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Oil & Gas Industry

Oil & Gas Industry

The Oil and Gas Industry specializes in the finding of natural resources such as crude petroleum and natural gas, and the creation, maintenance, and operation of wells to extract the oil and gas from the earth and prepare it for sale (NAICS 2007).

CMap

Artificial habitat includes structures such as oil rigs, debris, sunken ships, and even abandoned bombs that can provide substrate for coral and sponges, or habitat for fish and invertebrates, potentially creating an artificial coral reef ecosystem. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Corporate responses are the general reaction of private corporations and businesses to different issues, such as environmental responsibility. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Economic markets and policies can influence financing and insurance, as well as drive consumer demand for certain types of goods and services. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Energy policy & development includes policies and regulations adopted to control the production, distribution, and consumption of energy. Food & energy policies are legislation, restrictions, and guidelines that pertain to sectors that harvest or extract natural resources. The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. Infrastructural policies are responses, including zoning, codes, or regulations, that impact the distribution and functioning of socio-economic sectors that provide infrastructure. Mining policies are specific to where, when, what and how non-living natural resources can be extracted. The Oil and Gas Industry specializes in the finding of natural resources such as crude petroleum and natural gas, and the creation, maintenance, and operation of wells to extract the oil and gas from the earth and prepare it for sale. Oil and Gas Research and Exploration includes the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface, such as oil and natural gas, as well as research into technologies for the identification and extraction of the oil and gas. Oil and Gas Rigs are the apparatus used to support drilling for natural oil and gas (both on land and off-shore). Oil and Gas Tankers deal with the bulk transport of gas and oil by ships. Petroleum Spills are releases of oil or natural gas into the environment related to the development, transportation, and application of petroleum products. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Pipelines are constructed and used to transport oil and gas from source wells to market. Waterborne point source discharges are pollution from a discernible, confined conveyance, such as a pipe, vehicle, ship, or animal feeding operation that directly enter the aquatic environment into streams or direct discharge into coastal waters. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services.

CMap Description

The Oil & Gas Industry depends on a number of physical structures, including pipelines and oil rigs, which may create artificial habitat for fish and invertebrates. Dredging may be needed to construct pipelines, and can damage reef habitat as well as deposit large amounts of sediment in the physical & chemical environment. Activities within the Oil & Gas Industry, including pipelines, tankers, and rigs pose a risk for petroleum spills, which may contaminate the reef ecosystem, affecting growth and survival of reef life. The oil industry benefits indirectly from ecosystem services that improve the well-being of other sectors, such as tourism & recreation, which drive coastal development and the need for energy. Decision-makers can regulate the Oil & Gas Industry through energy policies, including limiting the locations and nature of activities or requiring high standard technology. Consumers may pressure the Oil & Gas Industry to respond to environmental concerns by adopting practices that minimize risk.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Gass, SE; Roberts, JM. 2011. Growth and branching patterns of Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) from the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:831-835. 2011 Climate; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral
Kline, RJ; Khan, IA; Holt, GJ. 2011. Behavior, Color Change and Time for Sexual Inversion in the Protogynous Grouper (Epinephelus adscensionis). PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Tian, SG; Zhang, YS; Wang, JT; Niu, SW. 2011. Late Paleozoic reefs and their significance for tectonics and oil-gas exploration in the Hinggan-Inner Mongolia area. Science China-earth Sciences 54:212-222. 2011 China Algae; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment
Boswell, K. M., R. J. D. Wells, J. H. Cowan, and C. A. Wilson. 2010. Biomass, Density, And Size Distributions Of Fishes Associated With A Large-Scale Artificial Reef Complex In The Gulf Of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:879-889. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Burns, K. A., D. L. Brinkman, G. J. Brunskill, G. A. Logan, H. Volk, K. Wasmund, and I. Zagorskis. 2010. Fluxes and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Timor Sea ecosystem with special reference to active natural hydrocarbon seepage. Marine Chemistry 118:140-155. 2010 Australia Model Microorganisms; Oil & Gas Industry; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Water Depth & Sea Level
Carriquiry, J. D. and G. Horta-Puga. 2010. The Ba/Ca record of corals from the Southern Gulf of Mexico: Contributions from land-use changes, fluvial discharge and oil-drilling muds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1625-1630. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Discharges; Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Coleman, F. C. and C. C. Koenig. 2010. The Effects of Fishing, Climate Change, and Other Anthropogenic Disturbances on Red Grouper and Other Reef Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:201-212. 2010 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish
Dragicevic, J. S. 2010. Sea Pollution By Petroleum And Petroleum Products. Gradevinar 62:755-760. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Oil & Gas Industry
Goddard, J. H. R. and M. S. Love. 2010. Megabenthic Invertebrates On Shell Mounds Associated With Oil And Gas Platforms Off California. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:533-554. 2010 Anemones & Zooanthids; Echinoderms; Invasive Species; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sea Urchins; Seastars
Hamouda, A. Z. and K. M. Abdel-Salam. 2010. Estuarine Habitat Assessment for Construction of a Submarine Transmission Line. Surveys In Geophysics 31:449-463. 2010 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Mitigation; Pipelines; Sediment; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hopkins, G. A. and B. M. Forrest. 2010. Challenges associated with pre-border management of biofouling on oil rigs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1924-1929. 2010 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs
McKenna, S. A. and P. Etnoyer. 2010. Rapid Assessment of Stony Coral Richness and Condition on Saba Bank, Netherlands Antilles. PLoS One 5:e10749. 2010 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Wanless, R. M., S. Scott, W. H. H. Sauer, T. G. Andrew, J. P. Glass, B. Godfrey, C. Griffiths, and E. Yeld. 2010. Semi-submersible rigs: a vector transporting entire marine communities around the world. Biological Invasions 12:2573-2583. 2010 Fish; Invasive Species; Oil & Gas Rigs
Williams, S. B., O. Pizarro, J. M. Webster, R. J. Beaman, I. Mahon, M. Johnson-Roberson, and T. C. L. Bridge. 2010. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-Assisted Surveying of Drowned Reefs on the Shelf Edge of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal Of Field Robotics 27:675-697. 2010 Australia GIS & Maps Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2009. Green light for Gorgon gas project, but environmental conditions apply. Chemical Engineer 816:13. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 12-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 63:249-260. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
Gallaway, B. J., S. T. Szedlmayer, and W. J. Gazey. 2009. A life history review for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico with an evaluation of the importance of offshore petroleum platforms and other artificial reefs. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:48-67. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish
Palmer Sr., K., B. Byrd, and J. Garrett. 2009. One-call system addresses offshore damage prevention. Oil and Gas Journal 107:80-83. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Infrastructure; Military; Pipelines
Pellegrini, J. A. C., M. L. G. Soares, F. O. Chaves, G. C. D. Estrada, and V. F. Cavalcanti. 2009. A Method for the Classification of Mangrove Forests and Sensitivity/Vulnerability Analysis. Journal of Coastal Research 443-447. 2009 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Tweedie, J. 2009. Always finding a \better way of doing things\"". Geodrilling International 151:20-21. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Aguirre-Macedo, M. L., V. M. Vidal-Martinez, J. A.Herrera-Silveira, D. S. Valdes-Lozano, M. Herrera-Rodriguez, and M. A. Olvera-Novoa. 2008. Ballast water as a vector of coral pathogens in the Gulf of Mexico: The case of the Cayo Arcas coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1570-1577. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Armstrong, C. W. and S. van den Hove. 2008. The formation of policy for protection of cold-water coral off the coast of Norway. Marine Policy 32:66-73. 2008 Norway Oil & Gas Industry
Atchison, A. D., P. W. Sammarco, and D. A. Brazeau. 2008. Genetic Connectivity in Corals on the Flower Garden Banks and Surrounding Oil/Gas Platforms, Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:12-Jan. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral; Substrate
Cai, H.-P., Z.-H. He, and D.-J. Huang. 2008. Study on method for prediction of coral shoal facies oil/gas reservoir. Shiyou Diqiu Wuli Kantan/Oil Geophysical Prospecting 43. 2008 China Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
CHEN, Z.-q. 2008. Changxing Formation biohermal gas pools and natural gas exploration, Sichuan Basin, China. Petroleum Exploration and Development 35. 2008 China Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment
D'Entremont, A., J. Kaariainen, and K. Baker. 2008. SERPENT of the Deep - Research, monitoring and partnerships for a deepwater well off atlantic canada. Pages 1493-1500 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Schools & Colleges; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dupont, J. M. 2008. Artificial reefs as restoration tools: A case study on the West Florida shelf. Coastal Management 36:495-507. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Pipelines
Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Pipeline Maintenance Best Practices: Lessons Learned from the Natural Gas STAR Program. Charlotte (North Carolina). 2008 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Finkl, C. W., J. E. Becerra, V. Achatz, and J. L. Andrews. 2008. Geomorphological mapping along the upper southeast Florida Atlantic continental platform; I: Mapping units, symbolization and geographic information system presentation of interpreted seafloor topography. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1388-1417. 2008 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gala, W. R., R. W. Hill, and L. A. Hostetter. 2008. Use of Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) to determine the environmentally superior project alternative. Pages 1393-1401 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Artificial Habitat; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Hirst, R., C. Sutton, and C.-H. Chaineau. 2008. Coral transplantation, an innovative measure in the frame of environmental impact mitigation. Pages 165-181 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Fish; Mitigation; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical Damage; Substrate
Hou, M.-C., L. Wan, and H. Fu. 2008. Study on the sedimentary environment of the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in the south of Tarim River area, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science and Technology Edition) 35:601-609. 2008 China GIS & Maps Algae; Echinoderms; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Irion, J. B., D. Ball, and C. E. Horrell. 2008. The US government's role in deepwater archaeology: The deep gulf Wrecks project. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 12:75-81. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Kaiser, M. J. and R. A. Kasprzak. 2008. The impact of the 2005 hurricane season on the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program. Marine Policy 32:956-967. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Oil & Gas Industry; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Lin, L.-B., H.-D. Chen, L.-D. Zhu, S.-L. Xu, Y. Hao, and Y.-J. Zhong. 2008. Sedimentary characteristics and sequence stratigraphy of the Middle-Upper Permian in Shizhu, Chongqing, China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science and Technology Edition) 35:648-654. 2008 China Field Study & Monitoring Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment
Moltu, U. E. and L. Pinturier. 2008. Zero harmful impact from drilling discharges: Where are the limits? Pages 988-1002 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Toxics
Rashdi, K. R., M. R. Sainal, and M. N. M. Yusoff. 2008. Samarang pipeline-replacement project: Application of an innovative approach for shallow-water pipeline installation. Pages 538-548 in Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines
Whiteley, R. J. and S. B. Stewart. 2008. Case studies of shallow marine investigations in Australia with advanced underwater seismic refraction (USR). Exploration Geophysics 39:34-40. 2008 Australia Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Pipelines; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
YAO, G.-s., S.-q. YUAN, S.-g. WU, and C. ZHONG. 2008. Double provenance depositional model and exploration prospect in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin. Petroleum Exploration and Development 35:685-691. 2008 China Model Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment
[No author name available]. 2007. Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. 2007 Global; Qatar Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
[No author name available]. 2007. Transportation: Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. 2007 Global; Qatar Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Mitigation; Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Caceres, T., J. A. Mesa, and F. A. Ortega. 2007. Locating waste pipelines to minimize their impact on marine environment. European Journal of Operational Research 179:1143-1159. 2007 Model Pipelines
Guerin, A. J., A. C. Jensen, and D. Jones. 2007. Artificial reef properties of North Sea oil and gas production platforms. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. 2007 Europe Artificial Habitat; Oil & Gas Rigs
Kankara, R. S. and B. R. Subramanian. 2007. Oil spill sensitivity analysis and risk assessment for Gulf of Kachchh, India, using integrated modeling. Journal of Coastal Research 23:1251-1258. 2007 India Model; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Transportation Policies
Kleshchev, K. A. 2007. Main trends of oil and gas exploration in Russia. Geologiya Nefti i Gaza 2:18-23. 2007 Oman; Europe Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Love, M. S., E. Brothers, D. M. Schroeder, and W. H. Lenarz. 2007. Ecological performance of young-of-the-year blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) associated with oil platforms and natural reefs in California as measured by daily growth rates. Bulletin of Marine Science 80:147-157. 2007 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Page, H. M., J. E. Dugan, D. M. Schroeder, M. M. Nishimoto, M. S. Love, and J. C. Hoesterey. 2007. Trophic links and condition of a temperate reef fish: Comparisons among offshore oil platform and natural reef habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:245-256. 2007 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Oil & Gas Rigs
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Environmental mitigation - 3: Limestone boulders, artificial reef modules provide seafloor mitigation. Oil and Gas Journal 105:60-64. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Octocoral; Pipelines; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. G. Bisett, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Colonization and habitat use by marine fish and epifauna of the gulfstream pipeline habitat replacement structures. Pages 397-408 in Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cram, S., C. A. Ponce De Leon, P. Fernandez, I. Sommer, H. Rivas, and L. M. Morales. 2006. Assesment of trace elements and organic pollutants from a marine oil complex into the coral reef system of Cayo Arcas, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 121:127-149. 2006 South & Central America; Mexico Ballast Discharge; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sediment
Gass, S. E. and J. M. Roberts. 2006. The occurrence of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea: Colony growth, recruitment and environmental controls on distribution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:549-559. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Stony Coral
Hou, M.-C., L. Wan, H. Fu, L.-M. Zhou, L.-X. Qi, and R.-L. Yu. 2006. Study on the sedimentary environment of the Upper Ordovician Lianglitage Formation in the south of Tarim River, China. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science and Technology Edition) 33:509-516. 2006 China GIS & Maps Echinoderms; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Johnson-Roberson, M., S. Kumar, O. Pizarro, and S. Willams. 2006. Stereoscopic imaging for coral segmentation and classification. in OCEANS 2006. 2006 Complex Habitat & Resources; Pipelines
Kaiser, M. J. 2006. The texas artificial reef program. Marine Technology Society Journal 40:62-72. 2006 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Love, M. S. and A. York. 2006. The relationships between fish assemblages and the amount of bottom horizontal beam exposed at California oil platforms: Fish habitat preferences at man-made platforms and (by inference) at natural reefs. Fishery Bulletin 104:542-549. 2006 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sediment
Page, H. M., J. E. Dugan, C. S. Culver, and J. C. Hoesterey. 2006. Exotic invertebrate species on offshore oil platforms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 325:101-107. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invasive Species; Oil & Gas Rigs
Reed, J. K., D. C. Weaver, and S. A. Pomponi. 2006. Habitat and fauna of deep-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the southeastern U.S.: Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:343-375. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico GIS & Maps Biomedical Research Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Saez, J. M., A. Hogue, F. Escolano, and M. Jenkin. 2006. Underwater 3D SLAM through entropy minimization. Pages 3562-3567 in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2006 Global GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines
Sasaki, K., A. Omura, T. Miwa, Y. Tsuji, H. Matsuda, T. Nakamori, Y. Iryu, T. Yamada, Y. Sato, and H. Nakagawa. 2006. 230Th/234U and 14C dating of a lowstand coral reef beneath the insular shelf off Irabu Island, Ryukyus, southwestern Japan. Island Arc 15:455-467. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment
Tabosa, W. F. and H. Vital. 2006. Hydrodynamic forcings and environmental impacts on the coast and shelf of São Bento do Norte - NE/Brazil. Pages 165-174 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators� Association. 2006. UKOPA Recommendations for Pipeline Maintenance and Inspection. UKOPA/06/0032, 2006 Pipelines
Zou, C., S. Tao, and Z. Gu. 2006. Formation conditions and distribution rules of large lithologic oil-gas fields with low abundance in China. Acta Geologica Sinica 80:1739-1751. 2006 China Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2005. Exploration & development - Quick takes: Woodside pushes Pluto, Browse basin work. Oil and Gas Journal 103:8. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2005. Subsea pipeline to Magnetic Island. Civil Engineers Australia 77:40. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pipelines
Arvidson, R. and S. Jones. 2005. Ice detection and avoidance. Pages 9570-9573 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Columbia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Bashat, H. 2005. Challenges of oil spill response in Egyptian coastal zone overlooking the mediterranean and the red sea. Pages 11498-11504 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Chan, G. L. 2005. The five-year recruitment of marine life after the 1971 San Francisco oil spill. Page 3151 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Seastars; Snails & Conch
Ginsburg, P., S. Sterling, and S. Gottehrer. 2005. Experiment in democracy: The citizen oversight council as a means of mitigating environmental impacts of terminal and tanker operations. Page 2837 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Finfish Harvest; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines
Kaiser, M. J. and A. G. Pulsipher. 2005. Rigs-to-reef programs in the Gulf of Mexico. Ocean Development and International Law 36:119-134. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Rigs
Lindquist, D. C., R. F. Shaw, and F. J. Hernandez Jr. 2005. Distribution patterns of larval and juvenile fishes at offshore petroleum platforms in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 62:655-665. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Love, M. S., D. M. Schroeder, and W. H. Lenarz. 2005. Distribution of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) and cowcod (Sebastes levis) around oil platforms and natural outcrops off California with implications for larval production. Bulletin of Marine Science 77:397-408. 2005 Oil & Gas Rigs
McGinnis, M. V. 2005. The political ecology of the offshore oil platform rig-to-reef policy debate. Pages 506-520 in California and the World Ocean - Proceedings of the Conference. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Neff, J. M., J. P. Marum, and J. Scott Warner. 2005. Composition and fate of clean ballast water discharged from crude oil tankers. Page 1266 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Saudi Arabia Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills
Neira, F. J. 2005. Summer and winter plankton fish assemblages around offshore oil and gas platforms in south-eastern Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:589-604. 2005 Australia Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton
Paula, A. F. and J. C. Creed. 2005. Spatial distribution and abundance of nonindigenous coral genus Tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) around Ilha Grande, Brazil. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia 65:661-673. 2005 Invasive Species; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral
Salcido, R. E. 2005. Enduring optimism: Examining the rig-to-reef bargain. Ecology Law Quarterly 32:863-937. 2005 Model Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs
Sordelli, C. and N. Garcia. 2005. Venezuelan national oil spill training program. Page 8972 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Venezuela Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Mangroves; Military; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Taban, F., E. Acar, I. Fidan, and A. Zora. 2005. Teaching basic engineering concepts in a K-12 environment using LEGO bricks and robotics. Pages 13727-13736 in ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Pipelines; Schools & Colleges; Storms & Hurricanes
Amidon, D. G., V. Dick, and T. Benedict. 2004. Development of an international LNG project: The Bahamas and beyond. in Proceedings - Natural Gas Technologies II: Ingenuity and Innovation. 2004 Florida; Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Basavalinganadoddi, C. and P. B. Mount II. 2004. Abandonment of chevron platforms Hazel, Hilda, Hope and Heidi. Pages 468-477 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2004 Docks & Marinas; Pipelines
Bath, A., B. Shackleton, and C. Botica. 2004. Development of temperature criteria for marine discharge from a large industrial seawater supplies project in Western Australia. Water SA 30:648-654. 2004 Australia Discharges; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Water
Cheng, J., H. Wang, S. Yang, and Z. Ma. 2004. Research on the application of DSR equation migration to narrow azimuth data. Tianranqi Gongye/Natural Gas Industry 24:50-52+7. 2004 Model Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
De Paula, A. F. and J. C. Creed. 2004. Two species of the coral Tubastraea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) in Brazil: A case of accidental introduction. Bulletin of Marine Science 74:175-183. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Oil & Gas Rigs; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Stony Coral
Fabi, G., F. Grati, M. Puletti, and G. Scarcella. 2004. Effects on fish community induced by installation of two gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273:187-197. 2004 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Haasch, M. L., M. F. Johnston, and S. Codi. 2004. Environmental induction of CYP1A- and CYP2K1-like proteins in two tropical fish species by produced formation water on the northwest shelf of Australia. Marine Environmental Research 58:536-537. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Discharges; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Hyams, M., R. Gorham, B. B. Gorham, L. Howitt, and K. Dixon. 2004. Best practice methods for offshore pipeline installation in sensitive shallow water marine environments. in SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines
Kolian, S. and A. Walker. 2004. Louisiana is losing critical reef habitat and job opportunities. Sea Technology 45:31-34. 2004 Agriculture; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Tourism & Recreation
Leblond, D. 2004. General interest: IEA: Open gas markets improve supply reliability, security. Oil and Gas Journal 102:28-31. 2004 Global; Australia; Norway Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry
Lee, T. W., M. Radzuan b Yusof, BO NI Rosli b, and S. A. Rahman. 2004. Protecting shallow water environment through re-injecting drilling wastes down hole: A proactive management decision. Pages 855-861 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2004 Bahrain Discharges; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Seagrasses
Martina, M., D. W. Hutmacher, and S. Valiyaveettil. 2004. Developing natural hard tissue as scaffolds for tissue repairs. Page 1024 in Transactions - 7th World Biomaterials Congress. 2004 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Seastars
Sammarco, P. W., A. D. Atchison, and G. S. Boland. 2004. Expansion of coral communities within the Northern Gulf of Mexico via offshore oil and gas platforms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 280:129-143. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral; Valuation
Schroeder, D. M. and M. S. Love. 2004. Ecological and political issues surrounding decommissioning of offshore oil facilities in the Southern California Bight. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:21-48. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Rigs
Sharma, V. P. 2004. Indonesian pipeline presents construction, environmental challenges. Pipeline and Gas Journal 231:74-78. 2004 India; Indonesia Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2003. News: Barents Sea under threat from oil developments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:681-682. 2003 Corporate Responses; Marine Birds; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2003. Projects: Broward-Bahamas pipeline gets preliminary FERC nod. Pipeline and Gas Journal 230. 2003 Florida; Bahamas Fish; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Baine, M. and J. Side. 2003. The role of fishermen and other stakeholders in the North Sea rigs-to-reefs debate. Pages 14-Jan in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Oil & Gas Rigs
Cheevaporn, V. and P. Menasveta. 2003. Water pollution and habitat degradation in the Gulf of Thailand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:43-51. 2003 Thailand Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Plankton; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Edgar, G. J., P. A. Marshall, and P. Mooney. 2003. The effect of the Jessica grounding on Galapagos reef fish communities adjacent to the wreck site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:296-302. 2003 Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Fish; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hernandez Jr., F. J., R. F. Shaw, J. S. Cope, J. G. Ditty, T. Farooqi, and M. C. Benfield. 2003. The across-shelf larval, postlarval, and juvenile fish assemblages collected at offshore oil and gas platforms west of the Mississippi River delta. Pages 39-72 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jones, R. J. and A. J. Heyward. 2003. The effects of Produced Formation Water (PFW) on coral and isolated symbiotic dinoflagellates of coral. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:153-162. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Primary Production; Toxics
Nieland, D. L. and C. A. Wilson. 2003. Red snapper recruitment to and disappearance from oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 73-81 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Stanley, D. R. and C. A. Wilson. 2003. Seasonal and spatial variation in the biomass and size frequency distribution of fish associated with oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 123-153 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fabi, G., F. Grati, A. Lucchetti, and L. Trovarelli. 2002. Evolution of the fish assemblage around a gas platform in the northern Adriatic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Index or Indicator Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Frumkes, D. R. 2002. The status of the California rigs-to-reefs programme and the need to limit consumptive fishing activities. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs
Geutebruck, E., J. Herler, R. Kikinger, M. Stachowitsch, and M. Lorkin. 2002. Environmental Impact of Offshore Oil and Gas Company Operations in the Southern Arabian Gulf: A Marine Environmental Survey. Pages 1466-1474 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2002 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sediment
Helvey, M. 2002. Are southern California oil and gas platforms essential fish habitat? ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs
Hovland, M., S. Vasshus, A. Indreeide, L. Austdal, and O. Nilsen. 2002. Mapping and imaging deep-sea coral reefs off Norway, 1982-2000. Hydrobiologia 471:13-17. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pipelines; Sediment
Jorgensen, T., S. Lokkeborg, and A. V. Soldal. 2002. Residence of fish in the vicinity of a decommissioned oil platform in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Lambert, G. 2002. Nonindigenous Ascidians in tropical waters. Pacific Science 56:291-298. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Guam; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Ballast Discharge; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Military; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Salinity
Lokkeborg, S., O.-B. Humborstad, T. Jorgensen, and A. V. Soldal. 2002. Spatio-temporal variations in gillnet catch rates in the vicinity of North Sea oil platforms. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Long, R. and A. Grehan. 2002. Marine habitat protection in sea areas under the jurisdiction of a coastal member state of the European Union: The case of deep-water coral conservation in Ireland. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 17:235-261. 2002 Europe Review Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry
Nesse, S., E. Lind, and B. Jarandsen. 2002. New handbook for guidance in assessing impacts of decommissioning and disposal of redundant offshore installations. Pages 1501-1507 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2002 Europe; Norway Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines
Roberts, J. M. 2002. The occurrence of the coral Lophelia pertusa and other conspicuous epifauna around an oil platform in the North Sea. Underwater Technology 25:83-91. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Anemones & Zooanthids; Discharges; Octocoral; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Roberts, J. M. and R. M. Anderson. 2002. A new laboratory method for monitoring deep-water coral polyp behaviour. Hydrobiologia 471:143-148. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Soldal, A. V., I. Svellingen, T. Jorgensen, and S. Lokkeborg. 2002. Rigs-to-reefs in the North Sea: Hydroacoustic quantification of fish in the vicinity of a \semi-cold\" platform". ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bett, B. J. 2001. UK atlantic margin environmental survey: Introduction and overview of bathyal benthic ecology. Continental Shelf Research 21:917-956. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Buffington, S. 2001. Managing the challenges of decommissioning with technology, research and regulations. Pages 123-128 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2001 Artificial Habitat; Pipelines; Special Use Permitting
Fenner, D. 2001. Biogeography of three Caribbean corals (Scleractinia) and the invasion of Tubastraea coccinea into the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1175-1189. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral; Substrate
Lugo-Fernandez, A., K. J. P. Deslarzes, J. M. Price, G. S. Boland, and M. V. Morin. 2001. Inferring probable dispersal of Flower Garden Banks coral larvae (Gulf of Mexico) using observed and simulated drifter trajectories. Continental Shelf Research 21:47-67. 2001 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Oil & Gas Rigs; Physical Damage; Salinity; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mortensen, P. B., T. Hovland, J. H. Fossa, and D. M. Furevik. 2001. Distribution, abundance and size of Lophelia pertusa coral reefs in mid-Norway in relation to seabed characteristics. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81:581-597. 2001 Norway GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2000. Barrel notes/Gas...Coral (Shell) starts up gas pipeline, linking US and Pemex grids. Petrostrategies 15:9. 2000 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2000. Coral Energy inks 2-year deal to manage KeySpan's gas assets. Natural Gas Week 16:16. 2000 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 2000. Quick takes...Cove Point LNG completes open season for firm LNG tanker. Oil and Gas Journal 98:9. 2000 Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2000. Quick takes...Enterprise Products Partners buys Coral Energy unit. Oil and Gas Journal 98:9. 2000 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2000. Santos Basin project to pay royalties on gas it flares. Latin American Energy Alert 7:7. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines; Seastars
[No author name available]. 2000. United Kingdom...Oil rig decommissioning sparks debate. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly 39:8. 2000 United Kingdom Oil & Gas Rigs
[No author name available]. 2000. United States...Shell, Bechtel to boost InterGen power business. Petroleum Intelligence Weekly 39:12. 2000 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Brett, J. F., M. K. Gregoli, and B. C. Gahan. 2000. Successful drilling practices: An experiment in cooperation. SPE Drilling and Completion 15:143-151. 2000 South & Central America; Tonga; Mexico Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Chesney, E. J., D. M. Baltz, and R. G. Thomas. 2000. Louisiana estuarine and coastal fisheries and habitats: Perspectives from a fish's eye view. Ecological Applications 10:350-366. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artificial Habitat; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Dustan, P. 2000. Florida Keys. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 405-414. 2000 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Pipelines; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Gabriel, M., S. Marshall, and S. Jennings. 2000. The Seychelles. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 233-241. 2000 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Harborne, A. R., M. D. McField, and E. K. Delaney. 2000. Belize. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 501-516. 2000 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Huber, M. E. 2000. Torres Strait and the Gulf of Papua. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 593-610. 2000 Australia; Papua New Guinea Agriculture; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kraas, F. 2000. Conflicts and cooperation in the South China Sea: The dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands [Konflikte und kooperation im Sudchinesischen Meer: Der disput um die Spratly und Paracel Islands]. Geographische Rundschau 52:36-42. 2000 Global; Japan; China; Philippines; Europe Finfish Harvest; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Parezo, S. 2000. Mexican pipe nears completion; US gas to flow into Pemex line. Natural Gas Week 16:6. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Roberts, J. M. 2000. Full effects of oil rigs on corals are not yet known [4]. Nature 403:242. 2000 Oil & Gas Rigs
Shook, B. and M. Smedley. 2000. Shell boosts stake in InterGen with realignment of its assets. Natural Gas Week 16:8-Jul. 2000 Pipelines
Stejskal, I. V. 2000. Obtaining Approvals for Oil and Gas Projects in Shallow Water Marine Areas in Western Australia using an Environmental Risk Assessment Framework. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 6:69-76. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Thornton, WI N and JA ME S Wiseman. 2000. Current trends and future technologies for the decommissioning of offshore platforms. Pages 283-292 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Review Pipelines
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 1999. Old Ekofisk meets its unmaker. Pages 81-84 Offshore Engineer. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Pipelines
[No author name available]. 1999. Proceedings of the 1999 Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, SPE/EPA. in SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference. 1999 Natural Gas & Electric Power; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Waterborne Discharges
[No author name available]. 1999. Valdez sentence begins. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:627. 1999 Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills
Bell, N. and J. Smith. 1999. Coral growing on North Sea oil rigs. Nature 402:601. 1999 Oil & Gas Rigs
Dauterive, L. 1999. Rigs-to reefs policy, progress, and perspective. Pages 313-318 in SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Corporate Responses; Funding & Incentives; Oil & Gas Rigs; Valuation
Fox, J. CH AR LE S. 1999. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Maintaining healthy ocean ecosystems. Sea Technology 40:53-56. 1999 Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry
Freiwald, A., J. B. Wilson, and R. Henrich. 1999. Grounding pleistocene icebergs shape recent deep-water coral reefs. Sedimentary Geology 125:8-Jan. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Water Depth & Sea Level
Love, M. S., J. Caselle, and L. Snook. 1999. Fish assemblages on mussel mounds surrounding seven oil platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel and Santa Maria Basin. Bulletin of Marine Science 65:497-513. 1999 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Mearns Alan, J., BR AD Benggio, and D. Waite Thomas. 1999. Ballast water treatment during emergency response: the case of the M/T igloo moon. Pages 1463-1468 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 Florida Ballast Discharge; Oil & Gas Tankers; Security Policies
Nixon, L. D., B. J. Bascle, and D. A. Marin. 1999. Offshore Atlas Project: Methodology and results. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 17:211-212. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Oil & Gas Industry; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rezai, H., H. M. Ibrahim, B. A. G. Idris, and M. R. M. Kushairi. 1999. Some effects of submarine pipeline construction on the sessile zoobenthic community of Redang Island. Hydrobiologia 405:163-167. 1999 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines
Rogers, A. D. 1999. The biology of Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758) and other deep-water reef-forming corals and impacts from human activities. International Review of Hydrobiology 84:315-406. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Snyder, R. 1999. What's happening offshore...Hazard database. World Oil 220:27. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Military; Pipelines
Brett, J. FO RD, K. Gregoli Mark, and C. Gahan Brian. 1998. Successful drilling practices - an experiment in cooperation. Pages 603-614 in Proceedings of the IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference, APDT. 1998 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Tonga; Mexico Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fraser, I. and R. H. Bruce. 1998. Petroleum developments in Western Australia. Pages 777-783 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1998 Australia Review Infrastructure; Oil & Gas Industry; Pipelines
Kasprzak, R. A. 1998. Use of oil and gas platforms as habitat in Louisiana's artificial reef program. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:37-45. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Defense; Corporate Responses; Finfish Harvest; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Kok, F. 1998. Coral Meandra and Coral Millepora [Coral Meandra en Coral Millepora]. Pages 18-24 Schip en Werf de Zee. 1998 China Hydrocoral; Oil & Gas Tankers
Love, MI LT ON. 1998. Some results of fish surveys around California offshore production platforms. Page 1393 in Proceedings of the Conference on California and the World Ocean. 1998 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Ports & Harbors
McGinnis Michael, VI NC EN T. 1998. Analysis of the role of ecological science in offshore continental shelf decommissioning policy. in Proceedings of the Conference on California and the World Ocean. 1998 Cultural Policies; Fish; Oil & Gas Industry
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ranjith, M. W. and N. De Silva. 1998. The Coastal Resources Management Program in Brunei Darussalam. Ocean and Coastal Management 38:147-160. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Oil & Gas Rigs; Petroleum Spills
Stejskal, I. V. 1998. Drilling in environmentally sensitive marine areas in Western Australia: The Wonnich appraisal drilling program setting an industry example. Pages 263-272 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1998 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Wright, R., S. Ray, D. R. Green, and M. Wood. 1998. Development of a GIS of the Moray Firth (Scotland, UK) and its application in environmental management (site selection for an 'artificial reef'). Science of the Total Environment 223:65-76. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Model; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 1997. Proceedings of the 1998 30th Offshore Technology Conference, OTC. Part 3 (of 4). in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1997 Pipelines; Seawater Flow; Storms & Hurricanes
Bachu, S. 1997. Flow of formation waters, aquifer characteristics, and their relation to hydrocarbon accumulations, Northern Alberta Basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 81:712-733. 1997 Discharges; Oil & Gas Industry; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Liu, Z., M. Yang, Y. Yang, and Z. Yang. 1997. Researchs on the devonian reef in Bailapu of Chengbu, Hunan. Xiangtan Kuangye Xueyuan Xuebao/Journal of Xiangtan Mining Institute 12. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Roberts, M. 1997. Coral controversy: a little known deep water coral provides a focus for environmental concern over the rapid development of the Atlantic Frontier. North Sea Monitor 15:5-Apr. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Oil & Gas Industry
[No author name available]. 1996. Extending LPG-tankers [Verlenging LPG-tankers]. Pages 13-16 Schip en Werf de Zee. 1996 Oil & Gas Tankers; Stony Coral
Aabel, J. P., S. J. Cripps, and G. Kjeilen. 1996. Offshore petroleum installations in the North Sea used as fish aggregating devices - potential and suggestions for preparation, management and monitoring. Pages 295-303 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Hamzah, AM IR, A. AD JI Z Saleh, and SA TY A Budhi Takdir. 1996. Marine management efforts for the Pagerungan gas development. Pages 891-898 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 1996 Indonesia Artificial Habitat; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Waterborne Discharges
Moritis, G. 1996. Gulf of Mexico platform operators cope with abandonment issues. Oil and Gas Journal 94:57-59+62. 1996 South & Central America; Mexico Oil & Gas Rigs
Raines, G. L. and J. K. Honke. 1996. Honolulu's street relief. Civil Engineering 66:70-72. 1996 Pipelines; Ports & Harbors
Deslarzes, K. J. P., P. N. Boothe, B. J. Presley, and G. L. Steinmentz. 1995. Historical incorporation of barium in the reef building coral Montastrea annularis at the Flower Garden Banks, north-west Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:718-722. 1995 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Kyriacou, A., K. Kamhawi, C. Sykes, and O. D'Onghia. 1995. Development and implementation of a strain methodology for installation of pipelines on uneven seabeds. Pages 575-590 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. 1995 Pipelines
Rigo, F. 1995. Overlooked Tunisia reef play may have giant field potential. Oil and Gas Journal 93:56-60. 1995 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Rillera, F. G. 1995. Independent focuses Philippines exploration on Visayan Basin. Oil and Gas Journal 93:68-73. 1995 Philippines Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Russo Anthony, R. 1995. Survey of selected coral and fish assemblages near the Waianae ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1994. Pages 896-906 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii Discharges; Fish; Pipelines; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Render, J. H. and C. A. Wilson. 1994. Hook-and-line mortality of caught and released red snapper around oil and gas platform structural habitat. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1106-1111. 1994 Complex Habitat & Resources; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pope, D. L., T. F. Moslow, and J. B. Wagner. 1993. Geological and technological assessment of artificial reef sites, Louisiana outer continental shelf. Ocean and Coastal Management 20:121-145. 1993 GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Rigs; Pipelines; Sediment
Gurney, JU DI TH. 1992. Abandonment of offshore rigs. Experience in the Gulf of Mexico. Petroleum Review 46:237-239. 1992 South & Central America; Mexico Oil & Gas Rigs
[No author name available]. 1991. Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas installations: proceedings of a meeting held at the University of Aberdeen, 25 June 1991 in conjunction with the Scottish Marine Biological Association. in [No source information available]. 1991 Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Industry
Latypov, Y. Y. 1991. Pioneer settlements of reef-building corals on piles of oil platforms in the South China Sea. Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) 3:93-99. 1991 China Bivalves; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral
LeProvost, M. I. and D. M. Gordon. 1991. Oilfield development and protection of natural resources within the tropical marine environment of the Rowley Shelf, Northwest Australia. Pages 527-540 in SPE Asia Pacific Conference. 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills
Selin, N. I. 1991. The role of molluscs in the formation of fouling community on supports of oil platforms in the South China Sea. Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) 4:90-94. 1991 China Artificial Habitat; Molluscs; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral
Stanley, D. R. and C. A. Wilson. 1991. Factors affecting the abundance of selected fishes near oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 89:149-159. 1991 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Watts, JI M. 1990. Landmark engineering facility. Pipeline and Gas Journal 217. 1990 CO2; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines
Bull Ann, SC AR BO RO UG H. 1989. Fish assemblages at oil and gas platforms, compared to natural hard/live bottom areas in the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 979-987 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 South & Central America; Mexico Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Piscivorous Fish; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Isenberg, JE RE MY, ED WA RD Richardson, and HI RO YU KI Kameda. 1989. Pipeline field experiment at Parkfield, CA. Pages 517-524 in [No source information available]. 1989 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines
Shinn, E. A. and R. I. Wicklund. 1989. Artificial reef observations from a manned submersible off southeast Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:1041-1050. 1989 Florida Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs
Shah, B. C., W. S. Tillinghast, and L. A. Sturdevant. 1988. Laying flexible pipelines over coral reefs. in [No source information available]. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines; Water Depth & Sea Level
Driessen Paul, K. 1987. Oil Rigs: Biology, Mariculture, Drilling Muds, Rigs-To-Reefs. Pages 3605-3620 in [No source information available]. 1987 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Tillinghast, W. S., L. A. Sturdevant, and B. C. Shah. 1987. Laying flexible pipelines over coral reefs in the Geisum field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. in IN: OTC '87, PROC. NINETEENTH ANNUAL OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CONF., (HOUSTON, U.S.A.: APR. 27-30, 1987). 1987 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines
Driessen Paul, K. 1986. Offshore Oil Platforms: An Invaluable Ecological Resource. Pages 516-521 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Wilson Charles, A. and VI RG IN IA Van Sickle. 1986. Development And Implementation Of An Artificial Reef Program For The State Of Louisiana. Pages 531-537 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Driessen Paul, K. 1985. Oil Platforms As Reefs: Oil And Fish Can Mix. Pages 1417-1438 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1985 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Grainge, A. M. and K. G. Davies. 1985. Reef exploration in the East Sengkang Basin, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine and Petroleum Geology 2:142-155. 1985 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
James, W. 1985. The truth about offshore drilling. AGA MON67:-18. 1985 Artificial Habitat; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Ryan, J. J. 1985. Investigation, design and construction of submarine ocean outfall pipeline off ninety mile beach, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Water Science and Technology 17:1465-1467. 1985 Australia Discharges; Forestry; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Van Oortmerssen, GE RA RD. 1985. Recent Advances In Marine Technology In The Netherlands. Marine Technology Society Journal 19:25-31. 1985 Java; Indonesia Model Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Byrne, G. and H. P. Riedel. 1983. Townsville - Magnetic Island Submarine Pipeline. Pages 113-116 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1983 Australia Pipelines
Neff Jerry, M., P. Marum James, and J. SC OT T Warner. 1983. Composition And Fate Of Clean Ballast Water Discharged From Crude Oil Tankers. Pages 435-441 in [No source information available]. 1983 Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Oil & Gas Tankers
Choi, D. R. 1982. Coelobites ( reef cavity-dwellers) as indicators of environmental effects caused by offshore drilling ( Palawan Island, Philippines). Bulletin of Marine Science 32:880-889. 1982 Philippines Index or Indicator Oil & Gas Industry; Skeletal Coral
Curry-Lindahl, K. 1982. A tale of mismanagement at sea. ORYX 16:415-420. 1982 Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davis, N., G. R. VanBlaricom, and P. K. Dayton. 1982. Man-made structures on marine sediments: Effects on adjacent benthic communities. Marine Biology 70:295-303. 1982 Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sediment
Hudson, J. H., E. A. Shinn, and D. M. Robbin. 1982. Effects of offshore oil drilling on Philippine reef corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:890-908. 1982 Philippines Oil & Gas Industry; Stony Coral
Szmant-Froelich, A., V. Johnson, T. Hoehn, J. Battey, G. J. Smith, E. Fleishmann, J. Porter, and D. Dallmeyer. 1982. The physiological effects of oil-drilling muds on the Caribbean coral Montastrea annularis. 1982 South & Central America; Caribbean Oil & Gas Industry
Bricker, D. MI CH AE L. 1981. NORTH AMERICAN OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENTS: MICHIGAN. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists bulletin 65:1804-1808. 1981 Field Study & Monitoring Oil & Gas Industry
Carozzi, A. V. 1981. Porosity models and oil exploration of Amapa carbonates, Paleogene, Foz do Amazonas Basin, offshore NW Brazil. Journal of Petroleum Geology 4:Mar-34. 1981 Global Model Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Water Depth & Sea Level
Palmer, H. D., O. I. Kadaster, and J. A. Koczan. 1979. Submersible And Geophysical Studies For A Deepwater Pipeline Corridor, Grand Bahama Island. Pages 1393-1400 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1979 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pipelines; Sediment
Lighty, R. G., I. G. Macintyre, and R. Stuckenrath. 1978. Submerged early Holocene barrier reef south-east Florida shelf [10]. Nature 276:59-60. 1978 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Octocoral; Pipelines; Sponges; Stony Coral
Sabitay, A. 1978. Status Of Hydrocarbon Exploration, Offshore Northeastern Australia And The Gulf Of Papua. APEA journal 18:77-82. 1978 Australia; Papua New Guinea Review Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Chan Gordon, L. 1977. Five-Year Recruitment Of Marine Life After The 1971 San Francisco Oil Spill. Pages 543-545 in [No source information available]. 1977 Invertebrates; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills
Novikov, A. A. and V. N. Mikhal'kova. 1976. Promising Direction Of Exploratory Work In Volgograd Region. [Perspektivnoe Napravlenie Poiskovykh Rabot V Volgogradskoi Oblasti.]. Geologia nefti i gaza 37-40. 1976 Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Vadus, J. R. 1976. International Status And Utilization Of Undersea Vehicles. Pages 559-578 in [No source information available]. 1976 Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Industry
McGuire, W. J. 1975. Disposal Of Drilling Fluids And Drilled-Up Solids In Offshore Drilling Operations. Pages 523-531 in [No source information available]. 1975 Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Oil & Gas Industry; Solid Waste Disposal
Archer, A. A. 1974. Progress And Prospects Of Marine Mining. Mining Magazine 130:150-151. 1974 Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Toxics
McGill, PE TE R. 1974. Stratigraphy And Structure Of The Vendom Fiord Area. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 22:361-386. 1974 Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment
Connell, D. W. 1971. The great barrier reef conservation issue-A case history. Biological Conservation 3:249-254. 1971 Australia Oil & Gas Industry; Political Pressure; Seastars
Connell, D. W. 1970. Oil exploration on Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 1:188-189. 1970 Australia Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Anon,. Colloque International Sur L'Exploitation Des Oceans, 2Nd, 1974, Volume 1: Politiques De Developpement Oceanique, Volume 2: Mise En Valeur Industrielle Des Plateaux Continentaux, Volume 3: Systemes Des Mesures Pour L'Analyse Et La Prevision De L'Environne. in [No source information available]. Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Microorganisms; Pipelines; Salinity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Thompson, J. H. and T. J. Bright. Pages 1044-1078 in Effects of an offshore drilling fluid on slected corals. Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Stony Coral
Wu, H. J., C. L. Abernethy, N. V. Lawson, Junn-Ling Chao, G. W. Montgomerie, P. E. Dexter, A. W. Smith, A. H. Lucas, P. G. Anderson, D. N. Foster, A. D. Gordon, R. A. Grace, and P. V. Hennessy. Engineering Dynamics Of The Coastal Zone. in [No source information available]. US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Pipelines

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Coordinated Oil & Hazardous Spill Response This management option calls for developing unified response protocols to deal with containment and clean-up of oil spills. This is important to protect corals, mangroves, and seagrasses from adverse impacts of hazardous materials. Given the limited number of spills and the importance of responding quickly, interagency coordination of reporting and response is essential for success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Toxics; Transportation; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Dissemination of Findings: Support Journal Publication This management option involves sponsoring the publication of journals that contain peer-reviewed scientific research. For sanctuaries this can be an excellent place to publish reports and research that used sanctuary areas or resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biotechnology Research & Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Donations; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Scientific Research
Energy Policy & Development: Pipeline Maintenance Requirements The best way to ensure a high level of safety and reliability in operation of pipelines is to have a maintenance and inspection plan in place that targets damage, degradation or defects before they lead to failures. Economically, expenditures for maintenance and inspection are significantly less than those for emergency service in reaction to unforeseen situations. However, legislative requirements for plans, procedures and documentation ensures compliance with these best management practices. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Pipeline Maintenance Best Practices: Lessons Learned from the Natural Gas STAR Program. Charlotte (North Carolina).

United Kingdom Onshore Pipeline Operators� Association. 2006. UKOPA Recommendations for Pipeline Maintenance and Inspection. UKOPA/06/0032,

Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Oil and Gas Rig Maintenance and Use Regulations There are regulated procedures and documentation required during production operations to prevent major incidents that may harm workers or the environment. A major part of incident prevention is inspection and maintenance. Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Petroleum Spills; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Oil and Gas Rig End of Life As oil production at a given offshore site decreases it becomes necessary to decommission the rigs that were drilling them. It is very expensive to dismantle and transport the rigs back to shore. One such well know case was Shell's Brent Spar 1995. Regulations on the end of life for oil rigs differ by country and even state within the US. The Minerals Management Service has a Rigs-to-Reefs program which supports and encourages the reuse of oil and gas structures for offshore artificial reef developments. If these structures are to be sunk as artificial reefs the normal permit requirements for artificial reefs still apply to ensure the structure will not interfere with navigation channels or degrade the environment. Dauterive, L. 1999. Rigs-to reefs policy, progress, and perspective. Pages 313-318 in SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Chemical Variables; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources
Energy Policy & Development: Oil and Gas Rig Construction Regulations The Minerals Management Service (MMS) has several requirements for leasing and permits for construction of new drilling rigs and platforms. Placement is very important so as to not interfere with other uses or the environment. These permits also cover exploratory structures for research and test sites. Minerals Management Service. 2006. Leasing Oil and Natural Gas Resources. U.S. Department of the Interior.

Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Energy Efficiency Initiatives Energy efficiency is one of the lowest cost strategies for reducing greenhouse gases. Energy efficiency is also one of the few options that actually reduce user costs as well, since using less energy should reduce energy bills. Energy efficiency can be promoted across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. In the US, the ENERGY STAR program has served as a trusted source of information to help consumers and organizations throughout the nation adopt energy-efficient products and practices. Other ways to incentivize energy improvements include subsidizing (e.g. tax exemption) or issuing lower interest loans for investments in energy use reduction technologies and infrastructure (e.g. more efficient heating/cooling systems). Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR and Other Climate Protection Partnerships. 2009 Annual Report. US EPA.

Atmospheric Emissions; City Planning; Climate Regulation; CO2; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Discharges; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Improved Technology; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Oil & Gas Industry; Shelter; Utilities; Utility Policies; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Energy Policy & Development: Cable and Pipeline Construction Assessments Pre-assessments must be conducted to ensure pipelines and cables buried on the ocean floor will not disrupt or destroy natural or cultural resources. Reach Networks Hong Kong Ltd. 2007. Project Profile: Asia-America Gateway (AAG) Cable Network, South Lantau. Wanchai, Hong Kong SAR.

Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Services; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Utilities; Utility Policies
Energy Policy & Development: Develop Offshore Wind and Hydrokinetic Alternative Energies Policies encouraging or authorizing construction of offshore facilities are evolving, and there are many sides to the issue of how to best manage them. Alternative energies are desirable and would reduce the dependence on fossil fuel resources. However, hydrokinetic technologies are just becoming viable, meaning long term impacts are still unknown. Facilitative policies reduce barriers for alternative energy development or increase barriers or costs for incumbent technologies. These include research and innovation policies, technology improvement subsidies, market based policies that internalize externalities, and regulatory changes that simplify the permitting process. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy.

Portman, M.E. 2010. Marine Renewable Energy Policy: Some US and International Perspectices Compared. Oceanography 23:98-105.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Provisioning Services; Seawater Flow; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Develop Mobile Source Discharge Controls Pollution discharge controls regulate where different types of discharges are allowed and what acceptable quantities released are. Typically discharge controls target point sources in the form of effluent pipes (#280), but discharges also occur from mobile sources such as boats and ships. There may need to be revisions on where depositing fish, fish parts, bait, cooling water, engine exhaust, deck wash, and effluent can be released. In many areas, these items are often excluded as prohibited, and they should possibly be included. Pollution discharge controls are different from Water Quality Standards (#22) which set acceptable environmental limits and leave it up to the manager to meet those criteria. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Chemical Variables; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Large Ships; Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Resource Use Management: Marine Heritage Resource Protections This management option involves protecting underwater items/sites that have historical, cultural, archaeological, or paleontological significance. This response advocates permits for action that may degrade the resource. This can be accomplished through creating an MHR field unit, monitoring MHR site degradation, and evaluating excavation and mitigation techniques. Field units can help conduct field research and coordinated, permitted research activities. Experts relating to archaeological research underwater can also be hired with additional funding. Through evaluation of excavation techniques, new technologies can be suggested such as: turbidity screens, sediment removal equipment, and seagrass restoration/relocation protocols to lead to less disturbance. Inventory and decision tools can also be used in the aid of Maritime Heritage Resource protection. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Physical Damage; Pipelines; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Valuation; Wetlands
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Stormwater BMPs: Stormwater Pollution Reduction Through Instituting Preventitive Best Management Practices This method focuses on reducing the amount of harmful contaminants in stormwater runoff by establishing Best Management Practices that prevent the generation of the pollutant to begin with. These BMPs include educational programs, infrastructure improvements and agricultural BMPs. Examples of educational programs would be programs that educate the public on the importance of, and how to avoid depositing hazardous wastes, such as oil, into storm drains, or how to use landscape management controls to limit the chemical and debris that from enter stormwater runoff from their personal lawns. Infrastructure improvement could include the use of alternative turnarounds and street cleaning. Agricultural practices such as roofs and covers for pesticides and equipment, or use of bedding are both preventative stormwater practices. Some additional specific practices include: controlling fertilizer application, properly using and disposing of fertilizers, pesticides, motor oil, and other harmful chemicals, debris removal, exposure reduction, minimization of pollutants, parking lot cleaning, stormwater catch basin insert, eliminate curbs and gutters, green parking, green roofs, street design and patterns, bedding. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. Alternative Turnarounds. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Eliminate Curbs and Gutters. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Parking. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Roofs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Street Design and Patterns. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Agriculture; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Housing; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Mining; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Industry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Transportation Policy: Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards The purpose of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF�) standards is to reduce fuel consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. NHTSA sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the US while EPA calculates the average fuel economy for each manufacturer. Since the standard only dictates the average fuel economy, manufacturers can sell vehicles with higher or lower fuel economy than the standard. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Accessed 8/11/2011.

Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Industry; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Supporting Services; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Water Quality Management: Protection of Resources from Hazardous Materials & Spills Wherever possible, take actions to decrease the likelihood of hazardous materials spills near corals. Even when risks are reduced significantly, spills may still occur, necessitating contingency plans (#56). In order for reef managers to stay informed of the latest spills/updates, a spill-reporting system should be established along with a geo-referenced database that keeps track of all spills within a certain distance of reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands.

USCG. 2007. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Florida Keys.

Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Small Boats; Toxics; Transportation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
25 Virgin Islands Code. Under Title 25, in addition to requirements for boat registration and administration of harbors, among other things, sections pertaining to the mooring and anchoring of vessels and houseboats provide for the protection of important marine resources in USVI waters. The Law requires mandatory boating education and safety courses for all boat operators.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mooring and anchoring are restricted and not allowed near fragile systems. Not anchoring on coral reefs is abig plus of this legislation.

Legislative Actions:Penalties for violation of the Chapter include fines not to exceed $1,000, a lien on the vessel and potential libel suit

Comments:A houseboat or vessel is allowed to moor or anchor only in those areas designated by the Department. Section 404(g) of the legislation lists areas designated as areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Boating Regulations; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Transportation Policies
25-Year Permits for Maintenance Dredging in Deepwater Ports; Deepwater Ports Maintenance Dredging and Disposal Manual, 62-045 Florida Administrative Code. 62-45.001 Authority, Intent and Policy. (1) This chapter is promulgated under the authority of Sections 403.061(26) and 403.816(1), F.S. (2) It is the intent of this chapter to establish a permitting system for maintenance dredging in deep water commercial navigation areas of the ports listed in Rule 62-45.020, F.A.C. This chapter incorporates standards and criteria which recognize the present most beneficial use of these waters for deep water commercial navigation. Since the implementation of a comprehensive maintenance dredging management plan is a major factor in determining the adequacy of a long-term maintenance dredging program, it is the further intent of this chapter to give a position of prominence to such a plan within this permit system. (3) It is the policy of the Department to provide a regulatory process which will enable the ports to conduct maintenance dredging in an environmentally sound, expeditious and efficient manner.62-45.020 Scope. (1) The permit system established by this chapter applies only to the ports of Ft. Pierce, Jacksonville, Miami, Palm Beach, Panama City, Pensacola, Port Canaveral, Port Everglades, Port Manatee, Port St. Joe, St. Petersburg, and Tampa. (2) The activities which may be included within a permit issued under this chapter are limited to maintenance dredging and disposal of the maintenance dredged material. (3) Applicants for permits under this chapter are limited to the port authorities or private interests using the port for deep water commercial shipping and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Department shall not issue separate permits to the port authority or private interests and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers when the responsibility of maintenance dredging or the disposal of the maintenance dredged material from the port is shared by any of the parties. The permit, if issued, shall clearly specify the duties and responsibilities of each party. (4) A permit may be issued for any length of time up to 25 years. There shall be no more than one such permit for each of the ports listed in subsection (1). (5) The area within which work under this permit system may take place is limited to the federally maintained, port authority maintained, or private interest maintained navigation channels, turning basins, or harbor berths associated with deep water commercial navigation and associated dredged material disposal sites. Eligible port maintenance dredging areas are depicted on NOS Charts Nos. 11491 (Port of Jacksonville), 11478 (Port Canaveral), 11475 (Fort Pierce Harbor), 11466 (Port of Palm Beach), 11468 (Port of Miami), 11470 (Port Everglades), 11413 (Tampa Bay, Northern Part), 11414 (Tampa Bay, Southern Part), 11393 (Port St. Joe), 11391 (Panama City), and 11383 (Port of Pensacola) on file with the Department and adopted here by reference. Copies are available at cost upon request from the Office of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, MS 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000.

Application to Coral Reefs:Proper, environmentally sound, dredging and disposal of dredged material, as reviewed by permit processers, will limit the amount of sediment and nutrients released to open water. The process will be particularly applicable to coral reefs for the dredging and disposal of Miiami harbor.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment
Administrative fines for damaging State Lands of products thereof, 18-14 Florida Administrative Code. 18-14.003 Violations. It shall be a violation of this rule for any person or the agent of any person to knowingly refuse to comply with any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., willfully violate any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., or to willfully damage state land (the ownership or boundaries of which have been established by the state) or products thereof, by doing any of the following: (1) Fill, excavate, or dredge, including prop dredging in a manner which produces a defined channel, on state land without the lease, license, easement or other form of consent required by the Board. (2) Remove, in violation of state or federal law, any product from state land without written approval or specific exemption from the Board or Department. (3) Discharge contaminants, wastes, effluents, sewage or any other pollutant as defined in Chapter 376 or Chapter 403, F.S., on, under or over state land; when such discharge is in violation of Chapter 403 or conditions of a permit issued pursuant to that chapter, or conditions of a lease or easement issued pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S. - 37 (4) Maintain, place or build permanent or temporary structures, including, but not limited to, additions to existing structures; all structures whose use is not water-dependent; sanitary septic systems; fences, docks and pilings; houses; oil rigs; and utility installations on or over state land without consent or authority from the Board or Department. (5) Place garbage, refuse, or debris on or over state land without approval by the Board or Department. (6) Any other willful act that causes damage to state land, or products thereof, when such activity occurs without the required approval by the Board or Department.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling and limiting excavation and dredging, as well as discharge of contaminants, wastes, sewage, and other pollutants will assist in keeping sediment and pollutants from reaching the coral reefs and causing degradation of reef organisms..

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Administrative Fines for Damaging State Lands or Products Thereof 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Substrate; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Air Pollution Control, 62-204 Florida Administrative Code (1996). 62-204.100 Purpose and Scope. (1) This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. (2) In addition, this chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have been adopted; further designates certain attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as air quality maintenance areas for particular pollutants; classifies all areas of the state as Class I, Class II, or Class III for determining which set of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) increments apply; and designates all attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as one or more PSD areas for determining which pollutant-specific PSD baseline dates apply. This chapter also sets forth procedures for redesignating and reclassifying areas as above. (3) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to identify the Florida State Implementation Plan (SIP) required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51; to set forth the public notice and hearing requirements that the Department will adhere to for making SIP revisions; and to set forth the definitions, criteria, and procedures that the Department will use to review a federal agency�s general conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart W; and to adopt by reference an interagency memorandum of agreement that the Department will comply with to review any transportation conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart T. The provisions to 40 C.F.R. 51.853 require that a federal agency make a general conformity determination for any federal agency action in a nonattainment or maintenance area, to ensure that such action is consistent with the SIP and that such federal conformity determination be reviewed by the affected state. The provisions of 40 C.F.R. 51.394 require that a transportation conformity determination be made for the adoption, acceptance, approval, or support of certain transportation plans, transportation improvement programs, and transportation projects in nonattainment and maintenance areas for transportation-related criteria pollutants to ensure that such actions are consistent with the SIP. (4) Finally, this chapter adopts and incorporates by reference federal air pollution control regulations which are referenced in whole or in part throughout the Department�s air pollution control rules.

Application to Coral Reefs:By reducing emmissions to air, particularly carbon dioxide, the pH of ocean waters will not be reduced and that is a direct benefit to coral reefs, since a reduction in pH is believed to be detrimental to corals.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassified with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have benn adopted.

Comments:This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Use Regulations; CO2; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Transportation Policies; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Amendment to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations revising the boundary of the northernmost area to be avoided off the coast of Florida, Federal Register § Volume 65, Number226 (2000). NOAA, in conjunction with the US Coast Guard, proposed to revise the northernmost area to be avoided (ATBA) off the coast of the Florida Keys. The change was expected to increaase maritime safety and to avoid harm to the marine environment and its resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:The amendments directly protect coral reefs because the change of the nothernmost area presented in the regulation as Area To Be Avoided resulted in large vessels not entering the area that had been the site of large vessel groundings.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in conjunction with the US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Civil Engineering & Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Cruise Ships; Fish; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Reef Inhabitants; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
American Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 United States Code §§ 431-433. The Act provides penalties for unauthorized collection, excavation, or destruction of historic or prehistoric ruins, monuments, or objects of antiquity on lands owned or controlled by the United States. It authorized that areas of extrodinary geographical, historical , aesthetic value can be designated national monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:Has been used by Presidential Proclamation in 2001 to expand or create two national monuments; the Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument and the Buck Island Reef National Monument. The monuments include coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Docks & Marinas; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Chapter 17: Oil soil prevention and pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Prohibits the discharge of oil, petroleum products or their by-products, and other pollutants into or upon any coastal waters, estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, and land adjoining the seacoast of the Territory. Requires prompt containment and removal of petroleum.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects ecosystems, including coral reefs, from petroleum spills and provides for cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Established the Virgin Island Coastal Protection Fund of $1,000,000 for cleanup response. Prohibits derilict vessels upon any public waters or ports. Provides for civil penaltiesup to $50,000per day. Requires a National Contingency Plan.

Comments:Because it is the intent of this chapter to provide the means for rapid and effective cleanup and to minimize damages, any licensee and its agents or servants, including vessels destined for or leaving a licensee's terminal facility, who permits or suffers a prohibited discharge or other polluting condition to take place within territorial boundaries shall be liable to the territory for all costs of cleanup or other damage incurred by the territory and for damages resulting from injury to others. The territory shall have an absolute maritime lien which shall attach to any vessel and its freight on behalf of the territory or any person injured, for all costs of cleanup and other damages incurred as a result of a prohibited discharge. In any suit to enforce claims of the territory under this chapter, it shall not be necessary for the territory to plead or prove negligence in any form or manner on the part of the licensee or any vessel. If the territory is damaged by a discharge prohibited by this chapter it need only plead and prove the fact of the prohibited discharge or other polluting condition and that it occurred. In addition to the civil penalty, the pilot and the master of any vessel or person in charge of any licensee's terminal facility who fails to give immediate notification of a discharge to the harbor master and nearest U.S. Coast Guard station shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not less than $5,000 nor more than $10,000. The Department shall, by rules and regulations, require that the licensee designate a person at the terminal facility who shall be the person in charge of that facility for the purposes specified by this section. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Water Resources
Clean Air Act, 42 United States Code §§ 7400 et seq. To ensure Americans have clean air to breath, and to protect the environment from air pollution. Regulates air emmissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Charges federal land managers with direct responsibility to protect the "air quality and related values" of land under their control. The "related values" include fish and widlife and their habitats. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibility for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act would decrease carbon dioxide emissions from sources in the United States, thereby making a contribution toward reducing ocean acidification, which is one of the problems contributing to coral reef decline.

Legislative Actions:Response will differ from State to State because many Sates have been delegated to administer the Clean Air Act. However, States cannot have air quality standards less stringent then the federal standards. State air pollution agencies hold permit hearings and fines industries that violate air quality limits. States must develop state implementation plans that require approval by EPA.

Comments:The 1990 amendments authorized the Acid Deposition Control Program, a program to control 189 toxic pollutants, established permit program requirements, expanded and modified the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and expanded and modified enforcement authority. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Transportation Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Delineation of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters, 62-340 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2000). The Rule's intent is to provide a unified statewide methodology for the delineation of the extent of wetlands to satisfy the mandate of Section 373.421, F. S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Preservation of wetlands will allow them to continue to function as buffers for sediment and contaminant control keeping them from reaching estuarine and marine waters and eventually habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Rule is administrative and methodological for delineation purposes.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Energy Policy & Development; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Dredge and Fill Activities, 62-312 Florida Administrative Code. This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department pursuant to Sections 403.91 through 403.929, F.S. Dredging or filling which is grandfathered by subsections 403.913(6), (8) and (9), F.S., is governed by Rules 62-312.150 and 62-312.160, F.A.C. The requirements of this part are in addition to and not in lieu of the water quality standards which are required by other portions of these sections. Except for the definitions contained in Rule 62-312.020, F.A.C., which shall also apply to activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., the provisions of this Part shall only apply to activities in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District and to activities grandfathered under Sections 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15) and (16), F.S. Specific Authority 373.414(11)-(16), 373.4145, 403.805(1) FS. Law Implemented 373.409, 373.413, 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15), (16), 373.4145, 373.416, 373.418, 403.061, 403.813, 403.814 FS. History�New 12-10-84, Amended 8-7-85, Formerly 17-12.010, 17-312.010, Amended 10-3-95.

Application to Coral Reefs:The permit reviewers will require BMP for dredge and fill activities. This will include siltation reduction methods that will keep sediment, nutrient and other contaminants from leaving the work site and getting into the water column and potentially reaching sensitive ecosysten, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department for dredge and fill activities. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Environmental resource permitting procedures, 62-343 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2003). The rule provides the procedural requirements for processing environmental resource permits and obtaining formal determinations of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring permits for projects related to environmental resources will indirectly protect environmental habitats. The permits are related to stormwater managemnt systems including discharges to wetlands. The permit conditions can limit toxics, nutrients and sediment that would be discharged to the environment if the rule were not in place.

Legislative Actions:The rule is procedural and does not have fines or penalties.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Permitting & Zoning; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands
Environmental Resource Permitting, 62-330 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2005). Under the Chapter, DEP exercises its independent authority under Part IV, Chapter 373, F.S., to regulate surface water management systems, including activities in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters. The term "surface water management system" or "system" include stormwater mangement systems, dams, impoundments, reservoirs, appurtenant works, or works, or any combination thereof, and includes dredging and filling. "Dredging" means excavation, by any means, in surface waters or wetlands

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulating stormwater management systems, dams, reservoirs and dredging will contribute to controlling contaminates from entering estuarine and marine environments and protect ecosystems including coral reefs.,

Legislative Actions:Individual permits will contain the conditions for environmental protection.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 United States Code § 1401. To regulate the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities. To regulate (1) the transportation by any person of material from the United States and, in the case of United States vessels, aircraft, or agencies, the transportation of material from a location outside the United States, when in either case the transportation is for the purpose of dumping the material into ocean waters, and (2) the dumping of material transported by any person from a location outside the United States, if the dumping occurs in the territorial sea or the contiguous zone of the United States.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act has been historically used to regulate dumping of dredged materials and sewage sludge into the marine environment. The law intends to improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources, enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment, and to maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecologigal services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit those areas. Because permits are required, it can be assumed that dumping would not be allowed if the material would be dispersed into a sensitive habitat such as coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:EPA may assess an administrative civil penalty up to $50,000 per person. Higher penalties can be assessed for dumping medical waste (up to $125,000). Each day in violation constitutes a separate offense. Continuing violations can suffer criminal penalties with fines and up to five years imprisionment possible.

Comments:The Act has played a major role in regulating the disposal of dredged material into the ocean environment. However, medical and radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, as well as sewage sludge, are also regulated in the law. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs); Regulations to establish a No Discharge Zone (NDZ) for State waters within the boundary of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary,Code of Federal Regulations § 40 CFR Part 140, 67 FR 35735. US EPA established a no discharge zone within the boundaies of the FKNMS pursuant to section 312 (f) (4) (a) of the Clean Water Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition of waste discharges protects reefs system from eutrophication by the nutrients in waste (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as the debris and sediment in the waste.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Algae; Ballast Discharge; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended through 1982,. Declared a national policy that will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment : promote efforts that will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere: stimulate the health and welfare of resources important to the Nation and establish a Council on Environmental Quality.

Application to Coral Reefs:Re-athorizes NEPA of 1969. Provides additional funding.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The amendments did not add regulations to the Act 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Educational & Research Opportunities; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining; Oil & Gas Industry; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Toxics; Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency, 62-016 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter implements the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, providing for grants for renewable energy technologies and rebates for solar energy systems. This chapter also implements applications for corporate tax credits for renewable energy technologies provided for in Section 220.192, F.S. Specific Authority 377.804(3), 377.806(7), 220.192(3) FS. Law Implemented 377.801, 377.802, 377.803, 377.804, 377.806, 220.192 FS. History � New 10-22-07.

Application to Coral Reefs:The regulation could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal fired electric generating plants and thus reduce ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter implements the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, providing for grants for renewable energy technologies and rebates for solar energy systems. This chapter also implements applications for corporate tax credits for renewable energy technologies 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 33 United States Code § 1252. This law prohibits the discharge of any type of refuse matter in U.S. waters without permission (section 13). In addition, the excavation, fill, or alteration of the course, condition, or capacity of any port, channel, river, or other areas within the limits of this law is prohibited. This law prohibits the construction or alteration of a structure in wetlands of the U.S. (sections 9 and 10). Construction in wetlands and waters of the U.S. requires a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Application to Coral Reefs:Under section 10, excavation or fill within navigable waters requires approval of the Chief of Engineers and concerns about contaminated sediments with dredge and fill projects in navigable waters is addressed within the permitting process. Indirect protection of coral reefs is offered by the Act and its prohibition of dumping refuse into navigable waters and the process of anaylzing sediment in proposed dredge and fill operations.

Legislative Actions:Violations of the law are punished under section 309 of the Clean Water Act and section 205 of National Fishing Enhancement Act. Fines imposed for violation will not be less than $10,000 per violation or more than $25,000 per violation.

Comments:Many states, including Florida, require additional permits for constuction of docks, piers, wharfs, jetties and other structures in navigable waters and wetlands in addition to the Corps of Engineers permit. Authority to issue permits for discharge of refuse matter under section 13 was modified by the amendments to Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit process. The Act was initially established to protect interstate commerce in navigable waters. The permit review process involves factors including economics, aethetics, general envitonmental concerns, historical values, water quality, and fish and wildlife impact before project approval is granted. 		US Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-345 (2005). Establishes a methodology that provides a standard procedure for assessing the functions provided by wetlands and other surface waters, the amount that those functions are reduced by a proposed impact, and the amount of mitigation necessary to offset that loss.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting wetlands provides wetland areas that can act as buffers against nutrients, pollutants and contaminants from reaching habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is administrative and provides methods to assess wetland value and appropriate mitigation to offset impact.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Wetland applications, 62-611 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To provide qualitative and quantitative design criteria discharge limits, permitting requirements, and monitoring requirements for wetlands, man-made and natural, receiving domestic wastewater.

Application to Coral Reefs:Because wetlands act as buffers and remove nutrients from contaminated water, in many case the nutrients will not reach the estuarine and marine environments and potentially have an adverse effect on coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Rule is administrative in nature and specific pollutant limits and monitoring requirements are specified in individual permits

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Education & Outreach; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge

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