L. Celliers. 2005. Modelling reef zonation in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:373-384. 2005 Global; South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Decision Support; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Shaughnessy, P. D., T. E. Dennis, and P. G. Seager. 2005. Status of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, and New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, on Eyre Peninsula and the far west coast of South Australia. Wildlife Research 32:85-101. 2005 Australia Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas
Shaw, M. and J. F. Muller. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the occurrence of herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using passive samplers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:876-881. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shick, J. M., C. Ferrier-Pages, R. Grover, and D. Allemand. 2005. Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295:135-156. 2005 Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use; Zooxanthellae
Shuman, C. S., G. Hodgson, and R. F. Ambrose. 2005. Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines. Coral Reefs 24:564-573. 2005 Philippines Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector
Sosa-Lopez, A., D. Mouillot, T. Do Chi, and J. Ramos-Miranda. 2005. Ecological indicators based on fish biomass distribution along trophic levels: An application to the Terminos coastal lagoon, Mexico. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:453-458. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Stevens, T. and R. M. Connolly. 2005. Local-scale mapping of benthic habitats to assess representation in a marine protected area. Marine and Freshwater Research 56:111-123. 2005 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Substrate
Symons, L. C. and J. Morris. 2005. Development of multi-hazard contingency plans and tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Pages 9628-9631 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Whales & Dolphins
Symons, L. C., M. Hodges, and M. S. Devany. 2005. Flexibility for NOAA in development and application of multi-hazard contingency plans and response tools: The Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). Pages 11158-11160 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Tomasko, D. A., C. A. Corbett, H. S. Greening, and G. E. Raulerson. 2005. Spatial and temporal variation in seagrass coverage in Southwest Florida: assessing the relative effects of anthropogenic nutrient load reductions and rainfall in four contiguous estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:797-805. 2005 Florida Nutrients; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Trudel, B. K., R. C. Belore, B. J. Jessiman, and S. L. Ross. 2005. A microcomputer-based spill impact assessment system for untreated and chemically dispersed oil spills in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Page 4770 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Turner, J. and R. Klaus. 2005. Coral reefs of the Mascarenes, Western Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363:229-250. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Reviewing environmental impact statements for fishery management plans. Office of Federal Activities, Washington DC. 2005 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fishing Sector; Internet & Telecommunications; Special Use Permitting
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2005. Reviewing environmental impact statements for fishery management plans. Washington DC. 2005 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Uychiaoco, A. J., H. O. Arceo, S. J. Green, M. T. De La Cruz, P. A. Gaite, and P. M. Alino. 2005. Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the adaptive management cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2775-2794. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Vermeij, M. J. A. 2005. Substrate composition and adult distribution determine recruitment patterns in a Caribbean brooding coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295:123-133. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate
Vincent, A. C. J., K. L. Evans, and A. D. Marsden. 2005. Home range behaviour of the monogamous Australian seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Environmental Biology of Fishes 72:12-Jan. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Seagrasses
Vize, P. D., J. A. Embesi, M. Nickell, D. P. Brown, and D. K. Hagman. 2005. Tight temporal consistency of coral mass spawning at the Flower Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico, from 1997-2003. Gulf of Mexico Science 23:107-114. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Weis, J. S. and P. Weis. 2005. Use of intertidal mangrove and sea wall habitats by coral reef fishes in the Wakatobi Marine Park, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53:119-124. 2005 Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
White, A. T., R.-L. Eisma-Osorio, and S. J. Green. 2005. Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas: Complementarity in the Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:948-971. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Amand, M., D. Pelletier, J. Ferraris, and M. Kulbicki. 2004. A step toward the definition of ecological indicators of the impact of fishing on the fish assemblage of the Abore reef reserve (New Caledonia). Aquatic Living Resource 17:139-149. 2004 New Caledonia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Ando, R., H. Mizuno, and A. Miyawaki. 2004. Regulated fast nucleocytoplasmic shuttling observed by reversible protein highlighting. Science 306:1370-1373. 2004 Special Use Permitting
Andrulewicz, E., L. Kruk-Dowgiallo, and A. Osowiecki. 2004. Phytobenthos and macrozoobenthos of the Slupsk Bank stony reefs, Baltic Sea. Hydrobiologia 514:163-170. 2004 Algae
Arias-Gonzalez, J.E., E. Nunez-Lara, C. Gonzalez-Salas, and R. Galzin. 2004. Trophic models for investigation of fishing effect on coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 172:197-212. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production
Ashworth, J. S., R. F. G. Ormond, and H. T. Sturrock. 2004. Effects of reef-top gathering and fishing on invertebrate abundance across take and no-take zones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 303:221-242. 2004 Egypt Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Ayre, D. J. and T. P. Hughes. 2004. Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters 7:273-278. 2004 Global; Australia Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Barker, N. H. L. and C. M. Roberts. 2004. Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation 120:481-489. 2004 Cuba; St. Lucia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Beck, M. W., T. D. Marsh, S. E. Reisewitz, and M. L. Bortman. 2004. New tools for marine conservation: The leasing and ownership of submerged lands. Conservation Biology 18:1214-1223. 2004 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Bivalves; Seagrasses; Sponges
Beger, M., A. R. Harborne, T. P. Dacles, J.-L. Solandt, and G. L. Ledesma. 2004. A framework of lessons learned from community-based marine reserves and its effectiveness in guiding a new coastal management initiative in the Philippines. Environmental Management 34:786-801. 2004 Philippines Review Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Bellwood, D. R., T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nystrom. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827-833. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Benkendorff, K. and A. R. Davis. 2004. Gastropod egg mass deposition on a temperate, wave-exposed coastline in New South Wales, Australia: Implications for intertidal conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:263-280. 2004 Australia Molluscs
Brock, R. J. and B. F. Culhane. 2004. The no-take research natural area of Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida): Wishful thinking or responsible planning? Pages 67-74 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Buonaccorsi, V. P., M. Westerman, J. Stannard, C. Kimbrell, E. Lynn, and R. D. Vetter. 2004. Molecular genetic structure suggests limited larval dispersal in grass rockfish, Sebastes rastrelliger. Marine Biology 145:779-788. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Capitini, C. A., B. N. Tissot, M. S. Carroll, W. J. Walsh, and S. Peck. 2004. Competing perspectives in resource protection: The case of the marine protected areas in West Hawai'i. Society and Natural Resources 17:763-778. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Cappo, M., P. Speare, and G. De'Ath. 2004. Comparison of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and prawn (shrimp) trawls for assessments of fish biodiversity in inter-reefal areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302:123-152. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cervino, J. M., R. Hayes, T. J. Goreau, and G. W. Smith. 2004. Zooxanthellae regulation in yellow blotch/band and other coral diseases contrasted with temperature related bleaching: In situ destruction vs expulsion. Symbiosis 37:63-85. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Algae; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Cesar, H. S. J., P. van Beukering, R. Payet, and E. Grandourt. 2004. Evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of marine ecosystem degradation in the Seychelles. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Netherlands. 2004 Seychelles Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Chapman, B. and J. R. Turner. 2004. Development of a geographical information system for the marine resources of Rodrigues. Journal of Natural History 38:2937-2957. 2004 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and H. Dienes. 2004. Spatial distribution of lost fishing gear on fished and protected offshore reefs in the Florida Keys national marine sanctuary. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:312-326. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Claudet, J. and D. Pelletier. 2004. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquatic Living Resource 17:129-138. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Coleman, F. C., P. B. Baker, and C. C. Koenig. 2004. A Review of Gulf of Mexico Marine Protected Areas: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned. Fisheries 29:21-Oct. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Coma, R., E. Pola, M. Ribes, and M. Zabala. 2004. Long-term assessment of temperate octocoral mortality patterns, protected vs. unprotected areas. Ecological Applications 14:1466-1478. 2004 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Crabbe, M. J. C., S. Karaviotis, and D. J. Smith. 2004. Monitoring growth of hard corals as performance indicators for coral reefs. Journal of Biological Education 38:113-117. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Jamaica; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral
Craig, M. T., F. J. Fodrie, and P. A. Hastings. 2004. The nearshore fish assemblage of the Scripps Coastal Reserve, San Diego, California. Coastal Management 32:341-351. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Special Use Permitting
Crawford, B. R., A. Siahainenia, C. Rotinsulu, and A. Sukmara. 2004. Compliance and enforcement of community-based coastal resource management regulations in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coastal Management 32:39-50. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman; Indonesia Review Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Davis, K. L. F., G. R. Russ, D. H. Williamson, and R. D. Evans. 2004. Surveillance and poaching on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 32:373-387. 2004 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
DeMartini, E. E. 2004. Habitat and endemism of recruits to shallow reef fish populations: Selection criteria for no-take MPAs in the NWHI coral reef ecosystem reserve. Bulletin of Marine Science 74:185-205. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
DeMartini, E. E. and A. M. Friedlander. 2004. Spatial patterns of endemism in shallow-water reef fish populations of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 271:281-296. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Denny, C. M. and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biological Conservation 116:119-129. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Denny, C. M., T. J. Willis, and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Rapid recolonisation of snapper Pagrus auratus: Sparidae within an offshore island marine reserve after implementation of no-take status. Marine Ecology Progress Series 272:183-190. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Duval, M. A., D. N. Rader, K. C. Lindeman. 2004. Linking habitat protection and marine protected area programs to conserve coral reefs and associated back reef habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:321-334. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, A. J. Morton, and C. R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 312:67-87. 2004 Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and A. J. Morton. 2004. Patterns of fish movement on eastern Tasmanian rocky reefs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 70:273-284. 2004 Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Evans, R. D. and G. R. Russ. 2004. Larger biomass of targeted reef fish in no-take marine reserves on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:505-519. 2004 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Southeast Florida coral reef initiative: a local action strategy. 2004 Florida Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest
Flynn, A. M. 2004. Marine protected areas: federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2004 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Foale, S. and B. Manele. 2004. Social and political barriers to the use of Marine Protected Areas for conservation and fishery management in Melanesia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 45:373-386. 2004 Solomon Islands; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Forrester, G. E. and M. A. Steele. 2004. Predators, prey refuges, and the spatial scaling of density-dependent prey mortality. Ecology 85:1332-1342. 2004 Special Use Permitting
Gales, N., R. D. McCauley, J. Lanyon, and D. Holley. 2004. Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: Evidence for large-scale migration. Wildlife Research 31:283-290. 2004 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Goffredo, S., G. Mattiolo, and F. Zaccani. 2004. Growth and population dynamics model of the Mediterranean solitary coral Balanophyllia europaea (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae). Coral Reefs 23:433-443. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Resource Use Management; Stony Coral
Goldshmid, R., R. Holzman, D. Weihs, and A. Genin. 2004. Aeration of corals by sleep-swimming fish. Limnology and Oceanography 49:1832-1839. 2004 Lab Study Algae; Fish; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Goreau, T. J., J. M. Cervino, and R. Pollina. 2004. Increased zooxanthellae numbers and mitotic index in electrically stimulated corals. Symbiosis 37:107-120. 2004 Global; Indonesia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; CO2; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Grigg, R. W. 2004. Harvesting impacts and invasion by an Alien species decrease estimates of black coral yield off Maui, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:6-Jan. 2004 Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Special Use Permitting
Guidetti, P., A. Terlizzi, and F. Boero. 2004. Effects of the edible sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, fishery along the Apulian rocky coast (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Fisheries Research 66:287-297. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Urchins; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Guillaume, M. M. M. 2004. Corals and coral trade [Les coraux et leur commerce]. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 129:28-Nov. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Fiji; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan; Europe; Spain; France Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Monetary Valuation; Octocoral; Ornamental Jewelry & Art
Guzman, H. M., C. A. Guevara, and O. Breedy. 2004. Distribution, diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba Island). Environmental Conservation 31:111-121. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Algae; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Hackett, J. D., D. M. Anderson, D. L. Erdner, and D. Bhattacharya. 2004. Dinoflagellates: A remarkable evolutionary experiment. American Journal of Botany 91:1523-1534. 2004 Review Algae; Special Use Permitting
Hohenegger, J. 2004. Depth coenoclines and environmental considerations of Western Pacific larger foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 34:Sep-33. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Climate; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Howard, E. G., J. J. Pereira, G. J. Dittberner, M. Griffin, and H.-H. Burke. 2004. Remote sensing opportunities for coastal management. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5548:25-36. 2004 Review; Remote Sensing Resource Use Management
Inoue, M., A. Suzuki, M. Nohara, H. Kan, A. Edward, and H. Kawahata. 2004. Coral skeletal tin and copper concentrations at Pohnpei, Micronesia: Possible index for marine pollution by toxic anti-biofouling paints. Environmental Pollution 129:399-407. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Micronesia Index or Indicator Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
Jameson, S. C., R. A. Kelty. 2004. A review of indicators of land-based pollution stress on coral reefs. Honolulu, HI. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Jarving, R., I. Jarving, R. Kurg, A. R. Brash, and N. Samel. 2004. On the evolutionary origin of cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes: Characterization of marine invertebrate COX genes points to independent duplication events in vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279:13624-13633. 2004 Special Use Permitting
Jenkins, G. P. 2004. The ecosystem effects of abalone fishing: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 55:545-552. 2004 Review; Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Jouvenel, J.-Y., F. Bachet, J.-G. Harmelin, and D. Bellan-Santini. 2004. Biological monitoring of a marine reserve ('Cote bleue' marine park, Marseilles Bay, Mediterranean Sea, France) [Suivi biologique d'une reserve marine de la Cote bleue (golfe de Marseille, Mediterranee, France)]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 59:243-251. 2004 France Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kamukuru, A. T., Y. D. Mgaya, and M. C. Ohman. 2004. Evaluating a marine protected area in a developing country: Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:321-337. 2004 Tanzania Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Karr, J. R. and C. O. Yoder. 2004. Biological assessment and criteria improve TMDL decision making. Journal of Environmental Engineering [inpress]. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designated Uses; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kaunda-Arara, B. and G. A. Rose. 2004. Effects of marine reef National Parks on fishery CPUE in coastal Kenya. Biological Conservation 118:13-Jan. 2004 Kenya Model Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Kaunda-Arara, B. and G. A. Rose. 2004. Homing and site fidelity in the greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina (Serranidae) within a marine protected area in coastal Kenya. Marine Ecology Progress Series 277:245-251. 2004 Kenya Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Kelty, R., K. Andrews, J. Wheaton, L. Nall, C. Beaver, W. Japp, B. Keller, V. R. Leeworthy, J. A. Bohnsack, T. Matthews, J. Ault, F. Ferro, G. Delgado, D. Harper, J. Hunt, B. Sharp, C. Pattengil-Semmens, S. Smith, R. Spieler, R.E. Dodge, D. Gilliam, B. Goodwin, G. Schmahl, E. Hickerson, J. R. Garcia, C. Lilyestrom, R. Appeldoorn, A. Bruckner, E. Williams, C. .F.G. Jeffrey, U. Alauf, A. Riedlander, C. Rogers, J. Miller, J. Beets, R. Nemeth, S. Herzlieb, V. Mayor, W. Toller, Z. Hillis-Starr, S. Caseau, and M. Miller. 2004. Status of coral reefs in the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico: Florida, Flower Garden Banks, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Navassa. Pages 431-450 Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Volume 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 2004 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Climate; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Kritzer, J. P. 2004. Effects of noncompliance on the success of alternative designs of marine protected-area networks for conservation and fisheries management. Conservation Biology 18:1021-1031. 2004 Model Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kritzer, J. P. 2004. Sex-specific growth and mortality, spawning season, and female maturation of the stripey bass (Lutjanus carponotatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Fishery Bulletin 102:94-107. 2004 Australia Index or Indicator Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Leopold, M., J. Ferraris, and P. Labrosse. 2004. Assessment of the reliability of fish consumption as an indicator of reef fish catches in small Pacific islands: The example of Ouvea Island in New Caledonia. Aquatic Living Resource 17:119-127. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Resource Use Management
Lowry, M. and L. Suthers. 2004. Population structure of aggregations, and response to spear fishing, of a large temperate reef fish Cheilodactylus fuscus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273:199-210. 2004 Finfish Harvest; Fish
Lynch, T.P., E. Wilkinson, L. Melling, R. Hamilton, A. Macready, and S. Feary. 2004. Conflict and Impacts of Divers and Anglers in a Marine Park. Environmental Management 33:196-211. 2004 Australia; Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Madin, E. M. P. and D. M. Fenton. 2004. Environmental interpretation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: An assessment of programme effectiveness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12:121-137. 2004 Australia Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Maliao, R. J., E. L. Webb, and K. R. Jensen. 2004. A survey of stock of the donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: Evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research 66:343-353. 2004 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Meester, G. A., A. Mehrotra, J. S. Ault, and E. K. Baker. 2004. Designing marine reserves for fishery management. Management Science 50:1031-1043. 2004 Global; Florida Model Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Miller, K. J., C. N. Mundy, and W. L. Chadderton. 2004. Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:75-94. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Muller, A., M. K. Gagan, and J. M. Lough. 2004. Effect of early marine diagenesis on coral reconstructions of surface-ocean 13C/12C and carbonate saturation state. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18. 2004 Global; Australia Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Marine Protected Areas
Nardi, K., G. P. Jones, M. J. Moran, and Y. W. Cheng. 2004. Contrasting effects of marine protected areas on the abundance of two exploited reef fishes at the sub-tropical Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Environmental Conservation 31:160-168. 2004 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Ochiewo, J. 2004. Changing fisheries practices and their socioeconomic implications in South Coast Kenya. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:389-408. 2004 Kenya Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Okey, T. A., S. Banks, A. F. Born, R. H. Bustamante, M. Calvopina, G. J. Edgar, E. Espinoza, J. M. Farina, L. E. Garske, G. K. Reck, S. Salazar, S. Shepherd, V. Toral-Granda, and P. Wallem. 2004. A trophic model of a Galapagos subtidal rocky reef for evaluating fisheries and conservation strategies. Ecological Modelling 172:383-401. 2004 Model Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Overholtzer-McLeod, K. L. 2004. Variance in reef spatial structure masks density dependence in coral-reef fish populations on natural versus artificial reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 276:269-280. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Pais, A., E. Azzurro, and L. A. Chessa. 2004. Distribution patterns of coastal fish assemblages associated with different rocky substrates in Asinara Island National Park (Sardinia, Italy). Italian Journal of Zoology 71:309-316. 2004 Deforestation & Devegetation; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Pavageau, J. 2004. Research in human sciences and management of protected areas [La recherche en sciences humaines et la gestion des aires protegees]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 59:71-76. 2004 Global; Reunion Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Pomeroy, R. S., J. E. Parks, and L. M. Watson. 2004. How is your MPA doing? a guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. he World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Rockloff, S. F. and S. Lockie. 2004. Participatory tools for coastal zone management: Use of stakeholder analysis and social mapping in Australia. Journal of Coastal Conservation 10:81-92. 2004 Australia GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Roessig, J. M., C. M. Woodley, J. J. Cech Jr., and L. J. Hansen. 2004. Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:251-275. 2004 Global Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ruiz-Zarate, M. A. and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2004. Spatial study of juvenile corals in the Northern region of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). Coral Reefs 23:584-594. 2004 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Hydrocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Russ, G. R., A. C. Alcala, A. P. Maypa, H. P. Calumpong, and A. T. White. 2004. Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications 14:597-606. 2004 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Sale, P. F. 2004. Connectivity, recruitment variation, and the structure of reef fish communities. Pages 390-399 in Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2004 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Schroeder, D. M. and M. S. Love. 2004. Ecological and political issues surrounding decommissioning of offshore oil facilities in the Southern California Bight. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:21-48. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Rigs
Sealey, K. S. 2004. Large-scale ecological impacts of development on tropical islands systems: Comparison of developed and undeveloped islands in the central Bahamas. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:295-320. 2004 Bahamas Algae; Coastal Development; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Shick, J. M. 2004. The continuity and intensity of ultraviolet irradiation affect the kinetics of biosynthesis, accumulation, and conversion of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata. Limnology and Oceanography 49:442-458. 2004 Lab Study Light; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Shinn, E. A. 2004. The mixed value of environmental regulations: Do acroporid corals deserve endangered species status? Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:531-533. 2004 Special Use Permitting
Shipp, R. L. 2004. Harvest benefits: Marine reserves or traditional fishery management tools. Pages 125-131 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Shuman, C. S., G. Hodgson, and R. F. Ambrose. 2004. Managing the marine aquarium trade: Is eco-certification the answer? Environmental Conservation 31:339-348. 2004 Global; Indonesia; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Takemura, A., MD .S . Rahman, S. Nakamura, J. P. Young, and K. Takano. 2004. Lunar cycles and reproductive activity in reef fishes with particular attention to rabbitfishes. Fish and Fisheries 5:317-328. 2004 Review Fish; Special Use Permitting
Tibbetts, J. 2004. The state of the oceans, part 1: eating away at a global food source. Environmental Health Perspectives 112:A282-A291. 2004 Global Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens
Tissot, B. N., W. J. Walsh, and L. E. Hallacher. 2004. Evaluating effectiveness of a marine protected area network in West Hawai'i to increase productivity of an aquarium fishery. Pacific Science 58:175-188. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Tongson, E. and M. Dygico. 2004. User fee system for marine ecotourism: The Tubbataha Reef experience. Coastal Management 32:17-23. 2004 Cuba; Philippines Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Toscas, P. J., M. J. Faddy, and C. Y. Burridge. 2004. Analysis of the impact of prawn trawling on benthic species in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmetrics 15:279-289. 2004 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Turner, I. L., S. G. J. Aarninkhof, T. D. T. Dronkers, and J. McGrath. 2004. CZM applications of argus coastal imaging at the Gold Coast, Australia. Journal of Coastal Research 20:739-752. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Valentine, P. S., A. Birtles, M. Curnock, P. Arnold, and A. Dunstan. 2004. Getting closer to whales - Passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 25:647-655. 2004 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Verheij, E., S. Makoloweka, and H. Kalombo. 2004. Collaborative coastal management improves coral reefs and fisheries in Tanga, Tanzania. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:309-320. 2004 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves
Ward, J. R. and K. D. Lafferty. 2004. The elusive baseline of marine disease: Are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing? PLoS Biology 2. 2004 Apex Fish Predators; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Watson, M. and J. L. Munro. 2004. Settlement and recruitment of coral reef fishes in moderately exploited and overexploited Caribbean ecosystems: Implications for marine protected areas. Fisheries Research 69:415-425. 2004 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Webster, M. S. 2004. Density dependence via intercohort competition in a coral-reef fish. Ecology 85:986-994. 2004 Bahamas Fish; Special Use Permitting
Williamson, D. H., G. R. Russ, and A. M. Ayling. 2004. No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 31:149-159. 2004 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Wooldridge, S. and T. Done. 2004. Learning to predict large-scale coral bleaching from past events: A Bayesian approach using remotely sensed data, in-situ data, and environmental proxies. Coral Reefs 23:96-108. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Zoccola, D., E. Tambutte, E. Kulhanek, S. Puverel, J.-C. Scimeca, D. Allemand, and S. Tambutte. 2004. Molecular cloning and localization of a PMCA P-type calcium ATPase from the coral Stylophora pistillata. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes 1663:117-126. 2004 Model Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Acosta, C. A. and D. N. Robertson. 2003. Comparative spatial ecology of fished spiny lobsters Panulirus argus and an unfished congener P. guttatus in an isolated marine reserve at Glover's Reef atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 22:9-Jan. 2003 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Asch, R. G. and D. D. Turgeon. 2003. Detection of gaps in the spatial coverage of coral reef monitoring projects in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:127-140. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Haiti; Jamaica; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Aubanel, A., C. Monier, A. Benet, J.-A. Di Jorio, and B. Salvat. 2003. Management plan for marine environment in French Polynesia [Les plans de gestion de l'espace maritime en Polynesie Francaise]. Oceanis 29:375-395. 2003 Special Use Permitting
Baine, M. and J. Side. 2003. The role of fishermen and other stakeholders in the North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate. Pages 14-Jan in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Oil & Gas Rigs
Baker, A. C. 2003. Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography of Symbiodinium. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Bandara, N. J. G. J. 2003. Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka. Water Science and Technology 47:305-312. 2003 Sri Lanka Agriculture; Irrigation; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Beger, M., G. P. Jones, and P. L. Munday. 2003. Conservation of coral reef biodiversity: A comparison of reserve selection procedures for corals and fishes. Biological Conservation 111:53-62. 2003 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Borelli, G., N. Mayer-Gostan, P. L. Merle, H. De Pontual, G. Boeuf, D. Allemand, and P. Payan. 2003. Composition of biomineral organic matrices with special emphasis on turbot (Psetta maxima) otolith and endolymph. Calcified Tissue International 72:717-725. 2003 Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Borghesio, L. and P. K. Ndang'ang'a. 2003. Habitat selection and the conservation status of Fischer's turaco Tauraco fischen on Unguja, Tanzania. ORYX 37:444-453. 2003 Tanzania Agriculture; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Bosence, D. and J. Wilson. 2003. Maerl growth, carbonate production rates and accumulation rates in the northeast Atlantic. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Spain; France; Norway Agriculture; Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Brule, T., X. Renan, T. Coles-Marrufo, Y. Hauyon, A. N. Tuz-Sulub, and C. Deniel. 2003. Reproduction in the protogynous black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey)) from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 101:463-475. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Chiappone, M., H. Dienes, D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2003. Density and Gorgonian host-occupation patterns by Flamingo Tongue snails (Cyphoma gibbosum) in the Florida keys. Caribbean Journal of Science 39:116-127. 2003 Florida Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Octocoral; Snails & Conch
Clarke, P. J., T. Komatsu, J. D. Bell, F. Lasi, C. P. Oengpepa, and J. Leqata. 2003. Combined culture of Trochus niloticus and giant clams (Tridacnidae): Benefits for restocking and farming. Aquaculture 215:123-144. 2003 Solomon Islands Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Crabbe, M. J. C. and D. J. Smith. 2003. Computer modelling and estimation of recruitment patterns of non-branching coral colonies at three sites in the Wakatobi Marine Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia; Implications for coral reef conservation. Computational Biology and Chemistry 27:17-27. 2003 Indonesia Model Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral
Crabbe, M. J. C. and D. J. Smith. 2003. Erratum: Computer modelling and estimation of recruitment patterns of non-branching coral colonies at three sites in Wakatobi Marine Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia; Implications for coral reef conservation (Computational Biology and Chemistry (2003) 27 (1. Computational Biology and Chemistry 27:521. 2003 Indonesia Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Davis, M. 2003. Decompression sickness in a 14-year-old diver. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 33:75-76. 2003 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Water Depth & Sea Level
De Paula, A. F., M. A. D. O. Figueiredo, and J. C. Creed. 2003. Structure of the macroalgal community associated with the seagrass Halodule wrightii Ascherson in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil. Botanica Marina 46:413-424. 2003 Cuba Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
DeFelice, R. C. and J. D. Parrish. 2003. Importance of benthic prey for fishes in coral reef-associated sediments. Pacific Science 57:359-384. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sediment; Substrate
Diamond, A. 2003. Identification and assessment of scleractinians at Tarou Point, Dominica, West Indies. Coastal Management 31:409-421. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Donohue, M. J. 2003. How multiagency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: A Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:700-702. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges
Eggleston, D. B., E. G. Johnson, G. T. Kellison, and D. A. Nadeau. 2003. Intense removal and non-saturating functional responses by recreational divers on spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257:197-207. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Evans, B. K., D. Hill, J. E. Miller, J. R. Smith, and J. B. Weirich. 2003. Collaborative nautical charting and scientific seabed mapping missions: A case study in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Page 986 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering
Finkl, C. W. and R. H. Charlier. 2003. Sustainability of Subtropical Coastal Zones in Southeastern Florida: Challenges for Urbanized Coastal Environments Threatened by Development, Pollution, Water Supply, and Storm Hazards. Journal of Coastal Research 19:934-943. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Model Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water; Wetlands
Franklin, E. C., J. S. Ault, S. G. Smith, J. Luo, G. A. Meester, G. A. Diaz, M. Chiappone, D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and J. A. Bohnsack. 2003. Benthic habitat mapping in the Tortugas Region, Florida. Marine Geodesy 26:19-34. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Friedlander, A. M., E. K. Brown, P. L. Jokiel, W. R. Smith, and K. S. Rodgers. 2003. Effects of habitat, wave exposure, and marine protected area status on coral reef fish assemblages in the Hawaiian archipelago. Coral Reefs 22:291-305. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Gabrie, C., M. Oberlinkens, M. Porcher, and J.-P. Quod. 2003. A management plan for the lagoon of Mayotte [Plan de gestion du lagon de Mayotte]. Oceanis 29:355-373. 2003 Mayotte Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas
Garpe, K. C. and M. C. Ohman. 2003. Coral and fish distribution patterns in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania: Fish-habitat interactions. Hydrobiologia 498:191-211. 2003 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Giannini, F., J.-M. Gili, and G. Santangelo. 2003. Relationships between the spatial distribution of red coral Corallium rubrum and coexisting suspension feeders at Medas Islands Marine Protected Area (Spain). Italian Journal of Zoology 70:233-239. 2003 Spain Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Ginsburg, R. N. and J. C. Lang. 2003. Status of coral reefs in the western Atlantic: Results of initial surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) program. Atoll Research Bulletin 496:vii-xiii. 2003 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Stony Coral
Gittings, S. R., K. Benson, L. Takata, and K. Witman. 2003. Conservation science in the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Marine Technology Society Journal 37:9-May. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Goreau, T. J., W. Hilbertz, A. Azeez, A. Hakeem, R. Dodge, G. Despaigne, and C. Shwaiko. 2003. Restoring coral reefs, oyster banks, and fisheries by seawater electrolysis: Coastal zone management and tourism applications. Page 755 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Graham, N. A. J., R. D. Evans, and G. R. Russ. 2003. The effects of marine reserve protection on the trophic relationships of reef fishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 30:200-208. 2003 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Green, E. and R. Donnelly. 2003. Recreational scuba diving in Caribbean marine protected areas: Do the users pay? Ambio 32:140-144. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N.A. 2003. GBR-prawn: modelling ecosystem impacts of changes in fisheries management of the commercial prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery in the far northern Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 65:493-506. 2003 Australia Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Halpern, B. S. 2003. The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reverse size matter? Ecological Applications 13:S117-S137. 2003 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Halpern, B. S. and R. R. Warner. 2003. Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270:1871-1876. 2003 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Harman, N., E. S. Harvey, and G. A. Kendrick. 2003. Differences in fish assemblages from different reef habitats at Hamelin Bay, south-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:177-184. 2003 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Substrate
Harriott, V. J. 2003. Can corals be harvested sustainably? Ambio 32:130-133. 2003 Europe Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Jan, R.-Q., C.-T. Ho, and F.-K. Shiah. 2003. Determinants of territory size of the dusky gregory. Journal of Fish Biology 63:1589-1597. 2003 Taiwan Algae; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Joannot, P. 2003. The role and importance of protected areas of coral reefs: The example of French overseas territories [Role et importance des aires protegees dans les recifs coralliens. L'exemple de l'outre-mer francais]. Oceanis 29:415-427. 2003 Australia; Indonesia; Philippines; France Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Non-Monetary Valuation
Jones, R. J. and A. P. Kerswell. 2003. Phytotoxicity of Photosystem II (PSII) herbicides to coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 261:149-159. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Jones, R. J., J. Muller, D. Haynes, and U. Schreiber. 2003. Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 251:153-167. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Stony Coral
Kairo, M., B. Ali, O. Cheesman, K. Haysom, and S. Murphy. 2003. Invasive species threats in the caribbean region. CAB International. 2003 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Review Invasive Species; Special Use Permitting
Kelly, S. and A. B. MacDiarmid. 2003. Movement patterns of mature spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, from a marine reserve. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37:149-158. 2003 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Kuijper, M. W. M. 2003. Marine and coastal environmental awareness building within the context of UNESCO's activities in Asia and the Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:265-272. 2003 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Thailand; Solomon Islands; Samoa; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Protections
Lam, K. K. Y. 2003. Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverised fuel ash-concrete artificial reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:642-653. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Linton, D. M. and G. F. Warner. 2003. Biological indicators in the Caribbean coastal zone and their role in integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 46:261-276. 2003 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Climate; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Lirman, D., B. Orlando, S. Macia, D. Manzello, L. Kaufman, P. Biber, and T. Jones. 2003. Coral communities of Biscayne Bay, Florida and adjacent offshore areas: Diversity, abundance, distribution, and environmental correlates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:121-135. 2003 Florida Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Manfrino, C., B. Riegl, J. L. Hall, and R. Graifman. 2003. Status of coral reefs of Little Cayman, Grand Cayman and Cayman brac, British West Indies, in 1999 and 2000 (part 1: Stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bulletin 204-225. 2003 Cayman Islands Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Mascia, M. B. 2003. The human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: Recent social science research and its policy implications. Conservation Biology 17:630-632. 2003 Marine Protected Areas
McBride, R. S., J. R. Styer, and R. Hudson. 2003. Spawning cycles and habitats for ballyhoo (Hemiramphus brasiliensis) and balao (H. balao) in south Florida. Fishery Bulletin 101:583-589. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Monaco, M. E., J. D. Christensen, A. M. Friedlander, M. S. Kendall, and C. Caldow. 2003. Quantifying Habitat Utilization Patterns Of U.S. Caribbean And Hawaii Reef Fish To Define Marine Protected Area Boundaries: The Coupling Of Gis & Ecology. Pages 1-6 in 13th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference. Baltimore,(Maryland, USA). 2003 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Monaco, M. E., M. S. Kendall, J. L. Higgins, C. E. Alexander, and M. S. Tartt. 2003. Biogeographic assessments of NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries: The integration of ecology and GIS technology. Pages 1489-1498 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Nanami, A. and M. Nishihira. 2003. Population dynamics and spatial distribution of coral reef fishes: Comparison between continuous and isolated habitats. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68:101-112. 2003 Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Patterson, W. F. and J. H. Cowan. 2003. Site fidelity and dispersion of red snapper associated with artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 181-193 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Model Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Peckol, P. M., H. A. Curran, E. Y. Floyd, M. L. Robbart, B. J. Greenstein, and K. L. Buckman. 2003. Assessment of selected reef sites in northern and southern central Belize, including recovery from bleaching and hurricane disturbances (stony corals, algae and fish). Atoll Research Bulletin 146-171. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Turf Algae
Perreault, H. A. N., K. Semsar, and J. Godwin. 2003. Fluoxetine treatment decreases territorial aggression in a coral reef fish. Physiology and Behavior 79:719-724. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Perry, A. N. and M. S. Grober. 2003. A model for social control of sex change: Interactions of behavior, neuropeptides, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids. Hormones and Behavior 43:31-38. 2003 Europe Model Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Reichelt-Brushett, A. J. and G. McOrist. 2003. Trace metals in the living and nonliving components of scleractinian corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1573-1582. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 2003. Marine reserves: Rates and patterns of recovery and decline of predatory fish, 1983-2000. Ecological Applications 13:1553-1565. 2003 Philippines Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Russ, G. R., A. C. Alcala, and A. P. Maypa. 2003. Spillover from marine reserves: The case of Naso vlamingii at Apo Island, the Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series 264:15-20. 2003 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sadovy, Y., M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, P. Lokani, and T. J. Donaldson. 2003. The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus: Synopsis of a threatened and poorly known giant coral reef fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13:327-364. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Live Collection; Non-Monetary Valuation; Planktivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Shima, J. S. and C. W. Osenberg. 2003. Cryptic density dependence: Effects of covariation between density and site quality in reef fish. Ecology 84:46-52. 2003 Fish; Special Use Permitting
Singh, H. S. 2003. Marine protected areas in India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:226-233. 2003 India GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands
Singh, H. S. 2003. Sea mammals in marine protected area in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:258-262. 2003 India Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Smith, L. D., A. P. Negri, E. Philipp, N. S. Webster, and A. J. Heyward. 2003. The effects of antifoulant-paint-contaminated sediments on coral recruits and branchlets. Marine Biology 143:651-657. 2003 Australia Lab Study Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. 2003 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Recreational Fishing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Thomas, F. R. 2003. Kiribati: \Some aspects of human ecology,\" forty years later". Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-40. 2003 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Kiribati Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Resource Use Management
Thorburn, P. J., J. S. Biggs, K. L. Weier, and B. A. Keating. 2003. Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 94:49-58. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
United Nations Environment Program - Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (UNEP/GPA). 2003. Diagnosis of the erosion processes in the Caribbean sandy beaches. Environmental Agency, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Cuba, Cuba. 2003 Global; South & Central America; Cuba; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Valesini, F. J., K. R. Clarke, I. Eliot, and I. C. Potter. 2003. A user-friendly quantitative approach to classifying nearshore marine habitats along a heterogeneous coast. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 57:163-177. 2003 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Plankton; Seagrasses
Valette-Silver, N. J. and D. Scavia. 2003. Ecological Forecasting: New Tools for Coastal and Ecosystem Management. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 1. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Vermeij, M. J. A., E. Sampayo, K. Broker, and R. P. M. Bak. 2003. Variation in planulae release of closely related coral species. Marine Ecology Progress Series 247:75-84. 2003 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Walmsley, S. F. and A. T. White. 2003. Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries. Environmental Conservation 30:388-407. 2003 Cuba; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate
Warren-Rhodes, K., Y. Sadovy, and H. Cesar. 2003. Marine ecosystem appropriation in the Indo-Pacific: a case study of the live reef fish food trade. Ambio 32:481-488. 2003 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Webster, M. S. 2003. Temporal density dependence and population regulation in a marine fish. Ecology 84:623-628. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Special Use Permitting
Weninger, Q. and J. R. Waters. 2003. Economic benefits of management reform in the northern Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46:207-230. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Fishing Sector
West, J. M. and R. V. Salm. 2003. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching: Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management. Conservation Biology 17:956-967. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Westera, M., P. Lavery, and G. Hyndes. 2003. Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294:145-168. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C., A. Green, J. Almany, and S. Dionne. 2003. Monitoring coral reef marine protected areas. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, J. C., G. V. Byrd, and N. B. Konyukhov. 2003. Whiskered Auklets Aethia pygmaea, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong. Marine Ornithology 31:175-180. 2003 Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Willis, T. J., R. B. Millar, and R. C. Babcock. 2003. Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: High density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:214-227. 2003 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Wilson, J. R. and P. L. Harrison. 2003. Spawning patterns of scleractinian corals at the Solitary Islands - A high latitude coral community in eastern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 260:115-123. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Yap, H. T. and R. A. Molina. 2003. Comparison of coral growth and survival under enclosed, semi-natural conditions and in the field. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:858-864. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Young, R. F. and H. E. Winn. 2003. Activity patterns, diet, and shelter site use for two species of moray eels, Gymnothorax moringa and Gymnothorax vicinus, in Belize. Copeia 44-55. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral
Zabel, R. W., C. J. Harvey, S. L. Katz, T. P. Good, and P. S. Levin. 2003. Ecologically sustainable yield. American Scientist 91:150-157. 2003
Zeller, D., S. L. Stoute, and G. R. Russ. 2003. Movements of reef fishes across marine reserve boundaries: Effects of manipulating a density gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 254:269-280. 2003 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Zubillaga, A. L., S. M. Pauls, and A. Croquer. 2003. Evaluation of the impact of recreational dive activity on the community structure of some coral reefs at Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela [Evaluacion de las actividades del buceo recreativo sobre la estructura comunitaria de algunos arreci. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:189-195. 2003 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Andrews, A. H., E. E. Cordes, M. M. Mahoney, K. Munk, K. H. Coale, G. M. Cailliet, and J. Heifetz. 2002. Age, growth and radiometric age validation of a deep-sea, habitat-forming gorgonian (Primnoa resedaeformis) from the Gulf of Alaska. Hydrobiologia 471:101-110. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Octocoral
Armsworth, P. R. 2002. Recruitment limitation, population regulation, and larval connectivity in reef fish metapopulations. Ecology 83:1092-1104. 2002 Model Fish; Special Use Permitting
Barker, D. R. 2002. Biodiversity conservation in the wider Caribbean Region. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 11:74-83. 2002 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Beattie, A., U.R. Sumaila, V. Christensen, D. Pauly. 2002. A Model for the Bioeconomic Evaluation of Marine Protected Area Size and Placement in the North Sea. Natural Resource Modeling 15:413-437. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Bech, M. 2002. A survey of imposex in muricids from 1996 to 2000 and identification of optimal indicators of tributyltin contamination along the east coast of Phuket Island, Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:887-896. 2002 Global; Thailand; Southeast Asia Index or Indicator Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Special Use Permitting
Bech, M. 2002. Imposex and tributyltin contamination as a consequence of the establishment of a marina, and increasing yachting activities at Phuket Island, Thailand. Environmental Pollution 117:421-429. 2002 Global; Thailand Index or Indicator Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting
Buckley, R. 2002. Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific Islands. I. The industry and the islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10:405-424. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Textiles & Apparel; Tourism & Recreation
Carr M.H., T.W. Anderson, M.A. Hixon. 2002. Biodiversity, population regulation, and the stability of coral-reef fish communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:11241-11245. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Special Use Permitting
Cesar, H. 2002. The biodiversity benefits of coral reef ecosystems: values and markets. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris. 2002 Global; Indonesia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, and S. L. Miller. 2002. Density, spatial distribution and size structure of sea urchins in Florida Keys coral reef and hard-bottom habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 235:117-126. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Sea Urchins
Christie, P., A. White, and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management 66:441-454. 2002 Philippines Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Clarke, S., A. Leung Wai-Yin, Y. M. Mak, R. Kennish, and N. Haggan. 2002. Consultation with local fishers on the Hong Kong artificial reefs initiative. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome. 2002 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Connolly, R. M., A. J. Melville, and K. M. Preston. 2002. Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically. Journal of Fish Biology 61:684-695. 2002 Australia Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Courtney, C. A., A. T. White, and E. Deguit. 2002. Building Philippine Local Government capacity for coastal resource management. Coastal Management 30:27-45. 2002 Philippines Banks, Credit, & Securities; Resource Use Management
Cowley, P. D., S. L. Brouwer, and R. L. Tilney. 2002. The role of the Tsitsikamma National Park in the management of four shore-angling fish along the south-eastern Cape coast of South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 27-35. 2002 South Africa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Crabtree, R. E., P. B. Hood, and D. Snodgrass. 2002. Age, growth, and reproduction of permit (Trachinotus falcatus) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin 100:26-34. 2002 Florida Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Curley, B. G., M. J. Kingsford, and B. M. Gillanders. 2002. Spatial and habitat-related patterns of temperate reef fish assemblages: Implications for the design of Marine Protected Areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:1197-1210. 2002 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Day, J. C. 2002. Zoning - Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 45:139-156. 2002 Australia; United Kingdom Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Ditton, R. B., H. R. Osburn, T. L. Baker, and C. E. Thailing. 2002. Demographics, attitudes, and reef management preferences of sport divers in offshore Texas waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Cuba Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Edmunds, P. J. 2002. Long-term dynamics of coral reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 21:357-367. 2002 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Francis, J., A. Nilsson, and D. Waruinge. 2002. Marine protected areas in the Eastern African Region: How successful are they? Ambio 31:503-511. 2002 Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Comoros; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Corporate Responses; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Galal, N., R. F. G. Ormond, and O. Hassan. 2002. Effect of a network of no-take reserves in increasing catch per unit effort and stocks of exploited reef fish at Nabq, South Sinai, Egypt. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:199-205. 2002 Egypt Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
George, R. Y. 2002. Ben Franklin temperate reef and deep sea 'Agassiz Coral Hills' in the Blake Plateau off North Carolina. Hydrobiologia 471:71-81. 2002 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Gregory, R. S. and R. L. Keeney. 2002. Making Smarter Environmental Decision Management Decisions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38:1601-1612. 2002 Resource Use Management
Gullstrom, M., M. De La Torre Castro, S. O. Bandeira, M. Bjork, M. Dahlberg, N. Kautsky, P. Ronnback, and M. C. Ohman. 2002. Seagrass ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean. Ambio 31:588-596. 2002 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Comoros; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; Reunion; India; South Africa; France Review; Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment
Helvey, M. 2002. Are southern California oil and gas platforms essential fish habitat? ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs
Heron, M. L., D. M. Burrage, and A. Prytz. 2002. Terrigenous runoff in the tropics observed with a scanning low frequency radiometer. Pages 2008-2013 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2002 Australia GIS & Maps Agriculture; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Hoffmann, T. C. 2002. The reimplementation of the Ra'ui: Coral reef management in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Coastal Management 30:401-418. 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Tonga; Cook Islands Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Stony Coral
Holbrook, S. J. and R. J. Schmitt. 2002. Competition for shelter space causes density-dependent predation mortality in damselfishes. Ecology 83:2855-2868. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Holden, H. 2002. Characterisation of optical water quality in Bunaken National Marine Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 23:23-26. 2002 Indonesia Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Holden, H. and E. LeDrew. 2002. Hyperspectral linear mixing based on in situ measurements in a coral reef environment. Pages 249-251 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 US Virgin Islands Remote Sensing Algae; Marine Protected Areas
Hooper, J. N. A., J. A. Kennedy, and R. J. Quinn. 2002. Biodiversity 'hotspots', patterns of richness and endemism, and taxonomic affinities of tropical Australian sponges (Porifera). Biodiversity and Conservation 11:851-885. 2002 Australia; Thailand; Palau; Vanuatu Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Resource Use Management; Sponges
James, M. K., P. R. Armsworth, L. B. Mason, and L. Bode. 2002. The structure of reef fish metapopulations: Modelling larval dispersal and retention patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 269:2079-2086. 2002 Australia Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Jedoui, Y., E. Davaud, H. B. Ismail, and J.-L. Reyss. 2002. Sedimentological analysis of marine Pleistocene deposits of southeastern Tunisia: Evidence of two positive eustatic pulsations during the marine isotopic substage 5e (Eemian, Tyrrhenian) [Analyse sedimentologique des depots marins pleistocenes du Sud. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 173:255-264. 2002 Beaches & Nature Parks; Salinity; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kirkman, H. and J. A. Kirkman. 2002. The management of seagrasses in Southeast Asia. Bulletin of Marine Science 71:1379-1390. 2002 Global; Southeast Asia Review; GIS & Maps Mangroves; Seagrasses
Koskela, R. W., P. Ringeltaube, A. R. Small, T. V. Koskela, A. R. Fraser, J. D. Lee, and P. Marshall. 2002. Using predictive monitoring to mitigate construction impacts in sensitive marine environments. Pages 1-15 in Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors
Kuhlmann, K.-J. 2002. Evaluations of marine reserves as basis to develop alternative livelihoods in coastal areas of the Philippines. Aquaculture International 10:527-549. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Echinoderms; Fish; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Leidel, D. J. 2002. Explosive operations and its regulation in the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 343-361 in Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
Leis, J. M. 2002. Pacific coral-reef fishes: The implications of behaviour and ecology of larvae for biodiversity and conservation, and a reassessment of the open population paradigm. Environmental Biology of Fishes 65:199-208. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Lok, A., C. Metin, A. Ulas, F. O. Duzbastilar, and A. Tokac. 2002. Artificial reefs in Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Luppi, T. A., E. D. Spivak, K. Anger, and J. L. Valero. 2002. Patterns and processes of Chasmagnathus granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Brachyura: Grapsidae) recruitment in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Argentina. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 55:287-297. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Matta, J., J. Navas, M. Milad, R. Manger, A. Hupka, and T. Frazer. 2002. A pilot study for the detection of acute ciguatera intoxication in human blood. Journal of Toxicology - Clinical Toxicology 40:49-57. 2002 Puerto Rico Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. The effects of time, habitat, and fisheries management on Kenyan coral-reef-associated gastropods. Ecological Applications 12:1484-1495. 2002 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Snails & Conch
McClanahan, T. R. 2002. The near future of coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 29:460-483. 2002 Global Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
McClanahan, T. R., J. N. Uku, and H. Machano. 2002. Effect of macroalgal reduction on coral-reef fish in the Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:223-231. 2002 Kenya Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral morality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31:543-550. 2002 Kenya Algae; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges
Miller, M. W. and C. L. Gerstner. 2002. Reefs of an uninhabited Caribbean island: Fishes, benthic habitat, and opportunities to discern reef fishery impact. Biological Conservation 106:37-44. 2002 South & Central America; Haiti; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Mitchelmore, C. L., J. A. Schwarz, and V. M. Weis. 2002. Development of symbiosis-specific genes as biomarkers for the early detection of cnidarian-algal symbiosis breakdown. Marine Environmental Research 54:345-349. 2002 Global Lab Study; Model Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Mohammed, S. M. 2002. Pollution management in Zanzibar: The need for a new approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 45:301-311. 2002 Discharges; Mangroves; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Nitschke, P., M. Mather, and F. Juanes. 2002. Evidence for density-dependent mortality in recruitment of a temperate reef fish, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, among similar reefs in the vicinity of an anthropogenic disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 226:165-178. 2002 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Special Use Permitting
Ovenden, J. R., J. Lloyd, S. J. Newman, C. P. Keenan, and L. S. Slater. 2002. Spatial genetic subdivision between northern Australian and southeast Asian populations of Pristipomoides multidens: A tropical marine reef fish species. Fisheries Research 59:57-69. 2002 Australia; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Owen, R., A. Knap, M. Toaspern, and K. Carbery. 2002. Inhibition of coral photosynthesis by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:623-632. 2002 Florida; US Virgin Islands; Cuba; Bermuda Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Park T., J. M. Bowker, and V. R. Leeworthy. 2002. Valuing snorkeling visits to the Florida Keys with stated and revealed preference models. Journal of Environmental Management 64:301-312. 2002 Florida Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Remediation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Perante, N. C., M. G. Pajaro, J. J. Meeuwig, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2002. Biology of a seahorse species, Hippocampus comes in the central Philippines. Journal of Fish Biology 60:821-837. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Pitcher, T. J., E. A. Buchary, and T. Hutton. 2002. Forecasting the benefits of no-take human-made reefs using spatial ecosystem simulation. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 China Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Precht, W. F., A. W. Bruckner, R. B. Aronson, and R. J. Bruckner. 2002. Endangered acroporid corals of the Caribbean. Coral Reefs 21:41-42. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Bahamas; Caribbean Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Puce, S., C. Cerrano, M. Boyer, C. Ferretti, and G. Bavestrello. 2002. Zanclea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) species from Bunaken Marine Park (Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82:943-954. 2002 Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Algae; Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas
Ralph, P. J., R. Gademann, A. W. D. Larkum, and M. Kuhl. 2002. Spatial heterogeneity in active chlorophyll fluorescence and PSII activity of coral tissues. Marine Biology 141:639-646. 2002 Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Reckhow, Kenneth H.; Stow, Craig A.; Borsuk, Mark E. 2002. Uncertainty Between The Criterion And The Designated Use: Implications For Standards And Tmdl Margin Of Safety. Pages 1223-1228 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Model; Index or Indicator Designated Uses; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Water
Reed, J. K. 2002. Deep-water Oculina coral reefs of Florida: Biology, impacts, and management. Hydrobiologia 471:43-55. 2002 Florida Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rogers-Bennett, L., P. L. Haaker, K. A. Karpov, and D. J. Kushner. 2002. Using spatially explicit data to evaluate marine protected areas for abalone in southern California. Conservation Biology 16:1308-1317. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2002. Increased spatial and temporal variability in coral damage caused by recreational scuba diving. Ecological Applications 12:427-440. 2002 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Salvat, B. and A. Aubanel. 2002. The management of coral reefs of French Polynesia [La gestion des recifs coralliens de Polynesie francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:193-251. 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; France Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Sebens, K. P. 2002. Energetic constraints, size gradients, and size limits in benthic marine invertebrates. Pages 853-861 in Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2002 Review; Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Octocoral
Shears, N. T. and R. C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131-142. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Shick, J. M. and W. C. Dunlap. 2002. Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: Biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. Annual Review of Physiology 64:223-262. 2002 Review Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Sunscreen Use
Shima, J. S. 2002. Mechanisms of density- and number-dependent population regulation of a coral-reef fish. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:175-179. 2002 Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Spencer, T. and H. Viles. 2002. Bioconstruction, bioerosion and disturbance on tropical coasts: Coral reefs and rocky limestone shores. Geomorphology 48:23-50. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model
Spurgeon, J. 2002. Valuation of coral reefs: the next 10 years. WorldFish Center Economic Valuation and Policy Priorities for Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs. 2002 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Valuation
Steele, M. A. and G. E. Forrester. 2002. Early postsettlement predation on three reef fishes: Effects on spatial patterns of recruitment. Ecology 83:1076-1091. 2002 Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Suenaga, Y., K. Masuda, H. Kakegawa, K. Hisamura, A. Suenaga, and K. Kimigawa. 2002. Development of the System for Creating Fishery Ground in and Around the Seto Inland Sea. Pages 420-424 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Tupper, M. and M. A. Rudd. 2002. Species-specific impacts of a small marine reserve on reef fish production and fishing productivity in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Environmental Conservation 29:484-492. 2002 Turks and Caicos Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Funding & Incentives; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Tupper, M. H., K. Wickstrom, R. Hilborn, C. M. Roberts, J. A. Bohnsack, F. Gell, J. P. Hawkins, and R. Goodridge. 2002. Marine reserves and fisheries management. Science 295:1233-1235. 2002 Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Turgeon, D. D., R. G. Asch, B. D. Causey, R. E. Dodge, W. Jaap, K. Banks, J. Delaney, B. D. Keller, R. Speiler, C. A. Matos, J. R. Garcia, E. Diaz, D. Catanzaro, C. S. Rogers, Z. Hillis-Starr, R. Nemeth, M. Taylor, G. P. Schmahl, M. W. Miller, D. A. Gulko, J. E. Maragos, A. M. Friedlander, C. L. Hunter, R. S. Brainard, P. Craig, R. H. Richond, G. Davis, J. Starmer, M. Trianni, P. Houk, C. E. Birkeland, A. Edward, Y. Golbuu, J. Gutierrez, N. Idechong, G. Paulay, A. Tafileichig, and N. V. Velde. 2002. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2002. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Global; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; Guam Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Wagner-Dobler, I., W. Beil, S. Lang, M. Meiners, and H. Laatsch. 2002. Integrated approach to explore the potential of marine microorganisms for the production of bioactive metabolites. Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology 74:207-238. 2002 Review Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges
Waterhouse, J. and J. Johnson. 2002. Sewage discharges in the great barrier reef region. Water 29:43-49. 2002 Australia Review Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Westmacott, S. 2002. Where should the focus be in tropical integrated coastal management? Coastal Management 30:67-84. 2002 Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mangroves
White, A. T., C. A. Courtney, and A. Salamanca. 2002. Experience with marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management 30:26-Jan. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wilkinson, C. 2002. Status of the coral reefs of the world: 2002. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate
Wilson, K. D. P., A. W. Y. Leung, and R. Kennish. 2002. Restoration of Hong Kong fisheries through deployment of artificial reefs in marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 China Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Anderson, T. W. 2001. Predator responses, prey refuges, and density-dependent mortality of a marine fish. Ecology 82:245-257. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Special Use Permitting
Baine, M. 2001. Artificial reefs: A review of their design, application, management and performance. Ocean and Coastal Management 44:241-259. 2001 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Bingham, B. L. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40:81-251. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Brodie, J., C. Christie, M. Devlin, D. Haynes, S. Morris, M. Ramsay, J. Waterhouse, and H. Yorkston. 2001. Catchment management and the Great Barrier Reef. Water Science and Technology 43:203-211. 2001 Australia Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Brown, K., W. Neil Adger, E. Tompkins, P. Bacon, D. Shim, and K. Young. 2001. Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management. Ecological Economics 37:417-434. 2001 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Bruckner, A. W. 2001. Tracking the trade in ornamental coral reef organisms: The importance of CITES and its limitations. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:79-94. 2001 Fiji; Indonesia Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Buffington, S. 2001. Managing the challenges of decommissioning with technology, research and regulations. Pages 123-128 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2001 Artificial Habitat; Pipelines; Special Use Permitting
Cain, J. 2001. Planning improvements in natural resources management: Guidelines for using Bayesian networks to support the planning and management of development programmes in the water sector and beyond. Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford (Oxon, UK). 2001 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Resource Use Management
Causey, B. D. 2001. Lessons learned from the intensification of coral bleaching from 1980-2000 in the Florida Keys, USA. 2001 Florida Marine Protected Areas
Cote, I. M., I. Mosqueira, and J. D. Reynolds. 2001. Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 59:178-189. 2001 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
De la Fuente-Betancourt, MA .G ., A. De Jesus-Navarrete, E. Sosa-Cordero, and MA .D . Herrero-Perezrul. 2001. Assessment of the sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) as potential fishery resource in Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 68:59-67. 2001 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; Mexico Echinoderms; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 2001 Philippines Military; Resource Use Management
Devlin, M., J. Waterhouse, and J. Brodie. 2001. Community and connectivity: Summary of a community based monitoring program set up to assess the movement of nutrients and sediments into the Great Barrier Reef during high flow events. Water Science and Technology 43:121-131. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Social Organizations; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Done, T. J. 2001. Useful science for coral reef management: The cooperative research centre model. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:309-315. 2001 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Ballast Discharge; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Seastars; Special Use Permitting; Wastewater Discharge
Eggleston, D. B. and C. P. Dahlgren. 2001. Distribution and abundance of Caribbean spiny lobsters in the Key West National Wildlife Refuge: Relationship to habitat features and impact of an intensive recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1567-1576. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Elliott, G., B. Mitchell, B. Wiltshire, I. A. Manan, and S. Wismer. 2001. Community participation in marine protected area management Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coastal Management 29:295-316. 2001 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Eristhee, N. and H. A. Oxenford. 2001. Home range size and use of space by Bermuda chub Kyphosus sectatrix (L.) in two marine reserves in the Soufriere Marine Management Area, St Lucia, West Indies. Journal of Fish Biology 59:129-151. 2001 South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Fonseca, M. S. 2001. Comparative analysis of the functioning of disturbed and undisturbed coral reef and seagrass ecosystems in the Tortugas: phase I- establishing a baseline. Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina. 2001 Florida GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Plankton; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Friedlander, A. M. 2001. Essential fish habitat and the effective design of marine reserves: Application for marine ornamental fishes. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:135-150. 2001 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Galvis Castro, N. 2001. Monitoring ecological and socioeconomic indicators for coral reef management in Colombia. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:847-859. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Gorbunov, M. Y., Z. S. Kolber, M. P. Lesser, and P. G. Falkowaski. 2001. Photosynthesis and photoprotection in symbiotic corals. Limnology and Oceanography 46:75-85. 2001 Cuba Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Gorfine, H. K. and C. D. Dixon. 2001. Diver behaviour and its influence on assessments of a quota-managed abalone fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 20:787-794. 2001 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Special Use Permitting
Gorfine, H. K., B. L. Taylor, and T. I. Walker. 2001. Triggers and targets: What are we aiming for with abalone fisheries models in Australia? Journal of Shellfish Research 20:803-811. 2001 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Grigg, R. W. 2001. Black coral: History of sustainable fishery in Hawai'i. Pacific Science 55:291-299. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Special Use Permitting; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Guzman, H. M. and C. A. Guevara. 2001. Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panama: IV. Distribucion, estructura y estado de conservacion de los arrecifes continentales de Peninsula Valiente. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:53-66. 2001 Panama Field Study & Monitoring Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Harborne, A. R., D. C. Afzal, and M. J. Andrews. 2001. Honduras: Caribbean Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1221-1235. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Koop, K., A. Steven, R. Mcgill, E. Drew, and B. Macdonald. 2001. Use of a telemetered dispensing system for controlling nutrient additions to experimental patch reefs in the ENCORE Study at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:121-126. 2001 Australia; Cuba Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Koslow, J. A., K. Gowlett-Holmes, J. K. Lowry, T. O'Hara, G. C. B. Poore, and A. Williams. 2001. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: Community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213:111-125. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Lesser, M. P. and M. Y. Gorbunov. 2001. Diurnal and bathymetric changes in chlorophyll fluorescence yields of reef corals measured in situ with a fast repetition rate fluorometer. Marine Ecology Progress Series 212:69-77. 2001 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Losada-Tosteson, V., J. M. Posada, and F. Losada. 2001. Size and reproductive status of fished spotted spiny lobster, Panulirus guttatus, in Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela: A preliminary report. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1599-1603. 2001 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting
Mahon, R. and W. Hunte. 2001. Trap mesh selectivity and the management of reef fishes. Fish and Fisheries 2:356-375. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
McClanahan, T. R. and R. Arthur. 2001. The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes. Ecological Applications 11:559-569. 2001 Indian Ocean; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R. and S. Mangi. 2001. The effect of a closed area and beach seine exclusion on coral reef fish catches. Fisheries Management and Ecology 8:107-121. 2001 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., M. McField, M. Huitric, K. Bergman, E. Sala, M. Nystrom, I. Nordemar, T. Elfwing, and N. A. Muthiga. 2001. Responses of algae, corals and fish to the reduction of macroalgae in fished and unfished patch reefs of Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 19:367-379. 2001 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
McCrone, A. 2001. Visitor impacts on marine protected areas in New Zealand. Science for Conservation May-61. 2001 Review Fish; Marine Protected Areas
McLachlan, M. S., D. Haynes, and J. F. Muller. 2001. PCDDs in the water/sediment-seagrass-dugong (Dugong dugon) food chain on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Environmental Pollution 113:129-134. 2001 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Monaco, M. E., J. D. Christensen, and S. O. Rohmann. 2001. Mapping and monitoring of U.S. coral reef ecosystems. Earth System Monitor 12:16-Jan. 2001 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Resource Use Management
Mumby, P. 2001. Beta and habitat diversity in marine systems: A new approach to measurement, scaling and interpretation. Oecologia 128:274-280. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Munoz-Perez, J. J., B. Lopez De San Roman-Blanco, J. M. Gutierrez-Mas, L. Moreno, and G. J. Cuena. 2001. Cost of beach maintenance in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Coastal Engineering 42:143-153. 2001 Spain Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Nlyibigira, E. I. and Z. S. Abdallah. 2001. Distribution and abundance, in maize and sorghum, of lepidopteran stemborers and associated indigenous parasitoids in zanzibar. Insect Science and its Application 21:335-346. 2001 Fiji Invasive Species; Special Use Permitting
Obura, D. O. 2001. Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1264-1278. 2001 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Obura, D. O. 2001. Participatory monitoring of shallow tropical marine fisheries by artisanal fishers in Diani, Kenya. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:777-791. 2001 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Parnell, P. E. 2001. The distribution of estuarine and oceanic water masses on the southern shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i: Ecological and coastal management implications, and novel methodology. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1468-1485. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Plankton
Parras, D. A. 2001. Coastal resource management in the Philippines: A case study in the Central Visayas region. Journal of Environment and Development 10:80-103. 2001 Oman; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Pet-Soede, C., W. L. T. Van Densen, J. S. Pet, and M. A. M. Machiels. 2001. Impact of Indonesian coral reef fisheries on fish community structure and the resultant catch composition. Fisheries Research 51:35-51. 2001 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Price, A. R. 2001. The marine food chain in relation to biodiversity. TheScientificWorldJournal 1:579-587. 2001 Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Roberts, R. 2001. A review of settlement cues for larval abalone (Haliotis spp.). Journal of Shellfish Research 20:571-586. 2001 Review Algae; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rogers, C. S. and J. Beets. 2001. Degradation of marine ecosystems and decline of fishery resources in marine protected areas in the US Virgin Islands. Environmental Conservation 28:312-322. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Rogers-Bennett, L. and J. S. Pearse. 2001. Indirect benefits of marine protected areas for juvenile abalone. Conservation Biology 15:642-647. 2001 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2001. \Take only photographs and leave only footprints\"?: An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites". Biological Conservation 100:281-287. 2001 Australia; Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Rubec, P. J., V. R. Pratt, and F. Cruz. 2001. Territorial use rights in fisheries to manage areas for farming coral reef fish and invertebrates for the aquarium trade. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:119-134. 2001 Southeast Asia; Philippines Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Sala, E., E. Ballesteros, and R. M. Starr. 2001. Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: Fishery management and conservation needs. Fisheries 26:23-30. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Salm, R. V. and S. L. Coles. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. Page 118 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report # 0102. Honolulu, Hawaii,. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Shima, J. S. 2001. Regulation of local populations of a coral reef fish via joint effects of density- and number-dependent mortality. Oecologia 126:58-65. 2001 Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
St John, J., G. R. Russ, I. W. Brown, and L. C. Squire. 2001. The diet of the large coral reef serranid Plectropomus leopardus in two fishing zones on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fishery Bulletin 99:180-192. 2001 Australia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Talbot, F. and C. Wilkinson. 2001. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses: a sourcebook for managers. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville (Australia). 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Tratalos, J. A. and T. J. Austin. 2001. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman. Biological Conservation 102:67-75. 2001 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Recreational Opportunities; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Uthicke, S. and J. A. H. Benzie. 2001. Effect of beche-de-mer fishing on densities and size structure of Holothuria nobilis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations on the great barrier reef. Coral Reefs 19:271-276. 2001 Australia Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Vannier, J., WA NG Shang Qi, and M. Coen. 2001. Leperditicopid arthropods (Ordovician-Late Devonian): Functional morphology and ecological range. Journal of Paleontology 75:75-95. 2001 China Review Arthropods; Bivalves; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
Westmacott, S. 2001. Developing decision support systems for integrated coastal management in the tropics: Is the ICM decision-making environment too complex for the development of a useable and useful DSS? Journal of Environmental Management 62:55-74. 2001 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Mangroves
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Ball, I. and H. Possingham. 2000. Marxan (v1.8.2): Marine reserve design using spatially explicit annealing. University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia. 2000 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management
Boak, L., J. McGrath, and L. A. Jackson. 2000. IENCE - A case study - The northern gold coast beach protection strategy. Pages 3710-3717 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Infrastructure; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Bohnsack J. A., B. Causey, M. P. Crosby, R. B. Griffis, M. A. Hixon, T. F. Hourigan, K. H. Koltes, J. E. Maragos, A. Simons, and J. T. Tilmant. 2000. Proc 9th Int Coral Reef Symp. 2000 Model Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Botero, L. and R. Alvarez-Leon. 2000. The Caribbean coast of Colombia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 663-675. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Cultural Policies; Road Construction & Maintenance; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Boutilier, R. G., T. G. West, D. M. Webber, G. H. Pogson, K. A. Mesa, J. Wells, and M. J. Wells. 2000. The protective effects of hypoxia-induced hypometabolism in the Nautilus. Journal of comparative physiology B 170:261-268. 2000 Papua New Guinea Lab Study Octopus & Squid; Special Use Permitting
Carbone, F. and G. Accordi. 2000. The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:141-159. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Cesar, H .J. S., M. C. Ohman, P. Espeut, and M. Honkanen. 2000. An economic valuation of Portland Bight, Jamaica: an integrated terrestrial and marine protected area. Working paper 00/03. Institute for Environmental Studie, Free University, Amsterdam. 2000 Jamaica Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Coral reefs: their functions, threats and economic value. Pages 14-39 in Cesar, H. S. J., editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Sweden. 2000 Global Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Valuation
Cesar, H. S. J., editor. 2000. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Jamaica; India; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Marine Protected Areas; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chan, T.T.C. and Y. Sadovy. 2000. Profile of the marine aquarium fish trade in Hong Kong. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:197-213. 2000 Global Review Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Designate Protected Species; Invertivorous Fish; Live Collection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Chapman, M. R. and D. L. Kramer. 2000. Movements of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57:24-Nov. 2000 Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Christiansen, I. and R. Hunt. 2000. Research, extension and industry - Working together can achieve results. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:310-318. 2000 Australia Model Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cole, R. G., E. Villouta, and R. J. Davidson. 2000. Direct evidence of limited dispersal of the reef fish Parapercis colias (Pinguipedidae) within a marine reserve and adjacent fished areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:421-436. 2000 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Coleman, F. C., C. C. Koenig, G. R. Huntsman, J. A. Musick, A. M. Eklund, J. C. McGovern, R. W. Chapman, G. R. Sedberry, and C. B. Grimes. 2000. Long-lived reef fishes: The grouper-snapper complex. Fisheries 25:14-21. 2000 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Cooke, A., O. Ratomahenina, E. Ranaivoson, and H. Razafindrainibe. 2000. Madagascar. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 113-131. 2000 Mozambique; Madagascar Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Cotsapas, L., S. A. Zengel, and E. J. Barraza. 2000. El Salvador. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 545-558. 2000 Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Wastewater Discharge
Courtney, C. A. and A. T. White. 2000. Integrated coastal management in the Philippines: Testing new paradigms. Coastal Management 28:39-53. 2000 Philippines Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Resource Use Management
Craig, P., S. Saucerman, and S. Wiegman. 2000. The central South Pacific Ocean (American Samoa). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 765-772. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Samoa; American Samoa Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Crosby, M. P., A. Abu-Hilal, A. Al-Homoud, J. Erez, and R. Ortal. 2000. Interactions among scientists, managers and the public in defining research priorities and management strategies for marine and coastal resources: Is the Red Sea Marine Peace Park a new paradigm? Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:581-594. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Crowder, L. B., S. J. Lyman, W. F. Figueira, and J. Priddy. 2000. Source-sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:799-820. 2000 Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Debrot, A. O. and I. Nagelkerken. 2000. User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curacao. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:95-106. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Dempsey, M. J., W. E. Mathieson, and T. A. Winters. 2000. Learning from Offshore Decommissioning Practices in Europe and the USA. Pages 741-746 in SPE - Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Europe Internet & Telecommunications; Special Use Permitting
DIXON, J. A., L. F. SCURA, and T. VAN�T HOF. 2000. An Economic and Ecological Analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Dove, J. 2000. Protecting the Norfolk coastline. Geography Review 14:35-39. 2000
Dudgeon, C. L., N. Gust, and D. Blair. 2000. No apparent genetic basis to demographic differences in scarid fishes across continental shelf of the great barrier reef. Marine Biology 137:1059-1066. 2000 Australia Corallivorous Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Edinger, E. N. and M. J. Risk. 2000. Reef classification by coral morphology predicts coral reef conservation value. Biological Conservation 92:13-Jan. 2000 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Esslemont, G. 2000. Heavy metals in seawater, marine sediments and corals from the Townsville section, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland. Marine Chemistry 71:215-231. 2000 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Foale, S. and M. Macintyre. 2000. Dynamic and flexible aspects of land and marine tenure at West Nggela: Implications for marine resource management. Oceania 71:30-45. 2000 Model Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Resource Use Management
Forrester, G. E. and M. A. Steele. 2000. Variation in the presence and cause of density-dependent mortality in three species of reef fishes. Ecology 81:2416-2427. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Special Use Permitting
Gell, F. and M. Watson. 2000. UK overseas territories in the northeast Caribbean: Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 615-626. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Antilles; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean; United Kingdom Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Gladstone, W. 2000. The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015-1032. 2000 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Gourbesville, PH . and B. A. Thomassin. 2000. Coastal environment assessment procedure for sustainable wastewater management in tropical islands: The Mayotte example. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:997-1014. 2000 Global; Indian Ocean; Comoros; Mayotte; India Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Wastewater Discharge
Guard, M., A. J. Mmochi, and C. Horrill. 2000. Tanzania. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 83-98. 2000 Tanzania Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Hajkowicz, S., M. Young, S. Wheeler, D. MacDonald, and D. Young. 2000. Supporting Decisions: Understanding Natural Resource Management Assessment Techniques - A report to the Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation. Primary Industries and Resources SA, Adelaide (South Australia). 2000 Australia Agriculture; Drinking Water Supply; Resource Use Management; Salinity
Harborne, A. R., M. D. McField, and E. K. Delaney. 2000. Belize. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 501-516. 2000 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Hardman-Mountford, N. J., K. A. Koranteng, and A. R. G. Price. 2000. The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 773-796. 2000 Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Haynes, D. and J. E. Johnson. 2000. Organochlorine, heavy metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutant concentrations in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:267-278. 2000 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Haynes, D. and K. Michalek-Wagner. 2000. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Past perspectives, current issues and new research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:428-434. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics
Huber Richard, M. and KE NT Gustavson. 2000. Economic decision support models for ICZM of coral reefs. Sea Technology 41. 2000 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support
Huber, M. E. 2000. Torres Strait and the Gulf of Papua. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 593-610. 2000 Australia; Papua New Guinea Agriculture; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Huber, M. E. and G. B. K. Baines. 2000. The Coral, Solomon and Bismarck Seas Region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 425-446. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Mangroves; Molluscs; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Wetlands
Ibrahim, Z. Z., A. Arshad, L. S. Chong, J. S. Bujang, L. A. Theem, N. M. R. Abdullah, and M. M. Marghany. 2000. East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 345-359. 2000 Malaysia; China Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jacinto, G. S., P. M. Alino, C. L. Villanoy, L. Talaue-McManus, and E. D. Gomez. 2000. The Philippines. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 405-423. 2000 Philippines Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jameson, S. C., L. B. Trott, M. J. Marshall, and M. J. Childress. 2000. Nicaragua: Caribbean coast. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 517-530. 2000 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Caribbean Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jebreen, E. J., R. T. Counihan, D. R. Fielder, and B. M. Degnan. 2000. Synchronous oogenesis during the semilunar spawning cycle of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. Journal of Shellfish Research 19:845-851. 2000 Australia Special Use Permitting
Jeffrey, C. F. G. 2000. Annual, coastal and seasonal variation in Grenadian demersal fisheries (1986-1993) and implications for management. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:305-319. 2000 US Virgin Islands; Bermuda Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, A. K. L. and S. P. Ebert. 2000. Quantifying inputs of pesticides to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - A case study in the Herbert River catchment of North-East Queensland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:302-309. 2000 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Karalis, T., L. Gupta, M. Chu, B. A. Campbell, M. F. Capra, and P. A. Maywood. 2000. Three clusters of ciguatera poisoning: Clinical manifestations and public health implications. Medical Journal of Australia 172:160-162. 2000 Fish; Health Policies; Special Use Permitting
Karczmarski, L. 2000. Conservation and management of humpback dolphins: The South African perspective. ORYX 34:207-216. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Model Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Labrosse, P., R. Fichez, R. Farman, and T. Adams. 2000. New Caledonia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 723-736. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Europe; France Agriculture; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Labrosse, P., Y. Letourneur, M. Kulbicki, J. R. Paddon. 2000. Fish stock assessment of the northern New Caledonian lagoons: 3 - fishing pressure, potential yields and impact on management options. Aquatic Living Resource 13:91-98. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; New Caledonia Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lam, K. K. Y. 2000. Sexual reproduction of a low-temperature tolerant coral Oulastrea crispata (Scleractinia, Faviidae) in Hong Kong, China. Marine Ecology Progress Series 205:101-111. 2000 China Artificial Habitat; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
LeDrew Ellsworth, F., MI KE Wulder, and HE AT HE R Holden. 2000. Change detection of satellite imagery for reconnaissance of stressed tropical corals. Pages 2678-2680 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 Fiji Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining Policies; Shoreline Armoring; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Letourneur, Y., P. Labrosse, and M. Kulbicki. 2000. Spatial distribution of standing stocks of reefal demersal fish of commercial interest and fishing effort in the Northern Province of New Caledonia (Western Pacific) [Distribution spatiale des stocks de poissons recifaux demersaux d'interet commercial et. Oceanologica Acta 23:595-606. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector
Levin, P. S., N. Tolimieri, M. Nicklin, and P. F. Sale. 2000. Integrating individual behavior and population ecology: The potential for habitat-dependent population regulation in a reef fish. Behavioral Ecology 11:565-571. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Lindeman, K. C., R. Pugliese, G. T. Waugh, and J. S. Ault. 2000. Developmental patterns within a multispecies reef fishery: Management applications for essential fish habitats and protected areas. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:929-956. 2000 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Civil Engineering & Construction; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Maloney, K. A., L. A. Maguire, and E. A. Lind. 2000. NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY MODELING AND MONITORING PROJECT STAGE 1: ASSESSMENT OF STAKEHOLDER INTEREST AND CONCERNS TO INFORM LONG-TERM MODELING. 50237, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, (NC, USA). 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Martell, S. J. D., C. J. Walters, and S. S. Wallace. 2000. The use of marine protected areas for conservation of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Bulletin of Marine Science 66:729-743. 2000 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R. 2000. Recovery of a coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks. Biological Conservation 94:191-198. 2000 Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and S. Mangi. 2000. Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Ecological Applications 10:1792-1805. 2000 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Munoz-Perez, J. J., J. M. Gutierrez Mas, J. M. Naranjo, E. Torres, and L. Fages. 2000. Position and monitoring of anti-trawling reefs in the Cape of Trafalgar (Gulf of Cadiz, SW Spain). Bulletin of Marine Science 67:761-772. 2000 Spain Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Nickerson-Tietze, D. J. 2000. Scientific characterization and monitoring: Its application to integrated coastal management in Malaysia. Ecological Applications 10:386-396. 2000 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Nunn, P. D. 2000. Coastal changes over the past 200 years around Ovalau and Moturiki Islands, Fiji: Implications for coastal zone management. Australian Geographer 31:21-39. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Mangroves; Shoreline Protection
Oakley, S., N. Pilcher, and E. Wood. 2000. Borneo. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 361-379. 2000 Global; Malaysia; Indonesia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Forestry; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Whales & Dolphins
Penchaszadeh, P. E., C. A. Leon, H. Alvarez, D. Bone, P. Castellano, M. M. Castillo, Y. Diaz, M. P. Garcia, M. Lemus, F. Losada, A. Martin, P. Miloslavich, C. Paredes, D. Perez, M. Sebastiani, D. Stecconi, V. Roa, and A. Villamizar. 2000. Venezuela. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 643-661. 2000 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Venezuela; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Molluscs; Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pinnegar, J. K., N. V. C. Polunin, P. Francour, F. Badalamenti, R. Chemello, M.-L. Harmelin-Vivien, B. Hereu, M. Milazzo, M. Zabala, G. D'Anna, and C. Pipitone. 2000. Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: Lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environmental Conservation 27:179-200. 2000 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Caribbean Review Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Pitcher, T. J., R. Watson, N. Haggan, S. Guenette, R. Kennish, U. R. Sumaila, D. Cook, K. Wilson, and A. Leung. 2000. Marine reserves and the restoration of fisheries and marine ecosystems in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:543-566. 2000 China Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Plathong, S., G. J. Inglis, and M. E. Huber. 2000. Effects of self-guided snorkeling trails on corals in a tropical marine park. Conservation Biology 14:1821-1830. 2000 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rajasuriya, A. and A. Premaratne. 2000. Sri Lanka. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 175-187. 2000 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Sri Lanka; India Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Ramachandran, S. 2000. Southeast India. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 161-173. 2000 India Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fishing Sector; Irrigation; Mangroves; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rao, D. V. S. 2000. The Bay of Bengal. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 269-284. 2000 Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Reynolds, W. S., J. A. Schwarz, and V. M. Weis. 2000. Symbiosis-enhanced gene expression in cnidarian-algal associations: Cloning and characterization of a cDNA, sym32, encoding a possible cell adhesion protein. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 126:33-44. 2000 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Rice, M. A., A. Valliere, and A. Caporelli. 2000. A review of shellfish restoration and management projects in Rhode Island. Journal of Shellfish Research 19:401-408. 2000 Review Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 2000. Mapping of benthic habitats in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt): A tool for proactive management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:127-140. 2000 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Roberts, C. M. and J. P. Hawkins. 2000. Fully-protected marine reserves: a guide. WWF Endangered Seas Campaign, Washington, DC. 2000 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Scheffer, M., W. Brock, and F. Westley. 2000. Socioeconomic mechanisms preventing optimum use of ecosystem services: an interdisciplinary theoretical analysis. Ecosystems 3:451-471. 2000 Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Schleyer, M. H. and B. J. Tomalin. 2000. Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:1025-1042. 2000 South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Shafer, C. S. and G. J. Inglis. 2000. Influence of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions on tourism experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Environmental Management 26:73-87. 2000 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Red Sea. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 35-45. 2000 Indian Ocean; India Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies
Shivlani, M. P. and D. O. Suman. 2000. Dive operator use patterns in the designated no-take zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). Environmental Management 25:647-659. 2000 Florida GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Landuse Management; Tourism & Recreation
Souter, D. W. and O. Linden. 2000. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:657-688. 2000 Review Biotechnology Research & Development; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Temperatures; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Spash, C. L. 2000. Assessing the benefits of improving coral reef biodiversity: the contingent valuation method. Pages 40-54 in Cesar, H. S. J., editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Jamaica Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Thorburn, C. C. 2000. Changing customary marine resource management practice and institutions: The case of Sasi Lola in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. World Development 28:1461-1479. 2000 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Titlyanov, E. A., J. Tsukahara, T. V. Titlyanova, V. A. Leletkin, R. Van Woesik, and K. Yamazato. 2000. Zooxanthellae population density and physiological state of the coral Stylophora pistillata during starvation and osmotic shock. Symbiosis 28:303-322. 2000 Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Trexler, J. C. and J. Travis. 2000. Can marine protected areas restore and conserve stock attributes of reef fishes? Bulletin of Marine Science 66:853-873. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Tuya, F. C., M. L. Soboil, and J. Kido. 2000. An assessment of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:1218-1226. 2000 China Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Working Group on Ecosystem Science and Conservation. 2000. Coral reef protected areas: a guide for management. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Valuation
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Van Tussenbroek, B. I., C. A. Galindo, and J. Marquez. 2000. Dormancy and foliar density regulation in Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany 68:281-295. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Nutrients; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Vuki, V. C., L. P. Zann, M. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. The Fiji Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 751-764. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Waldman, M. and Y. Shevah. 2000. Biological diversity - An overview. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:299-310. 2000 Global Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Walker, D. I. 2000. The Western Australian region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 691-704. 2000 Australia Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Warnken, J. and R. Buckley. 2000. Monitoring diffuse impacts: Australian tourism developments. Environmental Management 25:453-461. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Webster, M. S. and M. A. Hixon. 2000. Mechanisms and individual consequences of intraspecific competition in a coral-reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 196:187-194. 2000 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Fish; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Werner, T. B., L. P. Pinto, G. F. Dutra, and P. G. Do Prado Pereira. 2000. Abrolhos 2000: Conserving the southern Atlantic's richest coastal biodiversity into the next century. Coastal Management 28:99-108. 2000 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
White, A. T. and H. P. Vogt. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: Lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:537-550. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
White, A. T., H. P. Vogt, and T. Arin. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: The economic losses caused by reef destruction. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:598-605. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
White, A. T., M. Ross, and M. Flores. 2000. Benefits and costs of coral reef and wetland management, Olango Island, Philippines. Pages 215-227 in H. S. J. Cesar, editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Wilks, J. and R. J. Davis. 2000. Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 21:591-599. 2000 Australia; Cuba Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, I. D. and N. V. C. Polunin. 2000. Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation 27:382-391. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; France Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Wong, P. P. 2000. Malacca Strait including Singapore and Johore Straits. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 331-344. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Yap, H. T. 2000. The case for restoration of tropical coastal ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:841-851. 2000 Global Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Zakai, D., O. Levy, and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2000. Experimental fragmentation reduces sexual reproductive output by the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 19:185-188. 2000 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Zann, L. P. 2000. Northeastern Australia: The Great Barrier Reef region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 611-628. 2000 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Zann, L. P. 2000. The Australian Region: An overview. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 579-592. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Sediment
Zann, L. P. 2000. The Eastern Australian Region: A dynamic tropical/temperate biotone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:188-203. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. and V. Vuki. 2000. The South Western Pacific Islands region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 705-722. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; American Samoa Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Sediment; Wetlands
Zeller, D. C. and G. R. Russ. 2000. Population estimates and size structure of Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) in relation to no-fishing zones: Mark-release-resighting and underwater visual census. Marine and Freshwater Research 51:221-228. 2000 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Al-Awadhi, F. M. A. 1999. The Year of the Ocean and its crucial importance to the Gulf. Desalination 123:127-133. 1999 Global Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Finfish Harvest; Littering; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Waste Management Policies
Al-Jufaili, S., M. Al-Jabri, A. Al-Baluchi, R. M. Baldwin, S. G. Wilson, F. West, and A. D. Matthews. 1999. Human impacts on coral reefs in the Sultanate of Oman. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 49:65-74. 1999 Oman Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Pathogens; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Anderson, C. and M. Roche. 1999. Transporting the minerals industry into the next century: Environmental challenges at the Port of Townsville. Pages 252-268 in Mining into the next century : environmental opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of the 24th annual environmental workshop. Townsville, October 1999. 1999 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134. 1999 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Bell, J. D. and M. Gervis. 1999. New species for coastal aquaculture in the tropical Pacific - constraints, prospects and considerations. Aquaculture International 7:207-223. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Brown, P. J. and R. B. Taylor. 1999. Effects of trampling by humans on animals inhabiting coralline algal turf in the rocky intertidal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 235:45-53. 1999 Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Trampling
Bunce, L., K. Gustavson, J. Williams, and M. Miller. 1999. The human side of reef management: A case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs 18:369-380. 1999 Jamaica Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation
Campos-Vazquez, C., L. F. Carrera-Parra, N. E. Gonzalez, and S. I. Salazar-Vallejo. 1999. Criptofauna en rocas de Punta Nizuc, Caribe mexicano y su utilidad como biomonitor potencial. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:799-808. 1999 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Caselle, J. E. 1999. Early post-settlement mortality in a coral reef fish and its effect on local population size. Ecological Monographs 69:177-194. 1999 US Virgin Islands Fish; Special Use Permitting
Chapman, M. R. and D. L. Kramer. 1999. Gradients in coral reef fish density and size across the Barbados Marine Reserve boundary: Effects of reserve protection and habitat characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 181:81-96. 1999 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Charton, J. A. G. and A. P. Ruzafa. 1999. Ecological heterogeneity and the evaluation of the effects of marine reserves. Fisheries Research 42:20-Jan. 1999 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242:107-144. 1999 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Epifanio, R. D. A., D. L. Martins, R. Villaca, and R. Gabriel. 1999. Chemical defenses against fish predation in three Brazilian octocorals: 11β,12β-epoxypukalide as a feeding deterrent in Phyllogorgia dilatata. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25:2255-2265. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef-lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18:327-332. 1999 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Fagoonee, I., H. B. Wilson, M. P. Hassell, and J. R. Turner. 1999. The dynamics of zooxanthellae populations: A long-term study in the field. Science 283:843-845. 1999 Global Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Fernandes, L., M. A. Ridgley, and T. Van't Hof. 1999. Multiple criteria analysis integrates economic, ecological and social objectives for coral reef managers. Coral Reefs 18:393-402. 1999 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Gawel, M. J. 1999. Protection of marine benthic habitats in the Pacific islands. A case study of Guam. Oceanologica Acta 22:721-726. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Lab Study Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Seastars; Sediment; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Ghassemi, F., J. W. Molson, A. Falkland, and K. Alam. 1999. Three-dimensional simulation of the home island freshwater lens: Preliminary results. Environmental Modelling & Software 14:181-190. 1999 Model Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water
Gladstone, W., N. Tawfiq, D. Nasr, I. Andersen, C. Cheung, H. Drammeh, F. Krupp, and S. Lintner. 1999. Sustainable use of renewable resources and conservation in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Issues, needs and strategic actions. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:671-697. 1999 Global Review Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Guzman, H. M. and C. A. Guevara. 1999. Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panama: III. Distribucion, estructura, diversidad y estado de conservacion de los arrecifes de las islas Pastores, Cristobal, Popa y Cayo Agua. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:659-676. 1999 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hall, L. W., J. M. Giddings, K. R. Solomon, and R. Balcomb. 1999. An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 29:367-437. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Boating Regulations; Chemical Use Regulations; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Hammer, O. S. 1999. Computer-aided study of growth patterns in tabulate corals, exemplified by Catenipora heintzi from Ringerike, Oslo region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 79:219-226. 1999 Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Harriott, V. J. 1999. Coral recruitment at a high latitude Pacific site: A comparison with Atlantic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 65:881-891. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Marine Protected Areas
Harriott, V. J., S. A. Banks, R. L. Mau, D. Richardson, and L. G. Roberts. 1999. Ecological and conservation significance of the subtidal rocky reef communities of northern New South Wales, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:299-306. 1999 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hastings, A. and L. W. Botsford. 1999. Equivalence in yield from marine reserves and traditional fisheries management. Science 284:1537-1538. 1999 Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, T. Van't Hof, K. De Meyer, J. Tratalos, and C. Aldam. 1999. Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology 13:888-897. 1999 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hensel, P. F., J. W. Day Jr., and D. Pont. 1999. Wetland vertical accretion and soil elevation change in the Rhone River Delta, France: The importance of riverine flooding. Journal of Coastal Research 15:668-681. 1999 France Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Heyman, W. D. and B. Kjerfve. 1999. Hydrological and oceanographic considerations for integrated coastal zone management in Southern Belize. Environmental Management 24:229-245. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Model Agriculture; Aquaculture; Discharges; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:345-355. 1999 Global Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and R. J. Jones. 1999. Photoinhibition and photoprotection in symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 183:73-86. 1999 Australia Algae; Light; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Holmlund, C. M. and M. Hammer. 1999. Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Ecological Economics 29:253-268. 1999 Global Review Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Inglis, G. J., V. I. Johnson, and F. Ponte. 1999. Crowding norms in marine settings: a case study of snorkeling on the great barrier reef. Environmental Management 24:369-381. 1999 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Jameson, S. C., M. S. A. Ammar, E. Saadalla, H. M. Mostafa, and B. Riegl. 1999. A coral damage index and its application to diving sites in the Egyptian Red Sea. Coral Reefs 18:333-339. 1999 Global; Egypt Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral
Johnson, A. K. L., S. P. Ebert, and A. E. Murray. 1999. Distribution of coastal freshwater wetlands and riparian forests in the Herbert River catchment and implications for management of catchments adjacent the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 26:229-235. 1999 Australia; Europe GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Kelleher, G. 1999. Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Kosarova, M., H. Havelkova, M. Krulova, P. Demant, and M. Lipoldova. 1999. The production of two Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, is controlled independently by locus Cypr1 and by loci Cypr2 and Cypr3, respectively. Immunogenetics 49:134-141. 1999 Special Use Permitting
Kramer, D. L. and M. R. Chapman. 1999. Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Environmental Biology of Fishes 55:65-79. 1999 Review Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kunzmann, A. 1999. Korallen, Fischer und Touristen. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 51:25-32. 1999 Global; Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Lee Long, W. J., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. 1999. Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:321-328. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru, H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1999. The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 89:161-182. 1999 Kenya; Tanzania Model Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mdodo Rennatus, M. 1999. Reef degradation following mass coral bleaching in Kenya. Page 1025 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 Kenya Marine Protected Areas
Mead, S. and K. Black. 1999. A multipurpose, artificial reef at Mount Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. Coastal Management 27:355-365. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Construction Codes & Projects; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Mumby, P. J. and A. R. Harborne. 1999. Development of a systematic classification scheme of marine habitats to facilitate regional management and mapping of Caribbean coral reefs. Biological Conservation 88:155-163. 1999 South & Central America; Turks and Caicos; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing
Mumby, P. J., E. P. Green, A. J. Edwards, and C. D. Clark. 1999. The cost-effectiveness of remote sensing for tropical coastal resources assessment and management. Journal of Environmental Management 55:157-166. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Mangroves; Seagrasses
Murray S. N., R. F. Ambrose, J. A. Bohnsack, L. W. Botsford, M. H. Carr, G. E. Davis, P. K. Dayton, D. Gotshall, G. R. Gunderson, M. A. Hixon, J. Lubcheco, M. Mangel, A. MacCall, D. A. McArdle, J. C. Ogden, J. Roughgarden, R. M. Starr, M. J. Tegner, and M. M. Yoklavisch. 1999. No-take reserve networks. Fisheries 24:11-25. 1999 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Nichols, K. 1999. Coming to terms with \Integrated Coastal Management\": Problems of meaning and method in a new arena of resource regulation". Professional Geographer 51:388-399. 1999 Global; Sri Lanka Review Special Use Permitting
Otto, J. C. 1999. Four new species of Agaue (Acarina: Halacaridae) from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 40:273-281. 1999 Australia Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Pet-Soede, L., H. S. J. Cesar, and J. S. Pet. 1999. An economic analysis of blast fishing on Indonesian coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 26:83-93. 1999 Indonesia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Ralph, P. J., R. Gademann, A. W. D. Larkum, and U. Schreiber. 1999. In situ underwater measurements of photosynthetic activity of coral zooxanthellae and other reef-dwelling dinoflagellate endosymbionts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180:139-147. 1999 Germany Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Ramos, A. 1999. The megazoobenthos of the Scotia Arc islands. Scientia Marina 63:171-182. 1999 Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Sponges
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. and L. M. Ortiz. 1999. Coral reef education in schools of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:1061-1068. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges
Ronnback, P. 1999. The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems. Ecological Economics 29:235-252. 1999 Review Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Molluscs; Monetary Valuation; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Seagrasses
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1999. Management histories of Sumilon and Apo Marine Reserves, Philippines, and their influence on national marine resource policy. Coral Reefs 18:307-319. 1999 Philippines Lab Study; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Scarlett, A., P. Donkin, T. W. Fileman, and R. J. Morris. 1999. Occurrence of the antifouling herbicide, Irgarol 1051, within coastal-water seagrasses from Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:687-691. 1999 Australia; Europe Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. 1999 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Schleyer, M. H. 1999. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. 1999 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Schmitt, R. J. and S. J. Holbrook. 1999. Mortality of juvenile damselfish: Implications for assessing processes that determine abundance. Ecology 80:35-50. 1999 Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Shackley, M. 1999. Tourism development and environmental protection in southern Sinai. Tourism Management 20:543-548. 1999 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Swearer, S. E., J. E. Caselle, D. W. Lea, and R. R. Warner. 1999. Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of a coral-reef fish. Nature 402:799-802. 1999 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Nutrients
Titlyanov, E. A., T. V. Titlyanova, J. Tsukahara, R. Van Woesik, and K. Yamazato. 1999. Experimental increases of zooxanthellae density in the coral Stylophora pistillata elucidate adaptive mechanisms for zooxanthellae regulation. Symbiosis 26:347-362. 1999 Plankton; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Van Treeck, P. and H. Schuhmacher. 1999. Mass diving tourism - A new dimensional calls for new management approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:499-504. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Walters, C., D. Pauly, and V. Christensen. 1999. Ecospace: prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas. Ecosystems 2:539-554. 1999 Global Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Windevoxhel, N. J., J. J. Rodriguez, and E. J. Lahmann. 1999. Situation of integrated coastal zone management in Central America: Experiences of the IUCN wetlands and coastal zone conservation program. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:257-282. 1999 South & Central America Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. 1999. A new (old) approach to inshore resources management in Samoa. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:569-590. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa Model Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Housing; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 1998. Food from the sea: Living marine resources. Sea Technology 39:43-47. 1998 Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Wetlands
Adams, T. 1998. The interface between traditional and modern methods of fishery management in the Pacific Islands. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:127-142. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji; Cook Islands Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bohnsack, J. A. 1998. Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Austral Ecology 23:298-304. 1998 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Bortone, S. A. 1998. Resolving the attraction-production dilemma in artificial reef research: Some Yeas and Nays. Fisheries 23:10-Jun. 1998 Model Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Brown, K., W. N. Adger, E. Tompkins, P. Bacon, D. Shim, and K. Young. 1998. A framework for incorporating stakeholder participation in marine resource management: A case study in Tobago. Working Paper - Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment. 1998 Global; Trinidad; Tobago Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Cansfield-Smith, T. 1998. The 25 Year Strategic Plan for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: A model for strategic planning in the Wadden Sea Area? Senckenbergiana Maritima 29:165-171. 1998 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Chichilnisky, G. and G. Heal. 1998. Economic returns from the biosphere. Nature 391:629-630. 1998 China Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting
Christian, R., F. Steimle, and R. Stone. 1998. Evolution of marine artificial reef development-a philosophical review of management strategies. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:32-36. 1998 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Cuthill, M. 1998. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck. Coastal Management 26:33-46. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Dalzell, P. 1998. The role of archaeological and cultural-historical records in long-range coastal fisheries resources management strategies and policies in the Pacific Islands. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:237-252. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Molluscs
Demartini, E. E. 1998. How might recruitment research on coral-reef fishes help manage tropical reef fisheries? Austral Ecology 23:305-310. 1998 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Done, T. 1998. Science for management of the Great Barrier Reef. Nature and Resources 34:16-29. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Forest, N. B. 1998. Assessment of coastal regulations and implementation: case study of Roatan, Bay Islands, Honduras. Coastal Management 26:125-155. 1998 South & Central America; Honduras; Caribbean Model Special Use Permitting
Fouda, M. M., G. V. Hermosa Jr., and S. M. Al-Harthi. 1998. Status of fish biodiversity in the Sultanate of Oman. Italian Journal of Zoology 65:521-525. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Oman Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Special Use Permitting
Fuchs, A. and U. Radtke. 1998. Ecological problems on the carribean island of Barbados [Okologische probleme auf der karibischen insel Barbados]. Geographische Rundschau 50:706-713. 1998 Cuba Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water
Gateno, D., Y. Barki, and B. Rinkevich. 1998. Aquarium maintenance of reef octocorals raised from field collected larvae. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:227-236. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral
Gibson, J., M. McField, and S. Wells. 1998. Coral reef management in Belize: An approach through integrated coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management 39:229-244. 1998 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Permitting & Zoning; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Gischler, E. and J. H. Hudson. 1998. Holocene development of three isolated carbonate platforms, Belize, Central America. Marine Geology 144:333-347. 1998 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize; Caribbean Mangroves; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gittings, S. R. 1998. Reef community stability on the Flower Garden Banks, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:161-169. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Graham, T. and N. Idechong. 1998. Reconciling customary and constitutional law: Managing marine resources in Palau, Micronesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:143-164. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Micronesia; Europe Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N. A. and J. W. A. Robertson. 1998. Fishing effort in the far northern section cross shelf closure area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: The effectiveness of area closures. Journal of Environmental Management 52:53-67. 1998 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Hammer, O. 1998. Regulation of astogeny in halysitid tabulates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43:635-651. 1998 Model Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Sponges
Hixon, M. A. 1998. Population dynamics of coral-reef fishes: Controversial concepts and hypotheses. Austral Ecology 23:192-201. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
J. E. Arias-Gonzalez, B. Delesalle, B. Salvat, R. Galzin. 1998. Trophic models of protected and unprotected coral reef ecosystems in the South of the Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:236-255. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Jameson S. C., M. V. Erdmann, G. R. Gibson Jr., and K. W. Potts. 1998. Development of biological criteria for coral reef ecosystem assessment. Atoll Research Bulletin 450:1-102. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Karczmarski, L., V. G. Cockcroft, A. Mclaciilan, and P. E. D. Winter. 1998. Recommendations for the conservation and management of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in the Algoa Bay region, South Africa. Koedoe 41:121-129. 1998 South Africa Review Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Kasprzak, R. A. 1998. Use of oil and gas platforms as habitat in Louisiana's artificial reef program. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:37-45. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Defense; Corporate Responses; Finfish Harvest; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Lara, E. N. and E. A. Gonzalez. 1998. The relationship between reef fish community structure and environmental variables in the southern Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:209-221. 1998 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Algae; Fish; Fishing Sector; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Leung, P. S., J. Muraoka, S. T. Nakamoto, and S. Pooley. 1998. Evaluating fisheries management options in Hawaii using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Fisheries Research 36:171-183. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Li, H., M. J. W. Veldhuis, and A. F. Post. 1998. Alkaline phosphatase activities among planktonic communities in the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 173:107-115. 1998 Iran Index or Indicator Plankton; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Major, J. 1998. Do marine 'no-take' zones work? Australasian Science 19:20-22. 1998 Global; Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McConney, P. and R. Mahon. 1998. Introducing fishery management planning to Barbados. Ocean and Coastal Management 39:189-195. 1998 Review Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Meine, J. 1998. Automated vessel traffic management. Dock and Harbour Authority 78:247. 1998 Australia Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Special Use Permitting
Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1998 Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Venezuela; India Model Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
NEPA. 1998. MARICULTURE DRAFT POLICY AND REGULATION NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AUTHORITY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT DIVISION. National Environment & Planning agency. 1998 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Nunez Lara, E. and E. Arias Gonzalez. 1998. The relationship between reef fish community structure and environmental variables in the southern Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:209-221. 1998 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Algae; Fish; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. and B. X. Semmens. 1998. An analysis of fish survey data generated by nonexpert volunteers in the Flower Garden Banks national marine sanctuary. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:196-207. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Peachey, A. 1998. An economic valuation of water based recreation in the Great Barrier Reef marine park. Australian Parks and Recreation 34:14-16. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Planes, S., J.-Y. Jouvenel, and P. Lenfant. 1998. Density dependence in post-recruitment processes of juvenile sparids in the littoral of the Mediterranean Sea. Oikos 83:293-300. 1998 Fish; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Price, A. R. G. 1998. Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal environment and ecosystems: Current status and future prospects. Environment International 24:91-96. 1998 Review; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Price, A. R. G., G. Jobbins, A. R. Dawson Shepherd, and R. F. G. Ormond. 1998. An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Conservation 25:65-76. 1998 Saudi Arabia Mangroves; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ranjith, M. W. and N. De Silva. 1998. The Coastal Resources Management Program in Brunei Darussalam. Ocean and Coastal Management 38:147-160. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Oil & Gas Rigs; Petroleum Spills
Russ, C. R., D. C. Lou, J. B. Higgs, and B. P. Ferreira. 1998. Mortality rate of a cohort of the coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, in zones of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park closed to fishing. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:507-511. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1998. Natural fishing experiments in marine reserves 1983-1993: Community and trophic responses. Coral Reefs 17:383-397. 1998 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1998. Natural fishing experiments in marine reserves 1983-1993: Roles of life history and fishing intensity in family responses. Coral Reefs 17:399-416. 1998 Philippines Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Schussler, F. 1998. Many possibilities for platforms past their prime. Scandinavian Oil - Gas Magazine 26:101-102. 1998 Europe Special Use Permitting
Shackley, M. 1998. 'Stingray City' - managing the impact of underwater tourism in the Cayman Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6:328-338. 1998 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Shafer, C. S. and D. Benzaken. 1998. User perceptions about marine wilderness on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Coastal Management 26:79-91. 1998 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Thewlis, R. M., R. J. Timmins, T. D. Evans, and J. W. Duckworth. 1998. The conservation status of birds in Laos: A review of key species. Bird Conservation International 8:1-159. 1998 Global; Thailand Review Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Troynikov, V. S., R. W. Day, and A. M. Leorke. 1998. Estimation of seasonal growth parameters using a stochastic Gompertz model for tagging data. Journal of Shellfish Research 17:833-838. 1998 Model Fishing Sector
Williamson, A. 1998. Use of acoustics in remote sensing of the seabed. Hydro International 2:51-53. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management
Worheide, G. 1998. The reef cave dwelling ultraconservative coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana Lister 1900 from the Indo-Pacific. Facies 38:Jan-88. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Deforestation & Devegetation; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wu, R. S. S., R. Y. H. Cheung, and P. K. S. Shin. 1998. The 'beneficial uses' approach in coastal management in Hong Kong: A compromise between rapid urban development and sustainable development. Ocean and Coastal Management 41:89-102. 1998 Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Seagrasses
Zeller, D. C. 1998. Spawning aggregations: Patterns of movement of the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae) as determined by ultrasonic telemetry. Marine Ecology Progress Series 162:253-263. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Attwood, C. G., J. M. Harris, and A. J. Williams. 1997. International experience of marine protected areas and their relevance to South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 311-332. 1997 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Corporate Responses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bavestrello, G., C. Cerrano, D. Zanzi, and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 1997. Damage by fishing activities to the Gorgonian coral Paramuricea clavata in the Ligurian Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:253-262. 1997 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Octocoral
Beukers, J. S. and G. P. Jones. 1997. Habitat complexity modifies the impact of piscivores on a coral reef fish population. Oecologia 114:50-59. 1997 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Birkeland, C. 1997. Symbiosis, fisheries and economic development on coral reefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:364-367. 1997 Palau Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Resource Use Management
Cesar, H., C. G. Lundin, S. Bettencourt, J. Dixon. 1997. Indonesian coral reefs - an economic analysis of a precious but threatened resource. Ambio 26:345-350. 1997 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Colman, J. G. 1997. A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark. Journal of Fish Biology 51:1219-1234. 1997 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Daily, G. C., S. Alexander, P. R. Ehrlich, L. Goulder, J. Lubchenco, P. A. Matson, H. A. Mooney, S. Postel, S. H. Schneider, D.Tilman, and G. M. Woodwell. 1997. Ecosystem services: benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues in Ecology 1:1-18. 1997 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Climate; Economic Markets & Policies; Forestry; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Special Use Permitting
Dight, I. J. and L. M. Scherl. 1997. The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI): Global priorities for the conservation and management of coral reefs and the need for partnerships. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 Global Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Resource Use Management
Driml, S. M. 1997. Bringing ecological economics out of the wilderness. Ecological Economics 23:145-153. 1997 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Dvorak, J. 1997. Geology of palaeozoic sediments in the surroundings of Ostrov u Macochy (Moravian Karst, Moravia) [Geologie paleozoika v okoli Ostrova u Macochy (Moravský kras, Morava)]. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 42:105-110. 1997 Drinking Water Supply; Sediment
Edgar, G. J., J. Moverley, N. S. Barrett, D. Peters, and C. Reed. 1997. The conservation-related benefits of a systematic marine biological sampling programme: The Tasmanian reef bioregionalisation as a case study. Biological Conservation 79:227-240. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses
Foale, S. and R. Day. 1997. Stock assessment of trochus (Trochus niloticus) (Gastropoda. Trochidae) fisheries at West Nggela, Solomon Islands. Fisheries Research 33:16-Jan. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Solomon Islands Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Fontaine, M. 1997. Ethics, bioethics and medical sciences [ethique, bioethique(s) et sciences medicales]. Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de Medecine 181:1477-1486. 1997 Health Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Special Use Permitting
Goiran, C., D. Allemand, and I. Galgani. 1997. Transient Na+ stress in symbiotic dinoflagellates after isolation from coral-host cells and subsequent immersion in seawater. Marine Biology 129:581-589. 1997 Cuba Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Grossman, G. D., G. P. Jones, and W. J. Seaman Jr. 1997. Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries 22:17-23. 1997 Review Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Special Use Permitting
Harriott, V. J., D. Davis, and S. A. Banks. 1997. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio 26:173-179. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hatziolos, M. 1997. Coral reefs and the World Bank. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:30-31. 1997 Global; Australia Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas
Haynes, D. 1997. Marine debris on continental islands and sand cays in the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:276-279. 1997 Australia Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas
Hildebrand Lawrence, P. 1997. Introduction to the special issue on community-based coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 36:9-Jan. 1997 Collaboration & Partnering
Hixon, M. A. and M. H. Carr. 1997. Synergistic predation, density dependence, and population regulation in marine fish. Science 277:946-949. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Special Use Permitting
Jones, R. J. and D. Yellowlees. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae ( = zooxanthellae) in hard corals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 352:457-468. 1997 Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Knight, D., E. LeDrew, and H. Holden. 1997. Mapping submerged corals in Fiji from remote sensing and in situ measurements: Applications for integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 34:153-170. 1997 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
LeDrew, EL LS WO RT H, DR EW Knight, and HE AT HE R Holden. 1997. Remote sensing analysis of submerged coral reefs: Applications for integrated coastal management in Fiji. Pages 809-812 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 1997 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Liao, I. C. 1997. Status, problems and prospects of stock enhancement in Taiwan. Hydrobiologia 352:167-180. 1997 Japan; Taiwan Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Special Use Permitting
Link, J. 1997. Untrawlable bottom in shrimp statistical zones of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Marine Fisheries Review 59:33-36. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Luttinger, N. 1997. Community-based coral reef conservation in the Bay Islands of Honduras. Ocean and Coastal Management 36:22-Nov. 1997 Honduras Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Makoloweka, S. and K. Shurcliff. 1997. Coastal management in Tanga, Tanzania: A decentralized community-based approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 37:349-357. 1997 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Aquaculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Mangroves
Makoloweka, S. and K. Shurcliff. 1997. Silencing the dynamite fishers. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:24-25. 1997 Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Resource Use Management
McClanahan, T. R., D. Obura. 1997. Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209:103-122. 1997 Kenya Algae; Discharges; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mcclanahan, T. R., H. Glaesel, J. Rubens, and R. Kiambo. 1997. The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral-reef ecosystems of southern Kenya. Environmental Conservation 24:105-120. 1997 Kenya Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
McManus, J. W. 1997. Tropical marine fisheries and the future of coral reefs: A brief review with emphasis on Southeast Asia. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 Global; Southeast Asia Review; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mcmanus, J. W., R. B. Reyes Jr., and C. L. Nanola Jr. 1997. Effects of some destructive fishing methods on coral cover and potential rates of recovery. Environmental Management 21:69-78. 1997 Philippines Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest
Olsen, S. and M. Ngoile. 1997. The predicament of the world's coral reefs provides a powerful parable for the downward spiral in the condition of coastal ecosystems worldwide. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:32. 1997 Global
Paddack Michelle, J. 1997. Results of a temperate reef marine reserve study and implications for use of marine reserves in nearshore fisheries management. in Proceedings of the Conference on California and the World Ocean. 1997 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Pickering, H. and D. Whitmarsh. 1997. Artificial reefs and fisheries exploitation: A review of the 'attraction versus production' debate, the influence of design and its significance for policy. Fisheries Research 31:39-59. 1997 Review Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Steele, M. A. 1997. Population regulation by post-settlement mortality in two temperate reef fishes. Oecologia 112:64-74. 1997 Special Use Permitting
Suman, D. O. 1997. The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: A case study of an innovative federal-state partnership in marine resource management. Coastal Management 25:293-324. 1997 Florida Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Resource Use Management
Tanner, J. E. 1997. The effects of density on the zoanthid Palythoa caesia. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:793-810. 1997 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting
Wells, S. 1997. Protecting a marine wonderland. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:14-16. 1997 South & Central America; Belize Banks, Credit, & Securities
White, A. T., V. Barker, and G. Tantrigama. 1997. Using integrated coastal management and economics to conserve coastal tourism resources in sri lanka. Ambio 26:335-344. 1997 Sri Lanka Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation
Zeller, D. C. 1997. Home range and activity patterns of the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 154:65-77. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Zhao, B., J. C. McGovern, and P. J. Harris. 1997. Age, growth, and temporal change in size at age of the vermilion snapper from the South Atlantic Bight. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:181-193. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
[No author name available]. 1996. Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. 1996 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing Sector; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 1996. ReefBase. ReefBase. 1996 Philippines GIS & Maps Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Alder, J. 1996. Costs and effectiveness of education and enforcement, cairns section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Management 20:541-551. 1996 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Amar, E. C., R. M. T. Cheong, and M. V. T. Cheong. 1996. Small-scale fisheries of coral reefs and the need for community-based resource management in Malalison Island, Philippines. Fisheries Research 25:265-277. 1996 Philippines Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Small Herbivorous Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Caley, M. J., M. H. Carr, M. A. Hixon, T. P. Hughes, G. P. Jones, and B. A. Menge. 1996. Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27:477-500. 1996 Invertebrates; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Clark, J. R. 1996. Coastal zone management handbook. Coastal zone management handbook. 1996 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Agriculture; Aquaculture; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Cortes, J. and C. E. Jimenez. 1996. Coastal-marine environments of Parque Nacional Corcovado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44:35-40. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Beaches & Nature Parks; Stony Coral
Craik, W. 1996. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia: A model for regional management. Natural Areas Journal 16:344-353. 1996 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
David, J. A. and R. M. Pitman. 1996. Cyclic-AMP regulation of calcium-dependent K channels in an insect central neurone. Neuroscience Letters 203:151-154. 1996 Special Use Permitting
Drake, S. F. 1996. The International Coral Reef Initiative: A strategy for the sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems. Coastal Management 24:279-299. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves
Folke, C., C. S. Holling, and Charles Perrings. 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystems, and the human scale. Ecological Applications 6:1018-1024. 1996 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Economic Markets & Policies
Hill, G. J. E., P. K. Dyer, J. L. Carter, and T. Barnes. 1996. Nesting activity, breeding success and colony size for the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus on Heron Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 21:316-323. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hinrichsen, DO N. 1996. Coasts in Crisis: The earth's most biologically productive habitats are being smothered by development. Only coordinated international action can save them. Issues in Science and Technology 12:39-47. 1996 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Resource Use Management; Wetlands
Hyndes, G. A., I. C. Potter, and R. C. J. Lenanton. 1996. Habitat partitioning by whiting species (Sillaginidae) in coastal waters. Environmental Biology of Fishes 45:21-40. 1996 Australia Fish; Seagrasses; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jennings, S., S. S. Marshall, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1996. Seychelles' marine protected areas: Comparative structure and status of reef fish communities. Biological Conservation 75:201-209. 1996 Seychelles Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Leeworthy, V. R. and P. C. Wiley. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Macdonald, J. C. 1996. The Australian REEFREP system: A coastal vessel traffic information service and ship reporting system for the Torres Strait region and the inner route of the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Navigation 49:299-308. 1996 Australia Infrastructure; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Special Use Permitting
Markham, A. 1996. Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: A review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists. Climate Research 6:179-191. 1996 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Wetlands
McClanahan, T. R. and B. Kaunda-Arara. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery [Recuperacion de pesquerias en un parque marino de arrecife coralino]. Conservation Biology 10:1187-1199. 1996 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Nayak, S., P. Chauhan, H. B. Chauhan, A. Bahuguna, and A. Narendra Nath. 1996. IRS-1C applications for coastal zone management. Current Science 70:614-618. 1996 Remote Sensing Mangroves; Sediment
Newman, S. J., D. M. Williams, and G. R. Russ. 1996. Variability in the population structure of Lutjanus adetii (Castelnau, 1873) and L. quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) among reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fishery Bulletin 94:313-329. 1996 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Poulsen, A. L. 1996. Coral reef gastropods - A sustainable resource? Pacific Conservation Biology 2:142-145. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Commercial Fisheries; Molluscs; Resource Use Management
Richards, R. P., D. B. Baker, N. L. Creamer, J. W. Kramer, D. E. Ewing, B. J. Merryfield, and L. K. Wallrabenstein. 1996. Well water quality, well vulnerability, and agricultural contamination in the midwestern United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 25:389-402. 1996 India GIS & Maps Agriculture; Cultural Protections; Drinking Water Supply; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1996. Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series 132:9-Jan. 1996 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1996. Marine reserves: Rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecological Applications 6:947-961. 1996 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Titlyanov, E. A., T. V. Titlyanova, V. A. Leletkin, J. Tsukahara, R. Van Woesik, and K. Yamazato. 1996. Degradation of zooxanthellae and regulation of their density in hermatypic corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 139:167-178. 1996 Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Van Tussenbroek, B. I. 1996. Integrated growth patterns of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig. Aquatic Botany 55:139-144. 1996 South & Central America; Caribbean Special Use Permitting
Willis, T. J. and C. D. Roberts. 1996. Recolonisation and recruitment of fishes to intertidal rockpools at Wellington, New Zealand. Environmental Biology of Fishes 47:329-343. 1996 Fish; Special Use Permitting
[No author name available]. 1995. Proceedings of the 9th 1995 Conference on Coastal Zone. in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Storms & Hurricanes
Breen, M. 1995. New technologies and techniques in underwater science. Underwater Technology 21:43-47. 1995 Mauritius Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Brits, P. C., A. L. R. Carvalho, and J. T. Pressly. 1995. Evaluation of the effectiveness of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin as a disinfectant for mine underground service water. Pages 25-34 in Water Supply. 1995 South Africa Drinking Water Supply; Microorganisms; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Pathogens; Water
Calumpong Hilconida, P. 1995. Coral reef management training within an integrated coastal zone management framework. Pages 102-103 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Causey, BI LL Y. 1995. Florida keys National Marine Sanctuary: a model for ecosystem management and planning. Pages 43-44 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Florida Model Marine Protected Areas
Chen, K. M. 1995. Disappearance of ALS from Guam: Implications for exogenous causes. Pages 1549-1553 in Clinical Neurology. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Guam Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Military; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Chopin, L. K. and M. B. Bennett. 1995. The regulation of branchial blood flow in the blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Carcharhinidae: Elasmobranchii). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 112:35-41. 1995 Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davis, D., V. Harriott, C. Macnamara, L. Roberts, and S. Austin. 1995. Conflicts in a marine protected area: scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australian Parks & Recreation 31:29-35. 1995 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Dufour, V., J.-Y. Jouvenel, and R. Galzin. 1995. Study of a Mediterranean reef fish assemblage. Comparison of population distributions between depths in protected and unprotected areas over one decade. Aquatic Living Resource 8:17-25. 1995 Fish
Evans, C. R. and P. Polon. 1995. A preliminary stock assessment of the ornate rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus, in reefs of the Torres Strait Protected Zone, Papua New Guinea area of jurisdiction. Science in New Guinea 21:59-68. 1995 Papua New Guinea Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Hill, G. 1995. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef: A response. Journal of Environmental Management 45:91-99. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hilton, M. J. and S. S. Manning. 1995. Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: Indications of unsustainable development. Environmental Conservation 22:307-322. 1995 Malaysia GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Sediment
Hooten, A. J. and M. E. Hatziolos. 1995. Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. in Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. 1995 Global Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Martin, WI LL and SU SA N Drake. 1995. U.S. contribution to the coral reef initiative. Pages 41-42 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering
McClanahan, T. R. 1995. Fish predators and scavengers of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral-reef marine parks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43:187-193. 1995 Kenya Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and D. Obura. 1995. Status of Kenyan coral reefs. Coastal Management 23:57-76. 1995 Kenya Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McPhail, I. and J. E. Brodie. 1995. Science and management: the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) experience. Pages 82-83 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Peau, LE LE I and MA TT Arnn. 1995. U.S. Pacific Island affiliate involvement in the coral reef initiative: a case study of American Samoa. Pages 324-325 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa
Pendleton, L. H. 1995. Valuing coral reef protection. Ocean and Coastal Management 26:119-131. 1995 Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Principe, P. P. 1995. Ecological benefits assessment: a policy-oriented alternative to regional ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 1:423-435. 1995 Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management
Rhodes, MI LT. 1995. Coastal zone management in the Eastern Caribbean: current concerns, components, policies and programs. Pages 195-196 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Economic Markets & Policies; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Viles, H. and T. Spencer. 1995. Coastal problems: geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. Coastal problems: geomorphology, ecology and society at the coast. 1995 Global Review Climate; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Wells, S. M. 1995. Science and management of coral reefs: problems and prospects. Coral Reefs 14:177-181. 1995 Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
Westmacott, S. and F. R. Rijsberman. 1995. CORAL, coastal management model for the sustainable development of coral reef areas. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 20:245-250. 1995 Model; Index or Indicator
Avent, R. M. and R. M. Rogers. 1994. Sensitive Biological Habitats and Resources in the Gulf of Mexico: Environment Issues and Concerns for the Regulation of the Petroleum Industry. Pages 445-453 in Drilling Conference - Proceedings. 1994 South & Central America; Mexico Designate Protected Species; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Brock, R. E. 1994. Beyond fisheries enhancement: artificial reefs and ecotourism. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1181-1188. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Christie, P., A. T. White, and D. Buhat. 1994. Community-based coral reef management on San Salvador Island, the Philippines. Society & Natural Resources 7:103-117. 1994 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Cocks, K. D. and B. H. Walker. 1994. Contribution of \sustainability' criteria to social perceptions of land use options". Land Degradation & Rehabilitation 5:143-151. 1994 Australia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning
Coffen-Smout, S. 1994. Perspectives on ocean management in Niue. Pages 227-255 Ocean yearbook. Vol. 11. 1994 Niue Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
Gabrie, C., S. Planes, J. Baldwin, J. Bonvallot, C. Chauvet, Y. Vernaudon, C. Payri, and R. Galzin. 1994. Study of the coral reefs of Bora-Bora (society archipelago, French Polynesia) for the development of a conservation and management plan. Ocean and Coastal Management 25:189-216. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Gaillard, C., P. Bernier, and Y. Gruet. 1994. Aldabra Lagoon (Seychelles, Indian Ocean). A model to interpret the Cerin paleoenvironment (Upper Kimmeridgian, Southern Jura Mountains, France) [Le lagon d'Aldabra (Seychelles, Ocean indien), un modele pour le paleoenvironnement de Cerin (Kimmeridgie. Geobios 27:331-348. 1994 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; France Model Sediment
Gittings, S. R., T. J. Bright, and D. K. Hagman. 1994. Protection and monitoring of reefs on the Flower Garden Banks, 1972- 1992. Pages 181-187 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Gjerde, K. and D. Freestone. 1994. Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas - an important environmental concept at a turning-point. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 9:431-578. 1994 Australia Review Educational & Research Opportunities; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Hinrichsen, D. 1994. Coasts under pressure. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 3:9-Jun. 1994 South & Central America; China; Caribbean; Spain Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hutchings, P., C. Payri, and C. Gabrie. 1994. The current status of coral reef management in French Polynesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:26-33. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review Agriculture; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Non-point Source Runoff; Tourism & Recreation
Kelleher, G. 1994. Can the Great Barrier Reef model of protected areas save reefs worldwide? Pages 346-352 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Larkum, A. W. D. and A. D. L. Steven. 1994. ENCORE: The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs. 1. Experimental design and research programme. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:112-120. 1994 Australia Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Leao, Z. M. A. N., M. D. Telles, R. Sforza, H. A. Bulhoes, and R. K. P. Kikuchi. 1994. Impact of tourism development on the coral reefs of the Abrolhos area, Brazil. Pages 254-260 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Deforestation & Devegetation; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Macdonald, J. M. 1994. Artificial reef debate: habitat enhancement or waste disposal? Ocean Development and International Law 25:87-118. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Maragos, J. E. 1994. Description of reefs and corals for the 1988 protected area survey of the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1994 Marshall Islands Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Marion, J. L. and C. S. Rogers. 1994. The applicability of terrestrial visitor impact management strategies to the protection of coral reefs. Ocean and Coastal Management 22:153-163. 1994 US Virgin Islands Review Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
McManus, J. W. 1994. The Spratly Islands: A marine park? Ambio 23:181-186. 1994 Marine Protected Areas
Morton, B. 1994. Hong Kong's coral communities status, threats and management plans. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:74-83. 1994 Review Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Ohman, M., A. Rajasuriya, and O. Linden. 1994. Three adjacent coral reefs in north-western Sri Lanka; biology and human disturbances. Pages 404-409 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Sri Lanka Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Omar, R. M. N. R. 1994. Design and construction of artificial reefs in Malaysia. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1050-1061. 1994 Malaysia Artificial Habitat; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Pendleton, L. H. 1994. Environmental quality and recreation demand in a Caribbean coral reef. Coastal Management 22:399-404. 1994 South & Central America; Cuba; Honduras; Caribbean Model Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Piot, BE RN AR D, RE MI Ferriere, and BE RN AR D Fraboulet. 1994. Unique experience with foamed cement. Pages 127-142 in European Petroleum Conference - Proceedings. 1994 Europe Lab Study; GIS & Maps Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
Puotinen, M. L. 1994. Designing effective baseline monitoring programs for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Coastal Management 22:391-398. 1994 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Richards, A. H., L. J. Bell, and J. D. Bell. 1994. Inshore fisheries resources of Solomon Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:90-98. 1994 Solomon Islands Aquaculture; Echinoderms; Fish; Fishing Sector; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting
Salm, R. 1994. Coral's hidden riches. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 3:19-21. 1994 Indian Ocean; India Model Aquaculture; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Forestry; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith, S. R. 1994. Status and recent history of coral reefs at the CARICOMP network of Caribbean marine laboratories. Pages 73-79 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Tunstall, B. R. 1994. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water Resources. 1994 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Military
White, A. T., L. Z. Hale, Y. Renard, and L. Cortesi. 1994. Collaborative and community-based management of coral reefs: lessons from experience. Collaborative and community-based management of coral reefs: lessons from experience. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Thailand; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Wilkinson, C. R., L. M. Chou, E. Gomez, A. R. Ridzwan, S. Soekarno, and S. Sudara. 1994. Status of coral reefs in Southeast Asia: threats and responses. Pages 311-317 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
[No author name available]. 1993. 11th Australasian Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Pages 429-726 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastlines of Japan II. in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Alder, J. 1993. Permits, an evolving tool for the day-to-day management of the Cairns Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 21:25-36. 1993 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Bode, LA NC E, LU CI AN O Mason, and TH OM AS Hardy. 1993. Application of numerical modelling to the prediction of dredge plume movement. Pages 379-384 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Model Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment
Boehlert, G. W. 1993. Fisheries of Hawaii and US-associated Pacific islands. Marine Fisheries Review 55. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Designate Protected Species; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Bres, M. 1993. The behaviour of sharks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 3:133-159. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Caddy, J. F. 1993. Background concepts for a rotating harvesting strategy with particular reference to the Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubrum. Marine Fisheries Review 55:18-Oct. 1993 Model Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Dugan, J. E. and G. E. Davis. 1993. Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:2029-2042. 1993 Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Dugan, J. E. and G. E. Davis. 1993. International symposium on marine harvest refugia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:1991-2042. 1993 Florida; Australia; Cayman Islands; Bermuda Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Fanning Lucia, M. and G. Miller Winston. 1993. Institutional considerations for the integrated coastal zone management of Belize. Pages 2683-2697 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 South & Central America; Belize
Freiwald, A. 1993. Coralline algal maerl frameworks-Islands within the phaeophytic kelp belt. Facies 29:133-148. 1993 Global; Norway Algae; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Gallagher Charmaine, MA RI E and J. Lee Donna. 1993. Economic contribution to marine park management for Hanauma Bay, Hawaii. Pages 142-155 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hale, L. Z. and S. B. Olsen. 1993. Coral reef management in Thailand. A step toward integrated coastal management. Oceanus 36:27-34. 1993 Thailand
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Effects of recreational scuba diving on coral reefs: trampling on reef-flat communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:25-30. 1993 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Leinfelder, R. and H. Seyfried. 1993. Sea level change: a philosophical approach. Geologische Rundschau 82:159-172. 1993 Global Model Climate; CO2; Coal Mining; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Special Use Permitting; Water Depth & Sea Level
Nakayama, AK IY OS HI, NO BU YU KI Horikosi, and HI RO SH I Kobayashi. 1993. Planning and design of multipurpose artificial barrier reefs. Pages 183-197 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pailles, C., D. M. McConchie, A. V. Arakel, and P. Saenger. 1993. The distribution of phosphate in sediments of the Johnstone Rivers catchment-estuary system, North Queensland, Australia. Sedimentary Geology 85:253-269. 1993 Australia Agriculture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pankhurst, N. W. and C. W. Barnett. 1993. Relationship of population density, territorial interaction and plasma levels of gonadal steroids in spawning male demoiselles Chromis dispilus (pisces: pomacentridae). General and Comparative Endocrinology 90:168-176. 1993 Cuba Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Polunin, N. V. C. and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100:167-176. 1993 South & Central America; Antilles; Belize; Caribbean GIS & Maps Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Priced, A. R. G. 1993. The Gulf: Human impacts and management initiatives. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:17-27. 1993 Global; Saudi Arabia; Kuwait Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Prins, H. H. T. and J. Wind. 1993. Research for nature conservation in south-east Asia. Biological Conservation 63:43-46. 1993 Indonesia Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Wetlands
Rasmussen, C. F. 1993. Development in a coastal zone. The Magnetic Quay development - Magnetic Island. Pages 537-543 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Roberts, C. M. and N. V. C. Polunin. 1993. Marine reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries? Ambio 22:363-368. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Salm, R. V. 1993. Coral reefs of the Sultanate of Oman. Atoll Research Bulletin 1993 Oman
Wolanski, E. 1993. Facts and numerical artefacts in modelling the dispersal of crown-of- thorns starfish larvae in the Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:427-436. 1993 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Armstrong, P. H. 1992. Human impacts on Australia's Indian Ocean tropical island ecosystems: A review. The Environmentalist 12:191-206. 1992 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Review Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Carpenter, E. J., D. G. Capone, and J. G. Rueter. 1992. Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs. Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs. 1992 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Thailand; Caribbean; Germany Remote Sensing Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
Craik, W. 1992. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Its establishment, development and current status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:122-133. 1992 Australia Review Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Dasinger, AN DR EW and DO NA LD Galya. 1992. Application for a mixing zone authorization for the ocean discharge of once-through cooling water in Puerto Rico. Pages 605-610 in National Conference on Environmental Engineering. 1992 Puerto Rico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Special Use Permitting
Edwards, A. J. and A. D. Shepherd. 1992. Environmental implications of aquarium-fish collection in the Maldives, with proposals for regulation. Environmental Conservation 19:61-72. 1992 Maldives Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Special Use Permitting
Glenn, E. P. and M. S. Doty. 1992. Water motion affects the growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii and related red seaweeds. Aquaculture 108:233-246. 1992 Special Use Permitting
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1992. Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs. Biological Conservation 62:171-178. 1992 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Krol, A., M. Noordink, J. Jell, and D. Chen. 1992. Heron island groundwater project. Pages 181-185 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1992 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pitcher, C. R., T. D. Skewes, D. M. Dennis, and J. H. Prescott. 1992. Estimation of the abundance of the tropical lobster Panulirus ornatus in Torres Strait, using visual transect-survey methods. Marine Biology 113:57-64. 1992 GIS & Maps Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Spadoni Richard, H. 1992. Monitoring of the 1988 Boca Raton beach nourishment project. Pages 120-136 in [No source information available]. 1992 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
Uthoff, D. 1992. Tourism and coastal change on Phuket, southern Thailand [Tourismus und Kustenveranderung auf Phuket/Sudthailand]. Erdkundliches Wissen 105:237-249. 1992 Thailand; Malaysia Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation
van Genderen, J. L., R. A. van Zuidam, and S. GO NZ AL ES Fager. 1992. Environmental information systems for coastal zone management in developing countries. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:647-656. 1992 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Adey, W. H. and K. Loveland. 1991. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. 1991 Australia Model Domestic Animal Waste; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Wetlands
Ahmed, F. E. 1991. Naturally occurring seafood toxins. Journal of Toxicology - Toxin Reviews 10:263-287. 1991 Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Albert, AL AN and CA MP BE LL Grummitt. 1991. Day visitor pontoon Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Pages 2852-2865 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Al-Madany, I. M., M. A. Abdalla, and A. S. E. Abdu. 1991. Coastal zone management in Bahrain: An analysis of social, economic and environmental impacts of dredging and reclamation. Journal of Environmental Management 32:335-348. 1991 Bahrain Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Branan William, V., ZE IT LI N Hale Lynne, and KA SE M Srinian. 1991. What future for Phuket? Pages 1713-1719 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Resource Use Management; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Bunpapong, SI RI KU L and SO MP ON G Ausavajitanond. 1991. Saving what's left of tourism development at Patong beach, Phuket, Thailand. Pages 1685-1697 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Cardwell, J. R. and N. R. Liley. 1991. Androgen control of social status in males of a wild population of stoplight parrotfish, Sparisoma viride (Scaridae). Hormones and Behavior 25:18-Jan. 1991 South & Central America; Belize Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Chou, L. M. 1991. Reef conservation project involving sport divers in Singapore. Pages 1990-1994 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Dai, C.-F. 1991. Distribution and adaptive strategies of alcyonacean corals in Nanwan Bay, Taiwan. Hydrobiologia 241-246. 1991 Taiwan Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Eid, E.-M., E., and M. A. Fawzi. 1991. Egyptian approach towards appropriate use of coastal zones on the Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:331-337. 1991 Egypt Mangroves; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Hanna Rifaat, G. M. 1991. Available data for management of the Egyptian Red Sea coastal areas. Pages 3433-3445 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Egypt Mangroves; Mining Policies; Petroleum Spills
Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:66-84. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Resource Use Management; Waterborne Discharges
Kenchington, R. 1991. Tourism development in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15:57-78. 1991 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Kriwoken, L. K. 1991. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Intergovernmental relations. Marine Policy 15:349-362. 1991 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Lawrence, D. and I. J. Dight. 1991. Torres Strait Baseline Study. Environmental protection of a tropical marine environment in northern Australia. Pages 1125-1139 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Australia; Papua New Guinea Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Liddle, M. J. 1991. Recreation ecology: Effects of trampling on plants and corals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:13-17. 1991 Review Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
McClanaban, T. R. 1991. Population regulation of the rock-boring sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 147:121-146. 1991 Index or Indicator Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Palaganas Virgilio, P. 1991. Anchor damage on the coral reef of Sombrero, Island, Batangas, Philippines. Pages 3318-3329 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Philippines Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Tourism & Recreation
Pintukanok, AM PA N. 1991. Coastal zone management, national implementable plan and policy development. A case study of Phuket Island. Pages 1674-1684 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Ross, KE N. 1991. Salvage in the oceanic region. Pages 173-177 in International Tug Convention (Proceedings). 1991 Special Use Permitting
White Alan, T. and NE LS ON Lopez. 1991. Coastal resources management planning and implementation for the Fishery Sector Program of the Philippines. Pages 762-775 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Cultural Policies; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
White, A. T. and V. P. Palaganas. 1991. Philippine Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park: Status, management issues, and proposed plan. Environmental Conservation 18. 1991 Marine Protected Areas
Alcala, A. C. and G. R. Russ. 1990. A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. Journal du Conseil - Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 47:40-47. 1990 Philippines Finfish Harvest
Berwick, N. L. 1990. Guidelines for the analysis of biophysical impacts to tropical coastal marine resources. Pages Sep-62 in Conservation in developing countries. Proc. centenary seminar, Bombay Natural History Society. 1990 Mangroves; Seagrasses
Dight, I. J., L. Bode, and M. K. James. 1990. Modelling the larval dispersal of Acanthaster planci - I. Large scale hydrodynamics, Cairns Section, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coral Reefs 9:115-123. 1990 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Dight, I. J., M. K. James, and L. Bode. 1990. Modelling the larval dispersal of Acanthaster planci - II. Patterns of reef connectivity. Coral Reefs 9:125-134. 1990 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Dixon, J. A. and P. B. Sherman. 1990. Economics of protected areas: a new look at benefits and costs. Island Press, Washington DC. 1990 Fishing Sector
Ebeling, A. W., S. J. Holbrook, and R. J. Schmitt. 1990. Temporally concordant structure of a fish assemblage: bound or determined? American Naturalist 135:63-73. 1990 Model Fish; Special Use Permitting
Harland, A. D. and N. R. Nganro. 1990. Copper uptake by the sea anemone Anemonia viridis and the role of zooxanthellae in metal regulation. Marine Biology 104:297-301. 1990 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Huber Jr., R. M. and R. Meganck. 1990. The management challenge of Grand Anse Beach erosion, Grenada, West Indies. Ocean and Shoreline Management 13:99-109. 1990 Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Kelleher, G. 1990. Floating hotels on the Great Barrier Reef. Pages 149-154 in Coastal ocean space utilization. Proc. international symposium, New York, 1989. 1990 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Marsh, H. and G. B. Rathbun. 1990. Development and application of conventional and satellite radio tracking techniques for studying dugong movements and habitat use. Australian Wildlife Research 17:83-100. 1990 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1990. The distribution and abundance of dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park south of Cape Bedford. Australian Wildlife Research 17:511-524. 1990 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Rountree, R. A. 1990. Community structure of fishes attracted to shallow water fish aggregation devices off South Carolina, U.S.A. Environmental Biology of Fishes 29:241-262. 1990 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Fish; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Viles, H. A. 1990. Coastal geomorphology into the 1990s. Progress in Physical Geography 14:238-250. 1990 Global Beaches & Nature Parks; Sediment
Baldwin, C. L. 1989. Water quality and management in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:267-272. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
del Norte, A. G. C., C. L. Nanola, J. W. McManus, R. B. Reyes, W. L. Campos, and J. B. P. Cabansag. 1989. Overfishing on a Philippine coral reef: a glimpse into the future. Pages 3087-3097 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Philippines Review Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Greenidge, B. 1989. Caribbean coastal management study - some geological aspects in Ste Catherine Jamaica. Bulletin - Institut de Geologie du Bassin d'Aquitaine 45:327-330. 1989 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Substrate
Hill, G. and J. Rosier. 1989. Wedgetailed shearwaters, white capped noddies and tourist development on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Environmental Management 29:107-114. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hinrichsen, D. 1989. Coping with pollution in Indonesia. Earthwatch 35:8-Jun. 1989 Indonesia Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Wastewater Discharge
Hopley, D., K. E. Parnell, and P. J. Isdale. 1989. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: dimensions and regional patterns. Australian Geographical Studies 27:47-66. 1989 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Hulsman, K., N. P. E. Langham, and D. Bluhdorn. 1989. Factors affecting the diet of crested terns, Sterna bergii. Australian Wildlife Research 16:475-489. 1989 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Katz, A. 1989. Coastal resource management in Belize: potentials and problems. Ambio 18:139-141. 1989 South & Central America; Belize Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Lin, N. K. 1989. Effects of artificial reefs on nearshore currents. in [No source information available]. 1989 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Shoreline Protection
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Aerial surveys of sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:239-249. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Distribution and abundance of dugongs in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:429-440. 1989 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Preu, C. 1989. Problems of recent morphodynamics of the Sri Lankan coast [Zur problematik der rezenten morphodynamik an den kusten Sri Lankas]. Erdkundliches Wissen 97:23-42. 1989 Sri Lanka Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Rappa Peter, J. and J. Miller Bruce. 1989. Coastal resource management planning in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Pages 2147-2160 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance
Tisdell, C. and J. M. Broadus. 1989. Policy issues related to the establishment and management of marine reserves. Coastal Management 17:37-53. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Woodley Jeremy, D. and R. Clark John. 1989. Rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs. Pages 3059-3075 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Review Algae; Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Woodley, S. 1989. Management of water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:31-38. 1989 Australia Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1988. Refuse-to-reefs: old platforms process drilling wastes, garbage. Offshore 49. 1988 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Special Use Permitting
Anon,. 1988. Marine Board Reports On Catamaran Fire. High-speed surface craft 27:9-Aug. 1988 Australia Special Use Permitting
Gyuris, E. and C. J. Limpus. 1988. The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland: population breeding structure. Australian Wildlife Research 15:197-209. 1988 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Kozlowski, J., J. Rosier, and G. Hill. 1988. Ultimate Environmental Threshold (UET) method in a marine environment (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia). Landscape and Urban Planning 15:327-336. 1988 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Mapstone, B. D. and A. J. Fowler. 1988. Recruitment and the structure of assemblages of fish on coral reefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 3:72-77. 1988 Review Fish; Special Use Permitting
McManus, J. W. 1988. Coral reefs of the ASEAN Region: status and management. Ambio 17:189-193. 1988 Southeast Asia Field Study & Monitoring City Planning; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Parnell, K. E. 1988. Physical process studies in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Progress in Physical Geography 12:209-237. 1988 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Thornton, W. L. and J. C. Quigel. 1988. Case history for rigs to reefs: a cost-effective alternative for platform abandonment. Pages 543-552 in IN: OTC '88 PROC. TWENTIETH ANNUAL OFFSHORE TECHNOL. CONF., (HOUSTON, U.S.A.: MAY 2-5, 1988). 1988 Special Use Permitting
Agustinus, W. TA UF IK. 1987. Marine Resource Management In The Java Sea. Pages 4488-4502 in [No source information available]. 1987 Java; Indonesia Mangroves; Resource Use Management
Catmull, J., D. Yellowlees, and D. J. Miller. 1987. NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Acropora formosa: purification and properties. Marine Biology 95:559-563. 1987 Index or Indicator Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate
Chaloupka Milani, Y. 1987. Taxing Response Evasion On The Great Barrier Reef. Pages 3441-3455 in [No source information available]. 1987 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Craik, W. and I. Dutton. 1987. Assessing the effects of sediment discharge on the Cape Tribulation fringing coral reefs. Coastal Management 15:213-228. 1987 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Gilnack, M. L. 1987. Deep water coral reef algal turfs: analysis of community structure and biomass. Master Thesis. Southeastern Massachusetts University, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts. 1987 US Virgin Islands Algae; Artificial Habitat; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kintanar Roman, L. and P. Fama Rebecca. 1987. Coastal Zone Management Of Puerto Galera. Pages 2925-2938 in [No source information available]. 1987 Tourism & Recreation
Lewis, S. M., J. N. Norris, and R. B. Searles. 1987. The regulation of morphological plasticity in tropical reef algae by herbivory. Ecology 68:636-641. 1987 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Matthews, D. 1987. From rigs to reefs. LAMP 69:-2. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
McCallum, H. I. 1987. Predator regulation of Acanthaster planci. Journal of Theoretical Biology 127:207-220. 1987 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Seastars; Special Use Permitting
McGurrin Joseph, M. 1987. New Directions In Atlantic Artificial Reef Development. Pages 3629-3634 in [No source information available]. 1987 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Thia-Eng, CH UA and N. Paw James. 1987. Aquaculture Development And Coastal Zone Management In Southeast Asia: Conflicts And Complementary. Pages 2007-2021 in [No source information available]. 1987 Southeast Asia Review Agriculture; Aquaculture; Mangroves
Uthoff, D. 1987. Man-induced coastal disturbance on the 'dream beachs' of Sri Lanka: causes and consequences [Anthropogen induzierte Kustenzerstorung an den 'Traumstranden' Sri Lankas: Ursachen und Folgen]. Berliner Geographische Studien 25:403-419. 1987 Sri Lanka Beaches & Nature Parks; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Anon,. 1986. OCEANS 86 - CONFERENCE RECORD. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Bhargava, O. N. and U. K. Bassi. 1986. Silurian reefal buildups: Spiti-Kinnaur, Himachal Himalaya, India. Facies 15:35-51. 1986 India Algae; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Craik, WE ND Y. 1986. Monitoring In The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 785-790 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Dutton, I. M. 1986. Environmental Management Of The Proposed Floating Hotel At John Brewer Reef. Pages 263-269 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1986 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Giesecke Anne, G. 1986. Artificial Reefs: Dealing With Conflicts And Varied Interests. Pages 522-523 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
McGurrin Joseph, M. 1986. Benefits Of Artificial Reefs: Values For Communities And Corporations? Pages 511-515 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
McGurrin Joseph, M. and J. Reeff Mark. 1986. Artificial Reef Development And Deployment. Marine Technology Society Journal 20:9-Mar. 1986 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Sartorio, D. 1986. Caprinid patch reef in the Cansiglio inner platform carbonate sequence (Southern Alps): a record of the earliest Aptian marine transgression ( Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 92:383-399. 1986 Global Model Sediment
Savina, G. C. and A. T. White. 1986. A tale of two islands: Some lessons for marine resource management. Environmental Conservation 13:107-113. 1986 Philippines Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Resource Use Management
Archer, E. 1985. Emerging environmental problems in a tourist zone: the case of Barbados. Caribbean Geography 2:45-55. 1985 South & Central America; Caribbean Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Bacon, PE TE R and ST EP HE N Head. 1985. Formation Of A Caribbean Coastal Management Unit. Pages 280-299 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1985 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring
Benayahu, Y. and Y. Loya. 1985. Settlement and recruitment of a soft coral: why is Xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer? Bulletin of Marine Science 36:177-188. 1985 Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Boaden, P. J. S. and R. Seed. 1985. An introduction to coastal ecology. An introduction to coastal ecology. 1985 Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment
Chaloupka, M. Y. 1985. Application of the randomized response technique to marine park management: an assessment of permit compliance. Environmental Management 9:393-398. 1985 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B. 1985. Landsat based interpretation of the Cairns section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Natural Resources Series - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources 4. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B., K. K. Mayo, D. A. Kuchler, D. V. R. Claasen, R. A. Kenchington, and P. R. Guerin. 1985. Remote sensing for planning and managing the great barrier reef of Australia. Photogrammetria 40:21-42. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Kenchington, R. 1985. Coral-reef ecosystems: a sustainable resource. Nature & Resources 21:18-27. 1985
Salm, R. V. 1985. Integrating marine conservation and tourism. International Journal of Environmental Studies, Section A 25:229-238. 1985 Indonesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation
Schneider, D. C. 1985. Predation on the urchin Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) by migratory shorebirds on a tropical reef flat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 92:19-27. 1985 Panama Marine Birds
Stoddard, AN DR EW, RO GE R Wells, and KI M Devonald. 1985. Development And Application Of A Deepwater Ocean Waste Disposal Model For Dredged Material: Yabucoa Harbor, Puerto Rico. Marine Technology Society Journal 19:26-39. 1985 Puerto Rico Model Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Al-Sayed, I. 1984. Nature conservation in Saudi Arabia - the Asir National Park: first wildlife refuge for Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 6:10-May. 1984 Saudi Arabia
Campbell Thomas, J. and KI M Beachler. 1984. Engineering For Beach Restoration Dredging. Pages 1014-1023 in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Cocks, K. D. 1984. A systematic method of public use zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Coastal Zone Management Journal 12:359-383. 1984 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning
Gallegos Sonia, C., R. ST EV EN Nerem, I. Gray Jr. Thomas, and R. Helfert Michael. 1984. Vegetative Responses From A Great Barrier Reef Surface Water Feature Detected By Space Shuttle Photography. Pages 699-707 in [No source information available]. 1984 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Grigg, R. W., J. J. Polovina, and M. J. Atkinson. 1984. Model of a coral reef ecosystem - III. Resource limitation, community regulation, fisheries yield and resource management. Coral Reefs 3:23-27. 1984 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Grigg, R.W. 1984. Resource management of precious corals: a review and application to shallow water reef building corals. Marine Ecology 5:57-74. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Model Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Stony Coral
Jupp David, L. B., K. Mayo Kevin, A. Kuchler Deborah, R. Claasen Dan Van, and R. Guerin Peter. 1984. Application And Potential Of Remote Sensing To Planning And Managing The Great Barrier Reef Of Australia. Pages 121-137 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1984 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B. 1984. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources. 1984 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Ross, M. A. 1984. A quantitative study of the stony coral fishery in Cebu, Philippines. Marine Ecology 5:75-91. 1984 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Stony Coral
Salm, R. V. 1984. Ecological boundaries for coral-reef reserves: Principles and guidelines. Environmental Conservation 11:209-215. 1984 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas
Schubert, C. and M. Laredo. 1984. Geology of Aves Island (Venezuela) and subsidence of Aves Ridge, Caribbean Sea. Marine Geology 59:305-318. 1984 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean GIS & Maps Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Siddiquie, H. N., A. R. Gujar, N. H. Hashimi, and A. B. Valsangkar. 1984. Superficial mineral resources of the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:763-812. 1984 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williams, D. M., E. Wolanski, and J. C. Andrews. 1984. Transport mechanisms and the potential movement of planktonic larvae in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 3:229-236. 1984 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Cocks, K. D., I. A. Baird, and J. R. Anderson With W. Craik. 1983. CSIRO Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources, Divisional Report. 1983 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Gomez, E. D. 1983. Perspectives on coral reef research and management in the Pacific. Ocean Management 8:281-295. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Review Marine Protected Areas
Howard, A. E. and R. S. Nunny. 1983. Effects of near-bed current speeds on the distribution and behaviour of the lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 71:27-42. 1983 Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Kermond John, L. 1983. Research For Management: Gbr Marine Park, Australia. Pages 2877-2889 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1983 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Kiefer, D. A. and B. G. Mitchell. 1983. A simple, steady state description of phytoplankton growth based on absorption cross section and quantum efficiency. Limnology and Oceanography 28:770-776. 1983 Model Light; Nutrients; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Kuss, J. 1983. Depositional environments of proximal intraplatform basins: Sedimentation, palecology and geochemistry of the Kossen beds (Upper Triassic, Northern Alps) [Faziesentwicklung in proximalen Intraplattform-Becken: Sedimentation, Palokologie und Geochemie de. Facies 9:61-171. 1983 Algae; Echinoderms; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Morris, G. C. 1983. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: a unique management concept ( Australia). Parks 8:4-Jan. 1983 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Polunin, N. V. C. 1983. Marine 'genetic resources' and the potential role of protected areas in conserving them. Environmental Conservation 10:31-41. 1983 Review Aquaculture; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Anderson, J. R., N. Wood, and I. A. Baird. 1982. CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water and Land Resources, Technical Memorandum. 1982 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Henrich, R. 1982. Middle Triassic carbonate margin development: Hochstaufen-Zwieselmassif, northern Calcareous Alps, Germany. Facies 6:85-105. 1982 Germany Sediment; Sponges
Kelleher, G. G. and R. A. Kenchington. 1982. Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: making development compatible with conservation. Ambio 11:262-267. 1982 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Newton, R. S. and A. Stefanon. 1982. Side-scan sonar and subbottom profiling in the northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Geology 46:279-306. 1982 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Senowbari-Daryan, B., P. Schafer, and B. Abate. 1982. Upper Triassic reefs and reef biota in Sicily [Obertriadische Riffe und Rifforganismen in Sizilien (Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Mikrofazies obertriadischer Riffe im alpin-mediterranen Raum, 27)]. Facies 6:165-183. 1982 Model Algae; Sponges
Bird, E. C. F. and O. S. R. Ongkosongo. 1981. Environmental changes on the coasts of Indonesia ( resource management). in [No source information available]. 1981 Indonesia Review Mangroves; Resource Use Management
Reynolds, W. W. and M. E. Casterlin. 1981. Behavioral thermoregulatory abilities of tropical coral reef fishes: a comparison with temperate freshwater and marine fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:347-349. 1981 US Pacific & Hawaii Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Reynolds, W. W. and M. E. Casterlin. 1981. Thermoregulatory behavior of the triggerfish Balistes fuscus in an electronic shuttlebox. Hydrobiologia 83:255-256. 1981 Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Sikes, C. S., K. Okazaki, and R. D. Fink. 1981. Respiratory CO2 and the supply of inorganic carbon for calcification of sea urchin embryos. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 70:285-291. 1981 Cuba Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Wells, S. M. 1981. International trade in corals. International trade in corals. 1981 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Philippines; Taiwan; Caribbean; Europe Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Anderson, R. M. and R. M. May. 1980. Infectious diseases and population cycles of forest insects. Science 210:658-661. 1980 Model Pathogens; Special Use Permitting
Collins, N. 1980. Population ecology of Ephydra cinerea Jones (Diptera: Ephydridae), the only benthic metazoan of the Great Salt Lake, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia 68:99-112. 1980 Algae; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Salinity; Special Use Permitting; Substrate
Fishelson, L. 1980. Marine reserves along the Sinai Peninsula (northern Red Sea). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 33:624-640. 1980 Egypt; Iran Marine Protected Areas
Gilligan, M. R. 1980. Beta diversity of a Gulf of California rocky-shore fish community. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5:109-116. 1980 Fish; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting
Pudlo, R. J., A. J. Beattie, and D. C. Culver. 1980. Population consequences of changes in an ant-seed mutualism in Sanguinaria canadensis. Oecologia 46:32-37. 1980 Model Special Use Permitting
Sammarco, P. W. 1980. Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 45:245-272. 1980 Jamaica Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Medvick, P. A. and J. M. Miller. 1979. Behavioral thermoregulation in three Hawaiian reef fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4:23-28. 1979 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kenchington, R. A. 1978. The Crown-of-thorns crisis in Australia: A retrospective analysis. Environmental Conservation 5:20-Nov. 1978 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars
Swanson Gerald, C., L. Seymour John, and B. Ditton Robert. 1978. Alternative Perspective On Common Property Resource Allocation Decisions In The Coastal Zone. Coastal Zone Management Journal 4:25-45. 1978 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Wetlands
[No author name available]. 1977. Singapore dredge for Maldives. in [No source information available]. 1977 Maldives Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling
Antonius, A. 1977. Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management. Pages 617-624 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977. Volume 2, geology. 1977 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Marine Worms; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Davis, G. E. 1977. Anchor damage to a coral reef on the coast of Florida. Biological Conservation 11:29-34. 1977 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Stony Coral
Goreau, T. J. 1977. Coral skeletal chemistry: physiological and environmental regulation of stable isotopes and trace metals in Montastrea annularis. Pages 291-315 in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Biological Sciences. 1977 Special Use Permitting
Hayes, R. L. and N. I. Goreau. 1977. Intracellular crystal-bearing vesicles in the epidermis of scleractinian corals, Astrangia danae (Agassiz) and Porites porites (Pallas). Biological Bulletin 152:26-40. 1977 Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Smith, Nathan and Howard M. Lenhoff. 1976. Regulation of frequency of pedal laceration in a sea anemone. Pages 117-26 in Mackie, editor. Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior,. University of Victoria, British Columbia. 1976 Anemones & Zooanthids; Special Use Permitting
Rahaman, M. M., M. M. Khan, and K. M. S. Aziz. 1975. An outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on a coral island in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Infectious Diseases 132:15-19. 1975 Drinking Water Supply; Pathogens; Water Utilities Policies
Seymour John, L. 1975. Preliminary Legal Considerations In Developing Artificial Reefs. Coastal Zone Management Journal 2:149-169. 1975 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Construction Codes & Projects; Fish; Fishing Sector; Permitting & Zoning
Tricart, J. 1967. Certaines formes de sedimentation calcaire quaternaires sont-elles dues à des desequilibres geochimiques periodiques? Chemical Geology 2:233-248. 1967 South & Central America; Mexico Model Algae; Climate; CO2; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Robertson, James D. 1957. Recent Advances in Invertebrate Physiology: A Symposium University of Oregon Publishing: Eugene. 1957 Invertebrates; Special Use Permitting
Campo, P. C. and T. R. Villanueva. Improving the Triple Bottom line Returns from Small-scale Forestry. Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Forestry; Housing; Resource Use Management
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Gustavson, K. R. Values associated with the use of the Montego Bay Marine Park. World Bank Research Committee. Jamaica Marine Protected Areas; Valuation
Jalal, K. F. Regional water resources situation: quantitative and qualitative aspects. in [No source information available]. Drinking Water Supply; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Managing Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for South Asia: Economic Valuation. Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Medley, P. 9. ParFish - Participatory Fisheries stock assessment. Stock Assessment for Fishery Management A Framework Guide to the Stock Assessment Tools of the Fisheries Management Science Programme FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No.487. Food and Agriculture Organization. Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC. Mining; Mining Policies; Special Use Permitting
O'Garra, T. ESTIMATING THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE (TEV) OF THE NAVAKAVU LMMA (Locally Managed Marine Area) in Vitu Levu island (Fiji). Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific. US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Santos, R. S., S. Christiansen, B. Christiansen, and S. Gubbay. Toward the conservation and management of Sedlo Seamount: A case study. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop Cooperative Projects and Programs This option involves NOAA seeking to develop cooperative projects, sharing information, and combining resources with other agencies involved in resource management, marine sanctuaries, monitoring and research. Enhanced interagency interaction will help to better manage the resources of the area at hand. Such projects and programs can be long term (e.g. monitoring) or short term (e.g. crisis management). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Interagency Sharing of Information This management option is designed to facilitate coordination among federal, state, and local agencies involved in management. Easier collaboration and sharing of information can often be facilitated by decision tools and information technology. There are several activities that can aid better interagency coordination of maritime heritage resources (MHR). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Internet & Telecommunications; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Integrate Volunteer Assistance in Cultural Resources Inventory Marine Heritage Resource managers should continue or begin to use volunteers to assist staff in collecting information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access, interpretation, and protection. Often locals have interest and knowledge of unrecorded sites. If previously established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#81), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop a site database Local managers could maintain a central database containing information about local shipwrecks. This data can be incorporated with geological, biological, and census data into GIS in order to interpret relationships. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Create a Public Project Database & Website An inventory and subsequent database of projects involving the public and non-governmental organizations is an important component of managing multiple public projects (#88). Having such an inventory can be important for identifying potential partners for collaboration, as well as for identifying sites (Marine Heritage or Natural Resource) of public interest. Such a database can easily be added to a sanctuary website (#133) in an effort to increase public awareness (#86). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop a Collaborative Action Plan To achieve the greatest efficiency and effectiveness from interagency collaborations it is important to first develop a project management plan and delegate tasks to agencies equipped with those competencies. Such a plan should designate each agencies roles, responsibilities and timelines. A flow chart is often useful for this task. Such a plan or chart can describe procedures for progress assessment, events of possible interest, and to notify permit holders of any changes in procedures. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Grazing Land Management This management option protects range, pasture and other types of grazing lands for agricultural animals. Special actions should be taken to protect sensitive areas such as streams, wetlands and estuaries if livestock is to have access to these areas. Grazing management practices can be categorized into four types, vegetative stabilization, grazing management systems, access limitations and alternative water supplies. Vegetative stabilization involves reestablishing the vegetative cover on ranges after it has been removed by grazing to reduce erosion rates. Grazing management systems typically reduce the time livestock spend in each pasture to increase the quantity and quality of vegetation in those pastures. Grazing frequency, timing, duration, area allocation, and livestock distribution kind, class, distribution and stocking rates should all be considered in the management system to ensure adequate pasture rehabilitation. Access limitations, such as fencing and stream crossings are used to herd and control livestock movement. Physical disturbance from livestock can increase erosion, so crossings and watering access points should be hardened. Alternative water supplies are an alternative to more sensitive water sources that may be vulnerable to erosion and discharges from grazing areas. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Waterborne Discharges
Conducting Socioeconomic Research: Support science of socioeconomic analysis of marine protected areas Little is known about applied socioeconomic analysis to marine protected areas. Funding support will be provided for scientists to meet and share information on this subject. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Corporate Response: Standardized Environmental Certifications and Labels Product labeling initiatives are based on the premise that product information represented by or contained on the label is otherwise not readily available (or apparent) and is of value in consumer purchase decisions. For example, warning labels highlight product safety and toxic exposure hazards and advise consumers on ways to minimize risks. Likewise, a number of environmental certification programs (ECPs) identify products' environmental burdens and/or set standards for products' environmental attributes. Properly designed environmental labeling efforts can change consumer and manufacturer attitudes and behaviors, thus reducing environmental burdens. The specific metrics used to measure environmental label effectiveness include: 1) consumer awareness of labels, 2) consumer acceptance of labels (credibility and understanding), 3) changes in consumer behavior, 4) changes in manufacturer behavior, and 5) improvement of end goals, such as environmental quality. Malcohn, E., Bentham Paulos, Andrew Stoeckle, Herbert Han-Pu Wang, and Julie Lynch. Determinants of Effectiveness for Environmental Certification and Labeling Programs. EPA-742-R-94-001, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Forestry; Health; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Birds; Medical Care; Medical Centers; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Resource Use Management; Toxics; Transportation; Utilities; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Corporate Response: Invest & Co-finance Projects Investing and co-financing projects that aim to conserve or restore habitats can be an effective means to preserving reef habitats as well as establishing positive working relationships between organizations. Investing in private sector projects will promote desired businesses and business practices, reducing barriers to entry and competitiveness as compared to traditional businesses and business practices to counterbalance advantages from undesired externalities. World Bank Group. 2008. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation. Nature based solutions from the world bank portfolio. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC.

Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Finance & Insurance; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Shipping Businesses This option requires the sanctuary to continue to alert shipping businesses about sanctuary regulations. Such regulations may include vessel waste discharge, ATBA, PSSA, etc. The targeted audiences will include importers, exporters, port authorities, commercial fishing companies, ship insurers. This information can be provided to the audience through NOAA nautical charts, trade publications, newsletters, trade shows, and direct mailings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finance & Insurance; Infrastructural Policies; Insurance; Manufacturing & Trade; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Natural Physical Disturbance There are currently no standardized or uniform protocols to follow after natural or catastrophic events (such as hurricanes). Such protocols need to be developed in order to respond to specific issues that follow catastrophic natural events. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Natural Resource Injury Incident Litigation This management option involves sharing information and documentation regarding an injury incident so that litigation teams can proceed with legal action against responsible parties. This is achieved through providing vessel grounding litigation management participation in order to process the information collected during assessment phase of injury to help build a case against the responsible party. Also, it involves providing vessel grounding litigation case management support through providing reports, site reconnaissance, deposition, and witness testimonies in support of litigation. Lastly it would involve documenting and tracking costs along the way from field assessment work, reporting, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Valuation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Monitor & Respond to Damages From Fishing Gear When a habitat is damaged or an injury occurs to natural resources as a result of fishing gear, it is beneficial to respond and assess. Responding appropriately is likely to involve other management options such as #91 if the injury was due to a violation. It is important to assess the damage and gather information as to why the injury occurred, so as to be able to find alternative fishing gear or practices that are less likely to cause such damages, for research such as #42. There should be protocols and methodologies for collecting damage assessment data to ensure it can be added to information systems such as #76 to track recovery, especially if repairing or restorative actions are taken. Standardized methods are also important when sharing this information with state and federal fisheries management (#64). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Assist Direct Contact & Intervention Programs Programs such as Team OCEAN and Professional Guides Association should be assisted by existing protected areas and sanctuaries. These already-existing programs can be assisted through providing technical support, data, advice, vessels, and/or equipment. Assisting pre-existing programs is useful because it helps to strengthen and expand their missions, and it also prevents unnecessary duplication of efforts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Develop Chain of Notification for Grounding Incidents This option advocates coordinating with other agencies such as FWC, NOAA, and local coral managers to determine the standard protocol and responsibilities when there are groundings. Through coordination, these agencies can determine threshold levels of damage for different responses and for notifying other agencies higher up the chain. Enhancing inter-agency coordination will be beneficial in terms of dealing with groundings because it will allow the problem to be fixed in a more time-efficient manner. Having a centralized grounding notification system is the first step of this management option, as it ensures all incidents pass through a single agency to determine further actions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels Semi- permanent/permanent vessels can have a negative impact on the surrounding local environment both due to the effects of shade and from the direct contact with the substrate. Sunken vessels that cannot be seen from the surface may present a danger to navigation. Derelict vessels that do not remain stationary may cause harm in multiple locations before becoming stationary. If fishing gear is still intact, it may cause further biological damage through "ghost fishing� (#283). Early response, creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels, reduces the impact of these vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Military; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Stony Coral; Substrate; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Increase Public Grounding Notification Public notification of groundings can be increased through more centralized, accessible notification methods, and public education and outreach. Notification methods could include creating a �grounding hotline� with a central government agency as the enforcement dispatch center. By centralizing notification methods, public confusion over what agency to contact can be reduced. Education and outreach efforts should focus on the importance of grounding notification and awareness of notification methods (i.e. the hotline). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Large Vessel Achoring Damage from freighter anchor is extreme due to the mere weight and size of the anchor and chain. The chain can even be more damaging as it drags along the benthic environment leaving behind catastrophic ruin. This management response would encourage the creation of restoration and monitoring methodologies in shallow reef areas as well as at greater depths. If unacceptable damages are occurring restrictions and regulations prohibiting the use of anchors in high risk areas should be instituted. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Transportation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Vessel Groundings This option involves assessing conditions and responding, as well as developing methodologies and protocols for coral dominated substrate, seagrass substrate, and mixed substrate. These protocols will help to determine how much damage has been done to the non-living coral framework. Ultimately, fine-tuning these protocols will allow for the most effective assessments. Evaluate these in light of current grounding regulations (#34). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Stony Coral; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Operating Permits for Towing & Salvage Professionals This management option evaluates the need for a permitting system for all towing and salvage operations. This type of permit would require salvage operators to notify injury response when there are groundings. The permit program would also reduce impacts by ensuring operators know the proper practices and use the proper equipment to most effectively minimize damage to the operating area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Coordinated Oil & Hazardous Spill Response This management option calls for developing unified response protocols to deal with containment and clean-up of oil spills. This is important to protect corals, mangroves, and seagrasses from adverse impacts of hazardous materials. Given the limited number of spills and the importance of responding quickly, interagency coordination of reporting and response is essential for success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Toxics; Transportation; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop and Maintain Vessel Grounding Database This management approach would involve refining and maintaining a vessel grounding database and adequate staffing for on-going management, GIS processing of archived data, creating products for management case tracking, and developing a database that is user-friendly and useful. If previously established, the management option #165, will allow this data to be combined with similar data from other inventory management options such as #95, and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option #85. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Transportation Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Maintain the Maritime Heritage Resources inventory Volunteers can help maintain the heritage resources inventory through collecting existing information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Resource Site Database Local managers could maintain a central database containing information about geological, biological and cultural marine resources. Standardized meta-data should be included for each entry site such as name, position, age, integrity, historical and cultural significance, sensitivity, and recreational value. This data can be incorporated with other data, such as census data or landuse data, into GIS in order to interpret relationships #166. This would combine efforts of multiple management options such as #164, and #81 into one consolidated place. Management options such as #76 & #75 could be incorporated to track changes to these sites over time. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Geographic Information System Incorporating Satellite and Aerial Images This option involves the acquisition of high-resolution, low altitude photos of management areas and grounding hotspots. These photos can then be used for baseline documentation for natural resource litigation, research, and management decisions. If these images are to be incorporated into larger geodatabase, such as that proposed in # 166, a standardized protocol should be developed in advance, as suggested in management option #166. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Roadside Signs Roadside signs and billboards in local reef watershed areas should be created to inform travelers that they are entering/exiting the reef watershed. Partnerships should be explored to create multi-logo signs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Print Marine Etiquette on Marine-Related Products Packaging Printing information on marine-related products regarding proper marine etiquette could be a possibility for raising awareness and improving public stewardship. Partnerships will be explored to help print etiquette information on materials such as bait boxes, ice bags, water buckets, etc. that are commonly used by stakeholders. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Outreach with the Tourism Development Council Collaborating with the Tourism Development Council allows for more specific targeting of tourists and visitors for resource management outreach. Tourists and visitors are less familiar with local ecosystems and are therefore more prone to unintentionally damaging the environment or defying policies and regulations. The Tourism Development Council is also an important stakeholder to consider, in coastal zone management. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Wayside Exhibits/Signs Creating wayside exhibits is an easy way to inform the public about sanctuary resources, policies, and boundaries. Wayside exhibits can be signs displayed at popular fishing and recreation areas. Coordination and collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies is essential to ensure there is not duplication in efforts, over-signage, and that consistent information is provided. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Establish VHF Radio Stations The local sanctuary staff should work to secure a VHF radio station dedicated to provide information about local boating and water activities in multiple languages. Broadcast messages can include, but are not limited to information about regulations, navigation, resources, weather, and reef conditions. This will help prevent boaters, divers, and fishermen from negatively affecting the ecosystem. Assessments regarding cost and target audience areas must be conducted and external funding pursued to supplement the expense. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Economic Markets & Policy: Regulate International Trade of Reef Species Many coral reef species are harvested internationally for a variety of markets including the aquarium trade, food, curios, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. The US is the largest importer for many of these markets. The US strictly limits extraction of stony coral and many reef species in its waters; but as a major importer and consumer of coral reef species, more actions can be taken to decrease the demand on international imports. Setting and enforcing regulations on what can be imported (such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES) is one approach that has been taken. More information is needed, leaving room to collect trade data and assess the impacts of extraction techniques to find sustainable methods. Demand for species collected this way will be increased with greater transparency to consumers, which can be accomplished through certifications for environmentally cognoscente collectors and those using alternatives like aquaculture and coral farming. Continued participation in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is also beneficial. U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C.

World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Live Collection; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Political Pressure; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Sponges; Stony Coral; Toxics; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Economic Markets & Policy: Create Alternative Livelihoods For Fishermen Many fishermen rely on their catch as their family�s main source of income. When restrictions are placed on fishing it can be to the economic detriment of these fishermen. By creating alternative means of earning income for these fishermen, social and economic goals are accomplished while decreasing pressures on natural fish populations. These alternatives often come in the form of aquaculture, which helps to still meet the demand for fish. Another common alternative is tourism; fishermen can use their knowledge and equipment such as boats to accommodate tourism and recreational fishing. All Islands Coral Reef Committee. Local Action Strategies. United States Coral Reef Task Force Accessed 6/13/2011.

Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Social Assistance; Tourism & Recreation
Energy Policy & Development: Oil and Gas Rig Maintenance and Use Regulations There are regulated procedures and documentation required during production operations to prevent major incidents that may harm workers or the environment. A major part of incident prevention is inspection and maintenance. Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Petroleum Spills; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Oil and Gas Rig End of Life As oil production at a given offshore site decreases it becomes necessary to decommission the rigs that were drilling them. It is very expensive to dismantle and transport the rigs back to shore. One such well know case was Shell's Brent Spar 1995. Regulations on the end of life for oil rigs differ by country and even state within the US. The Minerals Management Service has a Rigs-to-Reefs program which supports and encourages the reuse of oil and gas structures for offshore artificial reef developments. If these structures are to be sunk as artificial reefs the normal permit requirements for artificial reefs still apply to ensure the structure will not interfere with navigation channels or degrade the environment. Dauterive, L. 1999. Rigs-to reefs policy, progress, and perspective. Pages 313-318 in SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Chemical Variables; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Offshore Wind and Hydrokinetic Alternative Energies Policies encouraging or authorizing construction of offshore facilities are evolving, and there are many sides to the issue of how to best manage them. Alternative energies are desirable and would reduce the dependence on fossil fuel resources. However, hydrokinetic technologies are just becoming viable, meaning long term impacts are still unknown. Facilitative policies reduce barriers for alternative energy development or increase barriers or costs for incumbent technologies. These include research and innovation policies, technology improvement subsidies, market based policies that internalize externalities, and regulatory changes that simplify the permitting process. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy.

Portman, M.E. 2010. Marine Renewable Energy Policy: Some US and International Perspectices Compared. Oceanography 23:98-105.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Seawater Flow; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Pipeline Maintenance Requirements The best way to ensure a high level of safety and reliability in operation of pipelines is to have a maintenance and inspection plan in place that targets damage, degradation or defects before they lead to failures. Economically, expenditures for maintenance and inspection are significantly less than those for emergency service in reaction to unforeseen situations. However, legislative requirements for plans, procedures and documentation ensures compliance with these best management practices. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Pipeline Maintenance Best Practices: Lessons Learned from the Natural Gas STAR Program. Charlotte (North Carolina).

United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators� Association. 2006. UKOPA Recommendations for Pipeline Maintenance and Inspection. UKOPA/06/0032,

Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Cable and Pipeline Construction Assessments Pre-assessments must be conducted to ensure pipelines and cables buried on the ocean floor will not disrupt or destroy natural or cultural resources. Reach Networks Hong Kong Ltd. 2007. Project Profile: Asia-America Gateway (AAG) Cable Network, South Lantau. Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR.

Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Utilities; Utility Policies
Enforcement: Enforce Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements This option ensures compliance with statues, regulations, and permit requirements. This is accomplished through intensive on-site patrols by authorized law enforcement officers. Agencies at the state level as well as NOAA can assist with enforcement. For success, it is important that law enforcement be trained in the compliance requirements of other agencies (e.g. Marine Heritage Resource (MHR) permitting compliance). A standardized training program to help better ensure cross- deputization of enforcement agencies would be necessary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Dredging Regulations; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Enforcement: Interpretive Enforcement Interpretive enforcement, sometimes called �soft� or positive enforcement, refers to approaches geared towards encouraging widespread voluntary compliance with laws, rules and regulations. Interpretive enforcement is based on the premise that most people, once informed about MPA regulations, want to do the right thing. This is the greatest level of compliance because it advocates understanding and public support of goals for reef management. The main objective of this management action is to increase public understanding of the importance to comply with regulations, achieve voluntary compliance, and promote public stewardship of historical and cultural marine resources through interpretive enforcement. Strategies that can help achieve these goals include developing special training programs, organizing events, implementing social marketing, targeting indigenous learning systems and changing cultural value systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 8 Coastal Law Enforcement. No.8 Coastal Law Enforcement, Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines.

National Marine Sanctuaries. 2005. MPAs and Enforcement. Module 7, NOAA.

Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Environmental Education: Provide mechanisms outside the law enforcement sector that can deliver resource education at the site of the resource This plan involves acquiring other personnel such as volunteers to help with resource protection through education. Volunteers can hand out brochures, answer questions, and assist boaters on high-use days/areas. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Socio-Economic Drivers; Transportation; Water Transportation
Establishing an Maritime Heritage Resource Inventory: Use volunteer assistance in cultural resources inventory This plan advocates the use of volunteers to assist with collecting information, located unrecorded sites, documenting sites, etc. Volunteers can be greatly utilized for maritime heritage resources inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Establishing an Maritime Heritage Resource Inventory: Conduct public participation projects inventory This plan incorporates educational institutions in order to conduct maritime heritage resources inventory projects. This way, the public is involved with inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Responses
Establishing an Maritime Heritage Resource Inventory: This approach involves creating a bibliography and computerized database in a standard format and making it publicly accessible via internet. This inventory will contain basic information for each entry site such as name, age, integrity , historical and cultural significance, sensitivity, and recreational value. Many activities would be involved in creating this inventory. These include NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Evaluate impacts of existing fishing gear and methods on habitats Research is needed to investigate impact on habitat of commercial and recreation fishing gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Conduct research on the ecological impacts on sanctuary preservation areas of baiting fishing and catch-and-release fishing by trolling It is necessary to asses the ecological effects of catch�and-release fishing by trolling and bait-fishing in order to make informed decisions regarding their provisions in protected areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Research Low-impact Fishing Gear & Methods Facilitating research to develop gear designs and fishing methods that minimize impacts is multifaceted. Ideal fishing gear is selective for the target species and sizes, with negligible direct or indirect impact on non-target species, sizes and habitats; but also efficient, giving quality, high catches at the lowest possible cost. Newly developed low-impact gear allows fishermen to fulfill their needs, providing food and income, while lessening the unintended environmental impact of those activities, like by-catch. Before an agency should promote new fishing gear or methods research is important to ensure there are no un-intended environmental tradeoffs. Biodegradable fishing line, modified traps, and buoy lines are examples of gear types that could be studied. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boat Movement; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Improved Technology; Invasive Species; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Debris; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fishing & Harvesting Management: Derelict Fishing Gear & Ghost Fishing The term "ghost fishing" is used to describe the capture of marine organisms by lost or abandoned fishing gear. This is particularly a problem with gillnets, trammel nets and pots. Gear is usually lost because it becomes stuck on rough bottoms containing corals and stones, causing the buoy line to break during retrieval. Nets or pots may continue to fish for years, with captured fish and crustaceans dying and serving as attracting bait for more fish and organisms. Ghost fishing may therefore represent a serious problem in many areas, causing hidden fishing mortality over a long period of time. This management option co-insides with (#63) Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels. Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Forestry Policy: Forestry Streamside Management Areas There are often surface waters, such as streams and lakes, within forestry areas that require special protection. This management option involves establishing and maintaining management areas (35 to 50 feet) around these surface waters to buffer against changes in temperature, increases in sediments and nutrients, and to provide bank stability. Canopy species in these areas also provide woody debris needed for instream channel structure and aquatic species habitat. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Forestry Policy: Forestry Management Planning There are many aspects to properly managing forestry sites to reduce point source and non-point source pollutants. Forestry activities can degrade water quality with several types of pollutants and impacts, including: sediment, nutrients, forest chemicals like pesticides, organic debris from tree litter, increased water temperature and increased streamflow. The Forestry management plan and practices include, but are not limited to: pre-harvest planning, road construction and use, prescribed burning and fire management, brush management, timber harvest, regeneration, and application of forest chemicals. Wetlands Forest Management has additional best practices. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Biological Harvest; Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Implementing Notification and Response Protocols: Coordinate with Other Management and Enforcement Agencies to Develop Standardized Vessel Grounding and Spill-Response Protocols This plan aims to coordinate with other management and enforcement agencies to create uniform spill response and vessel grounding protocols. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Dredging Regulations; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Implementing Notification and Response Protocols: Implement �Eyes on the Water� This plan would entail teaming with volunteers and education staff to develop a volunteer training program to help report groundings. Training would include: incident recognition, documentation, and notification. Possible volunteers could be pulled from Team OCEAN, Reef Medics, Mote Marine Laboratory, professional fishing guides, etc. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Socio-Economic Drivers
Injury Prevention: Foster Reef Resilience Resilience relates to how well the reef ecosystem is able to maintain key functions and processes while under abnormal pressure or stress. Two ways of supporting coral reef resilience are: incorporating known resilient areas into management design and by implementing strategies to either reinstate or protect factors that contribute to resilience, such as good environmental conditions, biological diversity, and connectivity. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Resource Use Management
Injury Prevention: Assist Waterway Marking/Management This management options involves reporting incidents to identify �hotspots� of seagrass and coral that have been negatively impacted by vessel groundings. This can be achieved through properly marking waterways develop regional patterns for vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses
Injury Prevention: Assist Education and Outreach This plan is to help prevent groundings. This can be achieved through providing products and information such as statistics, avoidance techniques, and legal/financial consequences. Such information would be provided for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Injury Prevention: Minimize or Eliminate Impact from , Derelict or Sunken Vessels This option intends to reduce the effects of vessel impacts through creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels. Actions such as these are important for reducing contact and waste impacts from live-aboard vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Landuse Management: Temporary Road Planning and Construction This management option involves minimizing sediment discharges from forestry and other temporary roads through their planning and construction. Since these roads are seasonal or temporary, less time and effort is normally invested in construction. Road construction has four main phases, clearing, leveling, construction and surfacing. Construction timing should be targeted to avoid sensitive spawning periods and during low stream flow at water passes. Road surface drainage shaping requires proper moisture content, surfacing, and grading. Drainage should be installed to reduce the volume and velocity of runoff water passing over sensitive areas. Methods for road surface drainage include: broad-based dip construction, pole culverts, ditch relief culverts, road outsloping and grading, ditch and turnout construction. Roadway runoff should be prevented from flowing directly into watercourses by using turnouts, wing ditches and dips. Brush barriers, silt fences, riprap and filter strips can be used to trap sediment in runoff water. Where roads cross streams it is important to guard against erosion, as such erosion may necessitate road repairs. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC.

Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges
Marine Zoning: Utilize fully protected marine zones as research areas For all three types of fully protected marine zones, permitted researches may conduct non-invasive experiments to address management strategies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Special Use Permit This permit allows otherwise prohibited activities to take place within sanctuaries. For example researchers may be able to perform certain activities if the research is beneficial to research and monitoring. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Special Use Permits. National Marine Sanctuaries Accessed 6/13/2011.

Contact Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Utilize Marine Protected Areas for Research and Monitoring Research and monitoring of marine protected areas determine the degree to which the zones meet goals and objectives for protecting natural resources, as well as human-use patterns, attitudes and compliance. Once data is gathered from within the protected zone it can than be compared to comprable data from outside the protected zone, as a control. It is necessary to compile and review data on use patterns to determine where additional Special-Use Areas would be appropriate. Research in the protected area should be non-invasive. It is important to make the protected area available for external research as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Integrate Resource Information in Permits, Authorizations, or Certifications Permitting usually includes assessing the natural and cultural resources of an area. Using this previosly gathered data would aid in creating an inventory for marine resources. If previosuly established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#95), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Permitting Application & Award This management approach is important because permits assure protection and conservation of coral resources from harmful activities and practices. Within sanctuary waters, special use permits (#157) can be used to allow scientists and others to conduct necessary work while following permitting regulations to reduce the impact of that work. General permits are often required for altering land-use, construction projects and certain discharges. To be eligible for a permit, the operator may be required to conduct impact assessments, institute best management practices and conduct monitoring of the project. Though permits are a necessary precaution, the process can be streamlined through ensuring clear submittal requirements, and reducing redundancy. Redundancy often occurs when multiple agencies must approve a permit, a single point of contact and standard, inter-agency protocols can reduce unnecessary redundancy. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Create a Maritime Heritage Resource (MHR) Field Unit A Maritime Heritage Resource (MHR) field unit would be developed to conduct field research and coordinate permitted research activities. Training is an important aspect of developing such a field unit, as improper field work can be very destructive to MHR sites. Additional funding may be needed to involve external underwater archaeological research experts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Incentives; Security & Public Administration Policies
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Monitor & Research: Monitor Sanctuary Use Patterns and Resource Value This management option seeks to provide data and analysis of consumptive and non-consumptive use of all natural resources within sanctuary borders. Special emphasis is to be placed on artificial and natural reef resources used by residents and visitors. Wherever possible, market and non-market values of these resources should be elicited as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Services; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Utilize Managed Areas for Socioeconomic Research Data are needed to test hypotheses about the socioeconomic impact of marine zoning and user-group perceptions about changes in natural resources within the sanctuary area. User-group perception of changes in natural resources can be compared with quantitative ecological data to identify misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Providing funding opportunities for external scientists to conduct research in the managed area is another option. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Permitting & Zoning; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Develop Scientific Research Study Program Management areas can encourage scientific studies by coordinating efforts of research groups and institutions. Collaboration and integration of these scientific studies can be beneficial to both the research groups and the management area. For example, data from monitoring of restoration projects could be analyzed by an academic institution, helping to reduce the burden on funds and perhaps using data in ways outside the scope of management objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Fisheries Sampling Improved fisheries sampling programs require improving the spatial resolution of commercial and recreation fisheries-dependent and fisheries-independent sampling programs to provide statistics on catch and effort. Improved sampling can be achieved through evaluating and enhancing census programs by using smaller sampling areas. Also, fishery pre-recruitment monitoring efforts should be continued for long-term prediction of fishery stocks. Last, investigating life histories of fishery species needs to be conducted because it is currently a gap. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Apex Fish Predators; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Herbivorous Fish
Public Participation: Assist Seafood Watch Assist Seafood Watch and other sustainable seafood consumption initiatives, in their efforts to educate the public and promote sustainable seafood. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Sectors Filling Human Needs
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Personal Watercraft & Other Small Vessels Practices This activity would aim to reduce noise and pollution, and conflicts among PWC users, the resources, and Sanctuary users. Practices could be changed through requiring certain training to drive such vessels, or restricting which types can be used in designated coastal areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Designated Uses; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Salvaging & Towing Practices This option seeks to protect natural resources and reduce damage resulting from improper vessel salvage methods. In the past, salvage techniques have caused collateral damage when removing vessels grounded on the reef. These injuries often occur in the immediate area surrounding the grounded vessel but can be avoided with the use of proper salvage techniques developed with reef resources in mind. The principal causes of collateral injuries are dragging a vessel off the reef instead of floating it off; the use of steel towing cables that can drop on or drag across the substrate, impacting and dislodging resources (reef structure, corals, and sponges); and propwash and surge, generated by tugboat propellers, that displace sediment and dislodge organisms. To avoid or minimize collateral injuries, a reconnaissance survey should be conducted while the vessel is grounded to evaluate reef resources in the immediate area surrounding the vessel and determine an appropriate extraction route. Bunker fuel and cargo may need to be offloaded. Floating or buoyed towlines should be used instead of steel cables, and towing activities should be conducted at or near high tide to facilitate floating the vessel. Before and during the extraction, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates at the bow and stern of the vessel should be recorded to assist with future injury assessment. GPS tracking should be operating on the grounded vessel during egress from the site and on all salvage vessels or tugboats involved with the salvage operation. The outbound path for vessel extraction may also need to be buoyed, to help avoid or identify injuries that may occur during the salvage operation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Consider Regulations for Catch & Release Trolling This plan seeks to reduce or eliminate catch-and-release fishing in many fragile areas. First an assessment must be conducted to measure the effects of catch-and -release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fish Feeding Regulations Divers in FL are already prohibited from fish feeding. Further review may show a need to prohibited anyone in state water from feeding fish. There will need to be investigations on the biological and behavioral impacts of fish feeding. This investigation can be used to keep the status quo, or may encourage further regulations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Supplemental Feeding; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Exotic Species Regulations The release of exotic species is already prohibited in many areas. Often these regulations do not consider exotic species released in ballast water. Regulations on discharge of ship ballast water containing exotic or non-indigenous species is therefore an area for regulatory improvement. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Biological Addition; Boating Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Dredging Regulations Dredging is oftentimes prohibited with certain exceptions. Dredging regulation often falls under other controls over the alteration of the seabed, discharging or depositing materials. At times dredging is necessary for navigation or other activities, necessitating .permitting mechanisms for allowing otherwise prohibited activities. Revising the regulations to help eliminate negative dredge-and-fill activities within a certain distance of corals would be beneficial because it would help promote the reestablishment of sensitive benthic communities. Reservoirs may require periodic dredging to remove sediment that may have collected. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sand & Rock Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Transportation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Coral Touching Regulations Currently touching, removing, damaging, distributing, and injuring any living or dead coral or coral formation is prohibited in Sanctuary Preservation Areas and Ecological Reserves. An investigation will be conducted to consider extending this prohibition to high-use, sensitive and vulnerable areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Contact Uses; Coral; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Channel & Reef Navigation Markers This option would evaluate the need for proper marking to ensure better navigation. There are many types of markers, including buoys, charts, beacons, and GPS mapping. Such markers can also be used to advocate prohibition on vessel speeds greater than idle speed in areas designated as idle-speed only/no-wake and around shallow reef locations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beach & Land Formation; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Spearfishing Regulations Spearfishing is already prohibited in ecological reserves, sanctuary preservation areas, management areas, and special-use areas. There are additional considerations to be made to see if restrictions need to be extended in high priority areas. There may also be need to be further scientific study on the impacts of spearfishing. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fishing Gear/Fishing Methods Regulations In most regions there are already regulations that prohibit fishing methods that incorporate explosives, poisons, oil, and bleach. Further investigation may reveal additional methods, materials, or gear that should be prohibited as well. Regulations should aim to increase the use of low-impact gear (#194) in place of more destructive gear and methods. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Vessel Grounding Regulations In many areas, there are already regulations that target prop scarring to seagrasses and the seabed. Current boat grounding regulations should be evaluated to determine if additional regulations would be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Aquaculture/Mariculture Regulations This will help determine if there is a need to establish mariculture operations regulations and proceed accordingly. This would help satisfy the commercial demand for fish while taking pressure off of the wild species. Such regulations should consider where, when and what species of mariculture are allowable. The environmental impact mariculture has can vary depending on current, depth and distance to land, making location and even season important. The species being cultured is also an important consideration, especially if they are non-native or different genetically from the local natural population as escapes may occur. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

NEPA. 1998. MARICULTURE DRAFT POLICY AND REGULATION NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AUTHORITY COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT DIVISION. National Environment & Planning agency.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Designated Uses; Domestic Animal Waste; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invasive Species; Resource Use Management; Supplemental Feeding
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Activities Allowed in Existing Regulatory Zones There are five different types of regulatory zones within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary preservation Areas, Wildlife Management Areas, Existing Management Areas, and Special Use Areas. Each zone has a different set of prohibited or allowable activities. This type of diversity in zones allows for visitors to partake in the activity they desire, but in an area where the impact will be less severe. Allowable activities require periodic evaluation and may need to be changed or relocated to allow for recovery or to address other issues of concern. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation
Regulatory Review and Development: Ensure Consistency Among Fishing Regulations Consistency will improve administrative and regulatory coordination between fisheries regulatory agencies. This involves using a protocol for drafting and revising fisheries regulations in order to implement a consistent set of regulations throughout the protected reef area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Develop Mobile Source Discharge Controls Pollution discharge controls regulate where different types of discharges are allowed and what acceptable quantities released are. Typically discharge controls target point sources in the form of effluent pipes (#280), but discharges also occur from mobile sources such as boats and ships. There may need to be revisions on where depositing fish, fish parts, bait, cooling water, engine exhaust, deck wash, and effluent can be released. In many areas, these items are often excluded as prohibited, and they should possibly be included. Pollution discharge controls are different from Water Quality Standards (#22) which set acceptable environmental limits and leave it up to the manager to meet those criteria. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Chemical Variables; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Large Ships; Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Bait Fishing and/or Catch & Release Trolling Regulations This option seeks to reduce or eliminate bait fishing, and catch & release trolling in fragile areas. First assessments must be conducted to measure the effects of bait fishing and catch & release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Marine Heritage Resource Protections This management option involves protecting underwater items/sites that have historical, cultural, archaeological, or paleontological significance. This response advocates permits for action that may degrade the resource. This can be accomplished through creating an MHR field unit, monitoring MHR site degradation, and evaluating excavation and mitigation techniques. Field units can help conduct field research and coordinated, permitted research activities. Experts relating to archaeological research underwater can also be hired with additional funding. Through evaluation of excavation techniques, new technologies can be suggested such as: turbidity screens, sediment removal equipment, and seagrass restoration/relocation protocols to lead to less disturbance. Inventory and decision tools can also be used in the aid of Maritime Heritage Resource protection. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Physical Damage; Pipelines; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Valuation; Wetlands
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Designated Uses The water quality standards regulation requires that States and Tribes specify appropriate water uses to be achieved and protected. Appropriate uses are identified by taking into consideration the use and value of the water body for public water supply, for protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and for recreational, agricultural, industrial, and navigational purposes. In designating uses for a water body, States and Tribes examine the suitability of a water body for the uses based on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the water body, its geographical setting and scenic qualities, and economic considerations. Each water body does not necessarily require a unique set of uses. Instead, the characteristics necessary to support a use can be identified so that water bodies having those characteristics can be grouped together as supporting particular uses. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Environmental Protection Agency. What are Water Quality Standards? Designated Uses. Water: Water Quality Standards Accessed 7/12/2011.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Marine Products; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Develop Water Efficiency Initiatives Reducing water use through cost effective water efficiency improvements can be beneficial as it reduces pressure on water as a finite resource and saves money. There are several ways water efficiency can be promoted. Some Water Efficiency BMPs recommended by the EPA include: Water Management Planning; Information and Education Programs; Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection and Repair; Water-Efficient Landscaping, Water-Efficient Irrigation; Toilets and Urinals; Faucets and Showerheads; Boiler/Steam Systems; Single-Pass Cooling Equipment; Cooling Tower Management; Commercial Kitchen Equipment; Laboratory/ Medical Equipment; Other Water Intensive Processes; Alternative Water Sources. One of the ways the US government has promoted Water Efficiency Initiatives is through Executive order 13123 which places certain water use reduction requirements on Federal Agencies. There are also existing funding and incentives for non-government sectors. Project funding comes in many forms, such as appropriations, energy savings performance contract (ESPC) and Utility Energy Service Contract (UESCs) programs; ratepayer incentive programs such as rebates from public benefit funds or utilities; and the retention of energy and water cost savings. US Department of Energy. 2008. Establishing Baseline and Meeting Water Conservation Goals of Executive Order 13423.

Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Water Efficiency Best Management Practices. Federal Energy Management Program Accessed 7/12/2011.

Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Designated Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Resource Use Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Textiles & Apparel; Utilities; Utility Policies; Water; Water Resources; Water Utilities Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Resource Use Management: Develop Regulations for Sponge Fisheries Sponges play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration. Depending on the method of removal, this process can be very destructive to other reef fauna and habitat. Research is needed to compare impacts of different sponge fishing methods in different areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Educational & Research Opportunities; Encrusting Sponges; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Develop Live Collection Regulations Live collection is often more destructive than capture of food fishes because of the destructive methods used to remove live fish and invertebrates from the reef habitat. These methods include use of cyanide and explosives. Current methods should be assessed and alternatives should be developed or collection prohibited. World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay.

(not cited)

Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Restoration: Acquire Blanket Permits for Restoration Programs Restoration programs often span multiple areas and multiple agencies. With proper collaboration between resource managers, and restoration programs, multiple programs/initiatives can work together under blanket permits from regulating agencies. For example, NOAA�s Beaufort Lab/Seagrass Research team, NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center, and DEP all coordinate restoration projects together in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Restoration: Restore injured or destroyed coral reef framework This approach would allow to use funds from case settlements to reconstruct/replace coral framework that has been compromised. This approach aids to restore the coral�s structural and ecological functionality, as well as reestablish aesthetic qualities associated with corals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Reintroduce Indigenous Living Corals The approach reviews the policies and regulation regarding the re-introduction of living corals indigenous to a specific geographic location that were propagated in the lab. The concern about reintroduction of organisms from the lab and aquaria revolves around the possibility of introducing exotic or foreign strains of diseases to natural coral. Also, there is concern about introducing defective genetic material as well. One viable solution may be to reintroduce corals reared in in-situ coral nurseries. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Microorganisms; Reef Habitat; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Transportation Policy: Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards The purpose of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF�) standards is to reduce fuel consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. NHTSA sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the US while EPA calculates the average fuel economy for each manufacturer. Since the standard only dictates the average fuel economy, manufacturers can sell vehicles with higher or lower fuel economy than the standard. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Accessed 8/11/2011.

Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Industry; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Supporting Services; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Water Quality Management: Biocriteria The President�s Ocean Action Plan directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop biological assessment methods and tools for evaluating the health of coral reefs so that States and Territories could more easily establish biological water quality standards, including descriptions for designated waterbody uses and biological criteria (biocriteria). Biocriteria are qualitative or quantitative thresholds of biological condition necessary to sustain the designated uses. Rigorous biological assessments are needed to identify metrics that reflect biological characteristics and are responsive to a gradient of human disturbance, and to generate defensible long-term monitoring programs. Implementation of biocriteria for freshwater ecosystems has forged a process that can be adopted for coral reefs. Bradley, P., L. Fore, W. Fisher, and W. Davis. 2010. Coral reef biological criteria: using the clean water act to protect a national treasure. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI.

Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Resource Use Management
Water Quality Management: Reduce Pollution & Discharges from Marinas & Live-Aboards This management option strives to reduce and eliminate the discharge of wastewater and pollution within zones near corals. In many instances, "no-discharge" zones already exist and are simply poorly enforced. In other instances the discharge limits are not stringent enough. Successful regulation requires marinas to be equipped with the proper infrastructure to support transfer of wastewater from vessels to shore-side for treatment. This infrastructure includes: pump-out facilities and mobile pump-out services. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Cyanobacteria; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Health; Health Policies; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Water Quality Standards Water Quality Standards are the foundation of the water quality-based pollution control program mandated by the Clean Water Act. Water Quality Standards define the goals for a waterbody by establishing Designated Uses (#279), setting baseline waterbody minimum criteria to protect those uses, and establishing provisions that regulate Point Source Effluent Toxicity Standards (#280). Since the baseline water quality standards are for the waterbody in its entirety, there is some flexibility on how that minimum criterion is accomplished. In some cases, Remediation (#281) may be preferable to more stringent effluent standards. The criteria include specific biochemical and ecological measures that would be good indicators of ecological health, including Biocriteria (#282). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biocriteria; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Toxics
Water Quality Plans: Reducing Pollution Discharges from Marinas and Live-Aboards This plan strives to reduced pollution discharges through more strictly enforcing already-existing regulations for discharging. This includes enforcing regulations that restrict boaters from releasing sewage into state waters and requiring connecting toilets to shore-side plumbing. Also, this entails enforcing "no-discharge" zones where live-aboard vessels congregate or where there is history of violation issues with sewage release. The third component to this plan would be to develop and education plan to educate boaters on how/why to reduce pollution from their vessels. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet.

2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas.

Biological Addition; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Sewage Treatment; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Mooring Buoy Management Installing mooring buoys is encouraged in order to prevent damage to corals from anchors. Areas that experience a lot of traffic from recreation and fishing will experience damage from vessel groundings and boat gear. Mooring buoys help to minimize damage to corals and at the same time provide access to water resources. Mooring buoys protect as well as lower resource-use conflicts. Mooring buoy management is achieved through maintaining existing mooring buoys; assessing current buoy technology; reviewing visitor-use and boating data; developing sitting criteria; recommending new sites; conducting site assessments; installing additional buoys; and implementing vessel size limits in high-use and sensitive areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Altmeier, Bernie. FKNMS Mooring Buoy Mainenance. NOAA: FKNMS Mooring Buoy Manual Accessed 3/23/2011.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Waterway Management: Waterway Management/Marking Plan Proper waterway markings provide coherent guidance for boats. Clearly-marked waterway exits and entrances reduce the probability of damage to reefs from boat gear damage, boat movement, trampling, and ballast discharge. Waterway marking can be achieved through surveying damage from propeller scarring and vessel groundings, enhancing channel marking aids, assessing the effectiveness of channel marking, and through removing waterway obstructions. "Hotspots" where many incidents have been reported should be considered for further marking, especially those that are in high use areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Trampling; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Transportation
Waterway Management: Aquatic Organism Passage This management action allows for upstream and downstream passage for fish and other aquatic organisms. The passage of these organisms is often restricted by barriers which must be modified, removed, or worked around with fishways. Sites should be evaluated for variations in discharge, tidal influence, hydraulics, geomorphic impacts, sediment transport and continuity, and organic debris movement. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Water Resources
Waterway Management: Boat Access Plan An optimal boat access strategy involves conducting a survey of all public and private boat access points throughout the area. Once entry and exit sites are identified, channel markings can be placed accordingly. An effective strategy must also consider boat access needs, location, and intensity of use. This will help to efficiently mark the waterways so that there can be a reduction in damage to reefs, seagrasses and wetlands. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
25 Virgin Islands Code. Under Title 25, in addition to requirements for boat registration and administration of harbors, among other things, sections pertaining to the mooring and anchoring of vessels and houseboats provide for the protection of important marine resources in USVI waters. The Law requires mandatory boating education and safety courses for all boat operators.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mooring and anchoring are restricted and not allowed near fragile systems. Not anchoring on coral reefs is abig plus of this legislation.

Legislative Actions:Penalties for violation of the Chapter include fines not to exceed $1,000, a lien on the vessel and potential libel suit

Comments:A houseboat or vessel is allowed to moor or anchor only in those areas designated by the Department. Section 404(g) of the legislation lists areas designated as areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Boating Regulations; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Transportation Policies
25-Year Permits for Maintenance Dredging in Deepwater Ports; Deepwater Ports Maintenance Dredging and Disposal Manual, 62-045 Florida Administrative Code. 62-45.001 Authority, Intent and Policy. (1) This chapter is promulgated under the authority of Sections 403.061(26) and 403.816(1), F.S. (2) It is the intent of this chapter to establish a permitting system for maintenance dredging in deep water commercial navigation areas of the ports listed in Rule 62-45.020, F.A.C. This chapter incorporates standards and criteria which recognize the present most beneficial use of these waters for deep water commercial navigation. Since the implementation of a comprehensive maintenance dredging management plan is a major factor in determining the adequacy of a long-term maintenance dredging program, it is the further intent of this chapter to give a position of prominence to such a plan within this permit system. (3) It is the policy of the Department to provide a regulatory process which will enable the ports to conduct maintenance dredging in an environmentally sound, expeditious and efficient manner.62-45.020 Scope. (1) The permit system established by this chapter applies only to the ports of Ft. Pierce, Jacksonville, Miami, Palm Beach, Panama City, Pensacola, Port Canaveral, Port Everglades, Port Manatee, Port St. Joe, St. Petersburg, and Tampa. (2) The activities which may be included within a permit issued under this chapter are limited to maintenance dredging and disposal of the maintenance dredged material. (3) Applicants for permits under this chapter are limited to the port authorities or private interests using the port for deep water commercial shipping and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Department shall not issue separate permits to the port authority or private interests and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers when the responsibility of maintenance dredging or the disposal of the maintenance dredged material from the port is shared by any of the parties. The permit, if issued, shall clearly specify the duties and responsibilities of each party. (4) A permit may be issued for any length of time up to 25 years. There shall be no more than one such permit for each of the ports listed in subsection (1). (5) The area within which work under this permit system may take place is limited to the federally maintained, port authority maintained, or private interest maintained navigation channels, turning basins, or harbor berths associated with deep water commercial navigation and associated dredged material disposal sites. Eligible port maintenance dredging areas are depicted on NOS Charts Nos. 11491 (Port of Jacksonville), 11478 (Port Canaveral), 11475 (Fort Pierce Harbor), 11466 (Port of Palm Beach), 11468 (Port of Miami), 11470 (Port Everglades), 11413 (Tampa Bay, Northern Part), 11414 (Tampa Bay, Southern Part), 11393 (Port St. Joe), 11391 (Panama City), and 11383 (Port of Pensacola) on file with the Department and adopted here by reference. Copies are available at cost upon request from the Office of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, MS 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000.

Application to Coral Reefs:Proper, environmentally sound, dredging and disposal of dredged material, as reviewed by permit processers, will limit the amount of sediment and nutrients released to open water. The process will be particularly applicable to coral reefs for the dredging and disposal of Miiami harbor.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 43 United States Code §§ 2101-2106. To establish title to certain abandoned shipwrecks. U. S. Government asserted three categories of abandoned shipwrecks; embedded in a State's submerged lands, embedded in corralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands, located on a State's submerged lands and included or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of historic Places.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act requires, but is not limited to, development by NPS of guidelines for States and Federal agencies to develop appropriate and consistant policies to protect national resources and habitat areas, and to provide for public and private sector recovery consistant with historical values and environmental integrety. Corralline structures are specifically protected by the Act.

Legislative Actions:Specific response will vary from Federal agency to Federal agency and State to State.

Comments:The NPS published non-binding, advisory guidelines for States and Federal agencies to establish, review, revise, and implement programs to manage shipwrecks under their ownership or control. The guidance is entitled "Abondoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines."   		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US State Waters 		Artificial Habitat; Coral; Designated Uses; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Administrative fines for damaging State Lands of products thereof, 18-14 Florida Administrative Code. 18-14.003 Violations. It shall be a violation of this rule for any person or the agent of any person to knowingly refuse to comply with any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., willfully violate any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., or to willfully damage state land (the ownership or boundaries of which have been established by the state) or products thereof, by doing any of the following: (1) Fill, excavate, or dredge, including prop dredging in a manner which produces a defined channel, on state land without the lease, license, easement or other form of consent required by the Board. (2) Remove, in violation of state or federal law, any product from state land without written approval or specific exemption from the Board or Department. (3) Discharge contaminants, wastes, effluents, sewage or any other pollutant as defined in Chapter 376 or Chapter 403, F.S., on, under or over state land; when such discharge is in violation of Chapter 403 or conditions of a permit issued pursuant to that chapter, or conditions of a lease or easement issued pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S. - 37 (4) Maintain, place or build permanent or temporary structures, including, but not limited to, additions to existing structures; all structures whose use is not water-dependent; sanitary septic systems; fences, docks and pilings; houses; oil rigs; and utility installations on or over state land without consent or authority from the Board or Department. (5) Place garbage, refuse, or debris on or over state land without approval by the Board or Department. (6) Any other willful act that causes damage to state land, or products thereof, when such activity occurs without the required approval by the Board or Department.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling and limiting excavation and dredging, as well as discharge of contaminants, wastes, sewage, and other pollutants will assist in keeping sediment and pollutants from reaching the coral reefs and causing degradation of reef organisms..

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Administrative Fines for Damaging State Lands or Products Thereof 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Substrate; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Air Pollution Control, 62-204 Florida Administrative Code (1996). 62-204.100 Purpose and Scope. (1) This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. (2) In addition, this chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have been adopted; further designates certain attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as air quality maintenance areas for particular pollutants; classifies all areas of the state as Class I, Class II, or Class III for determining which set of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) increments apply; and designates all attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as one or more PSD areas for determining which pollutant-specific PSD baseline dates apply. This chapter also sets forth procedures for redesignating and reclassifying areas as above. (3) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to identify the Florida State Implementation Plan (SIP) required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51; to set forth the public notice and hearing requirements that the Department will adhere to for making SIP revisions; and to set forth the definitions, criteria, and procedures that the Department will use to review a federal agency�s general conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart W; and to adopt by reference an interagency memorandum of agreement that the Department will comply with to review any transportation conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart T. The provisions to 40 C.F.R. 51.853 require that a federal agency make a general conformity determination for any federal agency action in a nonattainment or maintenance area, to ensure that such action is consistent with the SIP and that such federal conformity determination be reviewed by the affected state. The provisions of 40 C.F.R. 51.394 require that a transportation conformity determination be made for the adoption, acceptance, approval, or support of certain transportation plans, transportation improvement programs, and transportation projects in nonattainment and maintenance areas for transportation-related criteria pollutants to ensure that such actions are consistent with the SIP. (4) Finally, this chapter adopts and incorporates by reference federal air pollution control regulations which are referenced in whole or in part throughout the Department�s air pollution control rules.

Application to Coral Reefs:By reducing emmissions to air, particularly carbon dioxide, the pH of ocean waters will not be reduced and that is a direct benefit to coral reefs, since a reduction in pH is believed to be detrimental to corals.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassified with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have benn adopted.

Comments:This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Use Regulations; CO2; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Transportation Policies; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Amendment to the U.S. Caribbean Fishery Management Plans, Code of Federal Regulations § 600 and 622. NMFS issues this final rule to implement a comprehensive amendment prepared by the Caribbean Fishery Management Council (Council) to amend its Reef Fish, Spiny Lobster, Queen Conch, and Coral Fishery Management Plans (FMPs). The comprehensive amendment is designed to ensure the FMPs are fully compliant with the provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act). This final rule redefines the fishery management units for the FMPs; establishes seasonal closures; imposes gear restrictions and requirements; revises requirements for marking pots and traps; and prohibits the filleting of fish at sea. In addition, the comprehensive amendment establishes biological reference points and stock status criteria; establishes rebuilding schedules and strategies to end overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks; provides for standardized collection of bycatch data; minimizes bycatch and bycatch mortality to the extent practicable; designates essential fish habitat (EFH) and EFH habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs); and minimizes adverse impacts on such habitat to the extent practicable. The intended effect of this final rule is to achieve optimum yield in the fisheries and provide social and economic benefits associated with maintaining healthy stocks.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects coral reefs in the USVI and Puerto Rico from overfishing reef resources, specifically reef fish, lobster, and queen conch taking. It establishs seasonal closures, restrictions on the gear used, lists areas of specific biological reference points, and has a schedule and strategy for restocking fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants
American Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 United States Code §§ 431-433. The Act provides penalties for unauthorized collection, excavation, or destruction of historic or prehistoric ruins, monuments, or objects of antiquity on lands owned or controlled by the United States. It authorized that areas of extrodinary geographical, historical , aesthetic value can be designated national monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:Has been used by Presidential Proclamation in 2001 to expand or create two national monuments; the Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument and the Buck Island Reef National Monument. The monuments include coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Docks & Marinas; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965, as amended, 16 United States Code § 757. The Act is intended to conserve anadromous fish. It authorizes the Secretatries of Interior and Commerce to enter into cooperatve agreements with states and other non-federal interests for conservation, development and enhancement of anadromous fish and contribute up to fifty percent as the federal share of the cost of carrying out such agreements. Reclamation construction projects for water resource projects needed solely for such fish are also authorized.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Projects are for conservation, development, and enhancement on fisheries.

Comments: 		Department of Interior/Department of Commerce

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 as amended, 16 United States Code § 470. To protect historic ruins, monuments, and objects of antiquity. Strenghtens and expands the protective provisions of the Antiquities Act of 1906 regarding archeological resources. It also revised the permitting process for conducting archeological research.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940, as amended, 16 United States Code § 668. Protects Bald and Golden Eagles by prohibiting possession, sale or transport, alive or dead, or part, nest or egg, except as permitted by the Secretary of the Interior for scientific and exhibition purposes, or for religious purposes of Indians

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Fines of $100,000 per incividual, or $200,000 for organizations, or one year in prison, or both, can be utilized.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Political Pressure; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, 18-18 Florida Administrative Code. 18-18.001 Intent. (1) The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, the boundaries of which are fully described in Rule 18-18.002, F.A.C., was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (2) These rules shall apply to all lands public and private within the boundaries of the preserve. However, privately owned uplands shall be excluded from these rules except as otherwise provided for herein. (3) In promulgating and implementing these rules, it is the intent of the Department to construe the provisions of Sections 258.397 and 258.35 through 258.46, F.S., together and to apply the more stringent statutory provisions for the maintenance of the preserve. (4) The preserve shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserve through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserve so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the legislature in creating the preserve; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the Act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserve; (e) To encourage activities that protect or enhance the biological and aesthetic values of the preserve, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions towards their natural condition, when reviewing applications or developing and implementing management plans for the preserve; (f) To preserve and promote indigenous life forms and habitats including but not limited to sponges, soft corals, hard corals, seagrasses, mangroves, mud flats, marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, marine mammals, tropical marine invertebrates, birds and shellfish; (g) To acquire additional title interests in land wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological or aesthetic values of the preserve.

Application to Coral Reefs:Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve protection of water quality will contribute to a lowering of contaminants leaving the preserve on tides and thus limiting the contaminants that reach off-shore ecosystems including the FKNMS and the reef system within the sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter establishes the rules to protect the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, which was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chapter 10: Open shorelines, 12 Virgin Islands Code. The seashore has always provided recreation, meditation, and physical therapy to the residents of the USVI. The shoreline provides access to the sea and a way of life for fisherman.The law requires that the public be given access to shorelines of the USVI for use and enjoyment.

Application to Coral Reefs:The limitation on barriers, obstructions, and retraints to beach access will have a minor role in protecting coral reefs because sedimentation that would have been associated with that minor construction will not occur.

Legislative Actions:No person, firm, corporation, association or other legal entity shall create, erect, maintain, or construct any obstruction, barrier, or restraint of any nature whatsoever upon, across or within the shorelines of the USVI as defined in this section, which would interfere with the right of the public individually and collectively. to use and enjoy any shoreline.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Vertebrates; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Chapter 13: Environmental protection, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes an environmental protection program for land development to prevent soil erosion and for the conservation of beaches, shorelines, and the coastal zone of USVI. Rules and Regulations were to prevent improper development of land and harmful environmental changes.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Earth Change Plan review will indicate any adverse environmental impacts, including those that could effect coral reefs such as sedimentation.

Legislative Actions:The law requires an "Earth Change Plan" from the Department of Planning and Natural Resources before any land can be cleared, graded, filled, or otherwise disturbed. Violation from the approved Earth Change Plan is punishable by a fine of $200 per day per violation. Violation of other portions of the Chapter is punishable by $5,000 fine or one year imprisionment per violation. Development in the first tierof the coastal zone requires a coastal zone permit.

Comments:Chapter 13 includes comprehensive erosion and sediment control measures applicable to public and private developments including construction and maintenance of streets and roads. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management; Shoreline Armoring
Chapter 17: Oil soil prevention and pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Prohibits the discharge of oil, petroleum products or their by-products, and other pollutants into or upon any coastal waters, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and land adjoining the seacoast of the Territory. Requires prompt containment and removal of petroleum.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects ecosystems, including coral reefs, from petroleum spills and provides for cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Established the Virgin Island Coastal Protection Fund of $1,000,000 for cleanup response. Prohibits derilict vessels upon any public waters or ports. Provides for civil penaltiesup to $50,000per day. Requires a National Contingency Plan.

Comments:Because it is the intent of this chapter to provide the means for rapid and effective cleanup and to minimize damages, any licensee and its agents or servants, including vessels destined for or leaving a licensee's terminal facility, who permits or suffers a prohibited discharge or other polluting condition to take place within territorial boundaries shall be liable to the territory for all costs of cleanup or other damage incurred by the territory and for damages resulting from injury to others. The territory shall have an absolute maritime lien which shall attach to any vessel and its freight on behalf of the territory or any person injured, for all costs of cleanup and other damages incurred as a result of a prohibited discharge. In any suit to enforce claims of the territory under this chapter, it shall not be necessary for the territory to plead or prove negligence in any form or manner on the part of the licensee or any vessel. If the territory is damaged by a discharge prohibited by this chapter it need only plead and prove the fact of the prohibited discharge or other polluting condition and that it occurred. In addition to the civil penalty, the pilot and the master of any vessel or person in charge of any licensee's terminal facility who fails to give immediate notification of a discharge to the harbor master and nearest U.S. Coast Guard station shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not less than $5,000 nor more than $10,000. The Department shall, by rules and regulations, require that the licensee designate a person at the terminal facility who shall be the person in charge of that facility for the purposes specified by this section. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Water Resources
Chapter 2: Protection of indigenous, endangered and threatened fish, wildlife and plants, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates activities, including scientific research, that could affect indigenous species and species considered at risk (threatened) or endangered, establishes species of special concern and habitats that should be protected, requires permits for trimming mangroves

Application to Coral Reefs:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Legislative Actions:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Chapter 21: Virgin Islands coastal zone management, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Protect, maintain, preserve and, where feasible, enhance and restore, the overall quality of the environment in the coastal zone, the natural and man-made resources therein, and the scenic and historic resources of the coastal zone for he benefit of residents of and visitors of the USVI

Application to Coral Reefs:The Legislature stated coastal zone protection will conserve ecologically significant resource areas for their contribution to marine productivity and value as wildlife habitats, and preserve the function and integrity of reefs, marine meadows, salt ponds, mangroves and other significant natural areas. The legislation will also maintain or increase coastal water quality through control of erosion, sedimentation, runoff, siltation and sewage discharge.

Legislative Actions:Any violation of the chapter will be grounds for revocation or suspension of coastal zone permit and an order to cease and desist. Any person who violates any provision of the chapter shall be subject to a civil fine not to exceed $10,000 per day. Exemplary damages may be assessed at the discretion of the court.

Comments:Section 908 of the law shows Coastal Zone Boundaries. Section 909 shows areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring
Chapter 3: Trees and vegetation next to waterways, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes buffer zone for protecting natural watercourses from vegetation clearing. The buffer zone either 30 feet from the center of the natural watercourse, or 25 feet from its edge, whichever is greater.

Application to Coral Reefs:Assists in erosion control and can protect reefs from harmful sedimentation, if the stream or river sediment is capable of reaching the coral reef. Vegetation along river and stream banks will remove nutrients and assist in preventing eutrophocation of waters that can reach coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Enforcement is by conservation officers with assistance from local police when required. Penalties are fines of not more than $100, or 180 days in jail, or both

Comments:Permits can be obtained if the purpose of clearing is for development. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management; Shoreline Protection; Wetlands
Chapter 7: Water pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. In coordination with EPA through Section 401 of the Clean Water Act, establishes controls for the discharge of wastewater and other pollutants to waters of the USVI, sets water quality standards. The Commissioner sets water quality standards applicable to he United States Virgin Islands to protect the public health and welfare and the present and future usa of such waters for public water supplies, propagation of fish, aquatic life and wildlife , recreational purposes and other legitamate uses. The standards are to be reviewed every three years.

Application to Coral Reefs:Water of polluted quality is detrimental to propagation and survival of coral reef organisms. Setting appropriate water quality standards will play a major role in protecting coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more than $75,000 per day of violation. A second conviction can be punishable up to a fine of $100,000, six years in jail, or both.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Biocriteria; Discharges; Health Policies; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Chapter 9A: Commercial fishing, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes regulations to preserve, manage and protect fishery resources through regulation of fishing in marine, estuarine, and freshwaters

Application to Coral Reefs:"Subject to the provisions of federal laws pertaining to the proprietary rights of the Government of the United States, all species of fish, mollusks, crustaceans, animals, plants and all other species comprising the marine, estuarine, and freshwater fauna and flora within the jurisdiction of the territory, excluding all privately owned ponds not exceeding fifty (50) acres, are hereby declared to be the property of the Government of the United Stattes Virgin islands and of common ownership and public use. They may be freely fished, caught, utilized od traded, subjec t to the limitations of this chapter and the rules and regulations for its enforcement."

Legislative Actions:Conservation Officers can board vessels to inspect catches and can lift 'pots' from the water to inspect their contents. Violations are a misdemeaner with a fine of not more than $500.

Comments:"Subject to the provisions of federal laws pertaining to the proprietary rights of the Government of the United States, all beds and bottoms of navigable rivers, streams, lagoons, lakes, sounds, inlets, bays, roadsteads, harbors, oceans, seas or other bodies of water within the jurisdiction of the territory shall be the property of the territory except such as may be held under some grant or alienation heretofore made. No grant, sale, lease or other conveyance of any water bottom shall hereafter be made by the territory or any official thereof." 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Clean Water Act of 1974, 33 United States Code § 1252. To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act can be used to establish water quality standards for the disharge of pollutants into surface waters. Section 101 (3) stated that it will be the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts will be prohibited. The legislation employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. The tools are employed to achieve the broad goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water."

Legislative Actions:During the late 1980's, the program shifted from program-by-program, source by source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic water-shed strategies. Under the watershed approach equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired waters. Also during the 1980's, voluntary programs for nonpoint runoff and regulatory programs for wet weather point sources began to be addressed.

Comments:The Federal Water Pollution Contrl Act Amendments of 1972, PL 92-500, replaced the previous language of the Act entirely, including the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1965, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, all of which had been amendments of the Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956. The 1977 amendments, PL 95-217, further amended PL 92-500. 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territories 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Drinking Water Supply; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (CBRA), 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote more appropriate use and conservation of coastal barriers along the Atlantic, Gulf and Great Lakes coastlines. Minimize the loss of human life; reduce wasteful expenditures on shoreline development; minimize damage to wildlife, marine life, and other natural services, and establish a coastal barrier resources system.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restrict most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals. 		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coral; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1451-1456. Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:In addition, the Act authorized a national system of estuarine sanctuaries and the establishment of national field laboratories with a 50/50 cost-sharing grants with coastal states.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Delineation of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters, 62-340 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2000). The Rule's intent is to provide a unified statewide methodology for the delineation of the extent of wetlands to satisfy the mandate of Section 373.421, F. S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Preservation of wetlands will allow them to continue to function as buffers for sediment and contaminant control keeping them from reaching estuarine and marine waters and eventually habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Rule is administrative and methodological for delineation purposes.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Energy Policy & Development; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Dredge and Fill Activities, 62-312 Florida Administrative Code. This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department pursuant to Sections 403.91 through 403.929, F.S. Dredging or filling which is grandfathered by subsections 403.913(6), (8) and (9), F.S., is governed by Rules 62-312.150 and 62-312.160, F.A.C. The requirements of this part are in addition to and not in lieu of the water quality standards which are required by other portions of these sections. Except for the definitions contained in Rule 62-312.020, F.A.C., which shall also apply to activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., the provisions of this Part shall only apply to activities in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District and to activities grandfathered under Sections 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15) and (16), F.S. Specific Authority 373.414(11)-(16), 373.4145, 403.805(1) FS. Law Implemented 373.409, 373.413, 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15), (16), 373.4145, 373.416, 373.418, 403.061, 403.813, 403.814 FS. History�New 12-10-84, Amended 8-7-85, Formerly 17-12.010, 17-312.010, Amended 10-3-95.

Application to Coral Reefs:The permit reviewers will require BMP for dredge and fill activities. This will include siltation reduction methods that will keep sediment, nutrient and other contaminants from leaving the work site and getting into the water column and potentially reaching sensitive ecosysten, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department for dredge and fill activities. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986, 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote the conservations of wetlands for public benefit and to assist in the compliance with international obligations under various treaties and conventions for migratory birds.

Application to Coral Reefs:Indirect application to protection of coral reefs through wetland functions of nutrient (particularly nitrogen) and sediment removal from land-based discharges prior to their entrance into open coastal waters.

Legislative Actions:Authorizied the purchase of wetlands from the land and Water Conservation Fund monies. Required States to include wetlands in their Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans.

Comments:Secretary of Interior was required to establish a National Wetland Priority Conservation Plan to identify the locations and types of wetlands that should be priorities for state and federal acquisition. The Act established various fee schedules for entering national wildlife refuges.   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Discharge Limitations; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals, 73 Federal Register § 6895 (2008). To make it unlawful, to import or export the species into or from the US, to take the species within the US or territorial seas of the US, to take the species upon the high seas, to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship by any means whatsoever the species taken in violation, to deliver, receive, carry, transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce, by any means whatsoever and in the course of a commercial activity the species, to sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce the species, to violate any regulation pertaining to the species.

Application to Coral Reefs:The deignation of Acropa palmeta and Acropa cervicornis as threathened species will allow the species advantages in recovery. The designation protects the reef habitat because the species must have the reef to reproduce and grow.

Legislative Actions:Section 11 of the ESA provides civil and criminal penalties for a violation of the ESA.

Comments: 		NOAA

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Recreational Opportunities; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; Final Rule, 73 Federal Register § 72210. We, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final rule designating critical habitat for elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which we listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four specific areas are designated: the Florida area, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area, which comprises approximately 121 square miles (313 sq km) of marine habitat; and the St. Croix area, which comprises approximately 126 square miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We are excluding one military site, comprising approximately 5.5 square miles (14.3 sq km), because of national security impacts.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law protects coral habitat for elkhorn and staghorn coral which strenghtens their protection in the FKNMS, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final
rule designating critical habitat for
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and
staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which
we listed as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four
specific areas are designated: the Florida
area, which comprises approximately
1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of
marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area,
which comprises approximately 1,383
square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine
habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area,
which comprises approximately 121
square miles (313 sq km) of marine
habitat; and the St. Croix area, which
comprises approximately 126 square
miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We
are excluding one military site,
comprising approximately 5.5 square
miles (14.3 sq km), because of national
security impacts. 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 United States Code §§ 1531-1544, 1361-1407. To protect animal and plant species currently in danger of extinction (endangered) and those that may become endangered in the foreseeable future (threatened). Authorized the determination and listing of species as endangered and threatened; Prohibited unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species; Provided authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species, using land and water conservation funds; Authorized establishment of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to states that establish and maintain active and adequate programs for endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Authorized the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for violating the act or regulations; and Authorized the payment of rewards to anyone furnishing information leading to arrest and conviction for any violation of the act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Two species of coral are listed as threatened; elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) and staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis). They were placed on the list in 2006.Their habitat was listed as "critical habitat" in 2008.

Legislative Actions:The Act provided for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $25,000. The Act provided for rewards to citizens that report violations leading to sucessful prosecution. The rewards are paid from the fine received.

Comments:Listed species and critical habitats can be found in the Federal Register. The habitats for staghohn (73FR72210) and elkhorn (73FR72210) corals were declared critical in 2008. Since the entire coral reef is habitat for the species, critical designation could offer a method of protecting and conserving the reef. In this instance, by protecting individual species and their habitat, the entire reef is protected. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /National Marine Fisheries Service/USFish and Wildlife Service (consultations with all federal agncies responsible for section 7(a)(1) compliance

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Environmental resource permitting procedures, 62-343 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2003). The rule provides the procedural requirements for processing environmental resource permits and obtaining formal determinations of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring permits for projects related to environmental resources will indirectly protect environmental habitats. The permits are related to stormwater managemnt systems including discharges to wetlands. The permit conditions can limit toxics, nutrients and sediment that would be discharged to the environment if the rule were not in place.

Legislative Actions:The rule is procedural and does not have fines or penalties.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Permitting & Zoning; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands
Environmental Resource Permitting, 62-330 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2005). Under the Chapter, DEP exercises its independent authority under Part IV, Chapter 373, F.S., to regulate surface water management systems, including activities in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters. The term "surface water management system" or "system" include stormwater mangement systems, dams, impoundments, reservoirs, appurtenant works, or works, or any combination thereof, and includes dredging and filling. "Dredging" means excavation, by any means, in surface waters or wetlands

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulating stormwater management systems, dams, reservoirs and dredging will contribute to controlling contaminates from entering estuarine and marine environments and protect ecosystems including coral reefs.,

Legislative Actions:Individual permits will contain the conditions for environmental protection.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Exec. Order No. 12962, Recreational Fisheries, 60 Federal Register (1995). Federal agencies are directed to improve the quantity, function, sustainable productivity, and distribution of U.S. aquatic resources for increased recreational fishing opportunities in cooperation with states and tribes.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 13089, Coral Reef Protection, 63 Federal Register 32701 (1998). Protect coral reefs. Established the US Coral Reef Task Force

Application to Coral Reefs:The Task Force was assigned duties including developing and implementing research, in conjunction with the scientific community, to identify the major causes of coral reef degradation.

Legislative Actions:No penalties for noncompliance.

Comments: 		12 federal agencies, 7 states and territories, 3 freely associated states

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Boating Regulations; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Hydrologic Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 13158, Marine Protected Areas, 65 Federal Register 34909 (2000). This Executive Order is meant to help protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations by strengthening and expanding the Nation�s system of marine protected areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:Benefits to coral reefs within MPA's.

Legislative Actions:One of the provisions of the Act requires that the Secretary develop a scientifically based, comprehensive system of MPA's representing diverse US marine ecosystems, and the Nation's natural and cultural resources.

Comments: 		Department of Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. Required the Service to monitor non-game bird and fish species, identify species of management concerns, and implement conservation measures to preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 United States Code § 7421. Passed to improve the administration of fish and wildlife programs and amends several earlier laws, including the Refuge Recreation Act, the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. It authorizes the Secretary to accept gifts and bequests of real and personal property on behalf of the United States. It also authorizes the use of volunteers on Service projects and appropriations to carry out volunteer programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Secretaries were authorized to establish, conduct and assist with national training programs for State fish and wildlife enforcement personnel.

Comments:The law provided authority to the Secretaries to enter into law enforcement cooperatives with State and other federal agencies.It expanded the use of fines, penalties and forfeiture funds received under the Endangered Species Act and Lacey Act to include the cost of shipping, storing and disposing of items. 		Secretary of Interior and Secretary of Commerce, administration primarily through US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Service Act of 1956, 16 United States Code § 742. Establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also includes the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment, and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. Among other things, it authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources, including, but not limited to, research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interests therein.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act is written for the support of commercial and recreational fisherpersons so that they enjoy the benefits of the Nation's fishery resources.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
 Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Aquatic Preserves, 18-20 Florida Administrative Code. 18-20.001 Intent. (1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. (2) Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (3) The preserves shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged lands by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserves through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating, and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the Legislature in creating the preserves; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the act and these rules, and to assist in managing the preserves; (e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions toward their natural condition, and discourage activities which would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or the quality, or utility of a preserve, when reviewing applications, or when developing and implementing management plans for the preserves; (f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life forms and habitats, including but not limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses, mangroves, salt water marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats, estuarine, aquatic, and marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine, aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks; (g) To acquire additional title interests in lands wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves; (h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and biologic functions, the benefits of which accrue to the public at large. (4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or alter the requirements or authority of other governmental agencies, including counties and municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves provided that such requirements or authority are not inconsistent with the act and this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:By maintaining coastal aquatic preserves in their natural condition, mangrove forests, wetlands and submerged aquatic vegetation will perform the functions of being sediment traps and removing some contaminants such as nutrients. Therefore, they will not reach marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations.  All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Waste Management Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Anchoring on Tortugas Bank, Federal Register § Volume 63, Number 158 (1998). The regulation reinstates and makes permanent the temporary prohibition on anchoring by vessels 50 meters or greater in registered length on the Tortugas Bank west of the Dry Tortugas National Park within the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition on anchoring protects coral reefs and benthic habitats from physical damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments: 		Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Joint Coastal Permits and Concurrent Processing of Proprietary Authorizations, 62B-049 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. In the event that there is a conflict between the procedural requirements of this chapter and other procedural rules promulgated pursuant to the referenced statutes, then this chapter shall govern. The standards and criteria for issuance of joint coastal permits include the criteria for environmental resource or wetland resource permits pursuant to Chapter 62-312, F.A.C., and the rules adopted under Chapter 62-330, F.A.C., the coastal construction criteria pursuant to Chapter 62B-41, F.A.C., and any specific criteria for issuance of a joint coastal permit listed in this chapter. The criteria for the associated proprietary authorizations are found in Chapters 18-18, 18-20, 18-21, F.A.C. Specific Authority 161.055, 373.427 FS. Law Implemented 161.041, 161.055, 373.427 FS. History�New 10-12-95, Amended 2-19-98, 5-17-07.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project, in a joint review of wetland and submerged land issues, will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Lacey Act, 16 United States Code §§ 3372 et seq. The Act provides that it is unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase any fish or wildlifeor plant taken, possessed, transported, or sold in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the United States or in violation of any Indian tribal law whether in interstate or foreign commerce.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act makes possession, selling, transporting, importing, exporting, receiving, acquiring, and purchasing illegal under specific cases. Corals would be included.

Legislative Actions:Civil Penalties up to $10,000 per each violation or maximum criminal sanctions of $20,000 in fines and/or up to five years imprisonment. All plants and animals taken in violation of the Act are subject to forfeiture as well as all vessels, vehicles, aircraft, and other equipment used to aid in the importing, exporting, transporting, selling, receiving, acquiring, or purchasing of fish and wildlife or plants in a criminal violation for which a felony conviction is obtained where the owner should have known of the illegal transgression.

Comments: 		US Department of Agriculture/Us Border Patrol

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Aquarium Stock; Coral; Improved Technology; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Political Pressure; Resource Use Management; Transportation Policies; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, 16 United States Code § 4601. Provides funding through receipts from the sale of surplus federal land, appropriations from oil and gas receipts from the outer continental shelf, and other sources of land acquisition. Appropriations from the fund may be used for matching grants to states for outdoor recreation projects and for land acquisition by various federal agencies, including the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands benefits coral reefs through nutrient removal and the control of sedimentation so that they do not enter near shore waters.

Legislative Actions:The legislation was amended in 1986 by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act and required the States to identify the agencies and organizations involved in wetland management, evaluate existing and proposed wetlands protection mechanisms, assess wetlands resources, identify wetlands loss and degradation factors, and establish priorities for protection.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976, as amended through 1996,. Provided for conservation and management of commercial and recreational fisheries in the US Exclusive Economic Zone (3-200 nautical miles offshore).

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act recognized, and stated, that one of the greatest long-term threats to viable commercial and recreational fisheries is the continued loss of marine, esturaine, and other aquatic habitats, and that habitat considerations should receive increased attention for the conservation and management of fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:The amended Act through 1996 created eight regional Fishery Management Councils and reguired foreign vessels to apply for permits to fish in US waters. The Councils develop Management plans for every fishery within their geographic region regarding guidelines for quota, bycatch caps and gear restrictions..

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
 Biocriteria; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Resource Use Management; Responses
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act as amended through January 2007, Statutes at Large §§ 94-265. National program for the conservation and management of fishery resources of the US to prevent overfishing, to rebuild overfished stocks, to facilitate the long-term protection of essential fish habitat, and to realize the full potential of the Nation's fishery resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:Promote the protection of essential fish habitat in the review of projects conducted under federal permits, licenses, or other authorities that effct or have the potential to affect such habitats. The amendments of 2006 specifically require the protection of deep sea coral habitats.

Legislative Actions:Requires government observers on board a certain number of fishing vessels. The Act provides for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed including seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation of property.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, 403.9321-403.9333 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). It is the intent of the Legislature to protect and preserve mangrove resources valuable to our environmentand economy from unregulated removal, defoliation, and destruction.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and preservation of wetland systems, including mangroves, allow the systems to act as buffers to remove nutrients and sediment that could reach coral reefs and cause damage.

Legislative Actions:Permits are required prior to any trimming. A Professional Mangrove Trimmer must be present when work is being performed. Penalties can include restoration and/or mitigation.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 United States Code § 1361. With certain exceptions, the Act establishes a mortiorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals, as well as products that are made from them. DOI is responsible for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, diugong and manatee. The DOC is responsible for Cretaceans and piniped other than the walrus.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The legislation mandated the use of an ecosystem-based management approach to marine resource management. The Marine Mammal Commission was established and has specific advisory and research duties. Required that government observers aboard some fishing vessels.

Comments:The Act covers all species of marine mammals and plants, including anadromous fish, except for marine ammmals, birds, and highly migratory species, all of which are covered under other laws or treaties. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 United States Code § 1401. To regulate the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities. To regulate (1) the transportation by any person of material from the United States and, in the case of United States vessels, aircraft, or agencies, the transportation of material from a location outside the United States, when in either case the transportation is for the purpose of dumping the material into ocean waters, and (2) the dumping of material transported by any person from a location outside the United States, if the dumping occurs in the territorial sea or the contiguous zone of the United States.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act has been historically used to regulate dumping of dredged materials and sewage sludge into the marine environment. The law intends to improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources, enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment, and to maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecologigal services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit those areas. Because permits are required, it can be assumed that dumping would not be allowed if the material would be dispersed into a sensitive habitat such as coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:EPA may assess an administrative civil penalty up to $50,000 per person. Higher penalties can be assessed for dumping medical waste (up to $125,000). Each day in violation constitutes a separate offense. Continuing violations can suffer criminal penalties with fines and up to five years imprisionment possible.

Comments:The Act has played a major role in regulating the disposal of dredged material into the ocean environment. However, medical and radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, as well as sewage sludge, are also regulated in the law. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004, 16 United States Code § 6601. The law was created to aid in the conservation of sea turtles and their nesting habitats in foreign countries by providing funds for the conservation of nesting areas, sea turtles in in their nesting habitats, and dealing with threats to sea turtle survival.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Designate Protected Species; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 United States Code § 715. The Act established a Federal prohibition, unless permitted by regulations, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture or kill, possess, offer for sale, sell, offer to purchase, purchase, deliver for shipment, ship, caused to be shipped, deliver for transport, carry, or cause to be carried by any means whatever, receive for shipment, transport or carriage, or export, at any time,or in any manner, any migratory bird, included in the terms of this Convention�for the protection of migratory birds�or any part, nest, or egg of such a bird.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Recent amendments to the Act increased the fine for misdemeanor convictions from $5000 to $15,000.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Marine Birds; Resource Use Management
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended through 1982,. Declared a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment : promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere: stimulate the health and welfare of resources important to the Nation and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

Application to Coral Reefs:Re-athorizes NEPA of 1969. Provides additional funding.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The amendments did not add regulations to the Act 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Educational & Research Opportunities; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Toxics; Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 United States Code §§ 4321-4377. Requires analysis, public comment, and reporting for environmental impacts of federal actions. It stipulates the factors to be considered in environmental impact statements, and requires that federal agencies employ an interdisciplinary approach in related decision-making and develop means to ensure unqualified environmental values are given appropriate consideration, along with economic and technical considerations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requires an Environmental Assessment(EA), and potentially an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if the project review finds there will be a significant impact. The EIS must detail the environmental impacts of the proposed action, unavoidable adverse environmental impacts, and alternatives to the proposed action. The resulting studies could protect sensitive environmental ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The Act is completely procedural; it does not include specific regulations. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was created by the Act. CEQ is part of the Executive Office of the President and one of the CEQ directives is to ensure that federal programs comply with NEPA. The puprose of the EIS is to disclose to the public and resource managers the probable long- and short-term impacts of the proposed project as well as consideration of less environmentally damaging alternatives to the recommended course of action. 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Permitting & Zoning; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 16 United States Code § 470. Congress established the federal government a full partner and a leader in historic preservation. The Act provides leadership for preservation, contributes to and give maximum encouragement to preservation and foster conditions under which our modern society and our prehistoric and historic resources can exist in productive harmony

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service as administrator and all Federal agencies participating

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
National Park Service General Partnership Authorities of 1970, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act supplemented and clarified the National Park Service's mandate with respect to the management of the National Park System.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Designated Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act was created to start the National Park Service within the Department of Interior for the purpose of promoting and regulating the use of federal areas such as national parks and monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Created the National Park Service to be supervised by a Director.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invasive Species; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, 16 United States Code § 66. The Act defines the National Wildlife Refuge System and authorizes the Secretary of Interior to permit any use of a refuge provided such use is compatible with the major purpose for which the refuge was established.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 16 United States Code § 668. Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Act of 1966. This Act defines the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, establishes the legitimacy and appropriateness of six priority wildlife-dependent public uses, establishes a formal process for determining compatible uses of Refuge System lands, identifies the Secretary of the Interior as responsible for managing and protecting the Refuge System, and requires the development of comprehensive conservation plan for all refuges outside of Alaska.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 33 United States Code §§ 2701 et seq. Established limitations on liability for damages resulting from oil pollution, established a fund for the payment of compensation for such damages, mandated the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan to provide organizational structure and procedures for responding to spills.

Application to Coral Reefs:In the event of an oil spill that contaminates a coral reef, the Act could be used to determine liability and provide funds for rapid cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Can provide fines for failing to notify the appropriate federal agency of a maximum of $250,000 per day for an individual and a maximum of $500,000 for an organization. Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 per day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Prison sentences up to a maximum of fifteen years can be imposed on violators.

Comments:The Act was signed in 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdex incident. The Act improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and and provided the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was established and provided up to one billion dollars per spill incident. 		US Coast Guard/US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters 		Chemical Variables; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Non-point Source Controls; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Environment; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Toxics; Wetlands
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proposed Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2005, 2007 and 2009,. To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:When passed, the Amendments, among other issues, would reauthorize the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 and authorize appropriations through fiscal 2012 for the coral reef conservation program and community- based planning grants. Will authorize activities designed to minimize the likelihood of vessel impacts or other physical dammage to coral reefs, including activities to identify certain at-risk coral reefs. Promote international cooperation, codify the US Coral Reef Task Force.

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The amendments would not add regulations to the Act. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; CO2; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Refuge Recreation Act of 1963, as amended, 16 United States Code § 1962. Authorized the Secretary of the Interior to administer refuges, hatcheries, and other conservation areas for recreational use, when such uses do not interfere with the area's primary purpose. It authorizes construction and maintenance of recreational facilities and the acquisition of land for incidental fish and wildlife-oriented recreational development or protection of natural resources. It also authorizes the charging of fees for public uses.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act established public use fees and permits, and established penalties for violations of regulations.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 33 United States Code § 1252. This law prohibits the discharge of any type of refuse matter in U.S. waters without permission (section 13). In addition, the excavation, fill, or alteration of the course, condition, or capacity of any port, channel, river, or other areas within the limits of this law is prohibited. This law prohibits the construction or alteration of a structure in wetlands of the U.S. (sections 9 and 10). Construction in wetlands and waters of the U.S. requires a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Application to Coral Reefs:Under section 10, excavation or fill within navigable waters requires approval of the Chief of Engineers and concerns about contaminated sediments with dredge and fill projects in navigable waters is addressed within the permitting process. Indirect protection of coral reefs is offered by the Act and its prohibition of dumping refuse into navigable waters and the process of anaylzing sediment in proposed dredge and fill operations.

Legislative Actions:Violations of the law are punished under section 309 of the Clean Water Act and section 205 of National Fishing Enhancement Act. Fines imposed for violation will not be less than $10,000 per violation or more than $25,000 per violation.

Comments:Many states, including Florida, require additional permits for constuction of docks, piers, wharfs, jetties and other structures in navigable waters and wetlands in addition to the Corps of Engineers permit. Authority to issue permits for discharge of refuse matter under section 13 was modified by the amendments to Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit process. The Act was initially established to protect interstate commerce in navigable waters. The permit review process involves factors including economics, aethetics, general envitonmental concerns, historical values, water quality, and fish and wildlife impact before project approval is granted. 		US Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Rules and Procedures for Application for Coastal Construction Permits, 62B-041 Florida Administrative Code. No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 include (1) Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of 1990, (2) Coastal Barrier Resources Reauthorization Act of 2000, (3) Coastal Barriers Resources Reauthorization Act of 2005,. (1) Added additional areas along the Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys and the Virgin Islands and established "Otherwise Protected Areas OPAs); (2) amended the guidelines for making recommendations regarding additions to the CBRS and reqired a pilot digital mapping project; (3) reauthorized CBRA and required the submission of the final digital mapping pilot project.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restricted most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Forestry; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sikes Act of 1960, 16 United States Code § 670. Promote effectual planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife, fish, and game conservation and rehabilitation in military reservations.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) required by the Sikes Act integrate many different aspects of natural resource management including endangered species, fisheries, wetlands and environmental contaminants. Protection of wetlands and regulation of the discharge of environmental contaminants on military installations can indirectly protect coral reefs by decreasing runoff to nearshore waters.

Legislative Actions:DoD must develop and implement Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMP) for nearly 380 military installations across the US. The development of the INRMP is a voluntary, cooperative effort between participating agencies.

Comments:The preparation of the INRMP between DoD, USFWS and State FWS ensures proper consideration of fish, wildlife and habitat needs. The amendments also require the control of invasive species, migratory birds, and law enforcement issues. 		Department of Defense/Department of Interior (US Fish and Wildlife Service)/State Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Jurisdiction:
US Military Installments 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Surface water quality standards in table format, 62.302.500 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). This section of Chapter 62-302 presents the water quality standards in a tabular format for each class of waters of the State.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Permitting & Zoning; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
The DPNR states that wetlands in the Virgin Islands are covered by the Clean water Act and the Endangered and Indigenous Species Act of 1990 (Title 12, Chapter 2, US Virgin Island Code,. To protect wetlands and wetland species from degradation, loss as a result of dredging and filling.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands assists in controlling sedimentation and nutrient runoff from terrstrial locations, thus protecting coral reefs that are influenced by terrestrial sources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The wetlands portion of the USVI Division of Environmental Protection website was under construction at the time of this atlas preparation.  However, it appears that DEP works with the USACE and USEPA on matters related to wetlands. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Wetlands
The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act, Public Law 101-605 (H.R. 5909 United States Code (1990). To protect the resources of the area delineated in section 5(b) of the Act, to educate and interpret for the public regarding the Florida Keys marine environment, and to manage such human uses of the Sanctuary consistent with the Act. Nothing in the Act is intended to restrict activities that do not cause adverse effects to the resources or property of the Sanctuary or that do not pose harm to the users of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the thrid largest coral reef barrier in the world. Included in the FKNMS are Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 squared nautical miles of coral reefs.The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive in the Sanctuary. From Miami to the Marquesas Keys there are over 6000 patch reefs. The Act also protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, futher protecting mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act required the preparation of a comprehensive mangement plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:Large vessel groundings on coral reefs in the Florida Keys was a major driver for the designation of the Sanctuary. In 1989, there were three groundings of large commercial vessels on the coral reef tract within an eighteen day period. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as lead agency and Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, and Monroe County as Co-Trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation
The Sustainable Fisheries Act, 23 §§ 104-297 (1996). To amend the Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act to authorize appropriations, to provide for sustainable fisheries, and for other purposes.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law recogonizes that direct and indirect habitat losses have resulted in a diminshed capacity to support existing fish levels. Habitat considerations should receive increased attention for conservation and management of fishery resources in the United States. Therefore, the Act encourages, though not indirectly, the protection of coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Total maximum daily loads, 62-304 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). The Chapter establishes Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and their allocations, for waters that have been verified to be impaired by a pollutant pursuant to Chapter 62-303. F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Envitonmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Biomedical Research Policies; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Impervious Surfaces; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-345 (2005). Establishes a methodology that provides a standard procedure for assessing the functions provided by wetlands and other surface waters, the amount that those functions are reduced by a proposed impact, and the amount of mitigation necessary to offset that loss.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting wetlands provides wetland areas that can act as buffers against nutrients, pollutants and contaminants from reaching habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is administrative and provides methods to assess wetland value and appropriate mitigation to offset impact.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Water Resources Planning Act of 1965, as amended through 2000, 42 United States Code § 1692. Established the Water Resources Council to be comprised of Cabinet representatives, including the Secretary of the Interior. The Council reviews river basin plans with respect to agricultural, urban, energy, industrial, recreational, and fish and wildlife needs. The Act also established a grant program to assist states in participating in the development of comprehensive water and land use plans.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Wetland applications, 62-611 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To provide qualitative and quantitative design criteria discharge limits, permitting requirements, and monitoring requirements for wetlands, man-made and natural, receiving domestic wastewater.

Application to Coral Reefs:Because wetlands act as buffers and remove nutrients from contaminated water, in many case the nutrients will not reach the estuarine and marine environments and potentially have an adverse effect on coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Rule is administrative in nature and specific pollutant limits and monitoring requirements are specified in individual permits

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Education & Outreach; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Wilderness Act of 1964, 16 United States Code §§ 1131-1136. Directs the Secretary of the Interior to review every roadless area of 5,000 acres or more and every roadless island regardless of size within the National Wildlife Refuge System, and to recommend suitability of each such areas. The Act permits certain activities within designated wilderness areas that do not alter natural processes. Wilderness values are preserved through a "minimum tool" management approach, which requires refuge managers to use the least intrusive methods, equipment, and facilities necessary for administering areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Specific wilderness areas, Acreages, and establishing legislation are listed in -Annual Report of Lands Under Control of the USFWS-available from the Division of Realty, USFWS.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Resource Use Management

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