ReefLink Database

Mitigation
Mitigation is an effort to lessen or alleviate a burden on persons or the environment caused by some action or offense. When the offense is caused to the environment, compensatory mitigation may be required, where projects or programs must take place to offset or correct the offense. The extent to which these are affective is often questioned, as it is difficult to equate the environmental benefits of the offset to the original environmental benefits. Even when the original environment is restored, it may take centuries to regain its productivity.
CMap
CMap Description
Mitigation is an effort to lessen or alleviate a burden on persons or the environment caused by some action or offense. When the offense is caused to the environment, compensatory mitigation may be required, where projects or programs must take place to offset or correct the offense. The extent to which these are affective is often questioned, as it is difficult to equate the environmental benefits of the offset to the original environmental benefits. Even when the original environment is restored, it may take centuries to regain its productivity.Citations
Citation | Year | Study Location | Study Type | Database Topics |
---|---|---|---|---|
Arroyo, AM; Naim, SM; Hidalgo, JZ. 2011. Vulnerability to climate change of marine and coastal fisheries in Mexico. Atmosfera 24:103-123. | 2011 | South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico | Model | Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Physical Variables; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands |
Melbourne-Thomas, J., C.R. Johnson, P.M. Ali�o, R.C. Geronimo, C.L. Villanoy, and G.G. Gurney. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. | 2011 | China; Philippines | Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Decision Support; Fish; Mitigation |
Melbourne-Thomas, J; Johnson, CR; Alino, PM; Geronimo, RC; Villanoy, CL; Gurney, GG. 2011. A multi-scale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea. Environmental Modelling & Software 26:66-82. | 2011 | China; Philippines | Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Climate; Decision Support; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sea Urchins |
Muko, S; Iwasa, Y. 2011. Optimal choice of species and size class for transplanting coral community. Journal of Theoretical Biology 273:130-137. | 2011 | Index or Indicator | Mitigation | |
Negri, AP; Hoogenboom, MO. 2011. Water Contamination Reduces the Tolerance of Coral Larvae to Thermal Stress. PLoS One 6. | 2011 | Global | Model | Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges |
Rasheed, M; Mian, S; Aubrey, D. 2011. Guidelines for EIA of fish and shrimp hatcheries in a semi-enclosed water body. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:678-686. | 2011 | Field Study & Monitoring | Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Sediment | |
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. | 2011 | Australia; Egypt | Review; Field Study & Monitoring | Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens |
Bischof, B. G. 2010. Negotiating uncertainty Framing attitudes, prioritizing issues, and finding consensus in the coral reef environment management "crisis". Ocean and Coastal Management 53:597-614. | 2010 | Model | Banks, Credit, & Securities; Mitigation | |
Edwards, A. J., editor. 2010. Reef rehabilitation manual. The Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, St Lucia, Australia. | 2010 | Global; Australia | Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae | |
Gilman, E., J. Gearhart, B. Price, S. Eckert, H. Milliken, J. Wang, Y. Swimmer, D. Shiode, O. Abe, S. H. Peckham, M. Chaloupka, M. Hall, J. Mangel, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, P. Dalzell, and A. Ishizaki. 2010. Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 11:57-88. | 2010 | Review | Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Sea Turtles | |
Hamouda, A. Z. and K. M. Abdel-Salam. 2010. Estuarine Habitat Assessment for Construction of a Submarine Transmission Line. Surveys In Geophysics 31:449-463. | 2010 | Egypt | GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Mitigation; Pipelines; Sediment; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Depth & Sea Level |
Irving, A. D., J. E. Tanner, S. Seddon, D. Miller, G. J. Collings, R. J. Wear, S. L. Hoare, and M. J. Theil. 2010. Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life-history traits. Journal of Applied Ecology 47:1119-1127. | 2010 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mitigation; Seagrasses; Sediment; Valuation | |
Maynard, J. A., P. A. Marshall, J. E. Johnson, and S. Harman. 2010. Building resilience into practical conservation: identifying local management responses to global climate change in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 29:381-391. | 2010 | Global; Australia | Index or Indicator | Climate; Mitigation |
Rounsevell, M. D. A., T. P. Dawson, and P. A. Harrison. 2010. A conceptual framework to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2823-2842. | 2010 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation | |
Samways, M. J., C. S. Bazelet, and J. S. Pryke. 2010. Provision of ecosystem services by large scale corridors and ecological networks. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2949-2962. | 2010 | South Africa | Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Scientific Research | |
Scharron, C. E. R. 2010. Sediment production from unpaved roads in a sub-tropical dry setting - Southwestern Puerto Rico. Catena 82:146-158. | 2010 | South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean | Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Coastal Development; Mitigation; Sediment; Transportation Policies |
Yao, H., M. Dao, T. Imholt, J. Huang, K. Wheeler, A. Bonilla, S. Suresh, and C. Ortiz. 2010. Protection mechanisms of the iron-plated armor of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:987-992. | 2010 | India | Field Study & Monitoring | Mitigation; Molluscs; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources |
Barber, J. S., D. M. Chosid, R. P. Glenn, and K. A. Whitmore. 2009. A systematic model for artificial reef site selection. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:283-297. | 2009 | Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Substrate | |
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2009. Modelling effects of geoengineering options in response to climate change and global warming: Implications for coral reefs. Computational Biology and Chemistry 33:415-420. | 2009 | Global; South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean | Review; Model | Climate; CO2; Light; Mitigation; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral |
Donner, S. D. 2009. Coping with commitment: Projected thermal stress on coral reefs under different future scenarios. PLoS One 4. | 2009 | Global | Model | Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection |
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy. | 2009 | Review; Field Study & Monitoring | Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies | |
Graham, N. A. J., S. K. Wilson, M. S. Pratchett, N. V. C. Polunin, and M. D. Spalding. 2009. Coral mortality versus structural collapse as drivers of corallivorous butterflyfish decline. Biodiversity and Conservation 12-Jan. | 2009 | Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Chagos Archipelago; India | Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow | |
Harrison, P. A. and the RUBICODE consortium. 2009. Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe: from threat to action. Pensoft. | 2009 | Europe | Review; Index or Indicator | Climate; Climate Regulation; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mitigation; Seawater Flow; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation |
Hughes, A. O., J. M. Olley, J. C. Croke, and L. A. McKergow. 2009. Sediment source changes over the last 250 years in a dry-tropical catchment, central Queensland, Australia. Geomorphology 104:262-275. | 2009 | Australia; Europe | Field Study & Monitoring; Model | Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Mitigation; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow |
McAdoo, B. G., A. Moore, and J. Baumwoll. 2009. Indigenous knowledge and the near field population response during the 2007 Solomon Islands tsunami. Natural Hazards 48:73-82. | 2009 | Solomon Islands | Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Housing; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection |
Omann, I., A. Stocker, and J. Jager. 2009. Climate change as a threat to biodiversity: an application of the DPSIR approach. Ecological Economics 69:24-31. | 2009 | Global | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mitigation; Primary Production; Water Depth & Sea Level |
Barton, D. N., T. Saloranta, S.J. Moe, H.O. Eggestad, and S. Kuikka. 2008. Bayesian belief networks as a meta-modelling tool in integrated river basin management Pros and cons in evaluating nutrient abatement decisions under uncertainty in a Norwegian river basin. Ecological Economics 66:91-104. | 2008 | Norway | Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Recreational Opportunities; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation |
Cochard, R., S. L. Ranamukhaarachchi, G. P. Shivakoti, O. V. Shipin, P. J. Edwards, and K. T. Seeland. 2008. The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:3-40. | 2008 | Thailand | Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps | Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes |
deYoung, B., M. Barange, G. Beaugrand, R. Harris, R. I. Perry, M. Scheffer, and F. Werner. 2008. Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:402-409. | 2008 | South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow |
Dupont, J. M. 2008. Artificial reefs as restoration tools: A case study on the West Florida shelf. Coastal Management 36:495-507. | 2008 | South & Central America; Florida; Mexico | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Pipelines |
Hirst, R., C. Sutton, and C.-H. Chaineau. 2008. Coral transplantation, an innovative measure in the frame of environmental impact mitigation. Pages 165-181 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". | 2008 | Fish; Mitigation; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical Damage; Substrate | ||
Hughes, A. O., J. M. Olley, J. C. Croke, and L. A. Mckergow. 2008. Sediment sources in a dry-tropical catchment: central Queensland, Australia. IAHS-AISH Publication 351-358. | 2008 | Australia; Europe | Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Mitigation; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow | |
Lough, J. M. 2008. 10th Anniversary Review: A changing climate for coral reefs. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10:21-29. | 2008 | Global | Review | Climate; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Mitigation |
Strusinska, A. and H. Oumeraci. 2008. Geotextile reef as a coastal protection against tsunami. Pages 742-747 in Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference GEDMAR08. | 2008 | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes | ||
[No author name available]. 2007. Science & technology concentrates: Oil-spill dispersants are toxic to corals. Chemical and Engineering News 85:33. | 2007 | Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mitigation; Petroleum Spills; Stony Coral | |
[No author name available]. 2007. Transportation: Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. | 2007 | Global; Qatar | Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps | Mitigation; Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Beedlow, P.A., and D.T. Tingey, editors. 2007. A Summary of NHEERL Ecological Research on Global Climate Change. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. | 2007 | Global | Climate; Mitigation | |
Braybrook, P. J., R. Rogers, and S. Healy. 2007. Oceans acts and the false dichotomy between defence and environment. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. | 2007 | Australia; Europe; United Kingdom | Review | Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation |
Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. | 2007 | Florida | Field Study & Monitoring | Mitigation; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting |
De Pippo, T. and C. Petrosino. 2007. Innovative littoral preserving technologies within the European coastal management. Pages 253-258 in Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Advanced Technology in the Environmental Field, ATEF 2006. | 2007 | Europe | Review; Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Wetlands |
M. P. Weinstein, R. C. Baird, D. O. Conover, M. Gross, J. Keulartz, D. K. Loomis, Z. Naveh, S. B. Peterson, D. J. Reed, E. Roe, R. L. Swanson, J. A. A Swart, J. M. Teal, R. E. Turner, and H. J. van der Windt. 2007. Managing coastal resources in the 21st century. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:43-48. | 2007 | Landuse Management; Mitigation | ||
Mbui, J. M. 2007. Modelling ecological susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing, GIS, and in situ observations: a case study in the Western Indian Ocean. Masters Thesis. International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands. | 2007 | Global; Indian Ocean; India | Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing | Light; Mitigation |
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. | 2007 | Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges | |
Raymundo, L. J., A. P. Maypa, E. D. Gomez, and P. Cadiz. 2007. Can dynamite-blasted reefs recover? A novel, low-tech approach to stimulating natural recovery in fish and coral populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1009-1019. | 2007 | Southeast Asia; Philippines | Field Study & Monitoring | Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Substrate |
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. E. Bishop, M. C. Aubele, and A. E. Watkins. 2007. Environmental mitigation - Conclusion: Habitat replacement increases flora-fauna diversity, abundance. Oil and Gas Journal 105:50-54. | 2007 | South & Central America; Mexico | Fish; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Surface & Groundwater Flow | |
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Environmental mitigation - 3: Limestone boulders, artificial reef modules provide seafloor mitigation. Oil and Gas Journal 105:60-64. | 2007 | South & Central America; Mexico | Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Octocoral; Pipelines; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Turf Algae | |
Schmidt, J. A., S. W. Ellsworth, R. A. Brooks, D. F. Bishop, M. G. Bisett, M. C. Aubele, and H. E. Watkins. 2007. Colonization and habitat use by marine fish and epifauna of the gulfstream pipeline habitat replacement structures. Pages 397-408 in Proceedings of the Biennial International Pipeline Conference, IPC. | 2007 | South & Central America; Florida; Mexico | Field Study & Monitoring | Fish; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Surface & Groundwater Flow |
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. | 2007 | South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico | Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model | Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage |
Spangenberg, J. H. 2007. Biodiversity pressure and the driving forces behind. Ecological Economics 61:146-158. | 2007 | Europe | Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow | |
Bevilacqua, S., A. Terlizzi, S. Fraschetti, G. F. Russo, and F. Boero. 2006. Mitigating human disturbance: Can protection influence trajectories of recovery in benthic assemblages? Journal of Animal Ecology 75:908-920. | 2006 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation | |
Falace, A., E. Zanelli, and G. Bressan. 2006. Algal transplantation as a potential tool for artificial reef management and environmental mitigation. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:161-166. | 2006 | Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Algae; Artificial Habitat; Mitigation | |
Finelli, C. M., B. S. T. Helmuth, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. 2006. Water flow influences oxygen transport and photosynthetic efficiency in corals. Coral Reefs 25:47-57. | 2006 | Field Study & Monitoring | Mitigation; Primary Production; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae | |
Harborne, A. R., P. J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C. T. Perry, C. P. Dahlgren, K. E. Holmes, and D. R. Brumbaugh. 2006. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 50:57-189. | 2006 | South & Central America; Caribbean | Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing | Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Mitigation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral |
Pondella II, D. J., L. G. Allen, M. T. Craig, and B. Gintert. 2006. Evaluation of eelgrass mitigation and fishery enhancement structures in San Diego Bay, California. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:115-131. | 2006 | Fish; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral | ||
Thanner, S. E., T. L. McIntosh, and S. M. Blair. 2006. Development of benthic and fish assemblages on artificial reef materials compared to adjacent natural reef assemblages in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:57-70. | 2006 | Florida | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fish; Mitigation |
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. | 2006 | Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico | Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation | |
Gayle, P. M. H., P. Wilson-Kelly, and S. Green. 2005. Transplantation of benthic species to mitigate impacts of coastal development in Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:105-115. | 2005 | Jamaica; Panama | Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Octocoral; Recreational Opportunities; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate | |
Getter, C. D. and R. R. Lewis III. 2005. Spill response that benefits the long-term recovery of oiled mangroves. Pages 10164-10175 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. | 2005 | Florida; Puerto Rico | Review | Mangroves; Mitigation; Petroleum Spills |
Ismail, M., T. Kimura, Y. Suzuki, and M. Tsuchiya. 2005. Seasonal and spatial variations of total mass flux around coral reefs in the Southern Ryukyus, Japan. Journal of Oceanography 61:631-644. | 2005 | Japan | Field Study & Monitoring | Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow |
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. | 2005 | Global | Review; Field Study & Monitoring | Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level |
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2005. Indonesia: preliminary damage and loss assessment, December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster. Technical Report. Consultative Group on Indonesia. | 2005 | Global; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia | Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Housing; Infrastructure; Military; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral | |
Rau, G. H., K. G. Knauss, W. H. Langer, and K. Caldeira. 2004. CO2 mitigation via accelerated limestone weathering. in ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts. | 2004 | Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Mitigation | ||
van Beukering, P. J. H. and H. S. J. Cesar. 2004. Ecological economic modeling of coral reefs: Evaluating tourist overuse at Hanauma Bay and algae blooms at the Kīhei Coast, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:243-260. | 2004 | Model | Algae; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation | |
Boland, R. C. and M. J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1385-1394. | 2003 | US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean | Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage | |
Donohue, M. J. 2003. How multiagency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: A Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:700-702. | 2003 | US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean | Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Debris; Mitigation; Resource Use Management; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges |
Linton, D. M. and G. F. Warner. 2003. Biological indicators in the Caribbean coastal zone and their role in integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 46:261-276. | 2003 | Global; South & Central America; Caribbean | Review; Index or Indicator | Climate; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Nutrients; Seagrasses |
Marshall, N., T. Norall, R. S. Grove, and M. H. S. Elwany. 2003. Artificial reef site selection: Geophysical surveys for San Clemente kelp reef. Pages 793-803 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 2003 | Review | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Sediment | |
National Research Council. 2003. Oil in the sea III: inputs, fates, and effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. | 2003 | Escape & Release of Non-natives; Mitigation | ||
Burton, W. H., J. S. Farrar, F. Steimle, and B. Conlin. 2002. Assessment of out-of-kind mitigation success of an artificial reef deployed in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. | 2002 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors | |
Dahdouh-Guebas, F. 2002. The use of remote sensing and GIS in the sustainable management of tropical coastal ecosystems. Environment, Development and Sustainability 4:93-112. | 2002 | Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Mangroves; Mitigation; Seagrasses | |
Decamps, H. and B. Lesaffre. 2002. Nature restoration: Towards new references and practices. Insight into five years of the research programme \Recreating Nature\" [Restauration de la nature: Vers de nouvelles references et pratiques. Apercu de CINQ annees de recherche du programme «. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:16-Sep. | 2002 | France | Field Study & Monitoring | Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Wetlands |
Deysher, L. E., T. A. Dean, R. S. Grove, and A. Jahn. 2002. Design considerations for an artificial reef to grow giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. | 2002 | Review | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Substrate | |
Grove, R. S., K. Zabloudil, T. Norall, and L. Deysher. 2002. Effects of El Nino events on natural kelp beds and artificial reefs in southern California. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. | 2002 | Review | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Substrate | |
Heller, P. S. and M. Mani. 2002. Adapting to climate change. Finance and Development 39:29-31. | 2002 | India | Agriculture; Climate; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Mangroves; Mitigation; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level | |
Leidel, D. J. 2002. Explosive operations and its regulation in the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 343-361 in Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. | 2002 | South & Central America; Mexico | Mitigation; Special Use Permitting | |
NOAA Marine Sanctuaries Division. 2002. Environmental assessment: M/V Wellwood grounding site restoration. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, Maryland. | 2002 | Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Cultural Policies; Mitigation | ||
Steimle, F., K. Foster, R. Kropp, and B. Conlin. 2002. Benthic macrofauna productivity enhancement by an artificial reef in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. | 2002 | Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Mitigation | ||
Jokiel, P. L. and J. Naughton. 2001. Coral reef mitigation and restoration techniques employed in the Pacific Islands: II. Guidelines. Pages 313-316 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 2001 | US Pacific & Hawaii | Landuse Management; Mitigation | |
Naughton, J. and P. L. Jokiel. 2001. Coral reef mitigation and restoration techniques employed in the Pacific Islands: I. Overview. Pages 306-312 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 2001 | US Pacific & Hawaii | Review | Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Mitigation |
Bruckner, A. W. 2000. Black-band disease (BBD) of scleractinian corals: Occurrence, impacts, and mitigation. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico). | 2000 | Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica | Mitigation; Pathogens; Stony Coral | |
Cesar, H. S. J., editor. 2000. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. | 2000 | US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Jamaica; India; Indonesia; Philippines | Field Study & Monitoring | Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Marine Protected Areas; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands |
Rao, D. V. S. 2000. The Bay of Bengal. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 269-284. | 2000 | Aquaculture; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow | ||
Risk, M. J. 1999. Paradise lost: How marine science failed the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:831-837. | 1999 | Global | Field Study & Monitoring; Model | Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Nutrients |
Ruitenbeek, J., M. Ridgley, S. Dollar, and R. Huber. 1999. Optimization of economic policies and investment projects using a fuzzy logic based cost-effectiveness model of coral reef quality: Empirical results for Montego Bay, Jamaica. Coral Reefs 18:381-392. | 1999 | Jamaica | Model | Economic Markets & Policies; Mitigation; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Sediment |
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. | 1999 | Cuba | Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation | |
Deysher, L., T. A. Dean, R. Grove, and A. Jahn. 1998. An experimental reef program to test designs of an artificial reef for kelp mitigation. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:64-72. | 1998 | Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Mitigation | |
Grimshaw, R. 1997. Floating on the margins. Pages 29-30+32 Offshore Engineer. | 1997 | US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) | Discharges; Mitigation; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins | |
Clark, J., T. Foy, and J. Hellin. 1995. A review of the Natural Resources Institute's bio-engineering research in the Caribbean. Pages 184-189 in Vegetation and slopes: stabilisation, protection and ecology. Proc. conference, Oxford, 1994. | 1995 | South & Central America; Caribbean | Review | Mitigation; Sediment |
Ewing, LE SL EY, RI CK Page, and DA N Burden. 1995. Surf restoration collaboration in California. Pages 537-538 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. | 1995 | Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Mitigation | ||
Perez Cynthia, B. and V. Schmidt David. 1995. Can numerical models predict beach fill impacts to nearshore hardgrounds? Pages 525-526 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. | 1995 | Florida | Model | Mitigation; Storms & Hurricanes |
Ambrose, R. F. 1994. Mitigating the effects of a coastal power plant on a kelp forest community: rationale and requirements for an artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:694-708. | 1994 | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Mitigation; Remediation | |
Foster, K. L., F. W. Steimle, W. C. Muir, R. K. Kropp, and B. E. Conlin. 1994. Mitigation potential of habitat replacement: concrete artificial reef in Delaware Bay - preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:783-795. | 1994 | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation | |
Boc Jr. Stanley, J., J. Reynold William, and M. Dobinchick Jasmina. 1992. Coastal processes and engineering on a micronesian fringing reef. Pages 285-302 in [No source information available]. | 1992 | Micronesia | Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Land & Air Transportation; Mitigation; Sediment | |
Fritzinger Scott, A. 1992. Subaqueous disposal area development and mitigation. Pages 728-744 in [No source information available]. | 1992 | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Wetlands | |
Spadoni Richard, H. 1992. Monitoring of the 1988 Boca Raton beach nourishment project. Pages 120-136 in [No source information available]. | 1992 | Florida | Field Study & Monitoring | Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting |
Gable, F. J., D. G. Aubrey, and J. H. Gentile. 1991. Global environmental change issues in the Western Indian Ocean region. Geoforum 22:401-419. | 1991 | Global; Indian Ocean; India | Model | Climate; CO2; Economic Markets & Policies; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands |
Ambrose, R. F. and S. L. Swarbrick. 1989. Comparison of fish assemblages on artificial and natural reefs off the coast of southern California. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:718-733. | 1989 | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection | ||
Demartini, E. E., D. A. Roberts, and T. W. Anderson. 1989. Contrasting patterns of fish density and abundance at an artificial rock reef and a cobble-bottom kelp forest. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:881-892. | 1989 | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Light; Mitigation | ||
Hueckel, G. J., R. M. Buckley, and B. L. Benson. 1989. Mitigating rocky habitat loss using artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:913-922. | 1989 | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation | ||
Rappa Peter, J. and J. Miller Bruce. 1989. Coastal resource management planning in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Pages 2147-2160 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. | 1989 | US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia | Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance | |
Sheehy Daniel, J. and F. Vik Susan. 1989. Extending mitigation banking beyond wetlands. Pages 1242-1253 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. | 1989 | Decision Support Frameworks & Tools | Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Wetlands | |
Simpson, T. E. 1989. Floating hotels in the coastal environment. in [No source information available]. | 1989 | Australia | Review | Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation |
Woodley Jeremy, D. and R. Clark John. 1989. Rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs. Pages 3059-3075 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. | 1989 | Review | Algae; Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation | |
Sheehy Daniel, J. and F. Vik Susan. 1988. Mitigation planning for port development. Pages 1470-1475 in [No source information available]. | 1988 | Mitigation | ||
Hueckel Gregory, J., L. Benson Brian, and M. Buckley Raymond. 1987. Rocky Habitat Mitigation Using Artificial Reefs In Puget Sound, Washington. Pages 3635-3646 in [No source information available]. | 1987 | Index or Indicator | Artificial Habitat; Fish; Mitigation | |
Knatz, GE RA LD IN E. 1987. Offsite Habitat Mitigation Banking: The Port Of Long Beach Experience. Pages 2530-2543 in [No source information available]. | 1987 | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Solid Waste Disposal; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands | ||
Hueckel Gregory, J. and M. Buckley Raymond. 1986. Mitigation Potential Of Artificial Reefs In Puget Sound, Washington. Pages 542-546 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 1986 | Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Mitigation; Substrate | ||
Jessee, W. N., A. L. Carpenter, and J. W. Carter. 1985. Distribution patterns and density estimates of fishes on a southern California artificial reef with comparisons to natural kelp- reef habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:214-226. | 1985 | Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Light; Mitigation | ||
Shabica Charles, W. 1985. Sediment Accretion Associated With Surgebreaker Offshore Reef, A Low Cost Shore Protection Device: An Update On The Corps Of Engineers Section 54 Program. Pages 575-580 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 1985 | Mitigation; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection | ||
Coppes, JA N, AD OL F Lubbers, SO EP AN GA T Soemarto, and SU GI YO Yuwono. 1983. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE DREDGING AND RECLAMATION WORKS AT SOUTH BONTANG BAY, INDONESIA. Water Science and Technology 16:407-415. | 1983 | Indonesia | Lab Study | Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Natural Gas & Electric Power |
Grove Robert, S., E. Yuge Jennifer, and CH OU LE Sonu. 1983. Artificial Reef Technology - A Strategy For Active Impact Mitigation. Pages 951-956 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). | 1983 | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation | ||
Waldichuk, M. 1974. Coastal marine pollution and fish. Ocean Management 2:Jan-60. | 1974 | Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Molluscs; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges | ||
Goodsell, P. J. and M. G. Chapman. Rehabilitation of Habitat and the Value of Artificial Reefs. Pages 333-344 in Wahl, M., editor. Marine Hard Bottom Communities, Ecological Studies 206. | Artificial Habitat; Mitigation |
Management Options
Management Option | Description | Sources | Database Topics |
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Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development | This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands |
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Natural Resource Injury Incident Litigation | This management option involves sharing information and documentation regarding an injury incident so that litigation teams can proceed with legal action against responsible parties. This is achieved through providing vessel grounding litigation management participation in order to process the information collected during assessment phase of injury to help build a case against the responsible party. Also, it involves providing vessel grounding litigation case management support through providing reports, site reconnaissance, deposition, and witness testimonies in support of litigation. Lastly it would involve documenting and tracking costs along the way from field assessment work, reporting, etc. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Valuation |
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation | Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. | Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC. |
Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges |
Resource Use Management: Marine Heritage Resource Protections | This management option involves protecting underwater items/sites that have historical, cultural, archaeological, or paleontological significance. This response advocates permits for action that may degrade the resource. This can be accomplished through creating an MHR field unit, monitoring MHR site degradation, and evaluating excavation and mitigation techniques. Field units can help conduct field research and coordinated, permitted research activities. Experts relating to archaeological research underwater can also be hired with additional funding. Through evaluation of excavation techniques, new technologies can be suggested such as: turbidity screens, sediment removal equipment, and seagrass restoration/relocation protocols to lead to less disturbance. Inventory and decision tools can also be used in the aid of Maritime Heritage Resource protection. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Physical Damage; Pipelines; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Valuation; Wetlands |
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement | Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. | Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage | |
Restoration: Monitor Restoration | Resource management staff should make regular field visits to restoration sites in order to monitor restoration progress. Data gathered through monitoring restoration sites will help create a scientific evaluation of restoration methodologies. Knowing the length of time required and costs accrued to restore the original ecological functionality of a reef system is essential for estimating costs for mitigation and remediation. | NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL. |
Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Remediation; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration |
Restoration: Environmental Remediation | Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. | Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia. |
Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products |
Laws
Legal Citation | Purpose of Law | Management Organization | Database Topics |
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