Jump to main content or area navigation.

Contact Us

ReefLink Database

Ocean Acidity

Ocean Acidity

Ocean acidity reflects the pH of the ocean's surface, and is determined by dissolution rates of atmospheric CO2 and sea surface temperatures.

CMap

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas used by primary producers, such as plants and algae, to produce sugars. Atmospheric Emissions include discharges of atmospheric pollutants, including mercury, greenhouse gases, nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, and volatile organic compounds from the operation of factories, vehicles, and other sources. Calcareous macroalgae are large algae which deposit calcium carbonate to form skeletons. A number of reef organisms, including stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves, deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Climate regulation is the process by which ecosystems process and store carbon, which can modulate atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Coralline algae is a low-growing type of algae on reefs that has calcareous deposits. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Industries in the Manufacturing and Trade subsector produce and sell food, beverage, tobacco, wood, plastics, chemical products, metals, electronics, and machinery products, in both wholesale and retail trade. Ocean acidity reflects the pH of the ocean's surface, and is determined by dissolution rates of atmospheric CO2 and sea surface temperatures. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea temperature is a measure of the warmth of ocean waters, and depends on water depth, solar radiation, water circulation patterns, and atmospheric temperatures. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Scleractinian, or stony corals, are marine animals with hard skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. Utilities specialize in providing basic services for public use, including telecommunications, water systems, natural gas, electric power, and waste management.

CMap Description

Ocean acidity can affect the growth, reproduction, and survival of reef species, particularly stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves ,which deposit calcium carbonate during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Increased ocean acidity will reduce the ability of these reef species to form shells and tests, and consequently reduce the growth of these organisms. Atmospheric emissions contribute to changing climate; rising sea surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels contribute to ocean acidification. Monitoring and scientific research can be used to track ocean acidification and better understand the consequences for reef life. Changes in reef condition will impact the availability of ecosystem goods and services, including shoreline protection and essential habitat for fish and invertebrates.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
[Anonymous]. 2011. Quantifying the pH 'vital effect' in the temperate zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa: Validation of the boron seawater pH proxy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 303:163-173. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Contribution of Jamaica�s Coral Reefs. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Albright, R. 2011. Reviewing the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sexual Reproduction and Early Life History Stages of Reef-Building Corals. Journal of Marine Biology 2011:1-14. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Albright, R; Langdon, C. 2011. Ocean acidification impacts multiple early life history processes of the Caribbean coral Porites astreoides. Global Change Biology 17:2478-2487. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Anthony, K. R. N., J. A. Maynard, G. Diaz-Pulido, P. J. Mumby, P. A. Marshall, L. Coa, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2011. Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience. Global Change Biology doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x. 2011 Global Model Algae; Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Anthony, KRN; Kleypas, JA; Gattuso, JP. 2011. Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry - implications for impacts of ocean acidification. Global Change Biology 17:3655-3666. 2011 Australia Review; Model Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Anthony, KRN; Maynard, JA; Diaz-Pulido, G; Mumby, PJ; Marshall, PA; Cao, L; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience. Global Change Biology 17:1798-1808. 2011 Global Model Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Beaufort, L; Probert, I; de Garidel-Thoron, T; Bendif, EM; Ruiz-Pino, D; Metzl, N; Goyet, C; Buchet, N; Coupel, P; Grelaud, M; Rost, B; Rickaby, REM; de Vargas, C. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476:80-83. 2011 CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production
Blackwood, JC; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. A model-based approach to determine the long-term effects of multiple interacting stressors on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2722-2733. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Brading, P; Warner, ME; Davey, P; Smith, DJ; Achterberg, EP; Suggett, DJ. 2011. Differential effects of ocean acidification on growth and photosynthesis among phylotypes of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae). Limnology and Oceanography 56:927-938. 2011 Model CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production
Buddemeier, RW; Lane, DR; Martinich, JA. 2011. Modeling regional coral reef responses to global warming and changes in ocean chemistry: Caribbean case study. Climatic change 109:375-397. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Campbell, JE; Fourqurean, JW. 2011. Novel methodology for in situ carbon dioxide enrichment of benthic ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9:97-109. 2011 Florida Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Seawater Flow
Castillo, KD; Ries, JB; Weiss, JM. 2011. Declining Coral Skeletal Extension for Forereef Colonies of Siderastrea siderea on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, Southern Belize. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Climate; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Stony Coral
Chauvin, A; Denis, V; Cuet, P. 2011. Is the response of coral calcification to seawater acidification related to nutrient loading? Coral Reefs 30:911-923. 2011 Indian Ocean; Cuba; India Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Zooxanthellae
Clode, PL; Lema, K; Saunders, M; Weiner, S. 2011. Skeletal mineralogy of newly settling Acropora millepora (Scleractinia) coral recruits. Coral Reefs 30:1-8. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Cole, AJ; Lawton, RJ; Pratchett, MS; Wilson, SK. 2011. Chronic coral consumption by butterflyfishes. Coral Reefs 30:85-93. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Climate; Corallivorous Fish; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Cripps, IL; Munday, PL; McCormick, MI. 2011. Ocean Acidification Affects Prey Detection by a Predatory Reef Fish. PLoS One 6. 2011 Climate; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davies, AJ; Guinotte, JM. 2011. Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Stony Coral
de Putron, SJ; McCorkle, DC; Cohen, AL; Dillon, AB. 2011. The impact of seawater saturation state and bicarbonate ion concentration on calcification by new recruits of two Atlantic corals. Coral Reefs 30:321-328. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Diaz-Perez, L; Carpizo-Ituarte, E. 2011. Effect of thermal stress on survival and delay of metamorphosis in larvae of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Ciencias Marinas 37:403-414. 2011 Lab Study Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Edwards, HJ; Elliott, IA; Eakin, CM; Irikawa, A; Madin, JS; McField, M; Morgan, JA; van Woesik, R; Mumby, PJ. 2011. How much time can herbivore protection buy for coral reefs under realistic regimes of hurricanes and coral bleaching? Global Change Biology 17:2033-2048. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Bahamas; Belize; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Fablet, R; Pecquerie, L; de Pontual, H; Hoie, H; Millner, R; Mosegaard, H; Kooijman, SALM. 2011. Shedding Light on Fish Otolith Biomineralization Using a Bioenergetic Approach. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Fabricius, KE; Langdon, C; Uthicke, S; Humphrey, C; Noonan, S; De'ath, G; Okazaki, R; Muehllehner, N; Glas, MS; Lough, JM. 2011. Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nature Climate Change 1:165-169. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring; Model CO2; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral
Ferrari, MCO; Dixson, DL; Munday, PL; McCormick, MI; Meekan, MG; Sih, A; Chivers, DP. 2011. Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities. Global Change Biology 17:2980-2986. 2011 Model Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ferrari, MCO; McCormick, MI; Munday, PL; Meekan, MG; Dixson, DL; Lonnstedt, O; Chivers, DP. 2011. Putting prey and predator into the CO(2) equation - qualitative and quantitative effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions. Ecology Letters 14:1143-1148. 2011 Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Small Herbivorous Fish
Findlay, HS; Wood, HL; Kendall, MA; Spicer, JI; Twitchett, RJ; Widdicombe, S. 2011. Comparing the impact of high CO(2) on calcium carbonate structures in different marine organisms. Marine Biology Research 7:565-575. 2011 Global Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Fujita, K; Hikami, M; Suzuki, A; Kuroyanagi, A; Sakai, K; Kawahata, H; Nojiri, Y. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on calcification of symbiont-bearing reef foraminifers. Biogeosciences 8:2089-2098. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
Fukuda, S; Suzuki, I; Hama, T; Shiraiwa, Y. 2011. Compensatory response of the unicellular-calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi (Coccolithophoridales, Haptophyta) to ocean acidification. Journal of Oceanography 67:17-25. 2011 Cuba Algae; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Fulton, EA. 2011. Interesting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate change around Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:1329-1342. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Model Climate; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Glynn, PW. 2011. In Tandem Reef Coral And Cryptic Metazoan Declines And Extinctions. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:767-794. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Panama; India Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Hydrocoral; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Glynn, PW; Colley, SB; Guzman, HM; Enochs, IC; Cortes, J; Mate, JL; Feingold, JS. 2011. Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). VI. Agariciidae, Pavona clavus. Marine Biology 158:1601-1617. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Godinot, C; Houlbreque, F; Grover, R; Ferrier-Pages, C. 2011. Coral Uptake of Inorganic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Negatively Affected by Simultaneous Changes in Temperature and pH. PLoS One 6. 2011 Cuba Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Green, RH; McArdle, BA; van Woesik, R. 2011. Sampling state and process variables on coral reefs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178:455-460. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Ocean Acidity
Haapkyla, J; Unsworth, RKF; Flavell, M; Bourne, DG; Schaffelke, B; Willis, BL. 2011. Seasonal Rainfall and Runoff Promote Coral Disease on an Inshore Reef. PLoS One 6. 2011 Australia Climate; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Salinity; Sediment
Helmle, K. P., R. E. Dodge, P. K. Swart, D. K. Gledhill, and C. M. Eakin. 2011. Growth rates of Florida corals from 1937 to 1996 and their response to climate change. Nature Communications 1-6. 2011 Florida Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Helmle, KP; Dodge, RE; Swart, PK; Gledhill, DK; Eakin, CM. 2011. Growth rates of Florida corals from 1937 to 1996 and their response to climate change. Nature Communications 2. 2011 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Hikami, M; Ushie, H; Irie, T; Fujita, K; Kuroyanagi, A; Sakai, K; Nojiri, Y; Suzuki, A; Kawahata, H. 2011. Contrasting calcification responses to ocean acidification between two reef foraminifers harboring different algal symbionts. Geophysical Research Letters 38. 2011 Global Algae; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Coral reef ecosystems and anthropogenic climate change. Regional Environmental Change 11:S215-S237. 2011 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hoeke, RK; Jokiel, PL; Buddemeier, RW; Brainard, RE. 2011. Projected Changes to Growth and Mortality of Hawaiian Corals over the Next 100 Years. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Model Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Howarth, R., F. Chan, D. J. Conley, J. Garnier, S. C. Doney, R. Marino, and G. Billen. 2011. Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9:18-26. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Molluscs; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Salinity
Hurd, CL; Cornwall, CE; Currie, K; Hepburn, CD; McGraw, CM; Hunter, KA; Boyd, PW. 2011. Metabolically induced pH fluctuations by some coastal calcifiers exceed projected 22nd century ocean acidification: a mechanism for differential susceptibility? Global Change Biology 17:3254-3262. 2011 Global Algae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Inoue, M; Suwa, R; Suzuki, A; Sakai, K; Kawahata, H. 2011. Effects of seawater pH on growth and skeletal U/Ca ratios of Acropora digitifera coral polyps. Geophysical Research Letters 38. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Jokiel, P. 2011. Ocean acidification and control of reef coral calcification by boundary layer limitation of proton flux. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:639-657. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Jokiel, PL. 2011. Ocean Acidification And Control Of Reef Coral Calcification By Boundary Layer Limitation Of Proton Flux. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:639-657. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Jokiel, PL. 2011. The reef coral two compartment proton flux model: A new approach relating tissue-level physiological processes to gross corallum morphology. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 409:1-12. 2011 Model Light; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kelly, R. P., M. M. Foley, W. S. Fisher, R. A. Feely, B. S. Halpern, G. G. Waldbusser, and M. R. Caldwell 1. 2011. Mitigating Local Causes of Ocean Acidification with Existing Laws. Science 332:1036-1037. 2011 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools CO2; Ocean Acidity
Kemp, DW; Oakley, CA; Thornhill, DJ; Newcomb, LA; Schmidt, GW; Fitt, AK. 2011. Catastrophic mortality on inshore coral reefs of the Florida Keys due to severe low-temperature stress. Global Change Biology 17:3468-3477. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Kleypas, JA; Anthony, KRN; Gattuso, JP. 2011. Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry - case study from a barrier reef (Moorea, French Polynesia). Global Change Biology 17:3667-3678. 2011 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Koehn, JD; Hobday, AJ; Pratchett, MS; Gillanders, BM. 2011. Climate change and Australian marine and freshwater environments, fishes and fisheries: synthesis and options for adaptation. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:1148-1164. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Model Climate; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lerman, A; Guidry, M; Andersson, AJ; Mackenzie, FT. 2011. Coastal Ocean Last Glacial Maximum to 2100 CO(2)-Carbonic Acid-Carbonate System: A Modeling Approach. Aquatic Geochemistry 17:749-773. 2011 Global Model CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lombardi, C; Cocito, S; Gambi, MC; Cisterna, B; Flach, F; Taylor, PD; Keltie, K; Freer, A; Cusack, M. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on growth, organic tissue and protein profile of the Mediterranean bryozoan Myriapora truncata. Aquatic Biology 13:251-262. 2011 CO2; Ocean Acidity
Mackenzie, FT; Andersson, AJ; Arvidson, RS; Guidry, MW; Lerman, A. 2011. Land-sea carbon and nutrient fluxes and coastal ocean CO(2) exchange and acidification: Past, present, and future. Applied Geochemistry 26:S298-S302. 2011 Model CO2; Discharges; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Meron, D; Atias, E; Kruh, LI; Elifantz, H; Minz, D; Fine, M; Banin, E. 2011. The impact of reduced pH on the microbial community of the coral Acropora eurystoma. ISME Journal 5:51-60. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Microorganisms; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Miller, KJ; Rowden, AA; Williams, A; Haussermann, V. 2011. Out of Their Depth? Isolated Deep Populations of the Cosmopolitan Coral Desmophyllum dianthus May Be Highly Vulnerable to Environmental Change. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Munday, PL; Gagliano, M; Donelson, JM; Dixson, DL; Thorrold, SR. 2011. Ocean acidification does not affect the early life history development of a tropical marine fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 423:211-221. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Munday, PL; Hernaman, V; Dixson, DL; Thorrold, SR. 2011. Effect of ocean acidification on otolith development in larvae of a tropical marine fish. Biogeosciences 8:1631-1641. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Nakamura, M; Ohki, S; Suzuki, A; Sakai, K. 2011. Coral Larvae under Ocean Acidification: Survival, Metabolism, and Metamorphosis. PLoS One 6. 2011 CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Naumann, MS; Orejas, C; Wild, C; Ferrier-Pages, C. 2011. First evidence for zooplankton feeding sustaining key physiological processes in a scleractinian cold-water coral. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:3570-3576. 2011 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Stony Coral
Negri, AP; Flores, F; Rothig, T; Uthicke, S. 2011. Herbicides increase the vulnerability of corals to rising sea surface temperature. Limnology and Oceanography 56:471-485. 2011 Global Model Agriculture; Algae; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Coralline Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Pandolfi, J. M., S. R. Connolly, D. J. Marshall, and A. L. Cohen. 2011. Projecting Coral Reef Futures Under Global Warming and Ocean Acidification. Science 333:418-422. 2011 Global Climate; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Pankhurst, NW; Munday, PL. 2011. Effects of climate change on fish reproduction and early life history stages. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:1015-1026. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Climate; Fish; Ocean Acidity
Perry, RI. 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on marine wild capture fisheries: an update. Journal of Agricultural Science 149:63-75. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting
Pratchett, MS; Bay, LK; Gehrke, PC; Koehn, JD; Osborne, K; Pressey, RL; Sweatman, HPA; Wachenfeld, D. 2011. Contribution of climate change to degradation and loss of critical fish habitats in Australian marine and freshwater environments. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:1062-1081. 2011 Australia; India Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Price, NN; Hamilton, SL; Tootell, JS; Smith, JE. 2011. Species-specific consequences of ocean acidification for the calcareous tropical green algae Halimeda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 440:67-78. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ramirez-Llodra, E; Tyler, PA; Baker, MC; Bergstad, OA; Clark, MR; Escobar, E; Levin, LA; Menot, L; Rowden, AA; Smith, CR; Van Dover, CL. 2011. Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Review Climate; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Rasheed, MA; Unsworth, RKF. 2011. Long-term climate-associated dynamics of a tropical seagrass meadow: implications for the future. Marine Ecology Progress Series 422:93-103. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Retallack, GJ. 2011. Exceptional fossil preservation during CO(2) greenhouse crises? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 307:59-74. 2011 Global; China Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Riegl, BM; Purkis, SJ; Al-Cibahy, AS; Abdel-Moati, MA; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Present Limits to Heat-Adaptability in Corals and Population-Level Responses to Climate Extremes. PLoS One 6. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Climate; Coastal Development; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Ries, JB. 2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO(2)-induced ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75:4053-4064. 2011 Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Rodolfo-Metalpa, R; Houlbreque, F; Tambutte, E; Boisson, F; Baggini, C; Patti, FP; Jeffree, R; Fine, M; Foggo, A; Gattuso, JP; Hall-Spencer, JM. 2011. Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming. Nature Climate Change 1:308-312. 2011 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ryu, T; Mavromatis, CH; Bayer, T; Voolstra, CR; Ravasi, T. 2011. Unexpected complexity of the Reef-Building Coral Acropora millepora transcription factor network. BMC Systems Biology 5. 2011 Global Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Salvat, B; Wilkinson, C. 2011. Cyclones And Climate Change In The South Pacific. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 66:105-115. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Santos, IR; Glud, RN; Maher, D; Erler, D; Eyre, BD. 2011. Diel coral reef acidification driven by porewater advection in permeable carbonate sands, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Geophysical Research Letters 38. 2011 Australia Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Schneider, K; Silverman, J; Woolsey, E; Eriksson, H; Byrne, M; Caldeira, K. 2011. Potential influence of sea cucumbers on coral reef CaCO(3) budget: A case study at One Tree Reef. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 116. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Shamberger, KEF; Feely, RA; Sabine, CL; Atkinson, MJ; DeCarlo, EH; Mackenzie, FT; Drupp, PS; Butterfield, DA. 2011. Calcification and organic production on a Hawaiian coral reef. Marine Chemistry 127:64-75. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Shinzato, C; Shoguchi, E; Kawashima, T; Hamada, M; Hisata, K; Tanaka, M; Fujie, M; Fujiwara, M; Koyanagi, R; Ikuta, T; Fujiyama, A; Miller, DJ; Satoh, N. 2011. Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. Nature 476:320-U82. 2011 Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Climate; Light; Ocean Acidity
Sinutok, S; Hill, R; Doblin, MA; Wuhrer, R; Ralph, PJ. 2011. Warmer more acidic conditions cause decreased productivity and calcification in subtropical coral reef sediment-dwelling calcifiers. Limnology and Oceanography 56:1200-1212. 2011 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sediment; Stony Coral
Thresher, RE; Tilbrook, B; Fallon, S; Wilson, NC; Adkins, J. 2011. Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series 442:87-99. 2011 Australia; Oman Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Tynan, S; Opdyke, BN. 2011. Effects of lower surface ocean pH upon the stability of shallow water carbonate sediments. Science of the Total Environment 409:1082-1086. 2011 Australia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Venn, A; Tambutte, E; Holcomb, M; Allemand, D; Tambutte, S. 2011. Live Tissue Imaging Shows Reef Corals Elevate pH under Their Calcifying Tissue Relative to Seawater. PLoS One 6. 2011 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Veron, J. E. N. 2011. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: An Emerging Big Picture. Diversity 3:262-274. 2011 Review Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Vroom, P. S. 2011. Coral Dominance: A Dangerous Ecosystem Misnomer? Journal of Marine Biology 2011:1-8. 2011 Global Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity
Waite, R., E. Cooper, N. Zenny, and L. Burke. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Value of Jamaica�s Coral Reef-Related Fisheries. Working Paper, World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D. C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Walker, SE; Parsons-Hubbard, K; Richardson-White, S; Brett, C; Powell, E. 2011. Alpha and beta diversity of encrusting foraminifera that recruit to long-term experiments along a carbonate platform-to-slope gradient: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 312:325-349. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; Mexico Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Substrate
Webster, NS; Soo, R; Cobb, R; Negri, AP. 2011. Elevated seawater temperature causes a microbial shift on crustose coralline algae with implications for the recruitment of coral larvae. ISME Journal 5:759-770. 2011 Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wild, C; Hoegh-Guldberg, O; Naumann, MS; Colombo-Pallotta, MF; Ateweberhan, M; Fitt, WK; Iglesias-Prieto, R; Palmer, C; Bythell, JC; Ortiz, JC; Loya, Y; van Woesik, R. 2011. Climate change impedes scleractinian corals as primary reef ecosystem engineers. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:205-215. 2011 Global Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Witt, V; Wild, C; Anthony, KRN; Diaz-Pulido, G; Uthicke, S. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on microbial community composition of, and oxygen fluxes through, biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Microbiology 13:2976-2989. 2011 Australia; Cuba Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Stony Coral
A. V. Borges and N. Gypens. 2010. Carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone responds more strongly to eutrophication than to ocean acidification. Limnology and Oceanography 55:346-353. 2010 Model Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Albright, R., B. Mason, M. Miller, and C. Langdon. 2010. Ocean acidification compromises recruitment success of the threatened Caribbean coral Acropora palmata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Bates, N. R., A. Amat, and A. J. Andersson. 2010. Feedbacks and responses of coral calcification on the Bermuda reef system to seasonal changes in biological processes and ocean acidification (vol 7, pg 2509, 2010). Biogeosciences 7:3005-3006. 2010 Bermuda Ocean Acidity
Bates, N. R., A. Amat, and A. J. Andersson. 2010. Feedbacks and responses of coral calcification on the Bermuda reef system to seasonal changes in biological processes and ocean acidification. Biogeosciences 7:2509-2530. 2010 Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Byrne, M., M. Ho, E. Wong, N. A. Soars, P. Selvakumaraswamy, H. Shepard-Brennand, S. A. Dworjanyn, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2404. 2010 Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Cantin, N. E., A. L. Cohen, K. B. Karnauskas, A. M. Tarrant, and D. C. McCorkle. 2010. Ocean Warming Slows Coral Growth in the Central Red Sea. Science 329:322-325. 2010 Model Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Comeau, S., G. Gorsky, S. Alliouane, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. Larvae of the pteropod Cavolinia inflexa exposed to aragonite undersaturation are viable but shell-less. Marine Biology 157:2341-2345. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity
Comeau, S., R. Jeffree, J. L. Teyssie, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. Response of the Arctic Pteropod Limacina helicina to Projected Future Environmental Conditions. PLoS One 5:e11362. 2010 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Connell, S. D. and B. D. Russell. 2010. The direct effects of increasing CO2 and temperature on non-calcifying organisms: increasing the potential for phase shifts in kelp forests. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:1409-1415. 2010 Algae; Climate; CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity
Crawley, A., D. I. Kline, S. Dunn, K. Anthony, and S. Dove. 2010. The effect of ocean acidification on symbiont photorespiration and productivity in Acropora formosa. Global Change Biology 16:851-863. 2010 CO2; Light; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
De Bodt, C., N. Van Oostende, J. Harlay, K. Sabbe, and L. Chou. 2010. Individual and interacting effects of pCO(2) and temperature on Emiliania huxleyi calcification: study of the calcite production, the coccolith morphology and the coccosphere size. Biogeosciences 7:1401-1412. 2010 CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Denny, M. W. and B. Gaylord. 2010. Marine Ecomechanics. Annual Review of Marine Science 2:89-114. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Ocean Acidity; Storms & Hurricanes
Dixson, D. L., P. L. Munday, and G. P. Jones. 2010. Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues. Ecology Letters 13:68-75. 2010 CO2; Fish; Ocean Acidity
Edgar, G. J., A. Davey, G. Kelly, R. B. Mawbey, and K. Parsons. 2010. Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south-western Pacific. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:378-396. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Feely, R. A., S. R. Alin, J. Newton, C. L. Sabine, M. Warner, A. Devol, C. Krembs, and C. Maloy. 2010. The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 88:442-449. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Frolicher, T. L. and F. Joos. 2010. Reversible and irreversible impacts of greenhouse gas emissions in multi-century projections with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Climate Dynamics 35:1439-1459. 2010 Global Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., J. L. Dawson, S. G. Smithers, M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Sedimentological characteristics of key sea turtle rookeries: potential implications under projected climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:464-473. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Review Climate; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Sea Turtles; Sediment
Gagliano, M., M. I. McCormick, J. A. Moore, and M. Depczynski. 2010. The basics of acidification: baseline variability of pH on Australian coral reefs. Marine Biology 157:1849-1856. 2010 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Small Herbivorous Fish
Hallegraeff, G. M. 2010. Ocean Climate Change, Phytoplankton Community Responses, And Harmful Algal Blooms: A Formidable Predictive Challenge. Journal of Phycology 46:220-235. 2010 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Climate; CO2; Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hofmann, G. E. and A. E. Todgham. 2010. Living in the Now: Physiological Mechanisms to Tolerate a Rapidly Changing Environment. Annual Review of Physiology 72:127-145. 2010 Global Review Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hofmann, M. and H. J. Schellnhuber. 2010. Ocean acidification: a millennial challenge. Energy & Environmental Science 3:1883-1896. 2010 Review Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity
Holcomb, M., D. C. McCorkle, and A. L. Cohen. 2010. Long-term effects of nutrient and CO2 enrichment on the temperate coral Astrangia poculata (Ellis and Solander, 1786). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 386:27-33. 2010 Model CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Jackson, J. B. C. 2010. The future of the oceans past. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:3765-3778. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Climate; Finfish Harvest; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity
Johnson, J. E. and D. J. Welch. 2010. Marine Fisheries Management in a Changing Climate: A Review of Vulnerability and Future Options. Reviews in Fisheries Science 18:106-124. 2010 Global Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jury, C. P., R. F. Whitehead, and A. M. Szmant. 2010. Effects of variations in carbonate chemistry on the calcification rates of Madracis auretenra (= Madracis mirabilis sensu Wells, 1973): bicarbonate concentrations best predict calcification rates. Global Change Biology 16:1632-1644. 2010 Cuba Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Klein, C. J., N. C. Ban, B. S. Halpern, M. Beger, E. T. Game, H. S. Grantham, A. Green, T. J. Klein, S. Kininmonth, E. Treml, K. Wilson, and H. P. Possingham. 2010. Prioritizing Land and Sea Conservation Investments to Protect Coral Reefs. PLoS One 5:e12431. 2010 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Ocean Acidity
Krief, S., E. J. Hendy, M. Fine, R. Yam, A. Meibom, G. L. Foster, and A. Shemesh. 2010. Physiological and isotopic responses of scleractinian corals to ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74:4988-5001. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kroeker, K. J., R. L. Kordas, R. N. Crim, and G. G. Singh. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters 13:1419-1434. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Logan, C. A. 2010. A Review of Ocean Acidification and America's Response. Bioscience 60:819-828. 2010 Review Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity
Manzello, D. P. 2010. Coral growth with thermal stress and ocean acidification: lessons from the eastern tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs 29:749-758. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Panama; India Climate; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Manzello, D. P. 2010. Ocean acidification hot spots: Spatiotemporal dynamics of the seawater CO2 system of eastern Pacific coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography 55:239-248. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
McGowan, H. A., A. P. Sturman, M. C. MacKellar, A. H. Wiebe, and D. T. Neil. 2010. Measurements of the local energy balance over a coral reef flat, Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres 115:D19124. 2010 Global; Australia Ocean Acidity; Substrate
Millero, F. J. and B. R. DiTrolio. 2010. Use of Thermodynamics in Examining the Effects of Ocean Acidification. Elements 6:299-303. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Microorganisms; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Morita, M., R. Suwa, A. Iguchi, M. Nakamura, K. Shimada, K. Sakai, and A. Suzuki. 2010. Ocean acidification reduces sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates. Zygote 18:103-107. 2010 Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity
Munday, P. L., D. L. Dixson, M. I. McCormick, M. Meekan, M. C. O. Ferrari, and D. P. Chivers. 2010. Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:12930-12934. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study CO2; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Ocean Acidity
Nienhuis, S., A. R. Palmer, and C. D. G. Harley. 2010. Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:2553-2558. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Snails & Conch
O'Donnell, M. J., A. E. Todgham, M. A. Sewell, L. M. Hammond, K. Ruggiero, N. A. Fangue, M. L. Zippay, and G. E. Hofmann. 2010. Ocean acidification alters skeletogenesis and gene expression in larval sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 398:157-171. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting
Orbach, M. and L. B. Karrer. 2010. Marine managed areas: what, why, and where. Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA. 2010 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pelejero, C., E. Calvo, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2010. Paleo-perspectives on ocean acidification. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25:332-344. 2010 Review CO2; Ocean Acidity
Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson, and J.-P. Gattuso., editors. 2010. Guide to best practices for ocean acidifi cation research and data reporting. Publications Office of the European Union., Luxembourg. 2010 Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring CO2; Ocean Acidity
Ries, J. B. 2010. Review: geological and experimental evidence for secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcite-aragonite seas) and its effects on marine biological calcification. Biogeosciences 7:2795-2849. 2010 Global Review; Lab Study Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sediment
Ries, J. B., A. L. Cohen, and D. C. McCorkle. 2010. A nonlinear calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification by the coral Oculina arbuscula. Coral Reefs 29:661-674. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., C. Lombardi, S. Cocito, J. M. Hall-Spencer, and M. C. Gambi. 2010. Effects of ocean acidification and high temperatures on the bryozoan Myriapora truncata at natural CO2 vents. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 31:447-456. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., S. Martin, C. Ferrier-Pages, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. Response of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa to mid- and long-term exposure to pCO(2) and temperature levels projected for the year 2100 AD. Biogeosciences 7:289-300. 2010 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Smith, J. E., C. L. Hunter, and C. M. Smith. 2010. The effects of top-down versus bottom-up control on benthic coral reef community structure. Oecologia 163:497-507. 2010 Global Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smith, J. E., C. L. Hunter, and C. M. Smith. 2010. The effects of top�down versus bottom�up control on benthic coral reef community structure. Oecologia 163:497-507. 2010 Global Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Suwa, R., M. Nakamura, M. Morita, K. Shimada, A. Iguchi, K. Sakai, and A. Suzuki. 2010. Effects of acidified seawater on early life stages of scleractinian corals (Genus Acropora). Fisheries Science 76:93-99. 2010 CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Turley, C., M. Eby, A. J. Ridgwell, D. N. Schmidt, H. S. Findlay, C. Brownlee, U. Riebesell, V. J. Fabry, R. A. Feely, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. The societal challenge of ocean acidification. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:787-792. 2010 Ocean Acidity
Ushie, H., H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, S. Murayama, and M. Inoue. 2010. Enhanced riverine carbon flux from carbonate catchment to the ocean: A comparative hydrogeochemical study on Ishigaki and Iriomote islands, southwestern Japan. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 115:G02017. 2010 Japan Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Vroom, P. S. and C. L. Braun. 2010. Benthic composition of a healthy subtropical reef: baseline species-level cover, with an emphasis on algae, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One 5:e9733. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Substrate
Wilson, S. K., M. Adjeroud, D. R. Bellwood, M. L. Berumen, D. Booth, Y. M. Bozec, P. Chabanet, A. Cheal, J. Cinner, M. Depczynski, D. A. Feary, M. Gagliano, N. A. J. Graham, A. R. Halford, B. S. Halpern, A. R. Harborne, A. S. Hoey, S. J. Holbrook, G. P. Jones, M. Kulbiki, and Letourneu. 2010. Crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 213:894-900. 2010 Global Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
2009. Special issue featuring: ocean acidification - from ecological impacts to policy opportunities. Current 25:1-45. 2009 Global Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research
Andersson, A. J., I. B. Kuffner, F. T. Mackenzie, P. L. Jokiel, K. S. Rodgers, and A. Tan. 2009. Net Loss of CaCO3 from a subtropical calcifying community due to seawater acidification: mesocosm-scale experimental evidence. Biogeosciences 6:1811-1823. 2009 Cuba Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Andersson, A. J., I. B. Kuffner, F. T. MacKenzie, P. L. Jokiel, K. S. Rodgers, and A. Tan. 2009. Net loss of CaCO3 from coral reef communities due to human induced seawater acidification. Biogeosciences Discussions 6:2163-2182. 2009 Cuba Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Balch, W. M. and P. E. Utgoff. 2009. Potential interactions among ocean acidification, coccolithophores, and the optical properties of seawater. Oceanography 22:146-159. 2009 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
Banaszak, A. T. and M. P. Lesser. 2009. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on coral reef organisms. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 8:1276-1294. 2009 Global Review Climate; Light; Ocean Acidity
Brewer, P. G. and K. Hester. 2009. Ocean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean to low-frequency sound. Oceanography 22:86-93. 2009 Global CO2; Military; Ocean Acidity; Whales & Dolphins
Byrne, M., M. Ho, P. Selvakumaraswamy, H. D. Nguyen, S. A. Dworjanyn, and A. R. Davis. 2009. Temperature, but not pH, compromises sea urchin fertilization and early development under near-future climate change scenarios. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:1883-1888. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Carilli, J. E., R. D. Norris, B. A. Black, S. M. Walsh, and M. McField. 2009. Local stressors reduce coral resilience to bleaching. PLoS One 4:e6324. 2009 Algae; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Clark, D., M. Lamare, and M. Barker. 2009. Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species. Marine Biology 156:1125-1137. 2009 Lab Study; Index or Indicator CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Cohen, A. L. and M. Holcomb. 2009. Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism. Oceanography 22:118-127. 2009 Global Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cohen, A. L., D. C. McCorkle, S. de Putron, G. A. Gaetani, and K. A. Rose. 2009. Morphological and compositional changes in the skeletons of new coral recruits reared in acidified seawater: Insights into the biomineralization response to ocean acidification. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10:Q07005. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity
Cooley, S. R, H. L. Kite-Powell, and S. C. Doney. 2009. Ocean acidification�s potential to alter global marine ecosystem services. Oceanography 22:172-181. 2009 Global Agriculture; Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Cooley, S. R. and S. C. Doney. 2009. Anticipating ocean acidification's economic consequences for commercial fisheries. Environmental Research Letters 4:24007. 2009 Review; Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2009. Modelling effects of geoengineering options in response to climate change and global warming: Implications for coral reefs. Computational Biology and Chemistry 33:415-420. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review; Model Climate; CO2; Light; Mitigation; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Doney, S. C., V. J. Fabry, R.A. Feely, and J. A. Kleypas. 2009. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Annual Review of Marine Science 1:169-192. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
Doney, S. C., W. M. Balch, V. J. Fabry, and R. A. Feely. 2009. Ocean acidification: a critical emerging problem for the ocean sciences. Oceanography 22:16-25. 2009 CO2; Ocean Acidity
Fabry, V. J., J. B. McClintock, J. T. Mathis, and J. M. Grebmeier. 2009. Ocean acidification at high latitudes: the bellwether. Oceanography 22:160-171. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Feely, R. A., S. C. Doney, and S. R. Cooley. 2009. Ocean acidification: present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world. Oceanography 22:36-47. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gattuso, J.-P., L. Hansson, and The EPOCA Consortium. 2009. European project on ocean acidification (EPOCA): objectives, products, and scientific highlights. Oceanography 22:190-201. 2009 Europe Ocean Acidity
Gledhill, D. K., R. Wanninkhof, and C. M. Eakin. 2009. Observing ocean acidification from space. Oceanography 22:48-59. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures
Gooding, R. A., C. D. G. Harley, and E. Tang. 2009. Elevated water temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase the growth of a keystone echinoderm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:9316-9321. 2009 Climate; CO2; Echinoderms; Invertebrates; Ocean Acidity; Seastars
Hauri, C., N. Gruber, G.-K. Plattner, S. Alin, R. A. Feely, Burke Hales, and P. A. Wheeler. 2009. Ocean acidification in the California Current System. Oceanography 22:60-71. 2009 Global Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2009. Climate change and coral reefs: Trojan horse or false prophecy? - A response to Maynard et al. (2008). Coral Reefs 7-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ocean Acidity
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2009. Climate change and coral reefs: Trojan horse or false prophecy? Coral Reefs 28:569-575. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ocean Acidity
Hutchins, D. A., M. R. Mulholland, and F. Fu. 2009. Nutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO2-enriched ocean. Oceanography 22:128-145. 2009 Global Review CO2; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Substrate
Keller, B. D., D. F. Gleason, E. McLeod, C. M. Woodley, S. Airame, B. D. Causey, A. M. Friedlander, R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. E. Johnson, S. L. Miller, and R. S. Steneck. 2009. Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas. Environmental Management 44:1069-1088. 2009 Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kleypas, J. A. and K. K. Yates. 2009. Coral reefs and ocean acidification. Oceanography 22:108-117. 2009 Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Mangroves; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Kump, L. E., T. J. Bralower, and A. Ridgwell. 2009. Ocean acidification in deep time. Oceanography 22:94-107. 2009 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kuroyanagi, A., H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, K. Fujita, and T. Irie. 2009. Impacts of ocean acidification on large benthic foraminifers: Results from laboratory experiments. Marine Micropaleontology 73:190-195. 2009 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Liu, Y., W. Liu, Z. Peng, Y. Xiao, G. Wei, W. Sun, J. He, G. Liu, and C.-L. Chou. 2009. Instability of seawater pH in the South China Sea during the mid-late Holocene: Evidence from boron isotopic composition of corals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73:1264-1272. 2009 China Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Maier, C., J. Hegeman, M. G. Weinbauer, and J.-P. Gattuso. 2009. Calcification of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa under ambient and reduced pH. Biogeosciences Discussions 6:1875-1901. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity
Makarow, M., R. Ceulemans, and L. Horn. 2009. Science Policy Briefing: Impacts of Ocean Acidification. 37, European Science Foundation, France. 2009 Global; Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity
Martin, S. and J. P. Gattuso. 2009. Response of Mediterranean coralline algae to ocean acidification and elevated temperature. Global Change Biology 15:2089-2100. 2009 Global Algae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Light; Ocean Acidity
Miller, K., H. Neil, and D. Tracey. 2009. Recent advances in deep-sea coral science and emerging links to conservation and management of deep-sea ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:1-5. 2009 Global GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity
Millero, F. J., R. Woosley, B. Ditrolio, and J. Waters. 2009. Effect of ocean acidification on the speciation of metals in seawater. Oceanography 22:72-85. 2009 Review CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Moses, C. S., S. Andrefouet, C. J. Kranenburg, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2009. Regional estimates of reef carbonate dynamics and productivity Using Landsat 7 ETM+, and potential impacts from ocean acidification. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380:103-115. 2009 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment
Munday, P. L., D. L. Dixson, J. M. Donelson, G. P. Jones, M. S. Pratchett, G. V. Devitsina, and K. B. Doving. 2009. Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:1848-1852. 2009 Climate; CO2; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Ocean Acidity
Munday, P. L., J. M. Donelson, D. L. Dixson, and G. G. K. Endo. 2009. Effects of ocean acidification on the early life history of a tropical marine fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276:3275-3283. 2009 Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Munday, P. L., N. E. Crawley, and G. E. Nilsson. 2009. Interacting effects of elevated temperature and ocean acidification on the aerobic performance of coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:235-242. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Munday, P.L., J. M. Leis, J. M. Lough, C. B. Paris, M. J. Kingsford, M. L. Berumen, J. Lambrechts. 2009. Climate change and coral reef connectivity. Coral Reefs 23:379-395. 2009 Global Review; Model Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sea Temperatures
Nelson, W. A. 2009. Calcified macroalgae - critical to coastal ecosystems and vulnerable to change: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:787-801. 2009 Global Review Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; CO2; Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Oliver, L. M. and W. S. Fisher, editors. 2009. APM 289: Report on effects of UV radiation, temperature and nutrients on South Florida corals. US EPA Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, (FL, USA). 2009 Global; Florida Algae; Climate; Light; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Sediment; Stony Coral
Orr, J. C., K. Caldeira, V. Fabry, J.-P. Gattuso, P. Haugan, P. Lehodey, S. Pantoja, H.-O. Portner, U. Riebesell, T. Trull, E. Urban, M. Hood, and W. Broadgate. 2009. Research priorities for understanding ocean acidification: summary from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. Oceanography 22:182-189. 2009 Index or Indicator CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Parks, N. 2009. Is regulation on ocean acidification on the horizon? Environmental Science and Technology 6118-6119. 2009 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Petkewich, R. 2009. Off-balance ocean. Chemical and Engineering News 87. 2009 Anemones & Zooanthids; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Reopanichkul, P., T. A. Schlacher, R. W. Carter, and S. Worachananant. 2009. Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1356-1362. 2009 Global; Thailand Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral Reefs Threats and Conservation in an Era of Global Change. Pages 136-186 Year In Ecology And Conservation Biology 2009. 2009 Global; Florida Climate; CO2; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Riegl, B., A. Bruckner, S. L. Coles, P. Renaud, and R. E. Dodge. 2009. Coral reefs: threats and conservation in an era of global change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162:136-186. 2009 Global; Florida Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Ries, J. B., A. L. Cohn, and D. C. McCorkle. 2009. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37:1131-1134. 2009 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Rockstrom, J., W. Steffen, K. Noone, A. Persson, F. S. Chapin, E. Lambin, T. M. Lenton, M. Scheffer, C. Folke, H. J. Schellnhuber, B. Nykvist, C. A. de Wit, T. Hughes, S. van der Leeuw, H. Rodhe, S. Sorlin, P. K. Snyder, R. Costanza, U. Svedin, M. Falkenmark, and Karlbe. 2009. Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Ecology and Society 14:32. 2009 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Toxics
Russell, B. D., J. A. I. Thompson, L. J. Falkenberg, and S. D. Connell. 2009. Synergistic effects of climate change and local stressors: CO2 and nutrient-driven change in subtidal rocky habitats. Global Change Biology 15:2153-2162. 2009 Global Model Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Economic Markets & Policies; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Sand, P. H. 2009. Diego Garcia: British-American legal black hole in the Indian ocean? Journal of Environmental Law 21:113-137. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Climate; Housing; Invasive Species; Military; Ocean Acidity
Semesi, I. S., J. Kangwe, and M. Bjork. 2009. Alterations in seawater pH and CO2 affect calcification and photosynthesis in the tropical coralline alga, Hydrolithon sp (Rhodophyta). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:337-341. 2009 Indian Ocean; India Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Seagrasses
Silverman, J., B. Lazar, L. Cao, K. Caldeira, and J. Erez. 2009. Coral reefs may start dissolving when atmospheric CO2 doubles. Geophysical Research Letters 36. 2009 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Smith, A. M. 2009. Bryozoans as southern sentinels of ocean acidification: A major role for a minor phylum. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:475-482. 2009 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sokolow, S. 2009. Effects of a changing climate on the dynamics of coral infectious disease: a review of the evidence. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87:5-18. 2009 Global Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Steinacher, M., F. Joos, T. L. Frolicher, G. K. Plattner, and S. C. Doney. 2009. Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Biogeosciences 6:515-533. 2009 Global Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tans, P. 2009. An accounting of the observed increase in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 and an outlook for the future. Oceanography 22:26-35. 2009 CO2; Ocean Acidity
Todgham, A. E. and G. E. Hofmann. 2009. Transcriptomic response of sea urchin larvae Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to CO2-driven seawater acidification. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:2579-2594. 2009 Global Climate; CO2; Invertebrates; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins
Tooker, L. M., J. Guinotte, and L. Sano. 2009. Ocean acidification�from ecological impacts to policy opportunities. Current 25:1-45. 2009 Ocean Acidity
Veron, J. E. N., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, T. M. Lenton, J. M. Lough, D. O. Obura, P. Pearce-Kelly, C. R. C. Sheppard, M. Spaldin, M. G. Stafford-Smith, and A. D. Rogers. 2009. The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of <350 ppm CO2. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1428-1436. 2009 Global Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Fish; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures
Wei, G., M. T. McCulloch, G. Mortimer, W. Deng, and L. Xie. 2009. Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73:2332-2346. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Non-point Source Runoff; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Albright, R., B. Mason, and C. Langdon. 2008. Effect of aragonite saturation state on settlement and post-settlement growth of Porites astreoides larvae. Coral Reefs 27:485-490. 2008 Florida Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Andersson, A. J., F. T. Mackenzie, and N. R. Bates. 2008. Life on the margin: Implications of ocean acidification on Mg-calcite, high latitude and cold-water marine calcifiers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:265-273. 2008 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Anthony, K. R. N., D. I. Kline, G. Diaz-Pulido, S. Dove, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:17442-17446. 2008 Global; Australia Algae; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Light; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Atkinson, M. J. and P. Cuet. 2008. Possible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:249-256. 2008 Review Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Ocean Acidity
Bibby R., S. Widdicombe, H. Parry, J. Spicer, and R. Pipe. 2008. Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Biology 2:67-74. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Byrne, R. H. and W. Yao. 2008. Procedures for measurement of carbonate ion concentrations in seawater by direct spectrophotometric observations of Pb(II) complexation. Marine Chemistry 112:128-135. 2008 CO2; Light; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Salinity
Cao, L. and K. Caldeira. 2008. Atmospheric CO2 stabilization and ocean acidification. Geophysical Research Letters 35. 2008 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Fabricius, K. E. 2008. Theme section on "Ocean acidification and coral reefs". Coral Reefs 27:455-457. 2008 Ocean Acidity
Fabry, V. J. 2008. Ocean science: Marine calcifiers in a high-CO2 ocean. Science 320:1020-1022. 2008 CO2; Ocean Acidity
Fabry, V.J., B.A. Seibel, R.A. Feely, and J.C. Orr. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. Journal of Marine Science 65:414-432. 2008 Review Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
Feely, R. A., C. L. Sabine, J. M. Hernandez-Ayon, D. Ianson, and B. Hales. 2008. Evidence for upwelling of corrosive �acidified� water onto the continental shelf. Sciencexpress 3. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Gledhill, D. K.,. 2008. Ocean acidification of the greater caribbean region 1996-2006. Journal of Geophysical Research 113:11. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Remote Sensing Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Guinotte, J. M. and V. J. Fabry. 2008. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134:320-342. 2008 Review Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses
Hall-Spencer, J. M., R. Rodolfo-Metalpa, S. Martin, E. Ransome, M. Fine, S. M. Turner, S. J. Rowley, D. Tedesco, and M.-C. Buia. 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature 454:96-99. 2008 CO2; Invasive Species; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hautmann, M., M. J. Benton, and A. Tomasovych. 2008. Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 249:119-127. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Hofmann, G. E., M. J. O'Donnell, and A. E. Todgham. 2008. Using functional genomics to explore the effects of ocean acidification on calcifying marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:219-225. 2008 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. D., P. R. Halloran, R. E. M. Rickaby, I. R. Hall, E. Colmenero-Hidalgo, J. R. Gittins, D. R. H. Green, T. Tyrrell, S. J. Gibbs, P. Von Dassow, E. Rehm, E. V. Armbrust, and K. P. Boessenkool. 2008. Phytoplankton calcification in a high-CO2 world. Science 320:336-340. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Primary Production
IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN-WCPA). 2008. Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks�Making It Happen. IUCN-WCPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D.C. 2008 Global; Palau; Micronesia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity
Jokiel, P. L., K. S. Rodgers, I. B. Kuffner, A. J. Andersson, E. F. Cox, and F. T. Mackenzie. 2008. Ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms: A mesocosm investigation. Coral Reefs 27:473-483. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Kuffner, I. B., A. J. Andersson, P. L. Jokiel, K. S. Rodgers, and F. T. MacKenzie. 2008. Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification. Nature Geoscience 1:114-117. 2008 Algae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity
Kurihara, H. 2008. Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 373:275-284. 2008 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maina, J. 2008. Reply to the letter to the editor by John Guinotte. Ecological Modelling 218:403. 2008 Model Ocean Acidity
Manzello, D. P., J. A. Kleypas, D. A. Budd, C. M. Eakin, P. W. Glynn, and C. Langdon. 2008. Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:10450-10455. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Maynard, J. A., A. H. Baird, and M. S. Pratchett. 2008. Revisiting the Cassandra syndrome; the changing climate of coral reef research. Coral Reefs 27:745-749. 2008 Climate; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Mayor, D. 2008. Acid oceans. Planet Earth 22-23. 2008 Global Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
McNeil, B. I. and R. J. Matear. 2008. Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:18860-18864. 2008 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
O'Driscoll, C. 2008. Turning back the clock on climate change. Chemistry and Industry (London) 14:24-25. 2008 Climate; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity
O'Hara, T. D., A. A. Rowden, and A. Williams. 2008. Cold-water coral habitats on seamounts: Do they have a specialist fauna? Diversity and Distributions 14:925-934. 2008 Australia Climate; Ocean Acidity; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Przeslawski, R., S. Ahyong, M. Byrne, G. Worheide, and P. Hutchings. 2008. Beyond corals and fish: The effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs. Global Change Biology 14:2773-2795. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review Climate; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Richardson, A. J. and M. J. Gibbons. 2008. Are jellyfish increasing in response to ocean acidification? Limnology and Oceanography 53:2040-2045. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ocean Acidity; Plankton
Salisbury, J., M. Green, C. Hunt, and J. Campbell. 2008. Coastal Acidification by Rivers: A Threat to Shellfish? EOS Transactions 89:513-514. 2008 Global Climate; CO2; Discharges; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Steinacher, M., F. Joos, T. L. Frolicher, G.-K. Plattner, and S. C. Doney. 2008. Imminent ocean acidification projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Biogeosciences Discussions 5:4353-4393. 2008 Global Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
The Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre. 2008. Position analysis: CO2 emissions and climate change: ocean impacts and adaptation issues. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Climate; CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Veron, J. E. N. 2008. Mass extinctions and ocean acidification: Biological constraints on geological dilemmas. Coral Reefs 27:459-472. 2008 Review Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Salinity
Walz, P. M., W. J. Kirkwood, E. T. Peltzer, K. C. Hester, and P. G. Brewer. 2008. Creating controlled CO2 perturbation experiments on the seafloor - Development of FOCE techniques. in OCEANS'08 MTS/IEEE Kobe-Techno-Ocean'08 - Voyage toward the Future, OTO'08. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model CO2; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wootton, J. T., C. A. Pfister, and J. D. Forester. 2008. Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:18848-18853. 2008 Global Model CO2; Ocean Acidity
Zeebe, R. E., J. C. Zachos, K. Caldeira, and T. Tyrrell. 2008. Oceans: Carbon emissions and acidification. Science 321:51-52. 2008 Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Andersson, A. J., N. R. Bates, and F. T. Mackenzie. 2007. Dissolution of carbonate sediments under rising pCO2 and ocean acidification: Observations from Devil's Hole, Bermuda. Aquatic Geochemistry 13:237-264. 2007 Global; Bermuda Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Bates, N. R. and A. J. Peters. 2007. The contribution of atmospheric acid deposition to ocean acidification in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Chemistry 107:547-558. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Bermuda CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davies, A. J., J. M. Roberts, and J. Hall-Spencer. 2007. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biological Conservation 138:299-312. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, A. J. Hooten, R. S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C. D. Harvell, P. F. Sale, A. J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C. M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R. H. Bradbury, A. Dubi, and M. E. Hatziolos. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318:1737-1742. 2007 Global Review Climate; CO2; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
House, K. Z., C. H. House, D. P. Schrag, and M. J. Aziz. 2007. Electrochemical acceleration of chemical weathering as an energetically feasible approach to mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Environmental Science and Technology 41:8464-8470. 2007 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Point Source Discharges
Mulhall, M. 2007. Saving rainforests of the sea: an analysis of international efforts to conserve coral reefs. Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 19:321-351. 2007 Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Ocean Acidity
Poloczanska, E. S., R. C. Babcock, A. Butler, A. J. Hobday, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, T. J. Kunz, R. Matear, D. A. Milton, T. A. Okey, and A. J. Richardson. 2007. Climate change and Australian marine life. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:407-478. 2007 Australia Model Climate; Fish; Light; Ocean Acidity; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Silverman, J., B. Lazar, and J. Erez. 2007. Effect of aragonite saturation, temperature, and nutrients on the community calcification rate of a coral reef. Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans 112. 2007 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Stanley Jr., G. D. 2007. Ocean acidification and scleractinian corals [2]. Science 317:1032. 2007 Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Turley, C. M., J. M. Roberts, and J. M. Guinotte. 2007. Corals in deep-water: Will the unseen hand of ocean acidification destroy cold-water ecosystems? Coral Reefs 26:445-448. 2007 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Doney, S. C. 2006. The dangers of ocean acidification. Scientific American 294:58-65. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Groeneveld, O. L. 2006. The mine manager's toolkit. Pages 5-Mar in Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series. 2006 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Manufacturing & Trade; Mining Policies; Ocean Acidity; Special Use Permitting
Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. 2006. Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: a guide for future research. 2006 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity
Matear, R. J. and B. I. McNeil. 2006. Comment on \Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH\".". Science 314:595. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Ocean Acidity
Roberts, J. M., A. J. Wheeler, and A. Freiwald. 2006. Reefs of the deep: The biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science 312:543-547. 2006 Review Ocean Acidity; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Orr, J. C., V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S. C. Doney, R. A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Matear, P. Monfray, A. Mouchet, R. G. Najjar, G.-K. Plattner, K. B. Rodgers, C. L. Sabine, J. L. Sarmiento, R. Schlitzer, R. D. Slater, I. J. Totterdell, M.-F. Weirig, Y. Yamanaka, and A. Yool. 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681-686. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pelejero, C., E. Calvo, M. T. McCulloch, J. F. Marshall, M. K. Gagan, J. M. Lough, and B. N. Opdyke. 2005. Ocean Science: Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science 309:2204-2207. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii CO2; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral
Riebesell, U., I. Zondervan, B. Rost, P. D. Tortell, R. E. Zeebe, and F. M. M. Morel. 2000. Reduced calcifcation of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407:364-367. 2000 Cuba Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Sediment
Allemand, D., �. Tambutt�, D. Zoccola, and S. Tambutt�. Coral Calcification, Cells to Reefs. Pages 119-150 in Dubinsky, Z. and N. Stambler, editors. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Springer, New York,(New York, USA). Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity
Erez J., S. Reynaud, J. Silverman, K. Schneider, and D. Allemand. Coral calcification under ocean acidification and global change. Pages 151-176 in Dubinsky, Z. and N. Stambler, editors. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Springer, New York,(New York, USA). Global Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Skeletal Coral

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Discharge Controls: Air Filtration & Scrubbing The management option reduces emissions of air contaminants from structures through interception and/or collection. These filters and scrubbers can be implemented on ventilation emitting particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, odorous sulfur compounds, methane or other greenhouse gasses. There are many alternative filters and scrubbers depending on the ventilation system and the characteristics of the emissions. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; CO2; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Regulating Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Restoration: Land Reclamation Integrating Toxic Discharge Controls This option aims to eliminate unsightly residues, reduce erosion and control acid or otherwise toxic aqueous discharges from abandoned coal mines, coalmine waste or other types of land change. For toxic mine drainage, preventative actions include mine sealing, infiltration control, day lighting, and neutralization with alkaline material such as hydrated lime. Which action to take relies heavily on groundwater and runoff in the region of the mine. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Aquaculture; Coal Mining; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Hydrologic Management; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Ocean Acidity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Transportation Policy: Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards The purpose of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF�) standards is to reduce fuel consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. NHTSA sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold in the US while EPA calculates the average fuel economy for each manufacturer. Since the standard only dictates the average fuel economy, manufacturers can sell vehicles with higher or lower fuel economy than the standard. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). Accessed 8/11/2011.

Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Food & Energy Policies; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Industry; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Supporting Services; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Water Quality Management: Water Quality Standards Water Quality Standards are the foundation of the water quality-based pollution control program mandated by the Clean Water Act. Water Quality Standards define the goals for a waterbody by establishing Designated Uses (#279), setting baseline waterbody minimum criteria to protect those uses, and establishing provisions that regulate Point Source Effluent Toxicity Standards (#280). Since the baseline water quality standards are for the waterbody in its entirety, there is some flexibility on how that minimum criterion is accomplished. In some cases, Remediation (#281) may be preferable to more stringent effluent standards. The criteria include specific biochemical and ecological measures that would be good indicators of ecological health, including Biocriteria (#282). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biocriteria; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Toxics

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Air Pollution Control, 62-204 Florida Administrative Code (1996). 62-204.100 Purpose and Scope. (1) This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. (2) In addition, this chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have been adopted; further designates certain attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as air quality maintenance areas for particular pollutants; classifies all areas of the state as Class I, Class II, or Class III for determining which set of prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) increments apply; and designates all attainment and unclassifiable areas of the state as one or more PSD areas for determining which pollutant-specific PSD baseline dates apply. This chapter also sets forth procedures for redesignating and reclassifying areas as above. (3) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to identify the Florida State Implementation Plan (SIP) required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51; to set forth the public notice and hearing requirements that the Department will adhere to for making SIP revisions; and to set forth the definitions, criteria, and procedures that the Department will use to review a federal agency�s general conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart W; and to adopt by reference an interagency memorandum of agreement that the Department will comply with to review any transportation conformity determination, made pursuant to 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Subpart T. The provisions to 40 C.F.R. 51.853 require that a federal agency make a general conformity determination for any federal agency action in a nonattainment or maintenance area, to ensure that such action is consistent with the SIP and that such federal conformity determination be reviewed by the affected state. The provisions of 40 C.F.R. 51.394 require that a transportation conformity determination be made for the adoption, acceptance, approval, or support of certain transportation plans, transportation improvement programs, and transportation projects in nonattainment and maintenance areas for transportation-related criteria pollutants to ensure that such actions are consistent with the SIP. (4) Finally, this chapter adopts and incorporates by reference federal air pollution control regulations which are referenced in whole or in part throughout the Department�s air pollution control rules.

Application to Coral Reefs:By reducing emmissions to air, particularly carbon dioxide, the pH of ocean waters will not be reduced and that is a direct benefit to coral reefs, since a reduction in pH is believed to be detrimental to corals.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter designates all areas of the state as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassified with respect to each pollutant for which ambient air quality standards have benn adopted.

Comments:This chapter establishes maximum allowable levels of pollutants in the ambient air, or ambient air quality standards, necessary to protect human health and public welfare. This chapter also establishes maximum allowable increases in ambient concentrations for subject pollutants to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in areas where ambient air quality standards are being met. It further specifies approved air quality monitoring and modeling methods. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Use Regulations; CO2; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Transportation Policies; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Ocean Acidification and Marine pH Water Quality Criteria, 74 Federal Register § 17484 (2009). The publication is a Notice of Data Availability. EPA was making data submitted from various sources available to the public. They also were requesting additon data from the public on ocean acidification and marine pH. The data was to be reviewed to determine if a revision of the Clean Water Act (Section 304) (a) (1) was warranted.

Application to Coral Reefs:Coral reefs would be protected if ocean acidification could be controlled because it is a major detrimental parameter of living cora, contributing to their dying.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		EPA

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Environmental Education & Outreach; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Ocean Acidity; Point Source Discharges
Requirements for Sources Subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program, 62-214 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter outlines the additional permitting requirements for Title V sources that are subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The rules under this chapter set forth requirements for the Acid Rain Part of an operation permit for a Title V source which is subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The Department intends that this chapter shall implement and be consistent with the federal requirements of 40 C.F.R. Part 72. Words and phrases used in this chapter, unless clearly indicated otherwise, are defined at either 40 CFR 72.2 or 76.2 or Rule 62-210.200, F.A.C. The provisions of 40 CFR Parts 72, 73, 74, 75, and 76 referenced in this rule are adopted and incorporated by reference at Rule 62-204.800, F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling toxic air emissions will contribute to a decrease in greenhouse gasses and assist in reducing ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter outlines the additional permitting requirements for Title V sources that are subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The rules under this chapter set forth requirements for the Acid Rain Part of an operation permit for a Title V source which is subject to the Federal Acid Rain Program. The Department intends that this chapter shall implement and be consistent with the federal requirements of 40 CFR. Part 72. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Ocean Acidity
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges

Jump to main content.