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Nutrient & Contaminant Processing

Nutrient & Contaminant Processing

Nutrient and contaminant processing refers to an ecosystem's ability to process and cycle contaminants and nutrients through its system.

CMap

The Aquaculture sector is involved in the raising and production of aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. The Health sector includes groups which provide for human health through medical and social care, and maintenance and disposal of waste. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Nutrient and contaminant processing refers to an ecosystem's ability to process and cycle contaminants and nutrients through its system. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Toxics are chemical pollutants that are poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful to humans, plants, or animals. Valuation is the process of estimating the worth, merit, or desirability of benefits derived from ecosystems. Waste Management is the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste. Water resources reflect the quality and quantity of seawater available for human use, including swimming, navigation, and other uses. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

Coral reef organisms can alter the quality of water available for human use. Nutrient and contaminant processing by sponges and wetlands improves the quality of water for swimming, as well as its aesthetic value. Aquaculture facilities may also depend on seawater, and benefit from availability of clean water. Waste management, such as sewage treatment facilities, can benefit from natural processing of waste by wetlands. Many of the same economic sectors that benefit from water resources also create pressures on the reef through coastal development, pollution, and contact uses. Decision-makers can better understand the value of nutrient and contaminant processing through valuation methods. Scientific monitoring and research can be used to better understand rates of nutrient and contaminant processing under various environmental conditions.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Barnes, BB; Hu, CM; Muller-Karger, F. 2011. An Improved High-Resolution SST Climatology to Assess Cold Water Events off Florida. Ieee Geoscience And Remote Sensing Letters 8:769-773. 2011 Florida Sea Temperatures
Duckworth, AR; Wolff, CW. 2011. Population dynamics and growth of two coral reef sponges on rock and rubble substrates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 402:49-55. 2011 Australia Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Green, DH; Edmunds, PJ. 2011. Spatio-temporal variability of coral recruitment on shallow reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 397:220-229. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Forestry; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lentz, JA; Blackburn, JK; Curtis, AJ. 2011. Evaluating Patterns of a White-Band Disease (WBD) Outbreak in Acropora palmata Using Spatial Analysis: A Comparison of Transect and Colony Clustering. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Climate; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Lujan, NK; German, DP; Winemiller, KO. 2011. Do wood-grazing fishes partition their niche?: morphological and isotopic evidence for trophic segregation in Neotropical Loricariidae. Functional Ecology 25:1327-1338. 2011 Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Nisola, GM; Redillas, MCFR; Cho, E; Han, M; Yoo, N; Chung, WJ. 2011. Comparison of reactive porous media for sulfur-oxidizing denitrification of high nitrate strength wastewater. Biochemical Engineering Journal 79-86. 2011 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Wastewater Discharge
Santos, IR; Glud, RN; Maher, D; Erler, D; Eyre, BD. 2011. Diel coral reef acidification driven by porewater advection in permeable carbonate sands, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Geophysical Research Letters 38. 2011 Australia Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Sediment
Van-Eyk, SM; Siebeck, UE; Champ, CM; Marshall, J; Hart, NS. 2011. Behavioural evidence for colour vision in an elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:4186-4192. 2011 Apex Fish Predators
Yamazaki, A; Watanabe, T; Ogawa, NO; Ohkouchi, N; Shirai, K; Toratani, M; Uematsu, M. 2011. Seasonal variations in the nitrogen isotope composition of Okinotori coral in the tropical western Pacific: A new proxy for marine nitrate dynamics. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 116. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Nutrients; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Abell, G. C. J., A. T. Revill, C. Smith, A. P. Bissett, J. K. Volkman, and S. S. Robert. 2010. Archaeal ammonia oxidizers and nirS-type denitrifiers dominate sediment nitrifying and denitrifying populations in a subtropical macrotidal estuary. ISME Journal 4:286-300. 2010 Australia Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Baker, D. M., E. Jordan-Dahlgren, M. A. Maldonado, and C. D. Harvell. 2010. Sea fan corals provide a stable isotope baseline for assessing sewage pollution in the Mexican Caribbean. Limnology and Oceanography 55:2139-2149. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Infrastructure; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Charpy, L., K. A. Palinska, B. Casareto, M. J. Langlade, Y. Suzuki, R. M. M. Abed, and S. Golubic. 2010. Dinitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in Microbial Mats of Two Shallow Coral Reef Ecosystems. Microbial Ecology 59:174-186. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India; Pacific Ocean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production
de Bello, F., S. Lavorel, S. Diaz, R. Harrington, J. H. C. Cornelissen, R. D. Bardgett, M. P. Berg, P. Cipriotti, C. K. Feld, D. Hering, P. M. da Silva, S. G. Potts, L. Sandin, J. P. Sousa, J. Storkey, D. A. Wardle, and P. A. Harrison. 2010. Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2873-2893. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Nutrients
Fiore, C. L., J. K. Jarett, N. D. Olson, and M. P. Lesser. 2010. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transformations in marine symbioses. Trends in Microbiology 18:455-463. 2010 Review Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Sponges
Holmes, G. and R. W. Johnstone. 2010. The role of coral mortality in nitrogen dynamics on coral reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 387:1-8. 2010 Light; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Substrate
Kimes, N. E., J. D. Van Nostrand, E. Weil, J. Z. Zhou, and P. J. Morris. 2010. Microbial functional structure of Montastraea faveolata, an important Caribbean reef-building coral, differs between healthy and yellow-band diseased colonies. Environmental Microbiology 12:541-556. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Kraft, N. J. B. and D. D. Ackerly. 2010. Functional trait and phylogenetic tests of community assembly across spatial scales in an Amazonian forest. Ecological Monographs 80:401-422. 2010 Model
Motta, P. J., M. Maslanka, R. E. Hueter, R. L. Davis, R. de la Parra, S. L. Mulvany, M. L. Habegger, J. A. Strother, K. R. Mara, J. M. Gardiner, J. P. Tyminski, and L. D. Zeigler. 2010. Feeding anatomy, filter-feeding rate, and diet of whale sharks Rhincodon typus during surface ram filter feeding off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Zoology 113:199-212. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Plankton
Schlappy, M. L., S. I. Schottner, G. Lavik, M. M. M. Kuypers, D. de Beer, and F. Hoffmann. 2010. Evidence of nitrification and denitrification in high and low microbial abundance sponges. Marine Biology 157:593-602. 2010 Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Sponges
Sherwood, O. A., B. E. Lapointe, M. J. Risk, and R. E. Jamieson. 2010. Nitrogen Isotopic Records of Terrestrial Pollution Encoded in Floridian and Bahamian Gorgonian Corals. Environmental Science and Technology 44:874-880. 2010 Florida; Bahamas Algae; Discharges; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sea Turtles; Wastewater Discharge
Burford, M. A., P. C. Rothlisberg, and A. T. Revill. 2009. Sources of nutrients driving production in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: a shallow tropical shelf system. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1044-1053. 2009 Australia Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dubois, S., L. Barille, and B. Cognie. 2009. Feeding response of the polychaete Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae) to changes in seston concentration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 376:94-101. 2009 France Algae; Bivalves; Marine Worms
Godinot, C. and N. E. Chadwick. 2009. Phosphate Excretion By Anemonefish And Uptake By Giant Sea Anemones: Demand Outstrips Supply. Bulletin of Marine Science 85:1-9. 2009 Lab Study Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Nutrients; Zooxanthellae
Hoffmann, F., R. Radax, D. Woebken, M. Holtappels, G. Lavik, H. T. Rapp, M. L. Schlappy, C. Schleper, and M. M. M. Kuypers. 2009. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environmental Microbiology 11:2228-2243. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges
Hu, C., F. Muller-Karger, B. Murch, D. Myhre, J. Taylor, R. Luerssen, C. Moses, C. Zhang, L. Gramer, and J. Hendee. 2009. Building an automated integrated observing system to detect sea surface temperature anomaly events in the Florida Keys. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 47:1607-1620. 2009 Florida Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools
Hutchins, D. A., M. R. Mulholland, and F. Fu. 2009. Nutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO2-enriched ocean. Oceanography 22:128-145. 2009 Global Review CO2; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Substrate
Millero, F. J., R. Woosley, B. Ditrolio, and J. Waters. 2009. Effect of ocean acidification on the speciation of metals in seawater. Oceanography 22:72-85. 2009 Review CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production
Miyajima, T., C. Yoshimizu, Y. Tsuboi, Y. Tanaka, I. Tayasu, T. Nagata, and I. Koike. 2009. Longitudinal distribution of nitrate delta N-15 and delta O-18 in two contrasting tropical rivers: implications for instream nitrogen cycling. Biogeochemistry 95:243-260. 2009 Southeast Asia Model Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Ohba, H., B. E. Casareto, and Y. Suzuki. 2009. Primary Producers And Nitrogen Fixers Colonizing Coral Rubble Of Coral Reefs At Ryukyus, Southern Japan. Phycologia 48. 2009 Japan Nutrients; Skeletal Coral
Olson, N. D., T. D. Ainsworth, R. D. Gates, and M. Takabayashi. 2009. Diazotrophic bacteria associated with Hawaiian Montipora corals: Diversity and abundance in correlation with symbiotic dinoflagellates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 371:140-146. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Cyanobacteria; Nutrients
Ruan, Y. J., G. Z. Luo, H. X. Tan, X. Che, Y. Jiang, and D. C. Sun. 2009. Nitrate and phosphate removal in sulphur-coral stone autotrophic denitrification packed-bed reactors. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36:923-932. 2009 Nutrient & Contaminant Processing
Sauchyn, L. K. and R. E. Scheibling. 2009. Degradation of sea urchin feces in a rocky subtidal ecosystem: implications for nutrient cycling and energy flow. Aquatic Biology 6:99-108. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Waycott, M., C. M. Duarte, T. J. B. Carruthers, R. J. Orth, W. C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J. W. Fourqurean, K. L. Heck, A. R. Hughes, G. A. Kendrick, W. J. Kenworthy, F. T. Short, and S. L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:12377-12381. 2009 Global Climate; Coastal Development; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Alongi, D. M., L. A. Trott, Rachmansyah, F. Tirendi, A. D. McKinnon, and M. C. Undu. 2008. Growth and development of mangrove forests overlying smothered coral reefs, Sulawesi and Sumatra, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 370:97-109. 2008 Indonesia Index or Indicator Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Nutrients
Alongi, D. M., L. A. Trott, and J. Pfitzner. 2008. Biogeochemistry of inter-reef sediments on the northern and central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 27:407-420. 2008 Australia; Cuba Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment
Chimetto, L. A., M. Brocchi, C. C. Thompson, R. C. R. Martins, H. R. Ramos, and F. L. Thompson. 2008. Vibrios dominate as culturable nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the Brazilian coral Mussismilia hispida. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 31:312-319. 2008 Nutrients; Stony Coral
Davey, M., G. Holmes, and R. Johnstone. 2008. High rates of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) on coral skeletons following bleaching mortality. Coral Reefs 27:227-236. 2008 Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
De Goeij, J. M., H. Van Den Berg, M. M. Van Oostveen, E. H. G. Epping, and F. C. Van Duyl. 2008. Major bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal by encrusting coral reef cavity sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 357:139-151. 2008 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Encrusting Sponges; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sponges
Dong, J., Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, S. Zhang, and H. Wang. 2008. Spatial and seasonal variations of cyanobacteria and their nitrogen fixation rates in Sanya Bay, South China Sea. Scientia Marina 72:239-251. 2008 China Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Salinity; Sediment
Gao, Q.-F., W.-Z. Xu, X.-S. Liu, S. G. Cheung, and P. K. S. Shin. 2008. Seasonal changes in C, N and P budgets of green-lipped mussels Perna viridis and removal of nutrients from fish farming in Hong Kong. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:137-146. 2008 Southeast Asia Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Nutrients
Halpern, B. S. and S. R. Floeter. 2008. Functional diversity responses to changing species richness in reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364:147-156. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish
Kroeger, K. D. and M. A. Charette. 2008. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of submarine groundwater discharge. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1025-1039. 2008 Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mayor, D. 2008. Acid oceans. Planet Earth 22-23. 2008 Global Climate; CO2; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity
Mohamed, N. M., A. S. Colman, Y. Tal, and R. T. Hill. 2008. Diversity and expression of nitrogen fixation genes in bacterial symbionts of marine sponges. Environmental Microbiology 10:2910-2921. 2008 Florida Cyanobacteria; Nutrients; Sponges
Patten, N. L., J. G. Mitchell, M. Middelboe, B. D. Eyre, L. Seuront, P. L. Harrison, and R. N. Glud. 2008. Bacterial and viral dynamics during a mass coral spawning period on the Great Barrier Reef. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 50:209-220. 2008 Australia Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment
Przeslawski, R., S. Ahyong, M. Byrne, G. Worheide, and P. Hutchings. 2008. Beyond corals and fish: The effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs. Global Change Biology 14:2773-2795. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Review Climate; Invasive Species; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Radford, C. A., A. G. Jeffs, C. T. Tindle, and J. C. Montgomery. 2008. Temporal patterns in ambient noise of biological origin from a shallow water temperate reef. Oecologia 156:921-929. 2008 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Siboni, N., E. Ben-Dov, A. Sivan, and A. Kushmaro. 2008. Global distribution and diversity of coral-associated Archaea and their possible role in the coral holobiont nitrogen cycle. Environmental Microbiology 10:2979-2990. 2008 Global; US Virgin Islands; Australia Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Vicente, M., M. Falcao, M. N. Santos, M. Caetano, D. Serpa, C. Vale, and C. Monteiro. 2008. Environmental assessment of two artificial reef systems off southern Portugal (Faro and Olhão): A question of location. Continental Shelf Research 28:839-847. 2008 Artificial Habitat; Nutrients; Sediment
Wild, C., C. Jantzen, U. Struck, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and M. Huettel. 2008. Biogeochemical responses following coral mass spawning on the Great Barrier Reef: Pelagic-benthic coupling. Coral Reefs 27:123-132. 2008 Australia Nutrients; Plankton; Stony Coral
Wild, C., C. Mayr, L. Wehrmann, S. Schottner, M. Naumann, F. Hoffmann, and H. T. Rapp. 2008. Organic matter release by cold water corals and its implication for fauna-microbe interaction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 372:67-75. 2008 Norway Nutrients; Stony Coral
Alongi, D. M., L. A. Trott, and J. Pfitzner. 2007. Deposition, mineralization, and storage of carbon and nitrogen in sediments of the far northern and northern Great Barrier Reef shelf. Continental Shelf Research 27:2595-2622. 2007 Australia; Cuba; Europe CO2; Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Charpy, L., R. Alliod, M. Rodier, and S. Golubic. 2007. Benthic nitrogen fixation in the SW New Caledonia lagoon. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 47:73-81. 2007 New Caledonia Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production
Diez, B., K. Bauer, and B. Bergman. 2007. Epilithic cyanobacterial communities of a marine tropical beach rock (Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef): Diversity and diazotrophy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:3656-3668. 2007 Australia Cyanobacteria; Nutrients
Falcao, M., M. N. Santos, M. Vicente, and C. C. Monteiro. 2007. Biogeochemical processes and nutrient cycling within an artificial reef off Southern Portugal. Marine Environmental Research 63:429-444. 2007 Artificial Habitat; Nutrients; Sediment
Kneip, C., P. Lockhart, C. Voss, and U.-G. Maier. 2007. Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes - New models for symbiosis. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7. 2007 Review; Model Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Lesser, M. P., L. I. Falcon, A. Rodriguez-Roman, S. Enriquez, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and R. Iglesias-Prieto. 2007. Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic cyanobacteria provides a source of nitrogen for the scleractinian coral Montastraea cavernosa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 346:143-152. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Mutchler, T., K. H. Dunton, A. Townsend-Small, S. Fredriksen, and M. K. Rasser. 2007. Isotopic and elemental indicators of nutrient sources and status of coastal habitats in the Caribbean Sea, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 74:449-457. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Index or Indicator Coastal Development; Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Rosenberg, E., O. Koren, L. Reshef, R. Efrony, and I. Zilber-Rosenberg. 2007. The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5:355-362. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production
Streelman, J. T., R. C. Albertson, and T. D. Kocher. 2007. Variation in body size and trophic morphology within and among genetically differentiated populations of the cichlid fish, Metriaclima zebra, from Lake Malawi. Freshwater Biology 52:525-538. 2007 Fish; Plankton; Sediment
Altieri, A. H. and J. D. Witman. 2006. Local extinction of a foundation species in a hypoxic estuary: Integrating individuals to ecosystem. Ecology 87:717-730. 2006 Model Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Plankton; Seastars
Gili, J.-M., S. Rossi, F. Pages, C. Orejas, N. Teixido, P. J. Lopez-Gonzalez, and W. E. Arntz. 2006. A new trophic link between the pelagic and benthic systems on the Antarctic shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series 322:43-49. 2006 Octocoral; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment
Hase, C., M. Al-Qutob, Z. Dubinsky, E. A. Ibrahim, B. Lazar, N. Stambler, and M. M. Tilzer. 2006. A system in balance? - Implications of deep vertical mixing for the nitrogen budget in the northern Red Sea, including the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat). Biogeosciences Discussions 3:383-408. 2006 Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Primary Production
Alongi, D.M., A.D. McKinnon. 2005. The cycling and fate of terrestrially-derived sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef shelf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:239-252. 2005 Australia; Europe Cyanobacteria; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Antonelli, P. L. 2005. The differential geometry of starfish cycles: A 20-year retrospective and open problems. Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods and Applications 63:948-957. 2005 Model Seastars
Bell, P. R. F. and F.-X. Fu. 2005. Effect of light on growth, pigmentation and N2 fixation of cultured Trichodesmium sp. from the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Hydrobiologia 543:25-35. 2005 Australia Lab Study Nutrients
Carruthers, T. J. B., B. I. Van Tussenbroek, and W. C. Dennison. 2005. Influence of submarine springs and wastewater on nutrient dynamics of Caribbean seagrass meadows. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64:191-199. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Hotel & Food Services; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Charpy, L. 2005. Importance of photosynthetic picoplankton in coral reef ecosystems. Vie et Milieu 55:217-223. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Fiji Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton
Charpy-Roubaud, C. and A. W. D. Larkum. 2005. Dinitrogen fixation by exposed communities on the rim of Tikehau atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 24:622-628. 2005 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Costanzo, S.D., J. Murby, J. Bates. 2005. Ecosystem response to antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:218-223. 2005 Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Kayanne, H., M. Hirota, M. Yamamuro, and I. Koike. 2005. Nitrogen fixation of filamentous cyanobacteria in a coral reef measured using three different methods. Coral Reefs 24:197-200. 2005 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Ribak, G., J. Heller, and A. Genin. 2005. Mucus-net feeding on organic particles by the vermetid gastropod Dendropoma maximum in and below the surf zone. Marine Ecology Progress Series 293:77-87. 2005 Lab Study
Seymour, J. R., N. Patten, D. G. Bourne, and J. G. Mitchell. 2005. Spatial dynamics of virus-like particles and heterotrophic bacteria within a shallow coral reef system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 288:8-Jan. 2005 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton
Davies, P. 2004. Nutrient processes and chlorophyll in the estuaries and plume of the Gulf of Papua. Continental Shelf Research 24:2317-2341. 2004 Remote Sensing Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gopinath, A., N. C. Kumar, D. Padmalal, and S. M. Nair. 2004. Speciation of nitrogen in the coral reef sedimentary environment of Lakshadweep Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Chemistry and Ecology 20:267-278. 2004 Indian Ocean; India Nutrients; Sediment
Lesser, M. P., C. H. Mazel, M. Y. Gorbunov, and P. G. Falkowski. 2004. Discovery of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in corals. Science 305:997-1000. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Rodriguez, W. and I. C. Feller. 2004. Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays, Belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data. Atoll Research Bulletin 22-Jan. 2004 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Deforestation & Devegetation; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Nutrients
Zhou, X.-D. and B.-L. Shi. 2004. User's relevance feedback method based on information filtering in content-based image Retrieval. Jisuanji Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Computers 27:1505-1513. 2004
Griggs, E. M., L. R. Kump, and J. K. Bohlke. 2003. The fate of wastewater-derived nitrate in the subsurface of the Florida Keys: Key Colony Beach, Florida. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 58:517-539. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Hochberg, E. J., S. Andrefouet, and M. R. Tyler. 2003. Sea surface correction of high spatial resolution ikonos images to improve bottom mapping in near-shore environments. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41:1724-1729. 2003 Bahamas GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Substrate
Peng, Z., T. Chen, B. Nie, G. Liu, J. He, and J. Cheng. 2003. The variability of winter monsoon intensity in Xisha waters, South China Sea for the last more than 50 years. Acta Geographica Sinica 58:721-726. 2003 Global; China Index or Indicator Stony Coral
Thorburn, P. J., J. S. Biggs, K. L. Weier, and B. A. Keating. 2003. Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 94:49-58. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Angel, D. L. and E. Spanier. 2002. An application of artificial reefs to reduce organic enrichment caused by net-cage fish farming: Preliminary results. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tunicates
Samkutty, P. J. and R. H. Gough. 2002. Filtration treatment of dairy processing wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering 37:195-199. 2002 Lab Study Wastewater Discharge
Yahel, R., G. Yahel, and A. Genin. 2002. Daily cycles of suspended sand at coral reefs: A biological control. Limnology and Oceanography 47:1071-1083. 2002 Fish; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
[No author name available]. 2001. Woven technical backings covered with polymers, meant for coast marine activities [Suporturi tehnice ţesute acoperite cu polimeri pentru activitǎţi marine costiere]. Industria Textila 52:222-223. 2001 Artificial Habitat
Diaz, M.C., K. Rutzler. 2001. Sponges: an essential component of caribbean coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:535-546. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sponges
Miyajima, T., M. Suzumura, Y. Umezawa, and I. Koike. 2001. Microbiological nitrogen transformation in carbonate sediments of a coral-reef lagoon and associated seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 217:273-286. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba Algae; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Iizumi, H. and M. Yamamuro. 2000. Nitrogen fixation activity by periphytic blue-green algae in a seagrass bed on the great barrier reef. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 34:69-73. 2000 Australia; Fiji Index or Indicator Algae; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Jean-Baptiste, P. and A. M. Leclerc. 2000. Self-limiting geothermal convection in marine carbonate platforms. Geophysical Research Letters 27:743-746. 2000 Model Nutrients
Riding, R. 2000. Microbial carbonates: The geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47:179-214. 2000 Algae; CO2; Cyanobacteria; Invertebrates; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Plankton; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Viles, H. A., T. Spencer, K. Teleki, and C. Cox. 2000. Observations on 16 years of microfloral recolonization data from limestone surfaces, Aldabra Atoll, Indian ocean: Implications for biological weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25:1355-1370. 2000 Indian Ocean; India Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Bell, P. R. F., I. Elmetri, and P. Uwins. 1999. Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp. in the Central and Northern Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: Relative importance of the fixed-nitrogen load. Marine Ecology Progress Series 186:119-126. 1999 Australia Discharges; Nutrients; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kline Jr., T. C. and R. A. Lewin. 1999. Natural 15N/14N abundance as evidence for N2 fixation by Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) endosymbiotic with didemnid ascidians. Symbiosis 26:193-198. 1999 Palau Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Sterr, H., V. Ittekkot, and R. J. T. Klein. 1999. Oceans and coasts responding to future climatic change [Weltmeere und kusten im wandel des klimas]. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 143:24-31. 1999 Global Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes
Wilkinson, C. R., R. E. Summons, and E. Evans. 1999. Nitrogen fixation in symbiotic marine sponges: Ecological significance and difficulties in detection. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:667-673. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sponges
Zhang, M., K. Carder, F. E. Muller-Karger, Z. Lee, and D. B. Goldgof. 1999. Noise reduction and atmospheric correction for coastal applications of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 70:167-180. 1999 Florida GIS & Maps
Bergstrom, D. M. and C. E. Tweedie. 1998. A conceptual model for integrative studies of epiphytes: Nitrogen utilisation, a case study. Australian Journal of Botany 46:273-280. 1998 Model Nutrients
Ferrier-Pages, C., J.-P. Gattuso, G. Cauwet, J. Jaubert, and D. Allemand. 1998. Release of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen by the zooxanthellate coral Galaxea fascicularis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 172:265-274. 1998 Lab Study Microorganisms; Nutrients
France, R., J. Holmquist, M. Chandler, and A. Cattaneo. 1998. δ15N evidence for nitrogen fixation associated with macroalgae from a seagrass-mangrove-coral reef system. Marine Ecology Progress Series 167:297-299. 1998 Puerto Rico Algae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hader, D.-P., H. D. Kumar, R. C. Smith, and R. C. Worrest. 1998. Effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 46:53-68. 1998 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Climate; Cyanobacteria; Light; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Wetlands
Lugo-Fernandez, A., H. H. Roberts, W. J. Wiseman Jr. 1998. Tide effects on wave attenuation and wave set-up on a Caribbean coral reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 47:385-393. 1998 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Marfurt, K. J., R. M. Scheet, J. A. Sharp, and M. G. Harper. 1998. Suppression of the acquisition footprint for seismic sequence attribute mapping. Geophysics 63:1024-1035. 1998 GIS & Maps
Pitt, R.; Robertson, B.; and Field, R. 1998. Innovative Multi-Chambered Stormwater Control Device for Critical Source Areas. Proc. Adv. in Urban Wet Weather Pollut. Reduction , Cleveland, Ohio, WEF (CP3805), 141. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Impervious Surfaces; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation Policies
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Uthicke, S. and D. W. Klumpp. 1998. Microphytobenthos community production at a near-shore coral reef: Seasonal variation and response to ammonium recycled by holothurians. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169:11-Jan. 1998 Australia Algae; Echinoderms; Light; Nutrients; Sediment
Williams, S. L. and R. C. Carpenter. 1998. Effects of unidirectional and oscillatory water flow on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in coral reef algal turfs, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 226:293-316. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Primary Production; Seawater Flow
Barnabe, G. and R. Barnabe-Quet. 1997. Ecology and management of coastal waters [Ecologie et amenagement des eaux cotieres]. Ecologie et amenagement des eaux cotieres. 1997 Index or Indicator Molluscs; Substrate; Wastewater Discharge
Chandramohan, D. 1997. Recent advances in marine microbiology: The Indian scenario. Journal of Marine Biotechnology 5:73-81. 1997 India Review Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pathogens
Diaz, M. C. and B. B. Ward. 1997. Sponge-mediated nitrification in tropical benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 156:97-107. 1997 South & Central America; Cuba; Belize; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Pandey, J. S. and P. Khanna. 1997. Sensitivity analysis of a mangrove ecosystem model. Journal of Environmental Systems 26:57-72. 1997 Model Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients
Pittet, B. and A. Strasser. 1997. Long-distance correlations by sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy: Examples and implications (Oxfordian from the Swiss Jura, Spain, and Normandy). Geologische Rundschau 86:852-874. 1997 Spain Climate; Sediment
Williams, S. L. and R. C. Carpenter. 1997. Grazing effects on nitrogen fixation in coral reef algal turfs. Marine Biology 130:223-231. 1997 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jean, A., A. Soyer, Y. Epelboin, and J. P. Ouhayoun. 1996. Digital image ratio: A new radiographic method for quantifying changes in alveolar bone. Part II: Clinical application. Journal of Periodontal Research 31:533-539. 1996 Pathogens
Laws, E. A. and C. B. Allen. 1996. Water quality in a subtropical embayment more than a decade after diversion of sewage discharges. Pacific Science 50:194-210. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Cyanobacteria; Discharges; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shashar, N., T. Feldstein, Y. Cohen, and Y. Loya. 1994. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) on a coral reef. Coral Reefs 13:171-174. 1994 Nutrients
Shashar, N., Y. Cohen, Y. Loya, and N. Sar. 1994. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in stony corals - Evidence for coral-bacteria interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 111:259-264. 1994 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Bunt, C. M., H. J. Maclsaac, and W. G. Sprules. 1993. Pumping rates and projected filtering impacts of juvenile zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in western Lake Erie. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:1017-1022. 1993
Morell, J. M. and J. E. Corredor. 1993. Sediment Nitrogen Trapping in a Mangrove Lagoon. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 37:203-212. 1993 Puerto Rico Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Moriarty, D. J. W. and M. J. O'Donohue. 1993. Nitrogen fixation in seagrass communities during summer in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:117-125. 1993 Australia Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Bell, P. R. F. 1992. Eutrophication and coral reefs - Some examples in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Water Research 26:553-568. 1992 Australia Index or Indicator Algae; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Seastars; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Carpenter, E. J., D. G. Capone, and J. G. Rueter. 1992. Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs. Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs. 1992 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Thailand; Caribbean; Germany Remote Sensing Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting
Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. 1992. Results of the USSR-USA expedition in marine biology to the Seychelles Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1992 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Algae; Invertebrates; Light; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral
MacIsaac, H. J., G. Sprules, O. E. Johannson, and J. H. Leach. 1992. Filtering impacts of larval and sessile zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in western Lake Erie. Oecologia 92:30-39. 1992 Lab Study Bivalves; Plankton
Hopkinson Jr, C. S., R. D. Fallon, B.-O. Jansson, and J. P. Schubauer. 1991. Community metabolism and nutrient cycling at Gray's Reef, a hard bottom habitat in the Georgia Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series 73:105-120. 1991 Nutrients; Primary Production; Sediment; Sponges
Charpy-Roubaud, C. J., L. Charpy, and J. L. Cremoux. 1990. Nutrient budget of the lagoonal waters in an open central South Pacific atoll (Tikehau, Tuamotu, French Polynesia). Marine Biology 107:67-73. 1990 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Alongi, D. M. 1989. Benthic processes across mixed terrigenous-carbonate sedimentary facies on the central Great Barrier Reef continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 9:629-663. 1989 Australia; Cuba Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bell, P. R. F., P. F. Greenfield, D. Hawker, and D. Connell. 1989. The impact of waste discharges on coral reef regions. Water Science and Technology 21:121-130. 1989 Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Bethoux, J. P. 1988. Red Sea geochemical budgets and exchanges with the Indian Ocean. Marine Chemistry 24:83-92. 1988 Global; Indian Ocean; India Discharges; Nutrients; Primary Production
D'Elia, C. F. 1988. The cycling of essential elements in coral reefs. Pages 195-230 Concepts of ecosystem ecology. 1988 Review Nutrients
Larkum, A. W. D. 1988. High rates of nitrogen fixation on coral skeletons after predation by the crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Marine Biology 97:503-506. 1988 Australia Algae; Nutrients; Seastars
Larkum, A. W. D., I. R. Kennedy, and W. J. Muller. 1988. Nitrogen fixation on a coral reef. Marine Biology 98:143-155. 1988 Australia Algae; Fish; Nutrients; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
Morrissey, J., M.S. Jones, and V. Harriot. 1988. Nutrient cycling in the Great Barrier Reef Aquarium. Pages 563-7 in Proceedings of the 6th Int Coral Reef Sym. 1988 Australia Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Nutrients
Schubauer, J. P. 1988. Metabolism and Nutrient Cycling By Marine Sponges. University of Georgia, Athens. 1988 Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sponges
Antonelli, P. L., R. J. Elliott, and R. M. Seymour. 1987. Nonlinear filtering and Riemannian scalar curvature, R. Advances in Applied Mathematics 8:237-253. 1987 Model Seastars
Welborn, C.T.; Veenhuis, J.E. 1987. Effects of Runoff Controls on the Quantity and Quality of Urban Runoff at Two Locations in Austin, Texas., Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4004, 1987. 101p, 51 fig, 14 tab, 13 ref. 1987 Discharges; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Williams, W. M., A. B. Viner, and W. J. Broughton. 1987. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with the living coral Acropora variabilis. Marine Biology 94:531-535. 1987 Cuba; Malaysia CO2; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Adey, W. H. and R. S. Steneck. 1985. Highly productive eastern caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of biological, chemical, physical, and geological factors. Pages 163-187 1985 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae; Water Depth & Sea Level
Deguchi, Y., T. Kobashi, H. Sugita, and F. I. Kamemoto. 1985. Influence Of Several Filter Materials In The Sea Water Of Recirculating Water Filtering System. Pages 641-647 in [No source information available]. 1985 Fish
Froelich, Alina Szmant. 1985. The Ecology of Coral Reefs: Symposia Series for Undersea Research. NOAA. 1985 Nutrients
Rayner, R. F. and E. A. Drew. 1984. Nutrient concentrations and primary productivity at the Peros Banhos and Salomon atolls in the Chagos Archipelago. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 18:121-132. 1984 Chagos Archipelago Nutrients; Primary Production
Wilkinson, C. R., D. M. Williams, P. W. Sammarco, R. W. Hogg, and L. A. Trott. 1984. Rates of nitrogen fixation on coral reefs across the continental shelf of the central Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 80:255-262. 1984 Australia Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Wilkinson, C. R. and P. Fay. 1979. Nitrogen fixation in coral reef sponges with symbiotic cyanobacteria. Nature 279:527-529. 1979 Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sponges
Brawley, S. H. and W. H. Adey. 1977. Territorial behavior of threespot damselfish (Eupomacentrus planifrons) increases reef algal biomass and productivity. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2:45-51. 1977 Jamaica Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Capone, D. G., D. L. Taylor, and B. F. Taylor. 1977. Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with macroalgae in a coral-reef community in the Bahamas. Marine Biology 40:29-32. 1977 Bahamas Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Hanson, R. B. and K. Gundersen. 1977. Relationship between nitrogen fixation (Acetylene reduction) and the C:N ratio in a polluted coral reef ecosystem, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 5:437-444. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Hanson, R. B. and K. Gundersen. 1976. Influence of sewage discharge on nitrogen fixation and nitrogen flux from coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31:942-948. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Skeletal Coral
Rohde, K. and R. Sandland. 1975. Factors influencing clustering in the intertidal snail Cerithium moniliferum. Marine Biology 30:203-215. 1975 Australia Snails & Conch
Wiebe, W. J., R. E. Johannes, and K. L. Webb. 1975. Nitrogen fixation in a coral reef community. Science 188:257-259. 1975 Marshall Islands Agriculture; Nutrients
Sorokin, Y. I. 1973. Trophical role of bacteria in the ecosystem of the Coral Reef. Nature 242:415-417. 1973 Microorganisms; Nutrients
Bunt, J. S., K. E. Cooksey, M. A. Heeb, C. C. Lee, and B. F. Taylor. 1970. Assay of algal nitrogen fixation in the marine subtropics by acetylene reduction. Nature 227:1163-1164. 1970 Florida; Bahamas; Cuba Algae; Nutrients; Sediment

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Pond Sealing Waste treatment ponds and pits are useful methods of treatment, but premature seepage from these storage impoundments would also have negative impacts. Bentonite Liner Treatment, Compacted Clay Treatment, Flexible membrane, and Soil Dispersant Treatment are all options for sealing treatment impoundments, depending on the specific soil suitability and other criteria. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Sewage Treatment; Supporting Services; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Bivalve Aquaculture Biofouling Control These management options reduce, clean or remove biofouling organisms and other waste from bivalve production areas while minimizing environmental risk. Aquaculture shellfish production requires adequate food availability and water of dependable quantity and quality. Aquaculture operations and gear must have a minimal adverse impact on the surrounding water, plant, animal and human resources. Biofouling is detrimental to shellfish production, increasing exposure to pathogens, reducing the available food stuffs, and increasing organic loading. Only environmentally appropriate biofoul control methods should be used, and fouling organisms and algae should be disposed of appropriately to avoid local degradation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA.

Algae; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Domestic Animal Waste; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Improved Technology; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Octopus & Squid; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Snails & Conch; Supplemental Feeding
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Composting Composting involves the controlled aerobic decomposition of manure or other organic material by micro-organisms into a biologically stable organic material that is suitable for use as a soil supplement. Composting should be part of nutrient management plans because it reduces the pollution potential of organic wastes. Smaller scale household composting may reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream, where again it may have greater pollution potential. Larger volumes of material may require construction of containment facilities to ensure pollutants aren't able to enter runoff water in high concentrations. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Landscaping & Household Services; Littering; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Data Management & Decision Tools: Research and Model Causal Linkage Between Pollutants and Ecological Impact This involves conducting research to identify and document causal linkages between discharge water pollutants and specific, quantifiable ecological problems. The natural environment naturally assimilates some pollutants, but has thresholds for this type of contaminant processing. Different hydrology, biology and spatial/temporal factors are all going to play a roll in the linkage between pollutants and ecological problems, meaning modeling and risk assessment can be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Sewage Treatment; Stormwater Management; Sunscreen Use; Supporting Services; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Discharge Controls: Air Filtration & Scrubbing The management option reduces emissions of air contaminants from structures through interception and/or collection. These filters and scrubbers can be implemented on ventilation emitting particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, odorous sulfur compounds, methane or other greenhouse gasses. There are many alternative filters and scrubbers depending on the ventilation system and the characteristics of the emissions. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; CO2; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Regulating Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Resource Use Management: Develop Regulations for Sponge Fisheries Sponges play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration. Depending on the method of removal, this process can be very destructive to other reef fauna and habitat. Research is needed to compare impacts of different sponge fishing methods in different areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Educational & Research Opportunities; Encrusting Sponges; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementing engineering techniques that allow natural processes and plants to act as filters. Such techniques would include using grass parking and turf covered swales. Many of these techniques, such as reversed elevations for planted areas in parking lots, can demonstrate benefits both as natural filters and for the vegetation that are used since it eliminates the need to water them with irrigation systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Basic Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bioretention System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Constructed Wetland. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Filter Strips. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Reversed Elevations System for Parking Lots and Planting Areas. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Riparian Forest Buffer. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Roadway Landscape Treatment System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Pond Design. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Sustained Reservoir Minimum Release of Minimum Baseflow to Sustain Aquatic Habitat In some regions, even high intensity rivers (e.g. Rio Loco, Puerto Rico) are seasonal, drying for long enough to kill aquatic vegetation. Creating a constant baseflow would help sustain aquatic life and ultimately help to process nutrients. High intensity rivers are already prone to extreme channel erosion from the high flow rates, this erosion is even greater without any benthic biota to hold sediment on the river bottom. Restricting the release of reservoir water to that required to maintain aquatic biota would reduce the intensity of flow, stabilize the river bottom, create habitat and naturally process nutrients that could potentially contribute to eutrophication out on the coral reef. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Algae; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Climate; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Primary Production; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utilities; Waste Management; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Retention/Detention This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of natural structures that retain runoff water for further treatment or controlled release. These structures are typically characterized as retention ponds and incorporate natural vegetation such as grass. These ponds may be dry, or may drain into nearby wetlands. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Extended Detention Ponds. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Poresky, A., Clary, J., Strecker, E., and Earles, A. 2011. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Technical Summary: Volume Reduction. Geosyntec Consultants.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Stormwater Pollution Reduction Through Instituting Preventitive Best Management Practices This method focuses on reducing the amount of harmful contaminants in stormwater runoff by establishing Best Management Practices that prevent the generation of the pollutant to begin with. These BMPs include educational programs, infrastructure improvements and agricultural BMPs. Examples of educational programs would be programs that educate the public on the importance of, and how to avoid depositing hazardous wastes, such as oil, into storm drains, or how to use landscape management controls to limit the chemical and debris that from enter stormwater runoff from their personal lawns. Infrastructure improvement could include the use of alternative turnarounds and street cleaning. Agricultural practices such as roofs and covers for pesticides and equipment, or use of bedding are both preventative stormwater practices. Some additional specific practices include: controlling fertilizer application, properly using and disposing of fertilizers, pesticides, motor oil, and other harmful chemicals, debris removal, exposure reduction, minimization of pollutants, parking lot cleaning, stormwater catch basin insert, eliminate curbs and gutters, green parking, green roofs, street design and patterns, bedding. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. Alternative Turnarounds. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Eliminate Curbs and Gutters. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Parking. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Roofs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Street Design and Patterns. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Agriculture; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Housing; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Mining; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Industry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Landfill & Solid Waste Disposal Site Assessment Strategy This option seeks to reduce/eliminate pollution from leaching at landfill sites. High risk, old landfill sites that may have hazardous waste must be identified. Once identified, monitoring at these landfills should be intensified to insure leaching does not occur into marine systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health; Health Policies; Littering; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Water Quality Management: Reduce Pollution & Discharges from Marinas & Live-Aboards This management option strives to reduce and eliminate the discharge of wastewater and pollution within zones near corals. In many instances, "no-discharge" zones already exist and are simply poorly enforced. In other instances the discharge limits are not stringent enough. Successful regulation requires marinas to be equipped with the proper infrastructure to support transfer of wastewater from vessels to shore-side for treatment. This infrastructure includes: pump-out facilities and mobile pump-out services. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Cyanobacteria; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Health; Health Policies; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Treating Effluent Water Through Wetlands Additional treatment of sewage is often a necessary management option because secondary treatment alone leaves 20,000 times more nutrients in the water than the safe limit for corals. High concentrations of nutrients in the water leads to eutrophication, and coral reefs are more sensitive to nutrient enrichment than any other coastal system. Wetlands are extremely successful at reducing nitrogen levels in water. Using natural wetlands or "living machines" to perform this task can actually be more cost effective than further sewage treatment. Each successive wetland treatment cell of the series can provide incredible levels of denitrification, and thus protect corals from nutrient enrichment. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2003. Waste Treatment Lagoon. CODE 359. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Sewage Treatment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Lagoon Restoration Many times lagoons/wetlands are filled for urban development, agricultural development, etc. Lagoons/wetlands are a sink for nutrients, sediment, and contaminants. Wetlands close to reef watersheds can be huge contributors to reef health. This is because wetlands intercept surface-water runoff from higher, drier land and retain excess nutrients and pollutants. Also, lagoons are beneficial because they provide habitat for an array of wildlife. Overall, they can greatly reduce the amount nutrient-contaminated water that reaches corals. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Control River Volume Using Dams and Resevoirs Constructing dams and creating reservoirs can have many affects, both positive and negative. Like smaller scale structural stormwater retention (#263), this management option retains groundwater for later controlled release. On this scale, the creation of a reservoir may require flooding of an area behind the dam that had other uses (e.g. agriculture). Proper vegetation can be used in and around the reservoir to incorporate biological filtration (#261). Slowing the release of water into rivers reduces the intensity of flow, reducing channel erosion. However, water should still be released consistently to allow for aquatic habitat to be maintained on the river bottom (#8). Lastly, with the correct infrastructure, a dam can be used as a sustainable hydroelectric energy source. Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification. EPA 841-B-07-002, Office of Water, Washington, DC.

Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Stream Bank Riparian Plantings Planting native vegetation and trees in riparian zones helps to reduce erosion within channels. Such vegetation helps anchor the soil and sediment in place. Planting in riparian zones goes in hand with Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure (#274). This management option can be exercised in streams, canals used for boat passage, stormwater drainage ditches, or in agricultural irrigation channels. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Carbon Storage & Cycling; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Sediment; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Utilities; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Administrative fines for damaging State Lands of products thereof, 18-14 Florida Administrative Code. 18-14.003 Violations. It shall be a violation of this rule for any person or the agent of any person to knowingly refuse to comply with any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., willfully violate any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., or to willfully damage state land (the ownership or boundaries of which have been established by the state) or products thereof, by doing any of the following: (1) Fill, excavate, or dredge, including prop dredging in a manner which produces a defined channel, on state land without the lease, license, easement or other form of consent required by the Board. (2) Remove, in violation of state or federal law, any product from state land without written approval or specific exemption from the Board or Department. (3) Discharge contaminants, wastes, effluents, sewage or any other pollutant as defined in Chapter 376 or Chapter 403, F.S., on, under or over state land; when such discharge is in violation of Chapter 403 or conditions of a permit issued pursuant to that chapter, or conditions of a lease or easement issued pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S. - 37 (4) Maintain, place or build permanent or temporary structures, including, but not limited to, additions to existing structures; all structures whose use is not water-dependent; sanitary septic systems; fences, docks and pilings; houses; oil rigs; and utility installations on or over state land without consent or authority from the Board or Department. (5) Place garbage, refuse, or debris on or over state land without approval by the Board or Department. (6) Any other willful act that causes damage to state land, or products thereof, when such activity occurs without the required approval by the Board or Department.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling and limiting excavation and dredging, as well as discharge of contaminants, wastes, sewage, and other pollutants will assist in keeping sediment and pollutants from reaching the coral reefs and causing degradation of reef organisms..

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Administrative Fines for Damaging State Lands or Products Thereof 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Substrate; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Chapter 7: Water pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. In coordination with EPA through Section 401 of the Clean Water Act, establishes controls for the discharge of wastewater and other pollutants to waters of the USVI, sets water quality standards. The Commissioner sets water quality standards applicable to he United States Virgin Islands to protect the public health and welfare and the present and future usa of such waters for public water supplies, propagation of fish, aquatic life and wildlife , recreational purposes and other legitamate uses. The standards are to be reviewed every three years.

Application to Coral Reefs:Water of polluted quality is detrimental to propagation and survival of coral reef organisms. Setting appropriate water quality standards will play a major role in protecting coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more than $75,000 per day of violation. A second conviction can be punishable up to a fine of $100,000, six years in jail, or both.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Biocriteria; Discharges; Health Policies; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Clean Air Act, 42 United States Code §§ 7400 et seq. To ensure Americans have clean air to breath, and to protect the environment from air pollution. Regulates air emmissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Charges federal land managers with direct responsibility to protect the "air quality and related values" of land under their control. The "related values" include fish and widlife and their habitats. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibility for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act would decrease carbon dioxide emissions from sources in the United States, thereby making a contribution toward reducing ocean acidification, which is one of the problems contributing to coral reef decline.

Legislative Actions:Response will differ from State to State because many Sates have been delegated to administer the Clean Air Act. However, States cannot have air quality standards less stringent then the federal standards. State air pollution agencies hold permit hearings and fines industries that violate air quality limits. States must develop state implementation plans that require approval by EPA.

Comments:The 1990 amendments authorized the Acid Deposition Control Program, a program to control 189 toxic pollutants, established permit program requirements, expanded and modified the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and expanded and modified enforcement authority. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Transportation Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Clean Water Act of 1974, 33 United States Code § 1252. To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act can be used to establish water quality standards for the disharge of pollutants into surface waters. Section 101 (3) stated that it will be the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts will be prohibited. The legislation employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. The tools are employed to achieve the broad goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water."

Legislative Actions:During the late 1980's, the program shifted from program-by-program, source by source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic water-shed strategies. Under the watershed approach equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired waters. Also during the 1980's, voluntary programs for nonpoint runoff and regulatory programs for wet weather point sources began to be addressed.

Comments:The Federal Water Pollution Contrl Act Amendments of 1972, PL 92-500, replaced the previous language of the Act entirely, including the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1965, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, all of which had been amendments of the Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956. The 1977 amendments, PL 95-217, further amended PL 92-500. 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territories 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Drinking Water Supply; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Delegation of the Environmental Resource Program to Local Governments, 62-344 Florida Administrative Code. (1) This chapter guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments in accordance with the provisions of Sections 373.103(8) and 373.441, F.S. This chapter also constitutes the Department�s authorization, in accordance with Section 373.103(8), F.S., for delegations of the environmental resource permit program from the water management districts to local governments provided that the procedures for delegation contained in this chapter are followed by the Districts. Delegations from the Department and Districts shall be for the respective environmental resource permit program responsibilities of the Department and the Suwannee River, St. Johns River, Southwest Florida and South Florida Water Management Districts, as set forth in operating agreements listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C. Delegation agreements between the Department and local governments shall be listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C., and delegation agreements between the Districts and local governments shall be listed in Chapters 40B-1, 40C-1, 40D-1, and 40E-1, F.A.C. (2) Nothing in this chapter shall preclude the Department, Districts, and local governments from entering into contracts or interagency agreements as provided by law. (3) Except as specifically provided in this chapter, nothing herein shall prevent a local government from adopting and implementing an environmental regulatory program pursuant to its own authority. (4) It is an objective of the Department and Districts to protect the functions of entire ecological systems, as defined and developed in the programs, rules and plans of the Department and water management districts. It is the intent of the Department and Districts that any local government receiving delegation of all or a portion of the environmental resource program carry out that program in a manner consistent with this objective. This paragraph shall not be construed or applied as additional permitting criteria beyond those adopted by the reviewing agency or the local government.

Application to Coral Reefs:In theory, delegating stormwater pond construction and wetland functional determinations, as well as most otrher issues related to stormwater and wetlands, to local government will produce more efficient permitting and oversight. Therefore, treated water that is discharged and reaches any ecosystem should contain less contamination than the same water if it had not treated.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Manufacturing & Trade; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Domestic Wastewater Facilities, 62-600 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Section 403.021(2), Florida Statutes, as amended, the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act, established that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Toward this end, Sections 403.085 and 403.086, Florida Statutes, set forth requirements for the treatment and reuse or disposal of domestic wastewater. Section 403.051(2)(a), Florida Statutes, requires that any Department planning, design, construction, modification, or operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities be developed as a rule. This chapter is promulgated to implement the provisions and requirements of Sections 120.53(1), 120.55, 403.021, 403.051, 403.061, 403.062, 403.064, 403.085, 403.086, 403.087, 403.088, 403.0881, 403.101, 403.131, 403.161, 403.182, 403.859, and 403.918, Florida Statutes, concerning domestic wastewater facilities. - 442 (2) The requirements of this chapter represent the specific requirements of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and of Local Pollution Control Programs approved and established pursuant to Section 403.182, Florida Statutes, where such authority has been delegated to those programs. It may be necessary for domestic wastewater facilities to conform with requirements of other agencies, established via interagency agreements (e.g., for mosquito control); the absence of reference to such arrangements in this chapter does not negate the need for compliance with those requirements. (3) The purpose of Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., is to provide minimum standards for the design of domestic wastewater facilities and to establish minimum treatment and disinfection requirements for the operation of domestic wastewater facilities. All systems shall be designed in accordance with sound engineering practice. Supported by moderating provisions, it is intended that Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., establish a framework whereby design flexibility and sound engineering practice can be used in developing systems with which to manage domestic wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. (4) As appropriate, Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., shall be used in conjunction with other Department rules relating to the design and operation and maintenance of domestic wastewater facilities. (5) Standards and requirements in this chapter shall apply only to domestic wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal facilities (including residuals management facilities). (a) Standards and requirements shall apply to all new facilities and modifications or expansions of existing facilities that submit complete permit applications to the Department after July 1, 1991. (b) Standards and requirements shall apply to all existing facilities that submit complete applications for permit renewal after July 1, 1991. (6) Domestic wastewater facilities that submit complete permit applications on or before July 1, 1991, may: (a) Continue to comply with the rule requirements that were in effect at the time the permit was issued and with the conditions of the existing construction or operation permit until the expiration of such permit, or (b) Opt to comply with the requirements of this revised chapter. (7) The standards and requirements of Part II of Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., and Rules 62-600.500 and 62-600.530, F.A.C., shall be applicable to septic tank drainfield systems and other on-site waste treatment systems with subsurface disposal regulated by this chapter. The reliability requirements of paragraph 62-600.400(1)(b), F.A.C., shall not apply to such septic tank drainfield systems and other on-site waste treatment systems. (8) The discharge limitation of subsection 62-600.510(4), F.A.C., shall not be applicable to facilities permitted on or before January 1, 1982, that discharge into Class II waters or Class III waters which are subsequently reclassified as Class II waters. (9) This chapter provides for exemptions, allowances for existing facilities and variations from standards and requirements. Unless specifically provided otherwise, no wastewater permit shall be issued or renewed unless the permit applicant demonstrates that the subject facility is in compliance with the applicable provisions of this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:Setting construction and treatment water quality criteria for wastewater facilities will provide a system of less contaminated water being discharged to surface waters. The environmental impact of the wastewater will be less harmful to ecosystems.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the processes for planning, design, construction, modification, or operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Biocriteria; Building & Home Construction; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant monitoring, 62-601 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Section 403.051(2)(a), Florida Statutes, as amended, part of the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act, requires that any Department operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities be developed as a rule. This rule is promulgated to implement the provisions and requirements of the Act concerning domestic wastewater treatment plant monitoring. (2) The purpose of Chapter 62-601, F.A.C., is to ensure that owners and operators of domestic wastewater treatment facilities maintain accurate records and submit reports required by this Chapter in a timely, accurate, cost-effective and uniform manner. (3) Standards and requirements in this chapter shall apply only to domestic wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal facilities (including residuals management facilities). The standards and requirements are not applicable to facilities described in Rules 62-600.120(1) and (2), F.A.C. (a) Standards and requirements shall apply to all new facilities and modifications or expansions of existing facilities that submit complete permit applications to the Department after July 1, 1991. (b) Standards and requirements shall apply to all existing facilities that submit complete applications for permit renewal after July 1, 1991. (4) Domestic wastewater facilities that submit complete permit applications on or before July 1, 1991 may: (a) Continue to comply with the rule requirements that were in effect at the time the permit was issued and with the conditions of the existing construction or operation permit until the expiration of such permit, or (b) Opt to comply with the requirements of this revised chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:Setting monitoring requirements and treatment water quality criteria for wastewater facilities will provide a system of less contaminated water being discharged to surface waters. The environmental impact of the wastewater will be less harmful to ecosystems.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:to implement the provisions and requirements concerning domestic wastewater treatment plant monitoring 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Biocriteria; Building & Home Construction; Discharge Limitations; Manufacturing & Trade; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Environmental resource permitting procedures, 62-343 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2003). The rule provides the procedural requirements for processing environmental resource permits and obtaining formal determinations of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring permits for projects related to environmental resources will indirectly protect environmental habitats. The permits are related to stormwater managemnt systems including discharges to wetlands. The permit conditions can limit toxics, nutrients and sediment that would be discharged to the environment if the rule were not in place.

Legislative Actions:The rule is procedural and does not have fines or penalties.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Permitting & Zoning; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands
Environmental Resource Permitting, 62-330 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2005). Under the Chapter, DEP exercises its independent authority under Part IV, Chapter 373, F.S., to regulate surface water management systems, including activities in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters. The term "surface water management system" or "system" include stormwater mangement systems, dams, impoundments, reservoirs, appurtenant works, or works, or any combination thereof, and includes dredging and filling. "Dredging" means excavation, by any means, in surface waters or wetlands

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulating stormwater management systems, dams, reservoirs and dredging will contribute to controlling contaminates from entering estuarine and marine environments and protect ecosystems including coral reefs.,

Legislative Actions:Individual permits will contain the conditions for environmental protection.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries Protection Act of 1968, 16 United States Code §§ 1221-1226. Authorizes the Secretary of Interior in cooperation with other federal agencies and the states, to study and inventory estuaries of the united states, including land and water of the Great Lakes, and to determine whether such areas should be acquired for protection. The Secretary is also requied to encourage state and local governments to consider the importance of estuaries in their planning activities relative to federal natural resources grants.

Application to Coral Reefs:Established the congressional policy on the values of wetlands and the need to conserve their natural resources. Protection of wetlands provide coral reefs with an indirect benefit as the wetland serves the functions of nutrient removal and sediment containment

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Secretary of Interior in conjunction with other federal agencies and States

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Exec. Order No. 11990, Protection of Wetlands, 42 Federal Register 26961 (1977). Federal agencies are directed to provide leadership and take action to minimize the destruction, loss, or degradation of wetland and to preserve and enhance the natural and beneficial uses of wetlands.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and restoration of wetlands benefits coral reefs because wetlands stop nutrients and sediments from entering waterbodies and eventually reaching coral reefs and producing adverse effects.

Legislative Actions:The Order protects wetlands on projects on Federal lands. The agencies are to provide leadership to minimize the destruction, loss or degradation of wetlands, to preserve and enhance natural and beneficial values when carrying our their responsibilities.

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Hydrologic Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Public Administration; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetlands
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs); Regulations to establish a No Discharge Zone (NDZ) for State waters within the boundary of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary,Code of Federal Regulations § 40 CFR Part 140, 67 FR 35735. US EPA established a no discharge zone within the boundaies of the FKNMS pursuant to section 312 (f) (4) (a) of the Clean Water Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition of waste discharges protects reefs system from eutrophication by the nutrients in waste (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as the debris and sediment in the waste.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Algae; Ballast Discharge; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Mitigation Banking, 62-342 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department recognizes that, in certain instances, adverse impacts of activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., can be offset through the utilization of mitigation credits from a permitted Mitigation Bank. This rule provides criteria for this mitigation alternative to complement existing mitigation criteria and requirements. This chapter is supplemental to and does not supersede any other criteria and requirements in rules promulgated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S. (2) The Department intends that Mitigation Banks be used to minimize mitigation uncertainty associated with traditional mitigation practices and provide greater assurance of mitigation success. It is anticipated that the consolidation of multiple mitigation projects into larger contiguous areas will provide greater assurance that the mitigation will yield long-term, sustainable, regional ecological benefits. Mitigation Banks shall be consistent with Department endorsed watershed management objectives and emphasize restoration and enhancement of degraded ecosystems and the preservation of uplands and wetlands as intact ecosystems rather than alteration of landscapes to create wetlands. This is best accomplished through restoration of ecological communities that were historically present. The establishment and use of Mitigation Banks in or adjacent to areas of national, state, or regional ecological significance is encouraged, provided the area in which the Mitigation Bank is proposed to be located is determined appropriate for a Mitigation Bank and the Mitigation Bank meets all applicable permitting criteria. (3) Nothing in this chapter shall affect the mitigation requirements set forth in any Mitigation Bank agreement or any permit issued under Chapter 84-79, Laws of Florida, or Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., prior to February 2, 1994. If a permittee wishes to substantially modify a Mitigation Bank previously established by agreement or permit, the permittee must comply with this chapter. Additionally, some Mitigation Banks may be subject to the version of this section existing prior to July 1, 1996, under subsections 373.4136(9) and (10), F.S., and will not be affected by amendments adopted after that date. This chapter does not prohibit an applicant from proposing project-specific, pre-construction on-site or off-site mitigation, without establishing a Mitigation Bank.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mitigation banking in coastal wetlands, as presented in the Chapter, can provide large areas of functioning wetlands. The wetlands can function as sediment and nutrient traps keeping sediment and nutrients from entering coastal waters and damaging marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the regulations and permitting requirements for mitigation banks. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Armoring; Waste Management Policies
Regulation of stormwater discharge, 62-25 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1988). The discharge of untreated stormwater may reasonably be expected to be a source of pollution of waters of the state and is, therefore, subject to Department regulation. The Departmnet shall prevent pollution of waters of the state by discharges of stormwater, to ensure that the designated most beneficial uses of waters, as prescribed by Chapter 62-302, F.A.C., are protected. A permit under this chapter will be required only for new stormwater discharge facilities as defined herein. This provision shall not affect the Department's authority to require appropriate corrective action, pursuant to Sections 403.121-.161.F.S., whenever existing facilities cause or contribute to violations of state water quality standards. Stormwater discharges to groundwaters shall be regulated under the provisions of Chapters 62-520 and 62-522, F.A.C., and other applicable rules of the Department. The Department intends that, to the greatest extent practicable, the provisions of this chapter be delegated to either local governments or water management districts seeking such delegation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Limiting the contaminants and their concentrations in stormwater discharge will reduce the contamination reaching various habitats, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Floridfa Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Impervious Surfaces; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
State Revolving Fund Loan Program, 62-503 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Florida�s water pollution control revolving loan program is authorized by Section 403.1835, F.S. This statute establishes the Wastewater Treatment and Stormwater Management Revolving Loan Trust Fund, which meets federal requirements for a State Revolving Fund. The statute authorizes the Department to fund the planning, design, construction, and implementation of wastewater management systems and stormwater management systems. The Act also authorizes financial assistance for a wide range of services, equipment, and construction associated with nonpoint source pollution control. Project examples include brownfield remediation, wetland restoration, septic tank problem correction, best management practices (especially those for agricultural operations) for controlling leaching and runoff, animal waste management, boat discharge elimination, or other needs identified by the Department�s nonpoint source management program. National estuary program projects also may be eligible. (2) The federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, commonly called the Clean Water Act, authorizes federal appropriations for grants to the Department to capitalize the State Revolving Fund. The Act requires that the state contribute matching funds of 20% to qualify for federal capitalization grants. The State Revolving Fund must be operated in perpetuity by the Department. (3) This rule sets forth the Department�s program management procedures and the requirements for obtaining financial assistance. Specific Authority 403.1835(5)(a) FS. Law Implemented 403.1835 FS. History - New 7-29-04.

Application to Coral Reefs:Providing financial assistance to parties interested in building wastewater treatment palnts and best available standards for construction will result in higher treatment of wastewater prior to discharge to waters of the state. Less contaminated water will reach the marine environment where it would have the potential to adversely effect ecosystems.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the Wastewater Treatment and Stormwater Management Revolving Loan Trust Fund to fund the planning, design, construction, and implementation of wastewater management systems and stormwater management systems and to provide financial assistance for a wide range of services, equipment, and construction associated with nonpoint source pollution control. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Environmental Education & Outreach; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
The DPNR states that wetlands in the Virgin Islands are covered by the Clean water Act and the Endangered and Indigenous Species Act of 1990 (Title 12, Chapter 2, US Virgin Island Code,. To protect wetlands and wetland species from degradation, loss as a result of dredging and filling.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands assists in controlling sedimentation and nutrient runoff from terrstrial locations, thus protecting coral reefs that are influenced by terrestrial sources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The wetlands portion of the USVI Division of Environmental Protection website was under construction at the time of this atlas preparation.  However, it appears that DEP works with the USACE and USEPA on matters related to wetlands. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Wetlands
Total maximum daily loads, 62-304 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). The Chapter establishes Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and their allocations, for waters that have been verified to be impaired by a pollutant pursuant to Chapter 62-303. F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Envitonmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Biomedical Research Policies; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Impervious Surfaces; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-345 (2005). Establishes a methodology that provides a standard procedure for assessing the functions provided by wetlands and other surface waters, the amount that those functions are reduced by a proposed impact, and the amount of mitigation necessary to offset that loss.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting wetlands provides wetland areas that can act as buffers against nutrients, pollutants and contaminants from reaching habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is administrative and provides methods to assess wetland value and appropriate mitigation to offset impact.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Water quality based effluent limitations, 62-650 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To implement the provisions of Section 403.051, 403.085 through 403.088 concerning the development of effluent limitations for wastewater facilities.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Florida Air and Water Pollution Act establishes that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessay to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Requiring treatment of industrial and domestic waste water indirectly protects adjoining ecosystem, such as reefs, by limiting the pollutant that reach these other systems.

Legislative Actions:The Department shall not issue a permit for a discharge to waters of the state, unless the Department has established an efflent limit for those pollutants in the discharge that are present in quantities or concentrations which can be reasonably expected to cause or contribute, directly or indirectly, to a violation of any water quality standard established in rule 62-302. The effluent limit may be a technology based effluent limit (TBEL), a water quality based effluent limit (WQBEL) determined by a Level 1 process, or where applicable, a WQBEL determined by a Level 2 process.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Domestic Animal Waste; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Water Resource Implementation Rule, 62-40 Florida Administrative Code (2006). The Chapter is intended to provide water resouirce implementation goals, objectives and guidance for the development and review of programs, rules, and plans relating to water resources. A goal of the Chapter is to coordinate the management of water and land resources. It is the objective of the State to protect the functions of the entire ecological systems, as developed and defined in the programs, rules, and plans of the Department and water management districts. It is a goal of the Chapter that sufficient water be available for all existing and future reasonable-beneficial uses and the natural systems and that adverse effects of competition for water supplies be avoided.

Application to Coral Reefs:By protecting the functions of entire aquatic ecological systems, those waters will contain less contaminants when they are discharged and meet other natural water bodies including marine ecosystems. Cleaner water will result in less ecological strees to marine ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This Chapter is intended to provide water resource implementation goals, objectives, and guidance for the development and review of programs, rules, and plans relating to water resources, based on statutory policies and directives in Chapters 187, 373, and 403, Florida Statutes. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Education & Outreach; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Waste Management Policies

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