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ReefLink Database

Marine Vertebrates

Marine Vertebrates

Marine vertebrates are charismatic aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. For this database, fish are categorized separately.

CMap

The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Plankton are any plants or animals that are too small to actively move against ocean currents. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea turtles are any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers. Seagrasses are flowering plants that grow in marine, fully-saline environments. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally. Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Whales & Dolphins are marine mammals of the order cetacea Accidental by-catch is damage or harvest of non-target species, including fish or marine vertebrates, by fishing gear while collecting targeted species. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Educational & Research Opportunities pertain to the value derived from a natural ecosystem in regards to knowledge, scientific research, study, and breakthroughs, and the ability to pass this knowledge on to others. Existence value is the economic value or meaning humans place in a particular area, resource or organism simply for existing, separate from any derived use value. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Marine birds are birds that live near, and depend on the ocean environment Marine vertebrates are aquatic animals with a backbone, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems.

CMap Description

Marine vertebrates, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins and marine birds, are most notable for their aesthetic & recreational value. They are also significant contributors to existence value, sense of place, and the educational & research value of coral reef ecosystems. Marine vertebrates consume fish, invertebrates, and plankton; sea turtles also graze seagrasses and sponges. Disease-causing microorganisms, and a disturbed physical & chemical environment will stress or kill marine vertebrates. Accidental & illegal harvest, caused by socio-economic drivers, removes marine vertebrates and reduces the ecosystem services they provide. Biological monitoring & restoration is essential in identifying changes in the abundance and condition of marine vertebrates and to determine appropriate response actions.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Agusa, T; Takagi, K; Miller, TW; Kubota, R; Anan, Y; Iwata, H; Tanabe, S. 2011. Intake and excretion of arsenicals in green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Environmental Chemistry 8:19-29. 2011 Sea Turtles
Booth, DT; Evans, A. 2011. Warm Water and Cool Nests Are Best. How Global Warming Might Influence Hatchling Green Turtle Swimming Performance. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Fish; Sea Turtles
Dick, DM; Hines, EM. 2011. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Marine Mammal Science 27:606-621. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors; Whales & Dolphins
Gonzalez, C; Jentoft, S. 2011. MPA in Labor: Securing the Pearl Cays of Nicaragua. Environmental Management 47:617-629. 2011 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Oman; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Krueger, BH; Chaloupka, MY; Leighton, PA; Dunn, JA; Horrocks, JA. 2011. Somatic growth rates for a hawksbill turtle population in coral reef habitat around Barbados. Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:269-276. 2011 Bahamas Model; Rate functions; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Mayr, CC; Forsterra, G; Haussermann, V; Wunderlich, A; Grau, J; Zieringer, M; Altenbach, AV. 2011. Stable isotope variability in a Chilean fjord food web: implications for N- and C-cycles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 428:89-104. 2011 Algae; Cyanobacteria; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Salinity; Stony Coral
Munoz, PD; Murillo, FJ; Sayago-Gil, M; Serrano, A; Laporta, M; Otero, I; Gomez, C. 2011. Effects of deep-sea bottom longlining on the Hatton Bank fish communities and benthic ecosystem, north-east Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91:939-952. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Littering; Marine Birds; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Nevitt, GA. 2011. The Neuroecology of Dimethyl Sulfide: A Global-Climate Regulator Turned Marine Infochemical. Integrative And Comparative Biology 51:819-825. 2011 Global Lab Study Algae; Climate; Marine Birds; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Rincon-Diaz, MP; Diez, CE; van Dam, RP; Sabat, AM. 2011. Effect of Food Availability on the Abundance of Juvenile Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Inshore Aggregation Areas of the Culebra Archipelago, Puerto Rico. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10:213-221. 2011 Puerto Rico Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Rincon-Diaz, MP; Diez, CE; Van Dam, RP; Sabat, AM. 2011. Foraging Selectivity of the Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Culebra Archipelago, Puerto Rico. Journal of Herpetology 45:277-282. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anemones & Zooanthids; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Russell, JC; Ringler, D; Trombini, A; Le Corre, M. 2011. The island syndrome and population dynamics of introduced rats. Oecologia 167:667-676. 2011 Mozambique; India Marine Birds
Scales, KL; Lewis, JA; Lewis, JP; Castellanos, D; Godley, BJ; Graham, RT. 2011. Insights into habitat utilisation of the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), using acoustic telemetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407:122-129. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles
Toonen, R. J., K. R. Andrews, I. B. Baums, C. E. Bird, G. T. Concepcion, T. S. Daly-Engel, J. A. Eble, A. Faucci, M. R. Gaither, M. Iacchei, J. B. Puritz, J. K. Schultz, D. J. Skillings, M. A. Timmers, and B. W. Bowen. 2011. Defining Boundaries for Ecosystem-Based Management: A Multispecies Case Study of Marine Connectivity across the Hawaiian Archipelago. Journal of Marine Biology 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Echinoderms; Whales & Dolphins
Xu, LQ; Liu, XD; Sun, LG; Yan, H; Liu, Y; Luo, YH; Huang, J. 2011. Geochemical evidence for the development of coral island ecosystem in the Xisha Archipelago of South China Sea from four ornithogenic sediment profiles. Chemical Geology 286:135-145. 2011 China Marine Birds; Nutrients; Sediment
Batianoff, G. N., G. C. Naylor, J. A. Olds, N. A. Fechner, and V. J. Neldner. 2010. Climate and Vegetation Changes at Coringa-Herald National Nature Reserve, Coral Sea Islands, Australia. Pacific Science 64:73-92. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Climate; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Batianoff, G. N., G. C. Naylor, R. J. Fensham, and V. J. Neldner. 2010. Characteristics of Coral Cay Soils at Coringa-Herald Coral Sea Islands, Australia. Pacific Science 64:335-347. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds; Nutrients
Bell, C. D., J. M. Blumenthal, A. C. Broderick, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Investigating Potential for Depensation in Marine Turtles: How Low Can You Go? Conservation Biology 24:226-235. 2010 Global Sea Turtles
Bjorndal, K. A. and A. B. Bolten. 2010. Hawksbill sea turtles in seagrass pastures: success in a peripheral habitat. Marine Biology 157:135-145. 2010 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Life in (and out of) the lagoon: fine-scale movements of green turtles tracked using time-depth recorders. Aquatic Biology 9:113-121. 2010 Cayman Islands Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Borsa, P., M. Pandolfi, S. Andrefouet, and V. Bretagnolle. 2010. Breeding Avifauna of the Chesterfield Islands, Coral Sea: Current Population Sizes, Trends, and Threats. Pacific Science 64:297-314. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Birds
Brothers, N., A. R. Duckworth, C. Safina, and E. L. Gilman. 2010. Seabird Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries Is Grossly Underestimated when Using Only Haul Data. PLoS One 5:e12491. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds
Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M., U. R. Sumaila, K. Kaschner, and D. Pauly. 2010. The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy [inpress]. 2010 Global Funding & Incentives; Whales & Dolphins
Comeau, S., R. Jeffree, J. L. Teyssie, and J. P. Gattuso. 2010. Response of the Arctic Pteropod Limacina helicina to Projected Future Environmental Conditions. PLoS One 5:e11362. 2010 Lab Study Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Connor, R. C. 2010. Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365:2687-2697. 2010 Model Whales & Dolphins
Devney, C. A., M. J. Caley, and B. C. Congdon. 2010. Plasticity of Noddy Parents and Offspring to Sea-Surface Temperature Anomalies. PLoS One 5:e11891. 2010 Marine Birds
Dudley, S. F. J. and G. Cliff. 2010. Influence of the annual sardine run on catches of large sharks in the protective gillnets off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and the occurrence of sardine in shark diet. African Journal of Marine Science 32:383-397. 2010 South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Whales & Dolphins
Eguchi, T., J. A. Seminoff, R. A. LeRoux, P. H. Dutton, and D. L. Dutton. 2010. Abundance and survival rates of green turtles in an urban environment: coexistence of humans and an endangered species. Marine Biology 157:1869-1877. 2010 Model Sea Turtles
Elliott, K. H., A. Shoji, K. L. Campbell, and A. J. Gaston. 2010. Oxygen stores and foraging behavior of two sympatric, planktivorous alcids. Aquatic Biology 8:221-235. 2010 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., C. J. Limpus, M. Hamann, and J. Dawson. 2010. Potential impacts of projected sea-level rise on sea turtle rookeries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:132-139. 2010 Australia Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles; Storms & Hurricanes
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., J. L. Dawson, S. G. Smithers, M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Sedimentological characteristics of key sea turtle rookeries: potential implications under projected climate change. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:464-473. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Review Climate; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Sea Turtles; Sediment
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2010. Past, current and future thermal profiles of green turtle nesting grounds: Implications from climate change. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 383:56-64. 2010 Global; Australia; Cuba Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Sea Turtles
Fuentes, M. M. P. P. and J. E. Cinner. 2010. Using expert opinion to prioritize impacts of climate change on sea turtles' nesting grounds. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2511-2518. 2010 Australia Climate; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Garcon, J. S., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2010. Relative Exposure Index: an important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:140-149. 2010 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Coastal Development; Sea Turtles
Gilman, E., J. Gearhart, B. Price, S. Eckert, H. Milliken, J. Wang, Y. Swimmer, D. Shiode, O. Abe, S. H. Peckham, M. Chaloupka, M. Hall, J. Mangel, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, P. Dalzell, and A. Ishizaki. 2010. Mitigating sea turtle by-catch in coastal passive net fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 11:57-88. 2010 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Sea Turtles
Gray, D. L., R. Canessa, R. Rollins, C. P. Keller, and P. Dearden. 2010. Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Management 46:167-180. 2010 Columbia Model Aquaculture; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Hansen, L., J. Hoffman, C. Drews, and E. Mielbrecht. 2010. Designing Climate-Smart Conservation: Guidance and Case Studies. Conservation Biology 24:63-69. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; Tanzania; Madagascar; India; Fiji; Caribbean Climate; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Jean, C., S. Ciccione, K. Ballorain, J. Y. Georges, and J. Bourjea. 2010. Ultralight aircraft surveys reveal marine turtle population increases along the west coast of Reunion Island. ORYX 44:223-229. 2010 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Kim, S., K. K. Hammerstom, K. E. Conlan, and A. R. Thurber. 2010. Polar Ecosystem Dynamics: Recovery of Communities from Organic Enrichment in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:1031-1040. 2010 Primary Production; Whales & Dolphins
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Langhamer, O., K. Haikonen, and J. Sundberg. 2010. Wave power Sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 14:1329-1335. 2010 Global Review Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Lorentsen, S. H., K. Sjotun, and D. Gremillet. 2010. Multi-trophic consequences of kelp harvest. Biological Conservation 143:2054-2062. 2010 Norway Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds
McCook, L. J., T. Ayling, M. Cappo, J. H. Choat, R. D. Evans., D. M. De Freitas, M. Heupel, T. P. Hughes, G. P. Jones, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, M. Mills, F. J. Molloy, C. R. Pitcher, R. L. Pressey, G. R. Russ, S. Sutton, H. Sweatman, R. Tobin, D. R. Wachenfeld, and D. H. Williamson. 2010. Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: a globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [earlyedition]. 2010 Global; Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Obura, D. O., A. Harvey, T. Young, M. M. Eltayeb, and R. von Brandis. 2010. Hawksbill turtles as significant predators on hard coral. Coral Reefs 29:759-759. 2010 Sea Turtles; Stony Coral
Perez, E., A. Ruiz, G. Espinosa, and I. Lee. 2010. Gonadic histology and phenotypical maturation criteria in the marine turtles Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata (Testudines: Chelonidae) from Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:287-298. 2010 Cuba Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Pilcher, N. 2010. Population Structure and Growth of Immature Green Turtles at Mantanani, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Herpetology 44:168-171. 2010 Malaysia; Southeast Asia Model Sea Turtles
Santos, A. J. B., E. M. X. Freire, C. Bellini, and G. Corso. 2010. Body Mass and the Energy Budget of Gravid Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) during the Nesting Season. Journal of Herpetology 44:352-359. 2010 Sea Turtles
Sazima, C., A. Grossman, and I. Sazima. 2010. Turtle cleaners: reef fishes foraging on epibionts of sea turtles in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic, with a summary of this association type. Neotropical Ichthyology 8:187-192. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Sea Turtles
Schmidt, S., K. Mackintosh, R. Gillett, A. Pudmenzky, D. E. Allen, H. Rennenberg, and J. F. Mueller. 2010. Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at a tropical coral cay with high seabird density. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12:460-465. 2010 Australia Agriculture; Land & Air Transportation; Marine Birds; Nutrients
Settar, C. and T. Turner. 2010. Coral reefs and residents of the U S Virgin Islands A relationship of knowledge, outdoor activities and stewardship. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:197-212. 2010 US Virgin Islands Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral
Sherwood, O. A., B. E. Lapointe, M. J. Risk, and R. E. Jamieson. 2010. Nitrogen Isotopic Records of Terrestrial Pollution Encoded in Floridian and Bahamian Gorgonian Corals. Environmental Science and Technology 44:874-880. 2010 Florida; Bahamas Algae; Discharges; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sea Turtles; Wastewater Discharge
Shoji, A. M. and A. J. Gaston. 2010. Comparing Methods for Monitoring Nest Attendance in Ancient Murrelets. Waterbirds 33:260-263. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds
Southwood, A. and L. Avens. 2010. Physiological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of migration in reptiles. Journal Of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic And Environmental Physiology 180:1-23. 2010 Sea Turtles
Tirard, P., M. J. Manning, I. Jollit, C. Duffy, and P. Borsa. 2010. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science 64:567-576. 2010 Cuba; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Whales & Dolphins
Vietti, R. C., G. Albertelli, S. Aliani, S. Bava, G. Bavestrello, L. B. Cecchi, C. N. Bianchi, E. Bozzo, M. Capello, M. Castellano, C. Cerrano, M. Chiantore, N. Corradi, S. Cocito, L. Cutroneo, G. Diviacco, M. Fabiano, M. Faimali, M. Ferrari, G. P. Gasparini, and Locr. 2010. The Ligurian Sea: present status, problems and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology 26:319-340. 2010 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
von Brandis, R. G., J. A. Mortimer, and B. K. Reilly. 2010. In-Water Observations of the Diving Behaviour of Immature Hawksbill Turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, on a Coral Reef at D'Arros Island, Republic of Seychelles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 9:26-32. 2010 Seychelles Sea Turtles
Wallace, B. P., R. L. Lewison, S. L. McDonald, R. K. McDonald, C. Y. Kot, S. Kelez, R. K. Bjorkland, E. M. Finkbeiner, S. Helmbrecht, and L. B. Crowder. 2010. Global patterns of marine turtle bycatch. Conservation Letters [inpress]. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Witt, M. J., A. McGowan, J. M. Blumenthal, A. C. Broderick, S. Gore, D. Wheatley, J. White, and B. J. Godley. 2010. Inferring vertical and horizontal movements of juvenile marine turtles from time-depth recorders. Aquatic Biology 8:169-177. 2010 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 2009. Green light for Gorgon gas project, but environmental conditions apply. Chemical Engineer 816:13. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Baling, M., D. Jeffries, N. Barre, and D. H. Brunton. 2009. A survey of Fairy Tern (Sterna nereis) breeding colonies in the Southern Lagoon, New Caledonia. Emu 109:57-61. 2009 Australia; New Caledonia Marine Birds
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, C. D. L. Bell, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. A. Gibb, K. E. Luke, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Ecology of Hawksbill Turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, on a Western Caribbean Foraging Ground. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:1-10. 2009 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Octocoral; Sea Turtles; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Diving behavior and movements of juvenile hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata on a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 28:55-65. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Sea Turtles
Booth, D. T. 2009. Swimming for your life: Locomotor effort and oxygen consumption during the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling frenzy. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:50-55. 2009 Sea Turtles
Brewer, P. G. and K. Hester. 2009. Ocean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean to low-frequency sound. Oceanography 22:86-93. 2009 Global CO2; Military; Ocean Acidity; Whales & Dolphins
Brischoux, F., X. Bonnet, and D. Pinaud. 2009. Fine scale site fidelity in sea kraits: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 9-Jan. 2009 Beaches & Nature Parks; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Bruschetti, M., C. Bazterrica, T. Luppi, and O. Iribarne. 2009. An invasive intertidal reef-forming polychaete affect habitat use and feeding behavior of migratory and locals birds in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 375:76-83. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Invasive Species; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Worms; Sediment
Casale, P., A. D. Mazaris, D. Freggi, C. Vallini, and R. Argano. 2009. Growth rates and age at adult size of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean Sea, estimated through capture-mark-recapture records. Scientia Marina 73:589-595. 2009 Model Sea Turtles
Church, R. A., D. J. Warren, and J. B. Irion. 2009. Analysis of Deepwater Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico: Artificial Reef Effect of Six World War II Shipwrecks. Oceanography 22:50-63. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Invertebrates; Marine Vertebrates; Schools & Colleges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Costello, M. J. 2009. Distinguishing marine habitat classification concepts for ecological data management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:253-268. 2009 Review; GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sediment; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Devney, C. A. and B. C. Congdon. 2009. Testing the efficacy of a boundary fence at an important tropical seabird breeding colony and key tourist destination. Wildlife Research 36:353-360. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Devney, C. A., M. Short, and B. C. Congdon. 2009. Cyclonic and anthropogenic influences on tern populations. Wildlife Research 36:368-378. 2009 Australia Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Devney, C. A., M. Short, and B. C. Congdon. 2009. Sensitivity of tropical seabirds to El Nino precursors. Ecology 90:1175-1183. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds
Finn, J., T. Tregenza, and M. Norman. 2009. Preparing the perfect cuttlefish meal: Complex prey handling by dolphins. PLoS One 4. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Fish; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Flint, M., J. C. Patterson-Kane, C. J. Limpus, T. M. Work, D. Blair, and P. C. Mills. 2009. Postmortem diagnostic investigation of disease in free-ranging marine turtle populations: a review of common pathologic findings and protocols. Journal Of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21:733-759. 2009 Review Pathogens; Sea Turtles
Ischer, T., K. Ireland, and D. T. Booth. 2009. Locomotion performance of green turtle hatchlings from the Heron Island Rookery, Great Barrier Reef. Marine Biology 11-Jan. 2009 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Sea Turtles
Kamal, A. H. and M. A. A. Khan. 2009. Coastal and estuarine resources of Bangladesh: management conservation issues. Maejo International Journal Of Science And Technology 3:313-342. 2009 Discharges; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kubis, S., M. Chaloupka, L. Ehrhart, and M. Bresette. 2009. Growth rates of juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas from three ecologically distinct foraging habitats along the east central coast of Florida, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:257-269. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Costa Rica; India; Mexico Model; Rate functions Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Limpus, C. J., D. J. Limpus, M. A. Read, and N. N. Fitzsimmons. 2009. When Is a Male Turtle Not a Male?-Observations on Intersex Turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:102-105. 2009 Australia Sea Turtles
Martin-Smith, K. 2009. A Risk-Management Framework For Avoiding Significant Adverse Impacts Of Bottom Fishing Gear On Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Ccamlr Science 16:177-193. 2009 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Scientific Research; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mizrahi, N., D. Kerem, O. Goffman, O. Lernau, and E. Spanier. 2009. Identified fish remains regurgitated by a solitary Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, in the Gulf of Aqaba (Mammalia: Delphinidae). Zoology in the Middle East 46:19-28. 2009 Indian Ocean; India; Egypt Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Whales & Dolphins
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciarai, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Nursey-Bray, M. 2009. A Guugu Yimmithir Bam Wii: Ngawiya and Girrbithi: Hunting, planning and management along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Geoforum 40:442-453. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Resource Use Management
Pedersen, S. A., H. Fock, J. Krause, C. Pusch, A. L. Sell, U. Bottcher, S. I. Rogers, M. Skold, H. Skov, M. Podolska, G. J. Piet, and J. C. Rice. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:155-169. 2009 Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Purgley, H., J. Jewell, J. E. Deacon, R. M. Winokur, and V. M. Tripoli. 2009. Vitamin D-3 in Captive Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:161-167. 2009 Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Hotel & Food Services; Light; Sea Turtles
Rajakaruna, N., N. Pope, J. Perez-Orozco, and T. B. Harris. 2009. Ornithocoprophilous Plants Of Mount Desert Rock, A Remote Bird-Nesting Island In The Gulf Of Maine, Usa. Rhodora 111:417-447. 2009 Model Marine Birds; Substrate
Roark, A. M., K. A. Bjorndal, and A. B. Bolten. 2009. Compensatory responses to food restriction in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Ecology 90:2524-2534. 2009 Nutrients; Sea Turtles
Rocklin, D., M. C. Santoni, J. M. Culioli, J. A. Tomasini, D. Pelletier, and D. Mouillot. 2009. Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:699-707. 2009 France Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2009. Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a mechanism for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems: A case study from Vietnam. Ambio 38:72-78. 2009 Global; Vietnam Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Uyarra, M. C., A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management 43:16-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Vetter, W., P. Haase-Aschoff, N. Rosenfelder, T. Komarova, and J. F. Mueller. 2009. Determination of Halogenated Natural Products in Passive Samplers Deployed along the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland/Australia. Environmental Science and Technology 43:6131-6137. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Wallace, B. P., L. Avens, J. Braun-McNeill, and C. M. McClellan. 2009. The diet composition of immature loggerheads: Insights on trophic niche, growth rates, and fisheries interactions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:50-57. 2009 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Waycott, M., C. M. Duarte, T. J. B. Carruthers, R. J. Orth, W. C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J. W. Fourqurean, K. L. Heck, A. R. Hughes, G. A. Kendrick, W. J. Kenworthy, F. T. Short, and S. L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:12377-12381. 2009 Global Climate; Coastal Development; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Weir, C. R. 2009. Distribution, behaviour and photo-identification of Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa teuszii off Flamingos, Angola. African Journal of Marine Science 31:319-331. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Zimmer, R. K., J. T. Fingerut, and C. A. Zimmer. 2009. Dispersal pathways, seed rains, and the dynamics of larval behavior. Ecology 90:1933-1947. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Amorocho, D. F. and R. D. Reina. 2008. Intake passage time, digesta composition and digestibility in East Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) at Gorgona National Park, Colombian Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 360:117-124. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Cleaner & Solvent Use; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Blanvillain, G., L. D. Wood, A. B. Meylan, and P. A. Meylan. 2008. Sex ratio prediction of juvenile Hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) from South Florida, USA. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 3:21-27. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Sea Turtles
Bologna, P. A. X., R. Papagian, S. Regetz, and C. Dale. 2008. Assessment of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum ex Banks Konig) community structure in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365:148-155. 2008 US Virgin Islands Marine Worms; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Broker, K. C. A. and A. Ilangakoon. 2008. Occurrence and conservation needs of cetaceans in and around the Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary, Sri Lanka. ORYX 42:286-291. 2008 Sri Lanka Whales & Dolphins
Caruthers, A. H. and G. D. Stanley Jr. 2008. Systematic analysis of upper triassic silicified scleractinian corals from Wrangellia and the Alexander terrane, Alaska and British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology 82:470-491. 2008 South & Central America; Columbia Whales & Dolphins
Chaloupka, M., K. A. Bjorndal, G. H. Balazs, A. B. Bolten, L. M. Ehrhart, C. J. Limpus, H. Suganuma, S. Troeng, and M. Yamaguchi. 2008. Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:297-304. 2008 Global; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica; Japan Review Sea Turtles
Conroy, M. J., R. J. Baker, P. W. Dillingham, D. Fletcher, A. M. Gormley, and I. M. Westbrooke. 2008. Application of decision theory to conservation management: recovery of Hector�s dolphin. Wildlife Research 35:93-102. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Daley, B., P. Griggs, and H. Marsh. 2008. Exploiting marine wildlife in Queensland: The commercial dugong and marine turtle fisheries, 1847-1969. Australian Economic History Review 48:227-265. 2008 Australia; Europe Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. Macdonald, H. Marsh, and R. Coles. 2008. Incorporating dugong habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:368-375. 2008 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Dryden, J., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2008. Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Does it afford greater protection for marine turtles? Wildlife Research 35:477-485. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Freire, K. M. F., V. Christensen, and D. Pauly. 2008. Description of the East Brazil Large Marine Ecosystem using a trophic model. Scientia Marina 72:477-491. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Garrigue, C., N. Patenaude, and H. Marsh. 2008. Distribution and abundance of the dugong in New Caledonia, southwest Pacific. Marine Mammal Science 24:81-90. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2008. Rapid assessment of risks to a mobile marine mammal in an ecosystem-scale marine protected area. Conservation Biology 22:711-720. 2008 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Grech, A., H. Marsh, and R. Coles. 2008. A spatial assessment of the risk to a mobile marine mammal from bycatch. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1127-1139. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Whales & Dolphins
Greenslade, P. 2008. Climate variability, biological control and an insect pest outbreak on Australia's Coral Sea islets: Lessons for invertebrate conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 12:333-342. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; Samoa; Palmyra Atoll Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Birds; Nutrients
Hickford, M. J. H. and D. R. Schiel. 2008. Experimental gill-netting of reef fish: Species-specific responses modify capture probability across mesh sizes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358:163-169. 2008 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Whales & Dolphins
LaCommare, K. S., C. Self-Sullivan, and S. Brault. 2008. Distribution and habitat use of Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in the drowned Cayes Area of Belize, Central America. Aquatic Mammals 34:35-43. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Seagrasses
Lammers, M. O., R. E. Brainard, W. W. L. Au, T. A. Mooney, and K. B. Wong. 2008. An ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) for long-term monitoring of biological and anthropogenic sounds on coral reefs and other marine habitats. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123:1720-1728. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Whales & Dolphins
McNiven, I. J., J. Crouch, M. Weisler, N. Kemp, L. C. Martinez, J. Stanisic, M. Orr, L. Brady, S. Hocknull, and W. Boles. 2008. Tigershark Rockshelter (Baidamau Mudh): Seascape and settlement reconfigurations on the Sacred islet of Pulu, Western Zenadh Kes (Torres Strait). Australian Archaeology 66:15-32. 2008 Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves
O'Neill, P., C. D. T. Minton, I. C. T. Nisbet, and J. E. Hines. 2008. Annual recapture and survival rates of two non-breeding adult populations of Roseate Terns Sterna dougallii captured on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and estimates of their population sizes. Waterbirds 31:338-345. 2008 Australia Model Marine Birds
Siddiqui, P. J. A., S. Farooq, S. Shafique, Z.-u.-N. Burhan, and Z. Farooqi. 2008. Conservation and management of biodiversity in Pakistan through the establishment of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:377-382. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Wabnitz, C. C., S. Andrefouet, D. Torres-Pulliza, F. E. Muller-Karger, and P. A. Kramer. 2008. Regional-scale seagrass habitat mapping in the Wider Caribbean region using Landsat sensors: Applications to conservation and ecology. Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3455-3467. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Watanuki, Y., F. Daunt, A. Takahashi, M. Newell, S. Wanless, K. Sato, and N. Miyazaki. 2008. Microhabitat use and prey capture of a bottom-feeding top predator, the European shag, shown by camera loggers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 356:283-293. 2008 Europe Fish; Marine Birds; Octocoral
Whiting, S. D. 2008. Movements and distribution of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in a macro-tidal environment in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 56:215-222. 2008 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources
Allen, M. S. 2007. Three millennia of human and sea turtle interactions in Remote Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:959-970. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Bowen, B. W., W. S. Grant, Z. Hillis-Starr, D. J. Shaver, K. A. Bjorndal, A. B. Bolten, and A. L. Bass. 2007. Mixed-stock analysis reveals the migrations of juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean Sea. Molecular Ecology 16:49-60. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cubero-Pardo, P. 2007. Distribution and environmental conditions related to the behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica [Distribucion y condiciones ambientales asocia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 55:549-557. 2007 Costa Rica Mangroves; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Dobbs, K. A., J. D. Miller, and A. M. Landry Jr. 2007. Laparoscopy of nesting hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, at Milman Island, Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6:270-274. 2007 Australia Sea Turtles
Dobbs, K. A., J. D. Miller, D. W. Owens, and A. M. Landry. 2007. Serum testosterone and estradiol-17β levels during the peak period in a year-round Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata L. nesting population. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:151-157. 2007 Australia Sea Turtles
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. MacDonald, and C. Lumpus. 2007. Incorporating marine turtle habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:293-302. 2007 Australia Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Erlandson, J. M., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. A. Estes, and R. S. Steneck. 2007. The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Erwin, C. A. and B. C. Congdon. 2007. Day-to-day variation in sea-surface temperature reduces sooty tern Sterna fuscata foraging success on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 331:255-266. 2007 Global; Australia Climate; Marine Birds
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2007. Prioritising areas for dugong conservation in a marine protected area using a spatially explicit population model. Applied GIS 3. 2007 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Jokiel, P. L. and K. S. Rodgers. 2007. Ranking coral ecosystem "health and value" for the islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:60-68. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Kiszka, J. J. 2007. Atypical associations between dugongs (Dugong dugon) and dolphins in a tropical lagoon. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:101-104. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India; United Kingdom Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Kon, T., M. Nohara, Y. Yamanoue, Y. Fujiwara, M. Nishida, and T. Nishikawa. 2007. Phylogenetic position of a whale-fall lancelet (Cephalochordata) inferred from whole mitochondrial genome sequences. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7. 2007 Japan Whales & Dolphins
McPherson, C., P. Turner, G. McPherson, and O. P. Kenny. 2007. Application of a three-dimensional hyperbolic location system to the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) depredation issue. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 7:312-321. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Whales & Dolphins
Morete, M. E., T. L. Bisi, and S. Rosso. 2007. Temporal pattern of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) group structure around Abrolhos Archipelago breeding region, Bahia, Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:87-92. 2007 United Kingdom Whales & Dolphins
Murdoch, T. J. T., A. F. Glasspool, M. Outerbridge, J. Ward, S. Manuel, J. Gray, A. Nash, K. A. Coates, J. Pitt, J. W. Fourqurean, P. A. Barnes, M. Vierros, K. Holzer, and S. R. Smith. 2007. Large-scale decline in offshore seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:123-130. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Novotny, V. 2007. Diffuse pollution from agriculture: Ecological sustainability or food production or both. Pages 52-59 Water 21. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Pichel, W. G., J. H. Churnside, T. S. Veenstra, D. G. Foley, K. S. Friedman, R. E. Brainard, J. B. Nicoll, Q. Zheng, and P. Clemente-Colon. 2007. Marine debris collects within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1207-1211. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Quod, J. P., A. Barrere, P. Chabanet, P. Durville, J. B. Nicet, and R. Garnier. 2007. The status of the coral reefs of French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean [La situation des recifs coralliens des Îles eparses Francaises de l'Ocean Indien]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 62:16-Mar. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Mayotte; India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Birds; Molluscs
Short, F., T. Carruthers, W. Dennison, and M. Waycott. 2007. Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350:3-20. 2007 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Sleeman, J. C., M. G. Meekan, S. G. Wilson, C. K. S. Jenner, M. N. Jenner, G. S. Boggs, C. C. Steinberg, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2007. Biophysical correlates of relative abundances of marine megafauna at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:608-623. 2007 Australia Model Apex Fish Predators; Invertebrates; Octopus & Squid; Physical Variables; Whales & Dolphins
Thiel, M., E. C. Macaya, E. Acuna, W. E. Arntz, H. Bastias, K. Brokordt, P. A. Camus, J. C. Castilla, L. R. Castro, M. Cortes, C. P. Dumont, R. Escribano, M. Fernandez, J. A. Gajardo, C. F. Gaymer, I. Gomez, A. E. Gonzalez, H. E. Gonzalez, P. A. Haye, and J.-E. Illanes. 2007. The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile - Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:195-344. 2007 South & Central America Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Venn-Watson, S. and S. H. Ridgway. 2007. Big brains and blood glucose: common ground for diabetes mellitus in humans and healthy dolphins. Comparative Medicine 57:390-395. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model CO2; Whales & Dolphins
Waller, R. G., J. F. Adkins, L. F. Robinson, and T. M. Shank. 2007. Ancient DNA techniques: Applications for deep-water corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:351-359. 2007 Climate; Whales & Dolphins
Whiting, S. D., M. L. Guinea, C. J. Limpus, and K. Fomiatti. 2007. Blood chemistry reference values for two ecologically distinct populations of foraging green turtles, eastern Indian Ocean. Comparative Clinical Pathology 16:109-118. 2007 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Witmer, G. W., F. Boyd, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2007. The successful eradication of introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island using diphacinone, followed by an irruption of house mice (Mus musculus). Wildlife Research 34:108-115. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Turtles
Andrews, K. R., L. Karczmarski, W. W. L. Au, S. H. Rickards, C. A. Vanderlip, and R. J. Toonen. 2006. Patterns of genetic diversity of the Hawaiin spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Atoll Research Bulletin 65-73. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Whales & Dolphins
Booth, D. T. and C. Freeman. 2006. Sand and nest temperatures and an estimate of hatchling sex ratio from the Heron Island green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookery, Southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 25:629-633. 2006 Australia; Cuba Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Bujang, J. S., M. H. Zakaria, and A. Arshad. 2006. Distribution and significance of seagrass ecosystems in Malaysia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 9:203-214. 2006 Malaysia Review Bivalves; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Substrate
Burgess, E. A., D. T. Booth, and J. M. Lanyon. 2006. Swimming performance of hatchling green turtles is affected by incubation temperature. Coral Reefs 25:341-349. 2006 Cuba Lab Study Sea Turtles
Dobson, J. 2006. Sharks, wildlife tourism, and state regulation. Pages 15-23 in Tourism in Marine Environments. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; South Africa Apex Fish Predators; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., I. R. Lawler, and E. Gyuris. 2006. Dietary preferences of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on a tropical reef flat. Wildlife Research 33:671-678. 2006 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Grossman, A., C. Sazima, C. Bellini, and I. Sazima. 2006. Cleaning symbiosis between Hawksbill turtles and reef fishes at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off Northeast Brazil. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 5:284-288. 2006 Planktivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Small Herbivorous Fish
Holley, D. K., I. R. Lawler, and N. J. Gales. 2006. Summer survey of dugong distribution and abundance in Shark Bay reveals additional key habitat area. Wildlife Research 33:243-250. 2006 Australia
J. Parra, G., R. Schick, and P. J. Corkeron. 2006. Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Ecography 29:396-406. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Jost, C. H. and S. Andrefouet. 2006. Long-term natural and human perturbations and current status of Clipperton Atoll, a remote island of the Eastern Pacific. Pacific Conservation Biology 12:207-217. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Remote Sensing Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Nutrients
Kolinski, S. P., R. K. Hoeke, S. R. Holzwarth, L. I. Ilo, E. F. Cox, R. C. O'Conner, and P. S. Vroom. 2006. Nearshore distribution and an abundance estimate for green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, at Rota Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Science 60:509-522. 2006 Northern Mariana Islands Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles
Liu, X. D., S. P. Zhao, L. G. Sun, H. H. Luo, X. B. Yin, Z. Q. Xie, Y. H. Wang, K. X. Liu, X. H. Wu, X. F. Ding, and D. P. Fu. 2006. Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology 36:259-279. 2006 China Marine Birds; Sediment
Lusseau, S. M. and S. R. Wing. 2006. Importance of local production versus pelagic subsidies in the diet of an isolated population of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops sp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:283-293. 2006 Model Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Makowski, C., J. A. Seminoff, and M. Salmon. 2006. Home range and habitat use of juvenile Atlantic green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) on shallow reef habitats in Palm Beach, Florida, USA. Marine Biology 148:1167-1179. 2006 Global; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Peck, D. R., C. A. Erwin, and B. C. Congdon. 2006. Variation in egg-size in the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus). Emu 106:227-231. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds
Pocock, C. 2006. Turtle riding on the great barrier reef. Society and Animals 14:129-146. 2006 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Pollock, K. H., H. D. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, and M. W. Alldredge. 2006. Estimating animal abundance in heterogeneous environments: An application to aerial surveys for dugongs. Journal of Wildlife Management 70:255-262. 2006 Australia Model
Richardson, S. L. 2006. Response of epiphytic foraminiferal communities to natural eutrophication in seagrass habitats off Man O'War Cay, Belize. Marine Ecology 27:404-416. 2006 South & Central America; Belize Index or Indicator Mangroves; Marine Birds; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Sazima, I. and A. Grossman. 2006. Turtle riders: Remoras on marine turtles in Southwest Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:123-126. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Sea Turtles
Sazima, I., C. Sazima, and J. M. Da Silva Jr. 2006. Fishes associated with spinner dolphins at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical Western Atlantic: An update and overview. Neotropical Ichthyology 4:451-455. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Octopus & Squid; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Schroeder, R. E. and J. D. Parrish. 2006. Ecological characteristics of coral patch reefs at Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 439-460. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Southwood, A. L., R. D. Reina, V. S. Jones, J. R. Speakman, and D. R. Jones. 2006. Seasonal metabolism of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Heron Island, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:125-135. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles
Steadman, D. W. and S. Jones. 2006. Long-term trends in prehistoric fishing and hunting on Tobago, West Indies. Latin American Antiquity 17:316-334. 2006 Tobago; India Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Taquet, C., M. Taquet, T. Dempster, M. Soria, S. Ciccione, D. Roos, and L. Dagorn. 2006. Foraging of the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas on seagrass beds at Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean), determined by acoustic transmitters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 306:295-302. 2006 Indian Ocean; Comoros; Mayotte; India Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Albert, S., J.M. O'Neil, J.W. Udy, K.S. Ahern, C.M. O'Sullivan, W.C. Dennison. 2005. Blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula in coastal Queensland, Australia: disparate sites, common factors. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:428-437. 2005 Australia Index or Indicator Cyanobacteria; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients
Amir, O. A., P. Berggren, S. G. M. Ndaro, and N. S. Jiddawi. 2005. Feeding ecology of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) incidentally caught in the gillnet fisheries off Zanzibar, Tanzania. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:429-437. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Tanzania Index or Indicator Fish; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Andre, J., E. Gyuris, and I. R. Lawler. 2005. Comparison of the diets of sympatric dugongs and green turtles on the Orman Reefs, Torres Strait, Australia. Wildlife Research 32:53-62. 2005 Australia; Papua New Guinea Algae; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Barile, P. J. and B. E. Lapointe. 2005. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition from a remote source enriches macroalgae in coral reef ecosystems near Green Turtle Cay, Abacos, Bahamas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:1262-1272. 2005 Florida; Bahamas Algae; Nutrients; Sea Turtles
Bender, K. and R. Taylor. 2005. Oil spill contingency planning in Thailand. Page 5512 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Thailand Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Bourne, W. R. P., A. C. F. David, and I. A. W. McAllan. 2005. The birds of the southern Coral Sea including observations by HMS Herald in 1858-60. Atoll Research Bulletin 237-263. 2005 Marine Birds; Whales & Dolphins
Brensing, K., K. Linke, M. Busch, I. Matthes, and S. Eke Van Der Woude. 2005. Impact of different groups of swimmers on dolphins in swim-with-the-dolphin programs in two settings. Anthrozoos 18:409-429. 2005 Housing; Octocoral; Whales & Dolphins
Chaloupka, M. and C. Limpus. 2005. Estimates of sex- and age-class-specific survival probabilities for a southern Great Barrier Reef green sea turtle population. Marine Biology 146:1251-1261. 2005 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Copley, J. 2005. From shore to shining shore. New Scientist 186:51. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles
Cunningham, R. B. and D. B. Lindenmayer. 2005. Modeling count data of rare species: Some statistical issues. Ecology 86:1135-1142. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds
Deng, S., Y. Lu, and D. Xu. 2005. Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 48:2049-2060. 2005 China Review Marine Vertebrates; Sediment
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Gannier, A. and K. L. West. 2005. Distribution of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) around the Windward Islands (French Polynesia). Pacific Science 59:17-24. 2005 Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Hamann, M., T. S. Jessop, C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 2005. Regional and annual variation in plasma steroids and metabolic indicators in female green turtles, Chelonia mydas. Marine Biology 148:427-433. 2005 Index or Indicator Sea Turtles; Substrate
Haynes, D., S. Carter, C. Gaus, J. Muller, and W. Dennison. 2005. Organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations in blubber and liver tissue collected from Queensland (Australia) dugong (Dugong dugon). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:361-369. 2005 Australia Coastal Development; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Toxics; Whales & Dolphins
Hunt Jr., G. L. and P. J. Stabeno. 2005. Oceanography and ecology of the Aleutian Archipelago: Spatial and temporal variation. Fisheries Oceanography 14:292-306. 2005 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Plankton; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Jones, M., H. Heatwole, and P. O'Niell. 2005. Diel changes in numbers of seabirds occupying cays on the Swain Reefs, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Atoll Research Bulletin 217-235. 2005 Australia Marine Birds
King, M. C. and K. F. Beazley. 2005. Selecting focal species for marine protected area network planning in the Scotia-Fundy region of Atlantic Canada. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:367-385. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Kreb, D. and Budiono. 2005. Cetacean diversity and habitat preferences in tropical waters of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53:149-155. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Indonesia Whales & Dolphins
Krupp, F. and O. Khushaim. 2005. The establishment of a marine wildlife sanctuary following the 1991 gulf war oil spill. Page 2611 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Saudi Arabia; Europe Mangroves; Marine Birds; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses
Makowski, C., R. Slattery, and M. Salmon. 2005. \Shark fishing\": A method for determining the abundance and distribution of sea turtles at shallow reef habitats". Herpetological Review 36:36-38. 2005 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles
Marsh, H., G. De'ath, N. Gribble, and B. Lane. 2005. Historical marine population estimates: Triggers or targets for conservation? The dugong case study. Ecological Applications 15:481-492. 2005 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Marine Vertebrates; Seagrasses
Peck, D. R. and B. C. Congdon. 2005. Colony-specific foraging behaviour and co-ordinated divergence of chick development in the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 299:289-296. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Birds
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. 2005 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Roos, D., D. Pelletier, S. Ciccione, M. Taquet, and G. Hughes. 2005. Aerial and snorkelling census techniques for estimating green turtle abundance on foraging areas: A pilot study in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean). Aquatic Living Resource 18:193-198. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mayotte; India Field Study & Monitoring Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Schone, B. R., E. Dunca, J. Fiebig, and M. Pfeiffer. 2005. Mutvei's solution: An ideal agent for resolving microgrowth structures of biogenic carbonates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228:149-166. 2005 Index or Indicator Climate; Fish; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Symons, L. C. and J. Morris. 2005. Development of multi-hazard contingency plans and tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Pages 9628-9631 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Whales & Dolphins
Troeng, S., P. H. Dutton, and D. Evans. 2005. Migration of hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata from Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Ecography 28:394-402. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Waycott, M., B. J. Longstaff, and J. Mellors. 2005. Seagrass population dynamics and water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: A review and future research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:343-350. 2005 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Toxics
Balazs, G. H. and M. Chaloupka. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability in somatic growth of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) resident in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Biology 145:1043-1059. 2004 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Caribbean Model; Rate functions Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Borsa, P. and G. Hoarau. 2004. A pygmy blue whale (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) in the inshore waters of New Caledonia. Pacific Science 58:579-584. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Callaghan, R. 2004. An Underwater World. Elektron 21:60-62. 2004 Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Small Boats
Chaloupka, M., C. Limpus, and J. Miller. 2004. Green turtle somatic growth dynamics in a spatially disjunct Great Barrier Reef metapopulation. Coral Reefs 23:325-335. 2004 Australia Model; Rate functions Algae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Enge, K. M., K. L. Krysko, K. R. Hankins, T. S. Campbell, and F. W. King. 2004. Status of the nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in southwestern Florida. Southeastern Naturalist 3:571-582. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds; Sea Turtles
Gales, N., R. D. McCauley, J. Lanyon, and D. Holley. 2004. Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: Evidence for large-scale migration. Wildlife Research 31:283-290. 2004 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Glynn, P. W. 2004. High complexity food webs in low-diversity eastern Pacific reef-coral communities. Ecosystems 7:358-367. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Whales & Dolphins
Gyuris, E. 2004. An experimental investigation of the effects of human intrusion into breeding colonies of Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus in the Great Barrier Reef. Pacific Conservation Biology 9:265-272. 2004 Australia Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Jessop, T. S., M. Hamann, and C. J. Limpus. 2004. Body condition and physiological changes in male green turtles during breeding. Marine Ecology Progress Series 276:281-288. 2004 Australia Index or Indicator Sea Turtles
Nilsson, G. E. and G. M. C. Renshaw. 2004. Hypoxic survival strategies in two fishes: Extreme anoxia tolerance in the North European crucian carp and natural hypoxic preconditioning in a coral-reef shark. Journal of Experimental Biology 207:3131-3139. 2004 Europe Apex Fish Predators; Marine Vertebrates; Pathogens
Okey, T.A., G.A. Vargo, S. Mackinson, M. Vasconcellos, B. Mahmoudie, and C.A. Meyer. 2004. Simulating community effects of sea floor shading by plankton blooms over the West Florida Shelf. Ecological Modelling 172:339-359. 2004 Florida Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Light; Marine Birds; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production
Peck, D. R. and B. C. Congdon. 2004. Reconciling historical processes and population structure in the sooty tern Sterna fuscata. Journal of Avian Biology 35:327-335. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Peck, D. R., B. V. Smithers, A. K. Krockenberger, and B. C. Congdon. 2004. Sea surface temperature constrains wedge-tailed shearwater foraging success within breeding seasons. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281:259-266. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds
Schmidt, S., W. C. Dennison, G. J. Moss, and G. R. Stewart. 2004. Nitrogen ecophysiology of Heron Island, a subtropical coral cay of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Functional Plant Biology 31:517-528. 2004 Australia Model Algae; Marine Birds; Nutrients
Valentine, P. S., A. Birtles, M. Curnock, P. Arnold, and A. Dunstan. 2004. Getting closer to whales - Passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 25:647-655. 2004 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2003. News: Barents Sea under threat from oil developments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:681-682. 2003 Corporate Responses; Marine Birds; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2003. Oceans 2003 MTS/IEEE Proceedings. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Wastewater Discharge; Whales & Dolphins
De Sloover, J. R. 2003. Terrestrial vegetation patterns and plant communities on Pacific coral cays. Scripta Botanica Belgica 24:155-167. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Mangroves; Marine Birds; Skeletal Coral
Gittings, S. R., K. Benson, L. Takata, and K. Witman. 2003. Conservation science in the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Marine Technology Society Journal 37:9-May. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Gribble, N.A. 2003. GBR-prawn: modelling ecosystem impacts of changes in fisheries management of the commercial prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery in the far northern Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 65:493-506. 2003 Australia Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Houghton, J. D. R., M. J. Callow, and G. C. Hays. 2003. Habitat utilization by juvenile hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata, Linnaeus, 1766) around a shallow water coral reef. Journal of Natural History 37:1269-1280. 2003 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Johnston, R. K., H. Halkola, R. George, C. In, R. Gauthier, W. Wild, M. Bell, and R. Martore. 2003. Assessing the ecological risk of creating artificial reefs from ex-warships. Pages 804-811 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Limpus, C. J., J. D. Miller, C. J. Parmenter, and D. J. Limpus. 2003. The Green turtle, Chelonia mydas, population of Raine Island and the northern Great Barrier Reef: 1843-2001. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49:349-440. 2003 Australia; Europe Review Sea Turtles
Miller, M. W., D. B. McClellan, and C. Begin. 2003. Observations on fisheries activities at Navassa Island. Marine Fisheries Review 65:43-49. 2003 South & Central America; Haiti; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch
Russell, D. J., G. H. Balazs, R. C. Phillips, and A. K. H. Kam. 2003. Discovery of the sea grass Halophila decipiens (Hydrocharitaceae) in the diet of the Hawaiian green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Pacific Science 57:393-397. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Sazima, I., C. Sazima, and J. M. Silva Jr. 2003. The cetacean offal connection: Feces and vomits of spinner dolphins as a food source for reef fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 72:151-160. 2003 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Fish; Plankton; Whales & Dolphins
Singh, H. S. 2003. Sea mammals in marine protected area in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:258-262. 2003 India Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Smithers, B. V., D. R. Peck, A. K. Krockenberger, and B. C. Congdon. 2003. Elevated sea-surface temperature, reduced provisioning and reproductive failure of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) in the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:973-977. 2003 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Model; Index or Indicator Climate; Fish; Marine Birds
Southwood, A. L., R. D. Reina, V. S. Jones, and D. R. Jones. 2003. Seasonal diving patterns and body temperatures of juvenile green turtles at Heron Island, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:1014-1024. 2003 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Stachowitsch, M. 2003. Research on intact marine ecosystems: A lost era. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:801-805. 2003 Global Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Stapanian, M. A. and T. A. Waite. 2003. Species density of waterbirds in offshore habitats in western Lake Erie. Journal of Field Ornithology 74:381-393. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Surman, C. A. and R. D. Wooller. 2003. Comparative foraging ecology of five sympatric terns at a sub-tropical island in the eastern Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology 259:219-230. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid
Valette-Silver, N. J. and D. Scavia. 2003. Ecological Forecasting: New Tools for Coastal and Ecosystem Management. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 1. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Williams, J. C., G. V. Byrd, and N. B. Konyukhov. 2003. Whiskered Auklets Aethia pygmaea, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong. Marine Ornithology 31:175-180. 2003 Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Plankton; Special Use Permitting
Worm, B., H. K. Lotze, and R. A. Myers. 2003. Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:9884-9888. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sea Turtles
Abuodha, J. O. Z. 2002. Environmental impact assessment of the proposed titanium mining project in Kwale District, Kenya. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 20:199-207. 2002 Kenya Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mining Policies; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Barros, N. B., T. A. Jefferson, and E. C. M. Parsons. 2002. Food habits of finless porpoises (Neophocaena Phocaenoides) in Hong Kong waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 115-123. 2002 China Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Substrate; Whales & Dolphins
Beattie, A., U.R. Sumaila, V. Christensen, D. Pauly. 2002. A Model for the Bioeconomic Evaluation of Marine Protected Area Size and Placement in the North Sea. Natural Resource Modeling 15:413-437. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Blaber, S. J. M. 2002. 'Fish in hot water': The challenges facing fish and fisheries research in tropical estuaries. Journal of Fish Biology 61:20-Jan. 2002 Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Whales & Dolphins
Carruthers, T. J. B., W. C. Dennison, B. J. Longstaff, M. Waycott, E. G. Abal, L. J. McKenzie, and W. J. Lee Long. 2002. Seagrass habitats of northeast Australia: Models of key processes and controls. Bulletin of Marine Science 71:1153-1169. 2002 Australia Model Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Chaloupka, M. 2002. Stochastic simulation modelling of southern Great Barrier Reef green turtle population dynamics. Ecological Modelling 148:79-109. 2002 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. Y. and C. J. Limpus. 2002. Survival probability estimates for the endangered loggerhead sea turtle resident in southern Great Barrier Reef waters. Marine Biology 140:267-277. 2002 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Diez, C. E. and R. P. Van Dam. 2002. Habitat effect on hawksbill turtle growth rates on feeding grounds at Mona and Monito Islands, Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 234:301-309. 2002 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Australia; Caribbean Index or Indicator Sea Turtles
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Leon, Y. M. and K. A. Bjorndal. 2002. Selective feeding in the hawksbill turtle, an important predator in coral reef ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 245:249-258. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Dominican Republic; Columbia; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Salazar-Vallejo, S. I. 2002. Huracanes y biodiversidad costera tropical. Revista de Biologia Tropical 50:415-428. 2002 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Schwartz, S. E. 2002. Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs. Sea Technology 43:33-37. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Topping, M., J. Pfeiffer, A. Sparks, K. T. C. Jim, and D. Yoon. 2002. Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System (AAHIS). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4816:11-Jan. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Whales & Dolphins
[No author name available]. 2001. News: Protection for sponge gardens. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:4. 2001 Australia Marine Birds; Sea Turtles; Sponges
Abileah, R. 2001. High-resolution imagery applications in the littorals. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4540:630-638. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Whales & Dolphins
Allmon, W. D. 2001. Nutrients, temperature, disturbance, and evolution: A model for the late Cenozoic marine record of the western Atlantic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166:26-Sep. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Review; Model Marine Birds; Nutrients; Whales & Dolphins
Anderson, A. 2001. No meat on that beautiful shore: The prehistoric abandonment of subtropical Polynesian islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11:14-23. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Fish; Marine Birds; Whales & Dolphins
Booth, D. T. and K. Astill. 2001. Incubation temperature, energy expenditure and hatchling size in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), a species with temperature-sensitive sex determination. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:389-396. 2001 Australia; Cuba Sea Turtles
Booth, D. T. and K. Astill. 2001. Temperature variation within and between nests of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Chelonia: Cheloniidae) on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:71-84. 2001 Australia; Cuba Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. and C. Limpus. 2001. Trends in the abundance of sea turtles resident in southern Great Barrier Reef waters. Biological Conservation 102:235-249. 2001 Australia Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Coberley, S. S., L. H. Herbst, L. M. Ehrhart, D. A. Bagley, S. Hirama, E. R. Jacobson, and P. A. Klein. 2001. Survey of Florida green turtles for exposure to a disease-associated herpesvirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 47:159-167. 2001 Florida; India Pathogens; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gedamke, J., D. P. Costa, and A. Dunstan. 2001. Localization and visual verification of a complex minke whale vocalization. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109:3038-3047. 2001 Australia Whales & Dolphins
Jackson, J. B. C. 2001. What was natural in the coastal oceans? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:5411-5418. 2001 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sponges
Jackson, J. B. C. and E. Sala. 2001. Unnatural Oceans. Scientia Marina 65:273-281. 2001 Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Janetzki, H. A. and R. A. Paterson. 2001. Aspects of humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, calf mortality in Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47:431-436. 2001 Apex Fish Predators; Whales & Dolphins
Jones, R. J. 2001. The status of seabird colonies on the Cook Islands atoll of Suwarrow. Bird Conservation International 11:309-318. 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Cook Islands Aquaculture; Marine Birds
McLachlan, M. S., D. Haynes, and J. F. Muller. 2001. PCDDs in the water/sediment-seagrass-dugong (Dugong dugon) food chain on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Environmental Pollution 113:129-134. 2001 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Skov, H. and E. Prins. 2001. Impact of estuarine fronts on the dispersal of piscivorous birds in the German Bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214:279-287. 2001 Marine Birds; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tucker, A. D. and M. A. Read. 2001. Frequency of foraging by gravid green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Raine Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Herpetology 35:500-503. 2001 Australia Sea Turtles
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Carbone, F. and G. Accordi. 2000. The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:141-159. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Debrot, A. O. and I. Nagelkerken. 2000. User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curacao. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:95-106. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hardman-Mountford, N. J., K. A. Koranteng, and A. R. G. Price. 2000. The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 773-796. 2000 Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Haskell, B. D., V. R. Leeworthy, P. C. Wiley, T. M. Beuttler, M. R. Haflich, J. Delaney, B. L. Richards, and E. Franklin. 2000. Final supplemental environmental impact statement and final supplemental management plan for the Tortugas Ecological Reserve. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2000 Florida Algae; Fish; Marine Birds; Seagrasses; Sponges
Hill, B. J. and T. J. Wassenberg. 2000. The probable fate of discards from prawn trawlers fishing near coral reefs: A study in the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Research 48:277-286. 2000 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Huber, M. E. 2000. Torres Strait and the Gulf of Papua. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 593-610. 2000 Australia; Papua New Guinea Agriculture; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jameson, S. C., L. B. Trott, M. J. Marshall, and M. J. Childress. 2000. Nicaragua: Caribbean coast. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 517-530. 2000 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Caribbean Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Karczmarski, L. 2000. Conservation and management of humpback dolphins: The South African perspective. ORYX 34:207-216. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Model Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Karczmarski, L., V. G. Cockcroft, and A. McLachlan. 2000. Habitat use and preferences of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Marine Mammal Science 16:65-79. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Index or Indicator Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Knap, A. H., D. P. Connelly, and J. N. Butler. 2000. The Sargasso Sea and Bermuda. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 221-231. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Whales & Dolphins
Labrosse, P., R. Fichez, R. Farman, and T. Adams. 2000. New Caledonia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 723-736. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia; Europe; France Agriculture; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Lu, Y., Q. Yu, J. P. Zamzow, Y. Wang, G. S. Losey, G. H. Balazs, V. R. Nerurkar, and R. Yanagihara. 2000. Detection of green turtle herpesviral sequence in saddleback wrasse Thalassoma duperrey: A possible mode of transmission of green turtle fibropapilloma. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12:58-63. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Turtles
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Marsh, H. 2000. Evaluating management initiatives aimed at reducing the mortality of dugongs in gill and mesh nets in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Marine Mammal Science 16:684-694. 2000 Australia
Oakley, S., N. Pilcher, and E. Wood. 2000. Borneo. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 361-379. 2000 Global; Malaysia; Indonesia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Forestry; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Whales & Dolphins
Pauly, D., V. Christensen, R. Froese, and M. L. Palomares. 2000. Fishing down aquatic food webs. American Scientist 88:46-51. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Whales & Dolphins
Price, A. R. G. and J. E. Maragos. 2000. The Marshall Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 773-789. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Military; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Price, A. R. G. and S. Clark. 2000. The Maldives. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 199-219. 2000 Global; Seychelles; Maldives Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sheppard, C. R. C. 2000. The Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 221-232. 2000 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Military; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Turner, J., C. Jago, D. Daby, and R. Klaus. 2000. The Mascarene Region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 253-268. 2000 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; Reunion; India Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Agriculture; Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fishing Sector; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
Vuki, V. C., L. P. Zann, M. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. The Fiji Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 751-764. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Wilson, S. C. 2000. Northwest Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 17-33. 2000 India; United Arab Emirates; Iran; Oman Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Tankers; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Zann, L. P. 2000. Northeastern Australia: The Great Barrier Reef region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 611-628. 2000 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Chaloupka, M., M. Osmond, and G. Kaufman. 1999. Estimating seasonal abundance trends and survival probabilities of humpback whales in Hervey Bay (east coast Australia). Marine Ecology Progress Series 184:291-301. 1999 Australia Model Whales & Dolphins
Harvell, C. D., K. Kim, J. M. Burkholder, R. R. Colwell, P. R. Epstein, D. J. Grimes, E. E. Hofmann, E. K. Lipp, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R. M. Overstreet, J. W. Porter, G. W. Smith, and G. R. Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - Climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505-1510. 1999 Global Climate; Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Haynes, D., J. F. Muller, and M. S. McLachlan. 1999. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Great Barrier Reef (Australia) dugongs (Dugong dugon). Chemosphere 38:255-262. 1999 Australia Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Jessop, T. S., C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 1999. Plasma steroid interactions during high-density green turtle nesting and associated disturbance. General and Comparative Endocrinology 115:90-100. 1999 Australia Sea Turtles; Substrate
Jessop, T. S., N. N. FitzSimmons, C. J. Limpus, and J. M. Whittier. 1999. Interactions between behavior and plasma steroids within the scramble mating system of the promiscuous green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Hormones and Behavior 36:86-97. 1999 Australia Sea Turtles
Lee Long, W. J., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. 1999. Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:321-328. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Perrin, W. F., MA .L .L . Dolar, and D. Robineau. 1999. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) of the western Pacific and Southeast Asia: Pelagic and shallow-water forms. Marine Mammal Science 15:1029-1053. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Thailand; Malaysia; Japan; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan Review Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Octopus & Squid; Whales & Dolphins
Renones, O., B. Morales-Nin, and S. Deudero. 1999. Population size structure, age and growth of Naucrates ductor in the small scale FADs fishery of Mallorca Island (western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 63:355-366. 1999 Lab Study Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Scarlett, A., P. Donkin, T. W. Fileman, and R. J. Morris. 1999. Occurrence of the antifouling herbicide, Irgarol 1051, within coastal-water seagrasses from Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:687-691. 1999 Australia; Europe Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Barlough, J. E., D. O. Matson, D. E. Skilling, T. Berke, E. S. Berry, R. F. Brown, and A. W. Smith. 1998. Isolation of reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:451-456. 1998 Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Blaber, S. J. M., D. A. Milton, M. J. Farmer, and G. C. Smith. 1998. Seabird breeding populations on the far northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Trends and influences. Emu 98:44-57. 1998 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Marine Birds; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ellison, J. C. 1998. Natural history of Bramble Cay, Torres Strait. Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-33. 1998 Australia; Europe Mangroves; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fitzsimmons, N. N. 1998. Single paternity of clutches and sperm storage in the promiscuous green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Molecular Ecology 7:575-584. 1998 Australia Sea Turtles
Gribble, N. A., G. McPherson, and B. Lane. 1998. Effect of the Queensland Shark Control Program on non-target species: Whale, dugong, turtle and dolphin: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:645-651. 1998 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Hebshi, A. 1998. Foraging site preferences of Brandt's Cormorants off the Santa Cruz, California, coast. Waterbirds 21:245-250. 1998 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Birds; Substrate
Herbst, L. H., E. C. Greiner, L. M. Ehrhart, D. A. Bagley, and P. A. Klein. 1998. Serological association between spirorchidiasis, herpesvirus infection, and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:496-507. 1998 Florida Pathogens; Sea Turtles
Hill, M. S. 1998. Spongivory on Caribbean reefs releases corals from competition with sponges. Oecologia 117:143-150. 1998 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Jennings, S. and M. J. Kaiser. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 201-352. 1998 Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Sea Urchins; Whales & Dolphins
Karczmarski, L., V. G. Cockcroft, A. Mclaciilan, and P. E. D. Winter. 1998. Recommendations for the conservation and management of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis in the Algoa Bay region, South Africa. Koedoe 41:121-129. 1998 South Africa Review Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Menges, C. H., G. J. E. Hill, and W. Ahmad. 1998. Landsat TM data and potential feeding grounds for threatened marine turtle species in northern Australia. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19:1207-1221. 1998 Australia Algae; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Miller, J. D., K. A. Dobbs, C. J. Limpus, N. Mattocks, and A. M. Landry Jr. 1998. Long-distance migrations by the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, from north-eastern Australia. Wildlife Research 25:89-95. 1998 Australia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Review Sea Turtles
Price, A. R. G. 1998. Impact of the 1991 Gulf War on the coastal environment and ecosystems: Current status and future prospects. Environment International 24:91-96. 1998 Review; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Price, A. R. G., G. Jobbins, A. R. Dawson Shepherd, and R. F. G. Ormond. 1998. An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Conservation 25:65-76. 1998 Saudi Arabia Mangroves; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Thewlis, R. M., R. J. Timmins, T. D. Evans, and J. W. Duckworth. 1998. The conservation status of birds in Laos: A review of key species. Bird Conservation International 8:1-159. 1998 Global; Thailand Review Forestry; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Thompson, J. J. 1998. Interseasonal changes in shorebird habitat specialisation in Moreton Bay, Australia. Emu 98:117-126. 1998 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds; Seagrasses; Sediment
Van Dam, R. P. and C. E. Diez. 1998. Home range of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus)) at two Caribbean islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 220:15-24. 1998 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Chaloupka, M. Y. and C. J. Limpus. 1997. Robust statistical modelling of hawksbill sea turtle growth rates (southern Great Barrier Reef). Marine Ecology Progress Series 146:8-Jan. 1997 South & Central America; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Model; Rate functions Sea Turtles
Erzini, K., C. C. Monteiro, J. Ribeiro, M. N. Santos, M. Gaspar, P. Monteiro, and T. C. Borges. 1997. An experimental study of gill net and trammel net 'ghost fishing' off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Marine Ecology Progress Series 158:257-265. 1997 Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fitzsimmons, N. N., C. J. Limpus, J. A. Norman, A. R. Goldizen, J. D. Miller, and C. Moritz. 1997. Philopatry of male marine turtles inferred from mitochondrial DNA markers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:8912-8917. 1997 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Sea Turtles
Fitzsimmons, N. N., C. Moritz, C. J. Limpus, L. Pope, and R. Prince. 1997. Geographic structure of mitochondrial and nuclear gene polymorphisms in Australian green turtle populations and male-biased gene flow. Genetics 147:1843-1854. 1997 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Grimshaw, R. 1997. Floating on the margins. Pages 29-30+32 Offshore Engineer. 1997 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Mitigation; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Jackson, J. B. C. 1997. Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16. 1997 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sponges
Limpus, C. and M. Chaloupka. 1997. Nonparametric regression modelling of green sea turtle growth rates (southern Great Barrier Reef). Marine Ecology Progress Series 149:23-34. 1997 Australia Model; Rate functions Sea Turtles
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Robinet, O., S. Sirgouant, and V. Bretagnolle. 1997. Marine birds of d'Entrecasteaux Reefs (New Caledonia, Southwestern Pacific): Diversity, abundance, trends and threats. Waterbirds 20:282-290. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds
Van Dam, R. P. and C. E. Diez. 1997. Diving behavior of immature hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in a caribbean reef habitat. Coral Reefs 16:133-138. 1997 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Turtles
Ainley, D. G., L. B. Spear, S. G. Allen, and C. A. Ribic. 1996. Temporal and spatial patterns in the diet of the Common Murre in California waters. Condor 98:691-705. 1996 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Birds; Recreational Fishing
Heppell, S. S., C. J. Limpus, D. T. Crouse, N. B. Frazer, and L. B. Crowder. 1996. Population model analysis for the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland. Wildlife Research 23:143-159. 1996 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Hunt Jr., G. L., K. O. Coyle, S. Hoffman, M. B. Decker, and E. N. Flint. 1996. Foraging ecology of short-tailed shearwaters near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 141:11-Jan. 1996 Marine Birds; Plankton
Katz, M. 1996. The Florida Keys ecosystem monitoring integration project. Earth System Monitor 6:13-Dec. 1996 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Ray, G. C. 1996. Coastal-marine discontinuities and synergisms: Implications for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:1095-1108. 1996 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Whales & Dolphins
Brill, R. W., G. H. Balazs, K. N. Holland, R. K. Chang, S. Sullivan, and J. C. George. 1995. Daily movements, habitat use, and submergence intervals of normal and tumor-bearing juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) within a foraging area in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 185:203-218. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii Sea Turtles
Gill, P. C., E. J. Eyre, C. Garrigue, and W. H. Dawbin. 1995. Observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on a cruise to New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Reefs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 38:505-511. 1995 New Caledonia Whales & Dolphins
Hill, G. 1995. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef: A response. Journal of Environmental Management 45:91-99. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Kare, B. D. 1995. A review of research on barramundi, reef fish, dugong, turtles and Spanish mackerel and their fisheries in the Torres Strait adjacent to Papua New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 21:43-55. 1995 Papua New Guinea Review Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles
Loop, K. A., J. D. Miller, and C. J. Limpus. 1995. Nesting by the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) on Milman Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Wildlife Research 22:241-252. 1995 Australia Sea Turtles
Maragos, J. E. and C. W. Cook Jr. 1995. The 1991-1992 rapid ecological assessment of Palau's coral reefs. Coral Reefs 14:237-252. 1995 Palau Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Roitblat, H. L., W. W. L. Au, P. E. Nachtigall, R. Shizumura, and G. Moons. 1995. Sonar recognition of targets embedded in sediment. Neural Networks 8:1263-1273. 1995 Review Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Staunton Smith, J. and C. R. Johnson. 1995. Nutrient inputs from seabirds and humans on a populated coral cay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:189-200. 1995 Australia Marine Birds; Nutrients
Aragones, L. V. 1994. Observations on dugongs at Calauit Island, Busuanga, Palawan, Philippines. Wildlife Research 21:709-717. 1994 Philippines
Fautin, D. G., D. J. Futuyma, and F. C. James. 1994. Annual review of ecology and systematic. Volume 25. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1994 Review; Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Whales & Dolphins
Limpus, C. J., P. J. Couper, and M. A. Read. 1994. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas in Queensland: population structure in a warm temperate feeding area. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35:139-154. 1994 Australia Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Baker, D. J. 1993. Sustainable development and NOAA's special role in meeting national goals. Marine Technology Society Journal 27:49-54. 1993 Fishing Sector; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Chavez, ER NE ST O and JO HN Tunnell. 1993. Needs for management and conservation of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 2040-2053 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Ellis, D. V. 1993. Wetlands or aquatic ape? Availability of food resources. Nutrition and health (Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire) 9:205-217. 1993 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Mangroves; Molluscs; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Gabric, A. J. and P. R. F. Bell. 1993. Review of the effects of non-point nutrient loading on coastal ecosystems. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:261-283. 1993 Review Discharges; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Remediation; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Gyuris, E. 1993. Factors that control the emergence of green turtle hatchlings from the nest. Wildlife Research 20:345-353. 1993 Australia Model Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. 1993. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Queensland: breeding males in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Wildlife Research 20:513-523. 1993 Australia Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J., P. J. Couper, and K. L. D. Couper. 1993. Crab Island revisited: reassessment of the world's largest flatback turtle rookery after twelve years. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33:277-289. 1993 Australia Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Turtles
Muir, F. and G. Chester. 1993. Managing tourism to a seabird nesting island. Tourism Management 14:99-105. 1993 Australia Review Marine Birds; Tourism & Recreation
Price, A. R. G., C. R. C. Sheppard, and C. M. Roberts. 1993. The Gulf: Its biological setting. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27:15-Sep. 1993 Global; Iran Review Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Borobia, M. and L. Lodi. 1992. Recent observations and records of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in northeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation 59:37-43. 1992 India
Hirth, H. F. and D. L. H. Rohovit. 1992. Marketing patterns of green and hawksbill turtles in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. ORYX 26:39-42. 1992 Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. 1992. The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, in Queensland: population structure within a southern Great Barrier Reef feeding ground. Wildlife Research 19:489-506. 1992 Australia Sea Turtles
Wibbels, T., D. W. Owens, P. Licht, C. Limpus, P. C. Reed, and M. S. Amoss Jr. 1992. Serum gonadotropins and gonadal steroids associated with ovulation and egg production in sea turtles. General and Comparative Endocrinology 87:71-78. 1992 Australia Sea Turtles
[No author name available]. 1991. Our living oceans. The first annual report on the status of US living marine resources. in [No source information available]. 1991 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Dipper, F. and F. Pearce. 1991. Earth, air, fire, water, oil and war. BBC Wildlife 9:190-195. 1991 Kuwait Mangroves; Whales & Dolphins
Humphery-Smith, I., D. H. Cybinski, K. A. Byrnes, and T. D. St George. 1991. Seroepidemiology of arboviruses among seabirds and island residents of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Epidemiology and Infection 107:435-440. 1991 Australia; Johnston Atoll Marine Birds; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Humphery-Smith, I., Y. H. Thong, D. Moorhouse, C. Creevey, M. Gauci, and B. Stone. 1991. Reactions to argasid tick bites by island residents on the Great Barrier Reef. Medical Journal of Australia 155:181-186. 1991 Australia Arthropods; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Marine Birds
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and E. A. Titlyanov. 1991. Comparisons of N- and P-limited productivity between high granitic islands versus low carbonate atolls in the Seychelles Archipelago: a test of the relative-dominance paradigm. Coral Reefs 10:199-209. 1991 Seychelles Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Birds; Nutrients; Primary Production
Mitchell, B. A. and J. R. Barborak. 1991. Developing coastal park systems in the tropics: planning in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. 1991 Global; Turks and Caicos Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Birds; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Popeski, D., L. R. Ebbeling, P. B. Brown, G. Hornstra, and J. M. Gerrard. 1991. Blood pressure during pregnancy in Canadian inuit: Community differences related to diet. Canadian Medical Association Journal 145:445-454. 1991 Fish; Whales & Dolphins
Stoddart, D. R. and F. R. Fosberg. 1991. Phytogeography and vegetation of the reef islands of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Atoll Research Bulletin 1991 Australia Mangroves; Marine Birds; Seagrasses
Walker, T. A. 1991. Pisonia islands of the Great Barrier Reef. Part I. The distribution, abundance and dispersal by seabirds of Pisonia grandis. Atoll Research Bulletin 23-Jan. 1991 Australia Marine Birds
Walker, T. A. 1991. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Environmental Management 33:117-122. 1991 Australia Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Brown, A. L. 1990. Measuring the effect of aircraft noise on sea birds. Environment International 16:587-592. 1990 Australia Light; Marine Birds
Craik, W., J. Glaister, and I. Poiner. 1990. The effects of fishing. The effects of fishing. 1990 Australia; New Caledonia Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Sea Turtles; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Marsh, H. and G. B. Rathbun. 1990. Development and application of conventional and satellite radio tracking techniques for studying dugong movements and habitat use. Australian Wildlife Research 17:83-100. 1990 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1990. The distribution and abundance of dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park south of Cape Bedford. Australian Wildlife Research 17:511-524. 1990 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Smith, A. and H. Marsch. 1990. Management of traditional hunting of dugons [Dugong dugon (Muller, 1776)] in the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environmental Management 14:47-55. 1990 Australia
Steadman, D. W. and P. V. Kirch. 1990. Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87:9605-9609. 1990 Cook Islands Marine Birds; Sediment
Walker, T. A. and C. J. Parmenter. 1990. Absence of a pelagic phase in the life cycle of the flatback turtle, Natator depressa (Garman). Journal of Biogeography 17:275-278. 1990 Australia Sea Turtles
Glazebrook, J. S., R. S. F. Campbell, and D. Blair. 1989. Studies on Cardiovascular fluke (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) infections in sea turtles from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Comparative Pathology 101:231-250. 1989 Australia Sea Turtles
Hill, G. and J. Rosier. 1989. Wedgetailed shearwaters, white capped noddies and tourist development on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Environmental Management 29:107-114. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lauriat-Rage, A. 1989. The Redonian (Pliocene) stratum from La Marniere, La Limouzine, Loire-Atlantique. Biostratigraphy, palaeobiology, palaeobiogeographic affinities [Le gisement redonien (pliocene) de la Marniere (La Limouziniere, Loire-Atlantique). Biostratigraphie, paleobi. Pages 117-151 Geologie de la France. 1989 France GIS & Maps Whales & Dolphins
Limpus, C. J., D. Zeller, D. Kwan, and W. Macfarlane. 1989. Sea-turtle rookeries in north-western Torres Strait. Australian Wildlife Research 16:517-525. 1989 Australia Sea Turtles
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Aerial surveys of sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:239-249. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Distribution and abundance of dugongs in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:429-440. 1989 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Gyuris, E. and C. J. Limpus. 1988. The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland: population breeding structure. Australian Wildlife Research 15:197-209. 1988 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Limpus, C. J. and N. Nicholls. 1988. The Southern Oscillation regulates the annual numbers of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) breeding around northern Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 15:157-161. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Index or Indicator Climate; Sea Turtles
Meylan, A. 1988. Spongivory in hawksbill turtles: A diet of glass. Science 239:393-395. 1988 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Turtles; Sponges
Senowbari-Daryan, B. and G. D. Stanley Jr. 1988. Triassic sponges ( Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon ( USA). Journal of Paleontology 62:419-423. 1988 Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Compredon, P. 1987. Reproduction of aquatic birds in the Banc d'Arguin National Park, Mauritania, 1984-1985 [La reproduction des oiseaux d'eau sur le Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie), en 1984-1985]. Alauda 55:187-210. 1987 Marine Birds
Dunton, K. H. and D. M. Schell. 1987. Dependence of consumers on macroalgal (Laminaria solidungula) carbon in an arctic kelp community: δ13C evidence. Marine Biology 93:615-625. 1987 Marine Worms; Octocoral; Plankton; Sponges; Whales & Dolphins
Limpus, C. J. 1987. A turtle fossil on Raine Island, Great Barrier Reef. Search 18:254-256. 1987 Australia Sea Turtles
Gatsoulis, PH IL IP, E. Fordham Mark, and E. Cooley Paul. 1986. Disney Engineers Voyage To The Deep. Civil engineering New York, N.Y56:50-53. 1986 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Whales & Dolphins
Narita, H. 1986. Some recent advanced systems for ocean development. in [No source information available]. 1986 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Slocum, DE AN, RI CH AR D Berlandy, and RO BE RT Wardwell. 1986. Facilities Planning In The Caribbean A Case Study. Pages 1351-1357 in [No source information available]. 1986 South & Central America; Caribbean Improved Technology; Sea Turtles; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Boaden, P. J. S. and R. Seed. 1985. An introduction to coastal ecology. An introduction to coastal ecology. 1985 Mangroves; Marine Birds; Sediment
Limpus, C. J. and P. C. Reed. 1985. The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in Queensland: a preliminary description of the population structure in a coral reef feeding ground. Pages 47-52 The biology of Australasian frogs and reptiles. 1985 Australia Sea Turtles
Samiullah, Y. 1985. Biological effects of marine oil pollution. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution 2:235-264. 1985 Global Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Schneider, D. C. 1985. Predation on the urchin Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) by migratory shorebirds on a tropical reef flat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 92:19-27. 1985 Panama Marine Birds
Yelpatievsky, P. V. and V. O. Targulian. 1985. Geochemical paradoxes of the coral islands of the Pacific. Izvestiya - Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya 4:35-46. 1985 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Marine Birds
Aharon, P. and H. H. Veeh. 1984. Isotope studies of insular phosphates explain atoll phosphatization. Nature 309:614-617. 1984 US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; Marine Birds
Tricas, T. C. and J. E. McCosker. 1984. Predatory behavior of the white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology. Pages 221-238 in Proceedings - California Academy of Science. 1984 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Limpus, C. J., C. J. Parmenter, V. Baker, and A. Fleay. 1983. The flatback turtle, Chelonia depressa, in Queensland: post- nesting migration and feeding ground distribution. Australian Wildlife Research 10:557-561. 1983 Australia Sea Turtles
Ogden, J. C., L. Robinson, K. Whitlock, H. Daganhardt, and R. Cebula. 1983. Diel foraging patterns in juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas L.) in St. Croix United States virgin islands. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66:199-205. 1983 US Virgin Islands Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Robert, P. K. and R. Mitchell. 1983. Environmental implications of wave energy proposals for the outer hebrides and Moray Firth. Ocean Engineering 10:459-469. 1983 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Shoreline Protection; Whales & Dolphins
Spring, S. C. 1982. Marine turtle conservation in Papua New Guinea. Pages 303-306 in Traditional conservation in Papua New Guinea: implications for today. Proc. conference 1980. 1982 Papua New Guinea Sea Turtles
Tribble, G. W. 1981. Reef-basel herbivores and the distribution of two seagrasses (Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum) in the San Blas Islands (Western Caribbean). Marine Biology 65:277-281. 1981 South & Central America; Caribbean Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Witzell, W. N. 1981. Predation on juvenile green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, by a grouper, Promicrops lanceolatus (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science 31:935-936. 1981 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Tonga Piscivorous Fish; Sea Turtles
St. George, T. D., H. A. Standfast, and R. L. Doherty. 1977. The isolation of Saumarez Reef virus, a new flavivirus, from bird ticks Ornithodoros capensis and Ixodes eudyptidis in Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 55:493-499. 1977 Australia Marine Birds
Balazs, G. H. 1976. Green turtle migrations in the Hawaiian archipelago. Biological Conservation 9:125-140. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sea Turtles
Heinsohn, G. E. and A. V. Spain. 1974. Effects of a tropical cyclone on littoral and sub-littoral biotic communities and on a population of Dugongs (Dugong dugon (Muller)). Biological Conservation 6:143-152. 1974 Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Mangroves; Storms & Hurricanes

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Corporate Response: Standardized Environmental Certifications and Labels Product labeling initiatives are based on the premise that product information represented by or contained on the label is otherwise not readily available (or apparent) and is of value in consumer purchase decisions. For example, warning labels highlight product safety and toxic exposure hazards and advise consumers on ways to minimize risks. Likewise, a number of environmental certification programs (ECPs) identify products' environmental burdens and/or set standards for products' environmental attributes. Properly designed environmental labeling efforts can change consumer and manufacturer attitudes and behaviors, thus reducing environmental burdens. The specific metrics used to measure environmental label effectiveness include: 1) consumer awareness of labels, 2) consumer acceptance of labels (credibility and understanding), 3) changes in consumer behavior, 4) changes in manufacturer behavior, and 5) improvement of end goals, such as environmental quality. Malcohn, E., Bentham Paulos, Andrew Stoeckle, Herbert Han-Pu Wang, and Julie Lynch. Determinants of Effectiveness for Environmental Certification and Labeling Programs. EPA-742-R-94-001, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; CO2; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Corporate Responses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Forestry; Health; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Birds; Medical Care; Medical Centers; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Resource Use Management; Toxics; Transportation; Utilities; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Utilize Marine Protected Areas for Research and Monitoring Research and monitoring of marine protected areas determine the degree to which the zones meet goals and objectives for protecting natural resources, as well as human-use patterns, attitudes and compliance. Once data is gathered from within the protected zone it can than be compared to comprable data from outside the protected zone, as a control. It is necessary to compile and review data on use patterns to determine where additional Special-Use Areas would be appropriate. Research in the protected area should be non-invasive. It is important to make the protected area available for external research as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Wild Bird Rehabilitation Many wildlife rescue organizations help and respond to injured birds including marine birds like sea gulls, pelicans, egrets, herons, osprey, and eagles. Collaborations with such organizations can be mutually beneficial as organization volunteers learn from training received from sanctuary staff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Birds; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles
Public Participation: Assist Save the Manatee Club Volunteers are active in helping to remove monofilament line. This is especially dangerous to manatees. Volunteers from Save the Manatees can help with education and monitoring in the local coral management area. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris; Marine Vertebrates; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Marine Animal Rescue Activities There are many volunteers in marine areas that will help rescue distressed animals. Volunteers assist with reducing pain and suffering of marine animals, provide first aid, derive maximum scientific and education benefits from the live and dead marine mammals, and collect high-quality data. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, 18-18 Florida Administrative Code. 18-18.001 Intent. (1) The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, the boundaries of which are fully described in Rule 18-18.002, F.A.C., was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (2) These rules shall apply to all lands public and private within the boundaries of the preserve. However, privately owned uplands shall be excluded from these rules except as otherwise provided for herein. (3) In promulgating and implementing these rules, it is the intent of the Department to construe the provisions of Sections 258.397 and 258.35 through 258.46, F.S., together and to apply the more stringent statutory provisions for the maintenance of the preserve. (4) The preserve shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserve through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserve so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the legislature in creating the preserve; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the Act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserve; (e) To encourage activities that protect or enhance the biological and aesthetic values of the preserve, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions towards their natural condition, when reviewing applications or developing and implementing management plans for the preserve; (f) To preserve and promote indigenous life forms and habitats including but not limited to sponges, soft corals, hard corals, seagrasses, mangroves, mud flats, marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, marine mammals, tropical marine invertebrates, birds and shellfish; (g) To acquire additional title interests in land wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological or aesthetic values of the preserve.

Application to Coral Reefs:Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve protection of water quality will contribute to a lowering of contaminants leaving the preserve on tides and thus limiting the contaminants that reach off-shore ecosystems including the FKNMS and the reef system within the sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter establishes the rules to protect the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, which was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chapter 10: Open shorelines, 12 Virgin Islands Code. The seashore has always provided recreation, meditation, and physical therapy to the residents of the USVI. The shoreline provides access to the sea and a way of life for fisherman.The law requires that the public be given access to shorelines of the USVI for use and enjoyment.

Application to Coral Reefs:The limitation on barriers, obstructions, and retraints to beach access will have a minor role in protecting coral reefs because sedimentation that would have been associated with that minor construction will not occur.

Legislative Actions:No person, firm, corporation, association or other legal entity shall create, erect, maintain, or construct any obstruction, barrier, or restraint of any nature whatsoever upon, across or within the shorelines of the USVI as defined in this section, which would interfere with the right of the public individually and collectively. to use and enjoy any shoreline.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Vertebrates; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986, 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote the conservations of wetlands for public benefit and to assist in the compliance with international obligations under various treaties and conventions for migratory birds.

Application to Coral Reefs:Indirect application to protection of coral reefs through wetland functions of nutrient (particularly nitrogen) and sediment removal from land-based discharges prior to their entrance into open coastal waters.

Legislative Actions:Authorizied the purchase of wetlands from the land and Water Conservation Fund monies. Required States to include wetlands in their Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans.

Comments:Secretary of Interior was required to establish a National Wetland Priority Conservation Plan to identify the locations and types of wetlands that should be priorities for state and federal acquisition. The Act established various fee schedules for entering national wildlife refuges.   		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Discharge Limitations; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. Required the Service to monitor non-game bird and fish species, identify species of management concerns, and implement conservation measures to preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Florida Aquatic Preserves, 18-20 Florida Administrative Code. 18-20.001 Intent. (1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. (2) Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (3) The preserves shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged lands by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserves through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating, and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the Legislature in creating the preserves; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the act and these rules, and to assist in managing the preserves; (e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions toward their natural condition, and discourage activities which would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or the quality, or utility of a preserve, when reviewing applications, or when developing and implementing management plans for the preserves; (f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life forms and habitats, including but not limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses, mangroves, salt water marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats, estuarine, aquatic, and marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine, aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks; (g) To acquire additional title interests in lands wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves; (h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and biologic functions, the benefits of which accrue to the public at large. (4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or alter the requirements or authority of other governmental agencies, including counties and municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves provided that such requirements or authority are not inconsistent with the act and this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:By maintaining coastal aquatic preserves in their natural condition, mangrove forests, wetlands and submerged aquatic vegetation will perform the functions of being sediment traps and removing some contaminants such as nutrients. Therefore, they will not reach marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations.  All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Waste Management Policies
Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, 403.9321-403.9333 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). It is the intent of the Legislature to protect and preserve mangrove resources valuable to our environmentand economy from unregulated removal, defoliation, and destruction.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and preservation of wetland systems, including mangroves, allow the systems to act as buffers to remove nutrients and sediment that could reach coral reefs and cause damage.

Legislative Actions:Permits are required prior to any trimming. A Professional Mangrove Trimmer must be present when work is being performed. Penalties can include restoration and/or mitigation.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 United States Code § 1361. With certain exceptions, the Act establishes a mortiorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals, as well as products that are made from them. DOI is responsible for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, diugong and manatee. The DOC is responsible for Cretaceans and piniped other than the walrus.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The legislation mandated the use of an ecosystem-based management approach to marine resource management. The Marine Mammal Commission was established and has specific advisory and research duties. Required that government observers aboard some fishing vessels.

Comments:The Act covers all species of marine mammals and plants, including anadromous fish, except for marine ammmals, birds, and highly migratory species, all of which are covered under other laws or treaties. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004, 16 United States Code § 6601. The law was created to aid in the conservation of sea turtles and their nesting habitats in foreign countries by providing funds for the conservation of nesting areas, sea turtles in in their nesting habitats, and dealing with threats to sea turtle survival.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Designate Protected Species; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 United States Code § 715. The Act established a Federal prohibition, unless permitted by regulations, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture or kill, possess, offer for sale, sell, offer to purchase, purchase, deliver for shipment, ship, caused to be shipped, deliver for transport, carry, or cause to be carried by any means whatever, receive for shipment, transport or carriage, or export, at any time,or in any manner, any migratory bird, included in the terms of this Convention�for the protection of migratory birds�or any part, nest, or egg of such a bird.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Recent amendments to the Act increased the fine for misdemeanor convictions from $5000 to $15,000.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Marine Birds; Resource Use Management
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6101. Established a matching grant program to fund projects that promote the conservation of neotropical migratory birds in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act provided competitive grants in Latin America, the Carribean, and the United States for neotropical migratory birds that winter south of the border and summer in North America. The law encourages habitat protection, education, research, monitoring, and capacity building to provide for long-term protection of neotropical migratory birds.

Comments:Over 800 species of birds are found in the United States and 500 migrate South of the border for the winter. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; Latin America; Caribbean 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Birds; Public Administration
North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989, 16 United States Code § 4411. Provides funding and administrative direction for the implementation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the Tripartite Agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:A North American Wetlands Conservation Council was created to recommend projects to be funded under the Act to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Canada; Mexico 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Marine Birds; Public Administration
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Sikes Act of 1960, 16 United States Code § 670. Promote effectual planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife, fish, and game conservation and rehabilitation in military reservations.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) required by the Sikes Act integrate many different aspects of natural resource management including endangered species, fisheries, wetlands and environmental contaminants. Protection of wetlands and regulation of the discharge of environmental contaminants on military installations can indirectly protect coral reefs by decreasing runoff to nearshore waters.

Legislative Actions:DoD must develop and implement Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMP) for nearly 380 military installations across the US. The development of the INRMP is a voluntary, cooperative effort between participating agencies.

Comments:The preparation of the INRMP between DoD, USFWS and State FWS ensures proper consideration of fish, wildlife and habitat needs. The amendments also require the control of invasive species, migratory birds, and law enforcement issues. 		Department of Defense/Department of Interior (US Fish and Wildlife Service)/State Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Jurisdiction:
US Military Installments 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins

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