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Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein (EO 2000).

CMap

Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Boating activities include movement in coastal waters and into ports that can lead to anchor drops or vessel groundings, or damage from trawling and other fishing gear. Boating Regulations are restrictions placed on boating activities to promote safety for boaters and the natural environment, and can include mooring buoys, registration and licensing, and speed limits. Civil Engineering and Construction specializes in the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings and homes, roads, utility lines, and ports. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Designated uses are a state's concise statements of its management objectives and expectations for each of the individual surface waters under its jurisdiction. Dredging regulations are decisions or policies to control the location or intensity of physically damaging activities such as dredging, draining, or filling. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fishing is the activity of catching fish for recreational, commercial, or artesanal purposes using any of a variety of fishing gear, including nets, spear guns, or hook and line. Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills and usually have scales. Fishing & harvesting management controls the activities which harvest fish and invertebrates, including commercial and recreational fishing. The Fishing Sector includes the harvesting of fish for food and recreation. The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Special use permitting is a documentation mechanism to allow activities that might otherwise be prohibited (e.g,, collection of species for scientific research in a protected area). Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Trampling occurs when humans walk on, kick, bump into, or touch corals. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses to reduce or manage contact uses that include harvesting or physical damage to reef species. Among the most used management responses for coral reefs is the Marine Protected Area. There are many types of MPAs, including national marine sanctuaries, national parks and wildlife refuges, state parks and conservation areas, and a variety of fishery management closures. MPAs vary in what is protected, the size of the area protected and the form of enforcement. Many of the same socio-economic sectors that create pressures through contact uses benefit from goods and services provided by the reef, including recreational opportunities and seafood.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
2011. Coastal Capital Literature Review: Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Resources in Jamaica. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Jamaica Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Aburto-Oropeza, O; Erisman, B; Galland, GR; Mascarenas-Osorio, I; Sala, E; Ezcurra, E. 2011. Large Recovery of Fish Biomass in a No-Take Marine Reserve. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Alvarez-Filip, L; Cote, IM; Gill, JA; Watkinson, AR; Dulvy, NK. 2011. Region-wide temporal and spatial variation in Caribbean reef architecture: is coral cover the whole story? Global Change Biology 17:2470-2477. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L; Gill, JA; Dulvy, NK; Perry, AL; Watkinson, AR; Cote, IM. 2011. Drivers of region-wide declines in architectural complexity on Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 30:1051-1060. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ateweberhan, M; McClanahan, TR; Graham, NAJ; Sheppard, CRC. 2011. Episodic heterogeneous decline and recovery of coral cover in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:739-752. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; India; Southeast Asia; Caribbean Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ban, NC; Adams, V; Pressey, RL; Hicks, J. 2011. Promise and problems for estimating management costs of marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 4:241-252. 2011 Global; Australia Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas
Ban, NC; Adams, VM; Almany, GR; Ban, S; Cinner, JE; McCook, LJ; Mills, M; Pressey, RL; White, A. 2011. Designing, implementing and managing marine protected areas: Emerging trends and opportunities for coral reef nations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:21-31. 2011 Australia; Europe Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bell, CM; Needham, MD; Szuster, BW. 2011. Congruence Among Encounters, Norms, Crowding, and Management in a Marine Protected Area. Environmental Management 48:499-513. 2011 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Blanco, FM; Alonso, LC; Sanson, GG; Amargos, FP. 2011. Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1149-1163. 2011 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Campbell, SJ; Kartawijaya, T; Sabarini, EK. 2011. Connectivity in reef fish assemblages between seagrass and coral reef habitats. Aquatic Biology 13:65-77. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Claisse, JT; Clark, TB; Schumacher, BD; McTee, SA; Bushnell, ME; Callan, CK; Laidley, CW; Parrish, JD. 2011. Conventional tagging and acoustic telemetry of a small surgeonfish, Zebrasoma flavescens, in a structurally complex coral reef environment. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91:185-201. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Turf Algae
Claudet, J; Garcia-Charton, JA; Lenfant, P. 2011. Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area. Conservation Biology 25:105-114. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Clemente, S; Hernandez, JC; Brito, A. 2011. Context-dependent effects of marine protected areas on predatory interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:119-133. 2011 Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Cullen-Unsworth, LC; Pretty, J; Smith, DJ. 2011. Developing community-derived indicators of economic status in the coral triangle: A management support tool. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:446-454. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Housing; Marine Protected Areas
Davies, AJ; Guinotte, JM. 2011. Global Habitat Suitability for Framework-Forming Cold-Water Corals. PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Salinity; Stony Coral
Di Franco, A; De Benedetto, G; De Rinaldis, G; Raventos, N; Sahyoun, R; Guidetti, P. 2011. Large scale-variability in otolith microstructure and microchemistry: The case study of Diplodus sargus sargus (Pisces: Sparidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 78:182-192. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Dick, DM; Hines, EM. 2011. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Marine Mammal Science 27:606-621. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors; Whales & Dolphins
Edgar, GJ; Banks, SA; Bessudo, S; Cortes, J; Guzman, HM; Henderson, S; Martinez, C; Rivera, F; Soler, G; Ruiz, D; Zapata, FA. 2011. Variation in reef fish and invertebrate communities with level of protection from fishing across the Eastern Tropical Pacific seascape. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20:730-743. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Field, IC; Meekan, MG; Speed, CW; White, W; Bradshaw, CJA. 2011. Quantifying movement patterns for shark conservation at remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:61-71. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Folpp, H; Lowry, M; Gregson, M; Suthers, IM. 2011. Colonization And Community Development Of Fish Assemblages Associated With Estuarine Artificial Reefs. Pages 55-67 in 9th International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats (CARAH). SAO PAULO. 2011 Australia Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Game, ET; Lipsett-Moore, G; Hamilton, R; Peterson, N; Kereseka, J; Atu, W; Watts, M; Possingham, H. 2011. Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands. Conservation Letters 4:38-46. 2011 Solomon Islands GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Gao, L; Hailu, A. 2011. Evaluating the effects of area closure for recreational fishing in a coral reef ecosystem: The benefits of an integrated economic and biophysical modeling. Ecological Economics 70:1735-1745. 2011 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Goetze, JS; Langlois, TJ; Egli, DP; Harvey, ES. 2011. Evidence of artisanal fishing impacts and depth refuge in assemblages of Fijian reef fish. Coral Reefs 30:507-517. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Golbuu, Y; Friedlander, AM. 2011. Spatial and temporal characteristics of grouper spawning aggregations in marine protected areas in Palau, western Micronesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 92:223-231. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Palau; Micronesia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Gonzalez, C; Jentoft, S. 2011. MPA in Labor: Securing the Pearl Cays of Nicaragua. Environmental Management 47:617-629. 2011 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Oman; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Grafton, RQ; Akter, S; Kompas, T. 2011. A Policy-enabling framework for the ex-ante evaluation of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:478-487. 2011 Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Graham, NAJ; Ainsworth, TD; Baird, AH; Ban, NC; Bay, LK; Cinner, JE; De Freitas, DM; Diaz-Pulido, G; Dornelas, M; Dunn, SR; Fidelman, PIJ; Foret, S; Good, TC; Kool, J; Mallela, J; Penin, L; Pratchett, MS; Williamson, DH. 2011. From Microbes To People: Tractable Benefits Of No-Take Areas For Coral Reefs. Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:105-135. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Graham, NAJ; Nash, KL; Kool, JT. 2011. Coral reef recovery dynamics in a changing world. Coral Reefs 30:283-294. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Caribbean Review Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Hamilton, RJ; Potuku, T; Montambault, JR. 2011. Community-based conservation results in the recovery of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Coral Triangle. Biological Conservation 144:1850-1858. 2011 Micronesia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Hargreaves-Allen, V; Mourato, S; Milner-Gulland, EJ. 2011. A Global Evaluation of Coral Reef Management Performance: Are MPAs Producing Conservation and Socio-Economic Improvements? Environmental Management 47:684-700. 2011 Global; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Hitt, S; Pittman, SJ; Nemeth, RS. 2011. Diel movements of fishes linked to benthic seascape structure in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:275-291. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Sediment
Hixon, MA. 2011. 60 Years Of Coral Reef Fish Ecology: Past, Present, Future. Bulletin of Marine Science 87:727-765. 2011 Cuba Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Hongo, C; Kayanne, H. 2011. Key species of hermatypic coral for reef formation in the northwest Pacific during Holocene sea-level change. Marine Geology 279:162-177. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; India; Palau Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Howell, KL; Holt, R; Endrino, IP; Stewart, H. 2011. When the species is also a habitat: Comparing the predictively modelled distributions of Lophelia pertusa and the reef habitat it forms. Biological Conservation 144:2656-2665. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Substrate
Hsieh, HYJ; Chen, KS; Lin, YHI; Huang, YCA; Baird, AH; Tsai, WS; Su, WC; Chen, CLA. 2011. Establishment of a No-take Area (NTA) could not Guarantee the Preservation of Coral Communities in Chinwan Inner Bay, Penghu, Taiwan. Zoological Studies 50:443-453. 2011 Taiwan Rate functions Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch
Huntington, BE; Karnauskas, M; Lirman, D. 2011. Corals fail to recover at a Caribbean marine reserve despite ten years of reserve designation. Coral Reefs 30:1077-1085. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Jentoft, S; Chuenpagdee, R; Pascual-Fernandez, JJ. 2011. What are MPAs for: On goal formation and displacement. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:75-83. 2011 Oman Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Karnauskas, M; Huntington, BE; Babcock, EA; Lirman, D. 2011. Pre-existing spatial patterns in fish abundances influence species-specific responses in a Caribbean marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 432:235-246. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kininmonth, S; Beger, M; Bode, M; Peterson, E; Adams, VM; Dorfman, D; Brumbaugh, DR; Possingham, HP. 2011. Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation. Ecological Modelling 222:1272-1282. 2011 Model Marine Protected Areas
Kininmontha, S., M. Beger, M. Bode, E. Peterson, V. M. Adams, D. Dorfman, D. R. Brumbaugh, and H. P. Possingham. 2011. Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation. Ecological Modelling 222:1272-1282. 2011 Model Marine Protected Areas
La Mesa, G; Molinari, A; Bava, S; Finoia, MG; Cattaneo-Vietti, R; Tunesi, L. 2011. Gradients of abundance of sea breams across the boundaries of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Fisheries Research 111:24-30. 2011 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology 25:1044-1052. 2011 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Lapointe, BE; Thacker, K; Hanson, C; Getten, L. 2011. Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29:775-789. 2011 Florida; Jamaica Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Leis, JM; Van Herwerden, L; Patterson, HM. 2011. Estimating Connectivity In Marine Fish Populations: What Works Best? Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 49:193-234. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Licuanan, WY; Medina, MLS; Luzon, KS; Samson, MS; Nanola, CL; Rollon, RN; Roleda, MY. 2011. Priority Reef Areas in the Pacific Coast of the Philippines for Marine Protected Area Deployment. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 94:384-400. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Lowe, PK; Bruno, JF; Selig, ER; Spencer, M. 2011. Empirical Models of Transitions between Coral Reef States: Effects of Region, Protection, and Environmental Change. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Macdonald, AHH; Schleyer, MH; Lamb, JM. 2011. Acropora austera connectivity in the south-western Indian Ocean assessed using nuclear intron sequence data. Marine Biology 158:613-621. 2011 Indian Ocean; Mozambique; India; South Africa Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Malcolm, HA; Jordan, A; Smith, SDA. 2011. Testing a depth-based Habitat Classification System against reef fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical marine park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:173-185. 2011 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, TR. 2011. Coral reef fish communities in management systems with unregulated fishing and small fisheries closures compared with lightly fished reefs - Maldives vs. Kenya. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:186-198. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Maldives; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, TR. 2011. Human and coral reef use interactions: From impacts to solutions? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:3-10. 2011 Review Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Graham, NAJ; MacNeil, MA; Muthiga, NA; Cinner, JE; Bruggemann, JH; Wilson, SK. 2011. Critical thresholds and tangible targets for ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108:17230-17233. 2011 Indian Ocean; India Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Hicks, CC. 2011. Changes in life history and ecological characteristics of coral reef fish catch composition with increasing fishery management. Fisheries Management and Ecology 18:50-60. 2011 Kenya Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, TR; Muthiga, NA; Coleman, RA. 2011. Testing for top-down control: can post-disturbance fisheries closures reverse algal dominance? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:658-675. 2011 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, TR; Omukoto, JO. 2011. Comparison of Modern and Historical Fish Catches (AD 750-1400) to Inform Goals for Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Conservation Biology 25:945-955. 2011 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mclean, DL; Harvey, ES; Meeuwig, JJ. 2011. Declines in the abundance of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) in areas closed to fishing at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 406:71-78. 2011 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mills, M; Jupiter, SD; Pressey, RL; Ban, NC; Comley, J. 2011. Incorporating Effectiveness of Community-Based Management in a National Marine Gap Analysis for Fiji. Conservation Biology 25:1155-1164. 2011 Fiji; Philippines Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Moore, CH; Van Niel, K; Harvey, ES. 2011. The effect of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial distribution of temperate demersal fish. Ecography 34:425-435. 2011 Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Mouillot, D; Albouy, C; Guilhaumon, F; Lasram, FBR; Coll, M; Devictor, V; Meynard, CN; Pauly, D; Tomasini, JA; Troussellier, M; Velez, L; Watson, R; Douzery, EJP; Mouquet, N. 2011. Protected and Threatened Components of Fish Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Current Biology 21:1044-1050. 2011 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Murillo, FJ; Munoz, PD; Altuna, A; Serrano, A. 2011. Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): interaction with fishing activities. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:319-332. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean GIS & Maps Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Nanola, CL; Alino, PM; Carpenter, KE. 2011. Exploitation-related reef fish species richness depletion in the epicenter of marine biodiversity. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:405-420. 2011 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Nava, H; Ramirez-Herrera, MT. 2011. Government conservation policies on Mexican coastal areas: is "top-down" management working? Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1487-1501. 2011 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Needham, MD; Szuster, BW; Bell, CM. 2011. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:633-641. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Ochavillo, D; Tofaeono, S; Sabater, M; Trip, EL. 2011. Population structure of Ctenochaetus striatus (Acanthuridae) in Tutuila, American Samoa: The use of size-at-age data in multi-scale population size surveys. Fisheries Research 107:14-21. 2011 Samoa; American Samoa Algae; Coralline Algae; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Onton, K; Page, CA; Wilson, SK; Neale, S; Armstrong, S. 2011. Distribution and drivers of coral disease at Ningaloo reef, Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433:75-84. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Climate; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pelletier, D; Leleu, K; Mou-Tham, G; Guillemot, N; Chabanet, P. 2011. Comparison of visual census and high definition video transects for monitoring coral reef fish assemblages. Fisheries Research 107:84-93. 2011 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Pittman, S. J. and K. A. Brown. 2011. Multi-Scale Approach for Predicting Fish Species Distributions across Coral Reef Seascapes. PLoS One 3:1-12. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Pittman, SJ; Brown, KA. 2011. Multi-Scale Approach for Predicting Fish Species Distributions across Coral Reef Seascapes. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Planes, S; Raventos, N; Ferrari, B; Alcoverro, T. 2011. Fish herbivory leads to shifts in seagrass Posidonia oceanica investments in sexual reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 431:205-213. 2011 Carbon Storage & Cycling; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Pollnac, R; Seara, T. 2011. Factors Influencing Success of Marine Protected Areas in the Visayas, Philippines as Related to Increasing Protected Area Coverage. Environmental Management 47:584-592. 2011 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Ramos, R; Bastidas, C; Debrot, D; Garcia, E. 2011. Phase I and II biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in the coral Siderastrea siderea act as biomarkers for reproductive condition and habitat quality. Marine Biology Research 7:398-406. 2011 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
Rosendo, S; Brown, K; Joubert, A; Jiddawi, N; Mechisso, M. 2011. A clash of values and approaches: A case study of marine protected area planning in Mozambique. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:55-65. 2011 Global; Mozambique Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Saavedra-Sotelo, NC; Calderon-Aguilera, LE; Reyes-Bonilla, H; Lopez-Perez, RA; Medina-Rosas, P; Rocha-Olivares, A. 2011. Limited genetic connectivity of Pavona gigantea in the Mexican Pacific. Coral Reefs 30:677-686. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Stony Coral
Saenz-Agudelo, P; Jones, GP; Thorrold, SR; Planes, S. 2011. Connectivity dominates larval replenishment in a coastal reef fish metapopulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278:2954-2961. 2011 Papua New Guinea Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Salinas-de-Leon, P; Costales-Carrera, A; Zeljkovic, S; Smith, DJ; Bell, JJ. 2011. Scleractinian settlement patterns to natural cleared reef substrata and artificial settlement panels on an Indonesian coral reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93:80-85. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Samy, M; Lizaso, JLS; Forcada, A. 2011. Status of marine protected areas in Egypt. Pages 165-177 in Conference on SIEBM 2010. BARCELONA. 2011 Egypt Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Scott, A; Malcolm, HA; Damiano, C; Richardson, DL. 2011. Long-term increases in abundance of anemonefish and their host sea anemones in an Australian marine protected area. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:187-196. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Smallwood, CB; Beckley, LE; Moore, SA; Kobryn, HT. 2011. Assessing patterns of recreational use in large marine parks: A case study from Ningaloo Marine Park, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:330-340. 2011 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Smith, SDA. 2011. Densities of the endolithic bivalve Lithophaga lessepsiana (Vaillant, 1865) in Pocillopora damicornis, Solitary Islands Marine Park, northern NSW, Australia. Molluscan Research 31:42-46. 2011 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Stevenson, TC; Tissot, BN; Dierking, J. 2011. Fisher behaviour influences catch productivity and selectivity in West Hawaii's aquarium fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68:813-822. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sweatman, H; Delean, S; Syms, C. 2011. Assessing loss of coral cover on Australia's Great Barrier Reef over two decades, with implications for longer-term trends. Coral Reefs 30:521-531. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Tyler, EHM; Manica, A; Jiddawi, N; Speight, MR. 2011. A role for partially protected areas on coral reefs: maintaining fish diversity? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:231-238. 2011 Tanzania Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
van Woesik, R; Jordan-Garza, AG. 2011. Coral populations in a rapidly changing environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:11-20. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Velasquez, J; Lopez-Angarita, J; Sanchez, JA. 2011. Evaluation of the FORAM index in a case of conservation Benthic foraminifera as indicators of ecosystem resilience in protected and non-protected coral reefs of the southern caribbean. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:3591-3603. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Agriculture; Algae; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Vila-Nova, DA; Bender, MG; Carvalho, A; Ferreira, CEL; Floeter, SR. 2011. The Use of Non-reef Habitats by Brazilian Reef Fish Species: Considerations for the Design of Marine Protected Areas. Natureza and Conservacao 9:79-86. 2011 Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Wagner, D; Waller, RG; Toonen, RJ. 2011. Sexual reproduction of Hawaiian black corals, with a review of the reproduction of antipatharians (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Invertebrate Biology 130:211-225. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Marine Protected Areas
Ward-Paige, CA; Pattengill-Semmens, C; Myers, RA; Lotze, HK. 2011. Spatial and temporal trends in yellow stingray abundance: evidence from diver surveys. Environmental Biology of Fishes 90:263-276. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Wattage, P; Glenn, H; Mardle, S; Van Rensburg, T; Grehan, A; Foley, N. 2011. Economic value of conserving deep-sea corals in Irish waters: A choice experiment study on marine protected areas. Fisheries Research 107:59-67. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Yahya, SAS; Gullstrom, M; Ohman, MC; Jiddawi, NS; Andersson, MH; Mgaya, YD; Lindahl, U. 2011. Coral bleaching and habitat effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages: An experimental study. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94:16-23. 2011 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Yesson, C; Clark, MR; Taylor, ML; Rogers, AD. 2011. The global distribution of seamounts based on 30 arc seconds bathymetry data. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 58:442-453. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Albouy, C., D. Mouillot, D. Rocklin, J. M. Culioli, and F. Le Loc'h. 2010. Simulation of the combined effects of artisanal and recreational fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 412:207-221. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Almany, G. R., R. J. Hamilton, D. H. Williamson, R. D. Evans, G. P. Jones, M. Matawai, T. Potuku, K. L. Rhodes, G. R. Russ, and B. Sawynok. 2010. Research partnerships with local communities: two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia. Coral Reefs 29:567-576. 2010 Australia; Papua New Guinea Collaboration & Partnering; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Amargos, F. P., G. G. Sanson, A. J. del Castillo, A. Z. Fernandez, F. M. Blanco, and W. A. de la Red. 2010. An experiment of fish spillover from a marine reserve in Cuba. Environmental Biology of Fishes 87:363-372. 2010 Cuba Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Anticamara, J. A., D. Zeller, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Spatial and temporal variation of abundance, biomass and diversity within marine reserves in the Philippines. Diversity and Distributions 16:529-536. 2010 Philippines Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Arceo, P. and A. Granados-Barba. 2010. Evaluating sustainability criteria for a marine protected area in Veracruz, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:535-543. 2010 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Aswani, S. and A. Sabetian. 2010. Implications of Urbanization for Artisanal Parrotfish Fisheries in the Western Solomon Islands. Conservation Biology 24:520-530. 2010 Solomon Islands Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Babcock, R. C., N. T. Shears, A. C. Alcala, N. S. Barrett, G. J. Edgar, K. D. Lafferty, T. R. McClanahan, and G. R. Russ. 2010. Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18256-18261. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Beare, D., F. Holker, G. H. Engelhard, E. McKenzie, and D. G. Reid. 2010. An unintended experiment in fisheries science: a marine area protected by war results in Mexican waves in fish numbers-at-age. Naturwissenschaften 97:797-808. 2010 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Bell, J. J., J. Berman, T. Jones, and L. J. Hepburn. 2010. Variability in the spatial association patterns of sponge assemblages in response to environmental heterogeneity. Marine Biology 157:2503-2509. 2010 South & Central America; Indonesia; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Broad, A., N. Knott, X. Turon, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Effects of a shark repulsion device on rocky reef fishes: no shocking outcomes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:295-298. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Butler, A. J., T. Rees, P. Beesley, and N. J. Bax. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Australian Region. PLoS One 5:e11831. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Calado, H. and A. Gil, editors. 2010. Geographic technologies applied to marine spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management. CIGPT, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. 2010 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Chittaro, P. M., I. C. Kaplan, A. Keller, and P. S. Levin. 2010. Trade-Offs between Species Conservation and the Size of Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 24:197-206. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas
Claudet, J., C. W. Osenberg, P. Domenici, F. Badalamenti, M. Milazzo, J. M. Falcon, I. Bertocci, L. Benedetti-Cecchi, J. A. Garcia-Charton, R. Goni, J. A. Borg, A. Forcada, G. A. de Lucia, A. Perez-Ruzafa, P. Afonso, A. Brito, I. Guala, L. Le Direach, and Sanchez-Jerez,. 2010. Marine reserves: Fish life history and ecological traits matter. Ecological Applications 20:830-839. 2010 Europe Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Claudet, J., P. Lenfant, and M. Schrimm. 2010. Snorkelers impact on fish communities and algae in a temperate marine protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1649-1658. 2010 Index or Indicator Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Cognetti, G. and F. Maltagliati. 2010. Ecosystem service provision: an operational way for marine biodiversity conservation and management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1916-1923. 2010 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Crec'hriou, R., F. Alemany, E. Roussel, A. Chassanite, J. Y. Marinaro, J. Mader, E. Rochel, and S. Planes. 2010. Fisheries replenishment of early life taxa: potential export of fish eggs and larvae from a temperate marine protected area. Fisheries Oceanography 19:135-150. 2010 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dalleau, M., S. Andrefouet, C. C. C. Wabnitz, C. Payri, L. Wantiez, M. Pichon, K. Friedman, L. Vigliola, and F. Benzoni. 2010. Use of Habitats as Surrogates of Biodiversity for Efficient Coral Reef Conservation Planning in Pacific Ocean Islands. Conservation Biology 24:541-552. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Dalton, S. J., S. Godwin, S. D. A. Smith, and L. Pereg. 2010. Australian subtropical white syndrome: a transmissible, temperature-dependent coral disease. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:342-350. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
de Juan, S. and J. Lleonart. 2010. A conceptual framework for the protection of vulnerable habitats impacted by fishing activities in the Mediterranean high seas. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:717-723. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
D'Onghia, G., P. Maiorano, L. Sion, A. Giove, F. Capezzuto, R. Carlucci, and A. Tursi. 2010. Effects of deep-water coral banks on the abundance and size structure of the megafauna in the Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57:397-411. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 2010. Biotic affinities of rocky reef fishes, invertebrates and macroalgae in different zones of the Port Davey marine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:282-296. 2010 Australia Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Edgar, G. J., A. Davey, G. Kelly, R. B. Mawbey, and K. Parsons. 2010. Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south-western Pacific. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:378-396. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Edgar, G. J., P. R. Last, N. S. Barrett, K. Gowlett-Holmes, M. Driessen, and P. Mooney. 2010. Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:297-311. 2010 Global; Australia Boating Activities; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Edgar, G. J., S. A. Banks, M. Brandt, R. H. Bustamante, A. Chiriboga, S. A. Earle, L. E. Garske, P. W. Glynn, J. S. Grove, S. Henderson, C. P. Hickman, K. A. Miller, F. Rivera, and G. M. Wellington. 2010. El Nino, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galapagos marine species. Global Change Biology 16:2876-2890. 2010 Global Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Small Herbivorous Fish
Evans, R. D., L. van Herwerden, G. R. Russ, and A. J. Frisch. 2010. Strong genetic but not spatial subdivision of two reef fish species targeted by fishers on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 102:16-25. 2010 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Fernandes, L., K. Dobbs, J. Day, and S. Slegers. 2010. Identifying biologically and physically special or unique sites for inclusion in the protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:80-88. 2010 Australia Review Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Ferse, S. C. A., M. M. Costa, K. S. Manez, D. S. Adhuri, and M. Glaser. 2010. Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in marine protected area implementation. Environmental Conservation 37:23-34. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Fonseca, A. C., H. M. Guzman, J. Cortes, and C. Soto. 2010. Marine habitats map of "Isla del Cano", Costa Rica, comparing Quickbird and Hymap images classification results. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:373-381. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Gaines, S. D., C. White, M. H. Carr, and S. R. Palumbi. 2010. Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18286-18293. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gaines, S. D., S. E. Lester, K. Grorud-Colvert, C. Costello, and R. Pollnac. 2010. Evolving science of marine reserves: New developments and emerging research frontiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18251-18255. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Garcia, T. M., H. Matthews-Cascon, and W. Franklin. 2010. Sipuncula Associated With Branching Fire Coral (Millepora Alcicornis) In A Marine Protected Area In Northeastern Brazil. Thalassas 26:9-12. 2010 Cuba Lab Study Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Gleason, M., S. McCreary, M. Miller-Henson, J. Ugoretz, E. Fox, M. Merrifield, W. McClintock, P. Serpa, and K. Hoffman. 2010. Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: A successful case study from north central California. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:52-68. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Glenn, H., P. Wattage, S. Mardle, T. Van Rensburg, A. Grehan, and N. Foley. 2010. Marine protected areas - substantiating their worth. Marine Policy 34:421-430. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Goni, R., R. Hilborn, D. Diaz, S. Mallol, and S. Adlerstein. 2010. Net contribution of spillover from a marine reserve to fishery catches. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:233-243. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, N. A. J., M. D. Spalding, and C. R. C. Sheppard. 2010. Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:543-548. 2010 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gray, D. L., R. Canessa, R. Rollins, C. P. Keller, and P. Dearden. 2010. Incorporating Recreational Users into Marine Protected Area Planning: A Study of Recreational Boating in British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Management 46:167-180. 2010 Columbia Model Aquaculture; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Grech, A. and R. G. Coles. 2010. An ecosystem-scale predictive model of coastal seagrass distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:437-444. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Grorud-Colvert, K., S. E. Lester, S. Airame, E. Neeley, and S. D. Gaines. 2010. Communicating marine reserve science to diverse audiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18306-18311. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Haisfield, K. M., H. E. Fox, S. Yen, S. Mangubhai, and P. J. Mous. 2010. An ounce of prevention: cost-effectiveness of coral reef rehabilitation relative to enforcement. Conservation Letters 3:243-250. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Halpern, B.S., S. E. Lester, and K. L. McLeod. 2010. Placing marine protected areas onto the ecosystembased management seascape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [earlyedition]. 2010 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Hedgecock, D. 2010. Determining parentage and relatedness from genetic markers sheds light on patterns of marine larval dispersal. Molecular Ecology 19:845-847. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Small Herbivorous Fish
Heindel, K., J. Titschack, B. Dorschel, V. A. I. Huvenne, and A. Freiwald. 2010. The sediment composition and predictive mapping of facies on the Propeller Mound-A cold-water coral mound (Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic). Continental Shelf Research 30:1814-1829. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Heyman, W. D., L. M. Carr, and P. S. Lobel. 2010. Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:201-210. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Hutchinson, N. and K. Rhodes. 2010. Home range estimates for squaretail coralgrouper, Plectropomus areolatus (Ruppell 1830). Coral Reefs 29:511-519. 2010 Micronesia Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Jean, C., S. Ciccione, K. Ballorain, J. Y. Georges, and J. Bourjea. 2010. Ultralight aircraft surveys reveal marine turtle population increases along the west coast of Reunion Island. ORYX 44:223-229. 2010 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Substrate
Jimenez, H., P. Dumas, L. Bigot, J. M. Amouroux, and J. Ferraris. 2010. Taxonomic resolution needed to describe invertebrate assemblages and to detect harvesting effects on coral reef ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406:211-222. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Kellner, J. B., S. Y. Litvin, A. Hastings, F. Micheli, and P. J. Mumby. 2010. Disentangling trophic interactions inside a Caribbean marine reserve. Ecological Applications 20:1979-1992. 2010 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Kenchington, R. 2010. Strategic Roles Of Marine Protected Areas In Ecosystem Scale Conservation. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:303-313. 2010 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Kingsford, M. J. and I. J. Carlson. 2010. Patterns of distribution and movement of fishes, Ophthalmolepis lineolatus and Hypoplectrodes maccullochi, on temperate rocky reefs of south eastern Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 88:105-118. 2010 Australia Model Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Knittweis, L. and M. Wolff. 2010. Live coral trade impacts on the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis in Indonesia: Potential future management approaches. Biological Conservation 143:2722-2729. 2010 Indonesia Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Koldewey, H. J., D. Curnick, S. Harding, L. R. Harrison, and M. Gollock. 2010. Potential benefits to fisheries and biodiversity of the Chagos Archipelago/British Indian Ocean Territory as a no-take marine reserve. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1906-1915. 2010 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kopp, D., Y. Bouchon-Navaro, M. Louis, D. Mouillot, and C. Bouchon. 2010. Herbivorous fishes and the potential of Caribbean marine reserves to preserve coral reef ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:516-524. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Kopp, D., Y. Bouchon-Navaro, S. Cordonnier, A. Haouisee, M. Louis, and C. Bouchon. 2010. Evaluation of algal regulation by herbivorous fishes on Caribbean coral reefs. Helgoland Marine Research 64:181-190. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Koss, R. S. and J. Y. Kingley. 2010. Volunteer health and emotional wellbeing in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:447-453. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2010. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164:513-531. 2010 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
La Mesa, G., A. Molinari, and L. Tunesi. 2010. Coastal fish assemblage characterisation to support the zoning of a new Marine Protected Area in north-western Mediterranean. Italian Journal of Zoology 77:197-210. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Laidig, T. E. 2010. Influence of ocean conditions on the timing of early life history events for blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) off California. Fishery Bulletin 108:442-449. 2010 Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Launio, C. C., Y. Morooka, H. Aizaki, and Y. Iiguni. 2010. Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: case of Claveria, Northern Philippines. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 17:401-409. 2010 Philippines Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management
Linares, C., O. Bianchimani, O. Torrents, C. Marschal, P. Drap, and J. Garrabou. 2010. Marine Protected Areas and the conservation of long-lived marine invertebrates: the Mediterranean red coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:69-79. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Locham, G. A., B. Kaunda-Arara, and C. M. Mlewa. 2010. The influence of reef type and seasonality on population structure of coral-reef fishes within Malindi Marine Park, Kenya. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 31:494-505. 2010 Kenya Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Louzao, M., N. Anadon, J. Arrontes, C. Alvarez-Claudio, D. M. Fuente, F. Ocharan, A. Anadon, and J. L. Acuna. 2010. Historical macrobenthic community assemblages in the Aviles Canyon, N Iberian Shelf: Baseline biodiversity information for a marine protected area. Journal of Marine Systems 80:47-56. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe; Spain Marine Protected Areas
Luna-Perez, B., C. Valle, T. V. Fernandez, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, and A. A. Ramos-Espla. 2010. Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) as an indicator of SCUBA diving impact. Ecological Indicators 10:1017-1024. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tunicates
Lynch, A. M. J., S. G. Sutton, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2010. Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:312-318. 2010 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Macintosh, A., T. Bonyhady, and D. Wilkinson. 2010. Dealing with interests displaced by marine protected areas: A case study on the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Structural Adjustment Package. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:581-588. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Malcolm, H. A. and S. D. A. Smith. 2010. Objective selection of surrogate families to describe reef fish assemblages in a subtropical marine park. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:3611-3618. 2010 Australia Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Malcolm, H. A., S. D. A. Smith, and A. Jordan. 2010. Using patterns of reef fish assemblages to refine a Habitat Classification System for marine parks in NSW, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:83-92. 2010 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
March, D., M. Palmer, J. Alos, A. Grau, and F. Cardona. 2010. Short-term residence, home range size and diel patterns of the painted comber Serranus scriba in a temperate marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400:195-206. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Marriott, R. J., N. D. C. Jarvis, D. J. Adams, A. E. Gallash, J. Norriss, and S. J. Newman. 2010. Maturation and sexual ontogeny in the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1396-1414. 2010 Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Marshall, N. A., P. A. Marshall, A. Abdulla, and T. Rouphael. 2010. The Links Between Resource Dependency and Attitude of Commercial Fishers to Coral Reef Conservation in the Red Sea. Ambio 39:305-313. 2010 Egypt Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Mason, T. J. and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Home range, habitat use, and site fidelity of barred sand bass within a southern California marine protected area. Fisheries Research 106:93-101. 2010 GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R. 2010. Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef. Conservation Biology 24:1519-1528. 2010 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Meyer, C. G., Y. P. Papastamatiou, and T. B. Clark. 2010. Differential movement patterns and site fidelity among trophic groups of reef fishes in a Hawaiian marine protected area. Marine Biology 157:1499-1511. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mills, M., R. L. Pressey, R. Weeks, S. Foale, and N. C. Ban. 2010. A mismatch of scales: challenges in planning for implementation of marine protected areas in the Coral Triangle. Conservation Letters 3:291-303. 2010 Review Marine Protected Areas
Molloy, P. P., J. A. Anticamara, J. L. Rist, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Frugal conservation: What does it take to detect changes in fish populations? Biological Conservation 143:2532-2542. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Montano, S., D. Seveso, P. Galli, and D. O. Obura. 2010. Assessing coral bleaching and recovery with a colour reference card in Watamu Marine Park, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 655:99-108. 2010 Kenya Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Moreno-Sanchez, R. d. P. and J. H. Maldonado. 2010. Evaluating the role of co-management in improving governance of marine protected areas: an experimental approach in the Colombian Caribbean. Ecological Economics 69:2557-2567. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Murchie, K. J., E. Schwager, S. J. Cooke, A. J. Danylchuk, S. E. Danylchuk, T. L. Goldberg, C. D. Suski, and D. P. Philipp. 2010. Spatial ecology of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) in tidal creeks and coastal waters of Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Environmental Biology of Fishes 89:95-104. 2010 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Norse, E. A. 2010. Ecosystem-Based Spatial Planning And Management Of Marine Fisheries: Why And How? Bulletin of Marine Science 86:179-195. 2010 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Ogden, J. C. 2010. Marine spatial planning (MSP) A first step to ecosystem-based management (EBM) in the Wider Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:71-79. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas
Papastamatiou, Y. P., A. M. Friedlander, J. E. Caselle, and C. G. Lowe. 2010. Long-term movement patterns and trophic ecology of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 386:94-102. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Index or Indicator Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Pimentel, C. R. and J. C. Joyeux. 2010. Diet and food partitioning between juveniles of mutton Lutjanus analis, dog Lutjanus jocu and lane Lutjanus synagris snappers (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in a mangrove-fringed estuarine environment. Journal of Fish Biology 76:2299-2317. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Pollnac, R., P. Christie, J. E. Cinner, T. Dalton, T. M. Daw, G. E. Forrester, N. A. J. Graham, and T. R. McClanahan. 2010. Marine reserves as linked social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18262-18265. 2010 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Philippines; Caribbean Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Puce, S., M. Bo, C. G. Di Camillo, L. Paoli, D. Pica, and G. Bavestrello. 2010. Morphology and development of the early growth stages of an Indonesian Stylaster (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:1145-1151. 2010 Indonesia Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Protected Areas
Ransom, K. P. and S. C. Mangi. 2010. Valuing Recreational Benefits of Coral Reefs: The Case of Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve, Kenya. Environmental Management 45:145-154. 2010 Kenya Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Rasher, D. B. and M. E. Hay. 2010. Chemically rich seaweeds poison corals when not controlled by herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:9683-9688. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Reyes-Bonilla, H., L. E. Calderon-Aguilera, G. Cruz-Pinon, R. A. Lopez-Perez, and P. Medina-Rosas. 2010. Evaluation of gamma diversity of reef corals (Scleractinia) in the Mexican Pacific. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 81:113-121. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Rudershausen, P. J., W. A. Mitchell, J. A. Buckel, E. H. Williams, and E. Hazen. 2010. Developing a two-step fishery-independent design to estimate the relative abundance of deepwater reef fish: Application to a marine protected area off the southeastern United States coast. Fisheries Research 105:254-260. 2010 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Scoccia, F. and E. Gaino. 2010. Mesenterial filaments of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina provide a home to developing nauplii. Symbiosis 50:151-156. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Selig, E. R. and J. F. Bruno. 2010. A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss. PLoS One 5:e9278. 2010 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Stony Coral
Selig, E. R., K. S. Casey, and J. F. Bruno. 2010. New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19:397-411. 2010 Global Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Semmens, B. X., P. J. Auster, M. J. Paddack. 2010. Using ecological null models to assess the potential for marine protected area networks to protect biodiversity. PLoS Biology 5:e8895.doi:10.1371/jourl.pone.0008895. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Speed, C. W., I. C. Field, M. G. Meekan, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Complexities of coastal shark movements and their implications for management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:275-U305. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Sutcliffe, P. R., J. N. A. Hooper, and C. R. Pitcher. 2010. The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera). Zootaxa 1-30. 2010 Australia GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2010. The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:114-122. 2010 Vietnam Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Taylor, B. M. and J. L. McIlwain. 2010. Beyond abundance and biomass: effects of marine protected areas on the demography of a highly exploited reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:243-258. 2010 Guam Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Teske, P. R., F. R. G. Forget, P. D. Cowley, S. von der Heyden, and L. B. Beheregaray. 2010. Connectivity between marine reserves and exploited areas in the philopatric reef fish Chrysoblephus laticeps (Teleostei: Sparidae). Marine Biology 157:2029-2042. 2010 Oman; South Africa Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Thomassin, A., C. S. White, S. S. Stead, and G. David. 2010. Social acceptability of a marine protected area: The case of Reunion Island. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:169-179. 2010 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Reunion; India Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Turgeon, K., A. Robillard, J. Gregoire, V. Duclos, and D. L. Kramer. 2010. Functional connectivity from a reef fish perspective: behavioral tactics for moving in a fragmented landscape. Ecology 91:3332-3342. 2010 GIS & Maps Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Unsworth, R. K. F., L. C. Cullen, J. N. Pretty, D. J. Smith, and J. J. Bell. 2010. Economic and subsistence values of the standing stocks of seagrass fisheries: Potential benefits of no-fishing marine protected area management. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:218-224. 2010 Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Uyarra, M. C., J. A. Gill, and I. M. Cote. 2010. Charging for Nature: Marine Park Fees and Management from a User Perspective. Ambio 39:515-523. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Valentine, J. P. and G. J. Edgar. 2010. Impacts of a population outbreak of the urchin Tripneustes gratilla amongst Lord Howe Island coral communities. Coral Reefs 29:399-410. 2010 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Vietti, R. C., G. Albertelli, S. Aliani, S. Bava, G. Bavestrello, L. B. Cecchi, C. N. Bianchi, E. Bozzo, M. Capello, M. Castellano, C. Cerrano, M. Chiantore, N. Corradi, S. Cocito, L. Cutroneo, G. Diviacco, M. Fabiano, M. Faimali, M. Ferrari, G. P. Gasparini, and Locr. 2010. The Ligurian Sea: present status, problems and perspectives. Chemistry and Ecology 26:319-340. 2010 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Plankton; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Villegas-Sanchez, C. A., R. Rivera-Madrid, and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2010. Small-scale genetic connectivity of bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) recruits in Mexican Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 29:1023-1033. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Wabnitz, C. C. C., S. Andrefouet, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2010. Measuring progress toward global marine conservation targets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:124-129. 2010 Global Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Weeks, R., G. R. Russ, A. A. Bucol, and A. C. Alcala. 2010. Shortcuts for marine conservation planning: The effectiveness of socioeconomic data surrogates. Biological Conservation 143:1236-1244. 2010 Philippines Model Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Weeks, R., G. R. Russ, A. C. Alcala, and A. T. White. 2010. Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines for Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology 24:531-540. 2010 Global; Philippines Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Wells, M. and S. Parker. 2010. The thermal variability of the waters of Fathom Five National Marine Park, Lake Huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research 36:570-576. 2010 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wielgus, J., A. Balmford, T. B. Lewis, C. Mora, and L. R. Gerber. 2010. Coral reef quality and recreation fees in marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 3:38-44. 2010 Global; Cuba Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Wielgus, J., E. Cooper, R. Torres, and L. Burke. 2010. Coastal capital: Dominican Republic. Case studies on the economic value of coastal ecosystems in the Dominican Republic. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute. 2010 Global; Dominican Republic Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Wilson, S. K., M. Depczynski, R. Fisher, T. H. Holmes, R. A. O'Leary, and P. Tinkler. 2010. Habitat Associations of Juvenile Fish at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: The Importance of Coral and Algae. PLoS One 5:e15185. 2010 Australia Algae; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Wu, W., X. H. Wang, D. Paull, and J. Kesby. 2010. Defence force activities in marine protected areas: environmental management of Shoalwater Bay Training Area, Queensland, Australia. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 28:667-676. 2010 Global; Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Special Use Permitting
Yasue, M., L. Kaufman, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Assessing ecological changes in and around marine reserves using community perceptions and biological surveys. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:407-418. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Young, M. A., P. J. Iampietro, R. G. Kvitek, and C. D. Garza. 2010. Multivariate bathymetry-derived generalized linear model accurately predicts rockfish distribution on Cordell Bank, California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 415:247-261. 2010 Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Zvuloni, A., R. van Woesik, and Y. Loya. 2010. Diversity Partitioning of Stony Corals Across Multiple Spatial Scales Around Zanzibar Island, Tanzania. PLoS One 5:e9941. 2010 Global; Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Ahmad, S. A. and N. Hanley. 2009. Willingness to pay for reducing crowding effect damages in Marine Parks in Malaysia. Singapore Economic Review 54:21-39. 2009 Malaysia; Oman Model Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Alexander, T. J., N. Barrett, M. Haddon, and G. Edgar. 2009. Relationships between mobile macroinvertebrates and reef structure in a temperate marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:31-44. 2009 Australia Model Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Almany, G. R., S. R. Connolly, D. D. Heath, J. D. Hogan, G. P. Jones, L. J. McCook, M. Mills, R. L. Pressey, and D. H. Williamson. 2009. Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 Australia Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Alvarado, E. and A. Acosta. 2009. Natural lesions and regeneration of ramets of Montastraea annularis (Scleractinia: Faviidae) in a degraded reef of the Colombian Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:939-954. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Stony Coral
Alvarado-Chacon, E. M. and A. Acosta. 2009. Population Size-Structure Of The Reef-Coral Montastraea Annularis In Two Contrasting Reefs Of A Marine Protected Area In The Southern Caribbean Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 85:61-76. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L., M. Millet-Encalada, and H. Reyes-Bonilla. 2009. Impact Of Hurricanes Emily And Wilma On The Coral Community Of Cozumel Island, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:295-306. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Amaral, F. M. D., C. A. C. Ramos, Z. M. A. N. Leao, R. K. P. Kikuchi, K. K. M. Lima, L. L. Longo, R. T. S. Cordeiro, S. M. A. Lira, and S. L. Vasconcelos. 2009. Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50:277-290. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Armada, N., A. T. White, and P. Christie. 2009. Managing Fisheries Resources in Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines: An Ecosystem-Based Approach. Coastal Management 37:308-330. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Aurellado, M. E. B., V. V. Hilomen, P. M. Alino, and V. Lumbab. 2009. Movement of Reef Fishes Across Boundaries of Marine Protected Areas in Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:66-76. 2009 Philippines Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Ban, N. C., G. J. A. Hansen, M. Jones, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2009. Systematic marine conservation planning in data-poor regions: Socioeconomic data is essential. Marine Policy 33:794-800. 2009 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Barbosa, C. F., M. D. Prazeres, B. P. Ferreira, and J. C. S. Seoane. 2009. Foraminiferal assemblage and reef check census in coral reef health monitoring of East Brazilian margin. Marine Micropaleontology 73:62-69. 2009 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Barr, R. F. and S. Mourato. 2009. Investigating the potential for marine resource protection through environmental service markets: An exploratory study from La Paz, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:568-577. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Barrett, N., C. Buxton, and C. Gardner. 2009. Rock lobster movement patterns and population structure within a Tasmanian Marine Protected Area inform fishery and conservation management. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:417-425. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Bartlett, C. Y., C. Manua, J. Cinner, S. Sutton, R. Jimmy, R. South, J. Nilsson, and J. Raina. 2009. Comparison of Outcomes of Permanently Closed and Periodically Harvested Coral Reef Reserves. Conservation Biology 23:1475-1484. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Vanuatu Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coralline Algae; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Bartlett, C. Y., K. Pakoa, and C. Manua. 2009. Marine reserve phenomenon in the Pacific islands. Marine Policy 33:673-678. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Marine Protected Areas
Bennett, R. H., A. Gotz, W. H. H. Sauer, P. D. Cowley, and R. M. Palmer. 2009. Optimisation of underwater visual census and controlled angling methods for monitoring subtidal temperate reef fish communities. African Journal of Marine Science 31:277-287. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Blumenthal, J. M., T. J. Austin, J. B. Bothwell, A. C. Broderick, G. Ebanks-Petrie, J. R. Olynik, M. F. Orr, J. L. Solomon, M. J. Witt, and B. J. Godley. 2009. Diving behavior and movements of juvenile hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata on a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 28:55-65. 2009 Global; South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Sea Turtles
Bo, M., M. Barucca, M. A. Biscotti, A. Canapa, H. F. N. Lapian, E. Olmo, and G. Bavestrello. 2009. Description of Pseudocirrhipathes (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipathidae), a new genus of whip black corals from the Indo-Pacific. Italian Journal of Zoology 76:392-402. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
BONNET, X., F. BRISCHOUX, D. PEARSON, and P. RIVALAN. 2009. Beach rock as a keystone habitat for amphibious sea snakes. Environmental Conservation 9-Jan. 2009 New Caledonia Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Botsford, L. W., D. R. Brumbaugh, C. Grimes, J. B. Kellner, J. Largier, M. R. O'Farrell, S. Ralston, E. Soulanille, and V. Wespestad. 2009. Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the gap between conventional fisheries management and marine protected areas. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 19:69-95. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Botsford, L. W., J. W. White, A. Coffroth M.-, C. B. Paris, S. Planes, T. L. Shearer, S. R. Thorrold, and G. P. Jones. 2009. Connectivity and resilience of coral reef metapopulations in marine protected areas: matching empirical efforts to predictive needs. Coral Reefs 11-Jan. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Brock, R., E. English, E. Kenchington, and M. Tasker. 2009. The alphabet soup that protects cold-water corals in the North Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:355-360. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Europe Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Burke, J. S., W. J. Kenworthy, and L. L. Wood. 2009. Ontogenetic patterns of concentration indicate lagoon nurseries are essential to common grunts stocks in a Puerto Rican bay. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:533-543. 2009 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Bussotti, S. and P. Guidetti. 2009. Do Mediterranean fish assemblages associated with marine caves and rocky cliffs differ? Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:65-73. 2009 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Butardo-Toribio, M. Z., P. M. Alino, and E. S. Guiang. 2009. Cost-Benefit Study of Marine Protected Areas: Implications on Financing and Institutional Needs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist 92:153-169. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Camargo, C., J. H. Maldonado, E. Alvarado, R. Moreno-Sanchez, S. Mendoza, N. Manrique, A. Mogollon, J. D. Osorio, A. Grajales, and J. A. Sanchez. 2009. Community involvement in management for maintaining coral reef resilience and biodiversity in southern Caribbean marine protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:935-956. 2009 South & Central America; Oman; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Caras, T. and Z. Pasternak. 2009. Long-term environmental impact of coral mining at the Wakatobi marine park, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:539-544. 2009 Indonesia Algae; Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Carr, L. M. and W. D. Heyman. 2009. Jamaica bound? Marine resources and management at a crossroads in Antigua and Barbuda. Geographical Journal 175:17-38. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Antigua; Barbuda; Caribbean Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Ceccherelli, G., S. Pinna, and N. Sechi. 2009. Evaluating the effects of protection on Paracentrotus lividus distribution in two contrasting habitats. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 81:59-64. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Chapman, D. D., E. A. Babcock, S. H. Gruber, J. D. Dibattista, B. R. Franks, S. A. Kessel, T. Guttridge, E. K. Pikitch, and K. A. Feldheim. 2009. Long-term natal site-fidelity by immature lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) at a subtropical island. Molecular Ecology 18:3500-3507. 2009 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Chateau, O. and L. Wantiez. 2009. Movement patterns of four coral reef fish species in a fragmented habitat in New Caledonia: Implications for the design of marine protected area networks. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:50-55. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Christie, P., R. B. Pollnac, D. L. Fluharty, M. A. Hixon, G. K. Lowry, R. Mahon, D. Pietri, B. N. Tissot, A. T. White, N. Armada, and R. L. Eisma-Osorio. 2009. Tropical Marine EBM Feasibility: A Synthesis of Case Studies and Comparative Analyses. Coastal Management 37:374-385. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Cinner, J. E. 2009. Poverty and the use of destructive fishing gear near east African marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation 36:321-326. 2009 Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cinner, J., M. M. P. B. Fuentes, and H. Randriamahazo. 2009. Exploring Social Resilience in Madagascar's Marine Protected Areas. Ecology and Society 14:41. 2009 Madagascar Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Housing; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas
Claisse, J. T., M. Kienzle, M. E. Bushnell, D. J. Shafer, and J. D. Parrish. 2009. Habitat- and sex-specific life history patterns of yellow tang Zebrasoma flavescens in Hawaii, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:245-255. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top - down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a Marine Protected Area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clemente, S., J. C. Hernandez, and A. Brito. 2009. Evidence of the top-down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a marine protected area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:64-71. 2009 Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Clifton, J. 2009. Science, funding and participation: key issues for marine protected area networks and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Environmental Conservation 36:91-96. 2009 Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas
Coles, R., L. McKenzie, G. De'ath, A. Roelofs, and W. L. Long. 2009. Spatial distribution of deepwater seagrass in the inter-reef lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Marine Ecology Progress Series 392:57-68. 2009 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Point Source Discharges; Seagrasses; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Connell, A. D. 2009. The genus Anisomysis (Crustacea: Mysidae) from the east coast of South Africa - descriptions of three new species, and range extensions of two known species. African Natural History 5:17-30. 2009 Indian Ocean; Mozambique; Madagascar; India; South Africa Marine Protected Areas
Crabbe, M. J. C. and J. P. Carlin. 2009. Multiple Symbiodinium clades in Acropora species scleractinian corals from the Ningaloo reef, Australia. International Journal of Integrative Biology 5:72-74. 2009 Global; Australia Climate; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Cruz-Trinidad, A., R. C. Geronimo, and P. M. Alino. 2009. Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:173-180. 2009 Philippines Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Curley, B. G. and M. R. Gillings. 2009. Population connectivity in the temperate damselfish Parma microlepis: Analyses of genetic structure across multiple spatial scales. Marine Biology 156:381-393. 2009 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
de Loma, T. L., P. Chabanet, J. Ferraris, R. Galzin, and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 2009. Long-term spatiotemporal variations in coral-reef fish community structure and fishing at a South Pacific atoll. Aquatic Living Resources 22:281-290. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Di Camillo, C. G., S. Puce, and G. Bavestrello. 2009. Macrorhynchia species (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) with a description of two new species. Italian Journal of Zoology 76:208-228. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Di Franco, A., A. Marchini, P. Baiata, M. Milazzo, and R. Chemello. 2009. Developing a scuba trail vulnerability index (STVI): a case study from a Mediterranean MPA. Biodiversity and Conservation 18:1201-1217. 2009 Cuba Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Di Franco, A., M. Milazzo, P. Baiata, A. Tomasello, and R. Chemello. 2009. Scuba diver behaviour and its effects on the biota of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environmental Conservation 36:32-40. 2009 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Di Franco, A., S. Bussotti, A. Navone, P. Panzalis, and P. Guidetti. 2009. Evaluating effects of total and partial restrictions to fishing on Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:275-285. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Diaz-Pulido, G., L. J. McCook, S. Dove, R. Berkelmans, G. Roff, D. I. Kline, S. Weeks, R. D. Evans, D. H. Williamson, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2009. Doom and boom on a resilient reef: climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery. PLoS One 4. 2009 Global; Australia Model Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral
Dung, L. D. 2009. Nha Trang Bay marine protected area, Vietnam: Initial trends in coral structure and some preliminary linkages between these trends and human activities (2002-2005). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 12:249-257. 2009 Vietnam Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Edgar, G. J. and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Ecological effects of marine protected areas on rocky reef communities-a continental-scale analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:51-62. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and R. D. Stuart-Smith. 2009. Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes. Ecological Applications 19:1967-1974. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Political Pressure; Sea Urchins
Eklof, J. S., S. Frocklin, A. Lindvall, N. Stadlinger, A. Kimathi, J. N. Uku, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. How effective are MPAs? Predation control and 'spill-in effects' in seagrass-coral reef lagoons under contrasting fishery management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:83-96. 2009 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. 2009. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 85:151-156. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Fernandes, L., J. Day, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, G. De'ath, B. Mapstone, R. Coles, T. Done, H. Marsh, I. Poiner, T. Ward, D. Williams, and R. Kenchington. 2009. A process to design a network of marine no-take areas: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:439-447. 2009 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Forcada, A., C. Valle, P. Bonhomme, G. Criquet, G. Cadiou, P. Lenfant, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Effects of habitat on spillover from marine protected areas to artisanal fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 379:197-211. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Forst, M. F. 2009. The convergence of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the ecosystems approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:294-306. 2009 South & Central America; Australia; Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Fraser, H. M., S. P. R. Greenstreet, and G. J. Piet. 2009. Selecting MPAs to conserve ground fish biodiversity: the consequences of failing to account for catchability in survey trawls. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:82-89. 2009 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Freeman, D. J., A. B. MacDiarmid, and R. B. Taylor. 2009. Habitat patches that cross marine reserve boundaries: consequences for the lobster Jasus edwardsii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:159-167. 2009 Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Game, E. T., M. Bode, E. McDonald-Madden, H. S. Grantham, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems. Ecology Letters 12:1336-1346. 2009 Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Gerhardinger, L. C., M. Hostim-Silva, R. P. Medeiros, J. Matarezi, A. A. Bertoncini, M. O. Freitas, and B. P. Ferreira. 2009. Fishers' resource mapping and goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Serranidae) conservation in Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 7:93-102. 2009 Tonga GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Substrate
Ghermandi, A., P. A. L. D. Nunes, R. Portela, N. Rao, and S. S. Teelucksingh. 2009. Recrational, cultural, aesthetic services from estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 2009 Europe Review Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Gotanda, K. M., K. Turgeon, and D. L. Kramer. 2009. Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 10-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Gotz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2009. Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 1: ichthyofauna. African Journal of Marine Science 31:241-251. 2009 Oman; South Africa Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gotz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2009. Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 2: benthic invertebrates and algae. African Journal of Marine Science 31:253-262. 2009 Oman; South Africa Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Gray, N. J. and L. M. Campbell. 2009. Science, Policy Advocacy, and Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 23:460-468. 2009 Marine Protected Areas
Green, A., S. E. Smith, G. Lipsett-Moore, C. Groves, N. Peterson, S. Sheppard, P. Lokani, R. Hamilton, J. Almany, J. Aitsi, and L. Bualia. 2009. Designing a resilient network of marine protected areas for Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. ORYX 43:488-498. 2009 Papua New Guinea Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, O. Barneah, I. Brickner, S. Hennige, D. Suggett, and D. Smith. 2009. Association of Waminoa sp (Acoela) with corals in the Wakatobi Marine Park, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Biology 156:1021-1027. 2009 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, O. Barneah, I. Brickner, S. Hennige, D. Suggett, and D. Smith. 2009. Association of Waminoa sp. (Acoela) with corals in the Wakatobi Marine Park, South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Biology 156:1021-1027. 2009 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Hall-Spencer, J. M., M. Tasker, M. Soffker, S. Christiansen, S. Rogers, M. Campbell, and K. Hoydal. 2009. Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:305-308. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Halpern, B. S., S. E. Lester, and J. B. Kellner. 2009. Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Environmental Conservation 36:268-276. 2009 Global Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Harter, S. L., M. M. Ribera, A. N. Shepard, and J. K. Reed. 2009. Assessment of fish populations and habitat on Oculina bank, a deep-sea coral marine protected area off eastern Florida. Fishery Bulletin 107:195-206. 2009 Florida Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Hernandez, L., E. F. Balart, and H. Reyes-Bonilla. 2009. Checklist of reef decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the southern gulf of California, Mexico. Zootaxa 39-50. 2009 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Heupel, M. R., A. J. Williams, D. J. Welch, A. Ballagh, B. D. Mapstone, G. Carlos, C. Davies, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2009. Effects of fishing on tropical reef associated shark populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 95:350-361. 2009 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Hicks, C. C., T. R. McClanahan, J. E. Cinner, and J. M. Hills. 2009. Trade-offs in values assigned to ecological goods and services associated with different coral reef management strategies. Ecology and Society 14:10-27. 2009 Global; Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Hourigan, T. F. 2009. Managing fishery impacts on deep-water coral ecosystems of the USA: emerging best practices. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:333-340. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Jones, G. P., G. R. Almany, G. R. Russ, P. F. Sale, R. S. Steneck, M. J. H. Van Oppen, and B. L. Willis. 2009. Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: History, advances and challenges. Coral Reefs 28:307-325. 2009 Model Marine Protected Areas
Karras, C. and J. J. Agar. 2009. Cruzan fishers' perspectives on the performance of the Buck Island Reef National Monument and the red hind seasonal closure. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:578-585. 2009 US Virgin Islands Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Waste Management
Kaunda-Arara, B., J. M. Mwaluma, G. A. Locham, V. Oresland, and M. K. Osore. 2009. Temporal variability in fish larval supply to Malindi Marine Park, coastal Kenya. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:S10-S18. 2009 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Keller, B. D., D. F. Gleason, E. McLeod, C. M. Woodley, S. Airame, B. D. Causey, A. M. Friedlander, R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. E. Johnson, S. L. Miller, and R. S. Steneck. 2009. Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas. Environmental Management 44:1069-1088. 2009 Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kerwath, S. E., E. B. Thorstad, T. F. Naesje, P. D. Cowley, F. Okland, C. Wilke, and C. G. Attwood. 2009. Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa. Conservation Biology 23:653-661. 2009 South Africa Model Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, and A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: A contingent behaviour approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 53:213-229. 2009 Australia Model Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2009. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19-Jan. 2009 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
Lester, S. E., B. S. Halpern, K. Grorud-Colvert, J. Lubchenco, B. I. Ruttenberg, S. D. Gaines, S. Airame, and R. R. Warner. 2009. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:33-46. 2009 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Levin, P. S., I. Kaplan, R. Grober-Dunsmore, P. M. Chittaro, S. Oyamada, K. Andrews, and M. Mangel. 2009. A framework for assessing the biodiversity and fishery aspects of marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:735-742. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, S. D. Frusher, and K. R. Ridgway. 2009. Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climate-driven catastrophic phase shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:22341-22345. 2009 Global Climate; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Little, L. R., A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, G. A. Begg, B. Goldman, and N. Ellis. 2009. Different responses to area closures and effort controls for sedentary and migratory harvested species in a multispecies coral reef linefishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:1931-1941. 2009 GIS & Maps Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Lopez-Sanz, A., N. Vert, M. Zabala, and A. Sabates. 2009. Small-scale distribution of fish larvae around the Medes Islands marine protected area (NW Mediterranean). Journal of Plankton Research 31:763-775. 2009 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Luiz, O. J., A. P. Balboni, G. Kodja, M. Andrade, and H. Marum. 2009. Seasonal occurrences of Manta birostris (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) in southeastern Brazil. Ichthyological Research 56:96-99. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Luna, B., C. V. Perez, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:517-523. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Mair, J. M., S. L. Cunningham, J. A. Sibaja-Cordero, H. M. Guzman, M. F. Arroyo, D. Merino, and R. Vargas. 2009. Mapping benthic faunal communities in the shallow and deep sediments of Las Perlas Archipelago, Pacific Panama. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:375-383. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama GIS & Maps Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Mascia, M. B. and C. A. Claus. 2009. A Property Rights Approach to Understanding Human Displacement from Protected Areas: the Case of Marine Protected Areas. Conservation Biology 23:16-23. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., J. E. Cinner, N. A. J. Graham, T. M. Daw, J. Maina, S. M. Stead, A. Wamukota, K. Brown, V. Venus, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2009. Identifying reefs of hope and hopeful actions: Contextualizing environmental, ecological, and social parameters to respond effectively to climate change. Conservation Biology 23:662-671. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; India Climate; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, J. Omukoto, and L. Pearson. 2009. Recent seawater temperature histories, status, and predictions for madagascar's coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380:117-128. 2009 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Algae; Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, S. K. Wilson, Y. Letourneur, and R. Fisher. 2009. Effects of fisheries closure size, age, and history of compliance on coral reef fish communities in the western Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396:99-109. 2009 Indian Ocean; India Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, J. Maina, A. T. Kamukuru, and S. A. S. Yahya. 2009. Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:758-771. 2009 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McLeod, E., R. Salm, A. Green, and J. Almany. 2009. Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:362-370. 2009 Biocriteria; Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Meyer, C. G. and K. N. Holland. 2009. Spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of recreational snorkelers and SCUBA divers in Hawaiian Marine Protected Areas. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8-Jan. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Moffitt, E. A., L. W. Botsford, D. M. Kaplan, and M. R. O'Farrell. 2009. Marine reserve networks for species that move within a home range. Ecological Applications 19:1835-1847. 2009 Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Molloy, P. P., I. B. McLean, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Effects of marine reserve age on fish populations: a global meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:743-751. 2009 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Monaco, M. E., A. M. Friedlander, C. Caldow, S. D. Hile, C. Menza, and R. H. Boulon. 2009. Long-term monitoring of habitats and reef fish found inside and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: A comparative assessment. Caribbean Journal of Science 45:338-347. 2009 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Muthiga, N. A. 2009. Evaluating the effectiveness of management of the Malindi-Watamu marine protected area complex in Kenya. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:417-423. 2009 Kenya; Tanzania; Seychelles Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Myers, M. R. and R. F. Ambrose. 2009. Differences in benthic cover inside and outside marine protected areas on the Great Barrier Reef: influence of protection or disturbance history? Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:736-747. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Nursey-Bray, M. and P. Rist. 2009. Co-management and protected area management: Achieving effective management of a contested site, lessons from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA). Marine Policy 33:118-127. 2009 Australia Review; Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas
Nuryanto, A. and M. Kochzius. 2009. Highly restricted gene flow and deep evolutionary lineages in the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Coral Reefs 13-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Southeast Asia; Java; Indonesia Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Marine Protected Areas
Ojeda-Martinez, C., F. G. Casalduero, J. T. Bayle-Sempere, C. B. Cebrian, C. Valle, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, A. Forcada, P. Sanchez-Jerez, P. Martin-Sosa, J. M. Falcon, F. Salas, M. Graziano, R. Chemello, B. Stobart, P. Cartagena, A. Perez-Ruzafa, F. Vandeperre, E. Rochel, S. Planes, and A. Brito. 2009. A conceptual framework for the integral management of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:89-101. 2009 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Olbers, J. M., L. Celliers, and M. H. Schleyer. 2009. Zonation of benthic communities on the subtropical Aliwal Shoal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Zoology 44:8-23. 2009 Cuba; South Africa Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Primary Production; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral
Ortiz-Lozano, L., A. Granados-Barba, and I. Espejel. 2009. Ecosystemic zonification as a management tool for marine protected areas in the coastal zone: Applications for the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:317-323. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Oxford Economics. 2009. Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching. 2009 Global; Australia Review Climate; CO2; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Pathogens; Primary Production; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Paddack, M. J., J. D. Reynolds, C. Aguilar, R. S. Appeldoorn, J. Beets, E. W. Burkett, P. M. Chittaro, K. Clarke, R. Esteves, A. C. Fonseca, G. E. Forrester, A. M. Friedlander, J. Garcia-Sais, G. Gonzalez-Sanson, L. K.B. Jordan, D. B. McClellan, M. W. Miller, P. P. Molloy, P. J. Mumby, I. Nagelkerken, M. Nemeth, R. Navas-Camacho, J. Pitt, N. V.C. Polunin, M. C. Reyes-Nivia, D. R. Robertson, A. Rodriguez-Ramirez, E. Salas, S. R. Smith, R. E. Spieler, M. A. Steele, I. D. Williams, C. L. Wormald, A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Recent region-wide declines in Caribbean Reef Fish Abundance. Current Biology 19:590-595. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Page, C. A., D. M. Baker, C. D. Harvell, Y. Golbuu, L. Raymundo, S. J. Neale, K. B. Rosell, K. L. Rypien, J. P. Andras, and B. L. Willis. 2009. Influence of marine reserves on coral disease prevalence. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87:135-150. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau Climate; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens
Pedersen, S. A., H. Fock, J. Krause, C. Pusch, A. L. Sell, U. Bottcher, S. I. Rogers, M. Skold, H. Skov, M. Podolska, G. J. Piet, and J. C. Rice. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:155-169. 2009 Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Peters, H. and J. P. Hawkins. 2009. Access to marine parks: A comparative study in willingness to pay. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:219-228. 2009 Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Pietri, D., P. Christie, R. B. Pollnac, R. Diaz, and A. Sabonsolin. 2009. Information Diffusion in Two Marine Protected Area Networks in the Central Visayas Region, Philippines. Coastal Management 37:331-348. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas
Pistortus, P. A. and F. E. Taylor. 2009. Declining catch rates of reef fish in Aldabra's marine protected area. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:S2-S9. 2009 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Pitcher, C. R., C. Y. Burridge, T. J. Wassenberg, B. J. Hill, and I. R. Poiner. 2009. A large scale BACI experiment to test the effects of prawn trawling on seabed biota in a closed area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Fisheries Research 99:168-183. 2009 Australia Review Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Planes, S., G. P. Jones, and S. R. Thorrold. 2009. Larval dispersal connects fish populations in a network of marine protected areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:5693-5697. 2009 Papua New Guinea Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Preuss, B., D. Pelletier, L. Wantiez, Y. Letourneur, S. Sarramegna, M. Kulbicki, R. Galzin, and J. Ferraris. 2009. Considering multiple-species attributes to understand better the effects of successive changes in protection status on a coral reef fish assemblage. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:170-179. 2009 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Raventos, N., B. Ferrari, and S. Planes. 2009. Differences in population parameters and behaviour of the herbivorous fish Sarpa salpa between protected and unprotected seagrass meadows in the north-western Mediterranean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:1153-1159. 2009 Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Raymundo, L. J., A. R. Halford, A. P. Maypa, and A. M. Kerr. 2009. Functionally diverse reef-fish communities ameliorate coral disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:17067-17070. 2009 Australia; Philippines Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Reid-Grant, K. and M. G. Bhat. 2009. Financing marine protected areas in Jamaica: An exploratory study. Marine Policy 33:128-136. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Reopanichkul, P., T. A. Schlacher, R. W. Carter, and S. Worachananant. 2009. Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1356-1362. 2009 Global; Thailand Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Rocklin, D., M. C. Santoni, J. M. Culioli, J. A. Tomasini, D. Pelletier, and D. Mouillot. 2009. Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:699-707. 2009 France Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Saenz-Agudelo, P., G. P. Jones, S. R. Thorrold, and S. Planes. 2009. Estimating connectivity in marine populations: An empirical evaluation of assignment tests and parentage analysis under different gene flow scenarios. Molecular Ecology 18:1765-1776. 2009 Papua New Guinea; Britain Model Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Sanchez, F., A. Serrano, and M. G. Ballesteros. 2009. Photogrammetric quantitative study of habitat and benthic communities of deep Cantabrian Sea hard grounds. Continental Shelf Research 29:1174-1188. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Santos, R. S., S. Christiansen, B. Christiansen, and S. Gubbay. 2009. Toward the conservation and management of Sedlo Seamount: A case study. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:2720-2730. 2009 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Schobernd, C. M. and G. R. Sedberry. 2009. Shelf-edge and upper-slope reef fish assemblages in the south atlantic bight: Habitat characteristics, spatial variation, and reproductive behavior. Bulletin of Marine Science 84:67-92. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Scott, A. and P. L. Harrison. 2009. Gametogenic and reproductive cycles of the sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor. Marine Biology 156:1659-1671. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Study Location Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Smith, M. D., J. N. Sanchirico, and J. E. Wilen. 2009. The economics of spatial-dynamic processes: Applications to renewable resources. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 57:104-121. 2009 South & Central America; Mexico Model Economic Markets & Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, and P. Martin. 2009. Patterns of species and functional diversity around a coastal marine reserve: a fisheries perspective. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:554-565. 2009 Spain GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Stobart, B., R. Warwick, C. Gonzalez, S. Mallol, D. Diaz, O. Renones, and R. Goni. 2009. Long-term and spillover effects of a marine protected area on an exploited fish community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:47-60. 2009 Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Sutton, S. G. and R. C. Tobin. 2009. Recreational fishers' attitudes towards the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 36:245-252. 2009 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2009. Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a mechanism for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems: A case study from Vietnam. Ambio 38:72-78. 2009 Global; Vietnam Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Tissot, B. N., W. J. Walsh, and M. A. Hixon. 2009. Hawaiian Islands Marine Ecosystem Case Study: Ecosystem- and Community-Based Management in Hawaii. Coastal Management 37:255-273. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tognelli, M. F., M. Fernandez, and P. A. Marquet. 2009. Assessing the performance of the existing and proposed network of marine protected areas to conserve marine biodiversity in Chile. Biological Conservation 142:3147-3153. 2009 Marine Protected Areas
Tyler, E. H. M., M. R. Speight, P. Henderson, and A. Manica. 2009. Evidence for a depth refuge effect in artisanal coral reef fisheries. Biological Conservation 142:652-667. 2009 Tanzania Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Underwood, J. N., L. D. Smith, M. J. H. Van Oppen, and J. P. Gilmour. 2009. Ecologically relevant dispersal of corals on isolated reefs: Implications for managing resilience. Ecological Applications 19:18-29. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Valle, C. and J. T. Bayle-Sempere. 2009. Effects of a marine protected area on fish assemblage associated with Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds: temporal and depth variations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25:537-544. 2009 Cuba Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
von der Heyden, S. 2009. Why do we need to integrate population genetics into South African marine protected area planning? African Journal of Marine Science 31:263-269. 2009 South Africa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Vroom, P. S. and M. A. V. Timmers. 2009. Spatial And Temporal Comparison Of Algal Biodiversity And Benthic Cover At Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawai'Ian Islands. Journal of Phycology 45:337-347. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Turf Algae
Vroom, P. S. and M. A. V. Timmers. 2009. Spatial and temporal comparison of algal biodiversity and benthic cover at gardner pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Phycology 45:337-347. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Turf Algae
Walker, B. K., L. K. B. Jordan, and R. E. Spieler. 2009. Relationship of reef fish assemblages and topographic complexity on southeastern florida coral reef habitats. Journal of Coastal Research 53:39-48. 2009 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Watson, D. L., M. J. Anderson, G. A. Kendrick, K. Nardi, and E. S. Harvey. 2009. Effects of protection from fishing on the lengths of targeted and non-targeted fish species at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:241-249. 2009 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Watts, M. E., I. R. Ball, R. S. Stewart, C. J. Klein, K. Wilson, C. Steinback, R. Lourival, L. Kircher, and H. P. Possingham. 2009. Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning. Environmental Modelling & Software 24:1513-1521. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Williams, I. D., W. J. Walsh, J. T. Claisse, B. N. Tissot, and K. A. Stamoulis. 2009. Impacts of a Hawaiian marine protected area network on the abundance and fishery sustainability of the yellow tang, Zebrasoma flavescens. Biological Conservation 142:1066-1073. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Williamson, D. H., G. P. Jones, and S. R. Thorrold. 2009. An experimental evaluation of transgenerational isotope labelling in a coral reef grouper. Marine Biology 156:2517-2525. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Afonso, P., T. Morato, and R. S. Santos. 2008. Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense. Fisheries Research 90:92-99. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Allen, G. R. 2008. Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:541-556. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Malaysia; Oman; Japan; Palau; Micronesia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines; Taiwan GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Asafu-Adjaye, J. and S. Tapsuwan. 2008. A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management 29:1122-1130. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Beech, T., M. Dowd, C. Field, B. Hatcher, and S. Andrefouet. 2008. A stochastic approach to marine reserve design: Incorporating data uncertainty. Ecological Informatics 3:321-333. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Decision Support; Marine Protected Areas
Bellquist, L. F., C. G. Lowe, and J. E. Caselle. 2008. Fine-scale movement patterns, site fidelity, and habitat selection of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps). Fisheries Research 91:325-335. 2008 GIS & Maps Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bunce, M., L. D. Rodwell, R. Gibb, and L. Mee. 2008. Shifting baselines in fishers' perceptions of island reef fishery degradation. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:285-302. 2008 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Cassata, L. and L. B. Collins. 2008. Coral reef communities, habitats, and substrates in and near sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Journal of Coastal Research 24:139-151. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Cooper, E., L. Burke, and N. Bood. 2008. Coastal capital: Belize, the economic contribution of Belize�s coral reefs and mangroves. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Crabbe, M.J.C., E. Martinez, C. Garcia, J. Chub, L. Castro, and J. Guy. 2008. Growth modelling indicates hurricanes and severe storms are linked to low coral recruitment in the Caribbean. Marine Environmental Research 65:364-368. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean Model Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2008. 'Loved to death': Coral collecting in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1770-1970. Environment and History 14:89-119. 2008 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
Davies, A. J., M. Wisshak, J. C. Orr, and J. Murray Roberts. 2008. Predicting suitable habitat for the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia). Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55:1048-1062. 2008 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Stony Coral
Day, J. 2008. The need and practice of monitoring, evaluating and adapting marine planning and management-lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Policy 32:823-831. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
De Loma, T. L., C. W. Osenberg, J. S. Shima, Y. Chancerelle, N. Davies, A. J. Brooks, and R. Galzin. 2008. A framework for assessing impacts of marine protected areas in Moorea (French Polynesia). Pacific Science 62:431-441. 2008 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
DeBoer, T. S., M. D. Subia, Ambariyanto, M. V. Erdmann, K. Kovitvongsa, and P. H. Barber. 2008. Phylogeography and limited genetic connectivity in the endangered boring giant clam across the coral triangle. Conservation Biology 22:1255-1266. 2008 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Marine Protected Areas
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. Macdonald, H. Marsh, and R. Coles. 2008. Incorporating dugong habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:368-375. 2008 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Douvere, F. 2008. The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy 32:762-771. 2008 Australia; Europe Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Dryden, J., A. Grech, J. Moloney, and M. Hamann. 2008. Rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Does it afford greater protection for marine turtles? Wildlife Research 35:477-485. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Edgar, G. J., S. Banks, R. Bensted-Smith, M. Calvopina, A. Chiriboga, L. E. Garske, S. Henderson, K. A. Miller, and S. Salazar. 2008. Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:955-968. 2008 Global Algae; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Francini-Filho, R. B. and R. L. De Moura. 2008. Dynamics of fish assemblages on coral reefs subjected to different management regimes in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1166-1179. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Gaino, E. and F. Scoccia. 2008. Female gametes of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina (Anthozoa, Antipatharia) from the Indonesian Marine Park of Bunaken. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 51:119-126. 2008 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Game, E. T., E. McDonald-Madden, M. L. Puotinen, and H. P. Possingham. 2008. Should we protect the strong or the weak? Risk, resilience, and the selection of marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 22:1619-1629. 2008 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Gelcich, S., N. Godoy, L. Prado, and J. C. Castilla. 2008. Add-on conservation benefits of marine territorial user rights fishery policies in central Chile. Ecological Applications 18:273-281. 2008 Oman Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, N. A. J., T. R. McClanahan, M. A. MacNeil, S. K. Wilson, N. V. C. Polunin, S. Jennings, P. Chabanet, S. Clark, M. D. Spalding, Y. Letourneur, L. Bigot, R. Galzin, M. C. Ohman, K. C. Garpe, A. J. Edwards, and C. R. C. Sheppard. 2008. Climate warming, marine protected areas and the ocean-scale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS One 3. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, R. T., R. Carcamo, K. L. Rhodes, C. M. Roberts, and N. Requena. 2008. Historical and contemporary evidence of a mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis Cuvier, 1828) spawning aggregation fishery in decline. Coral Reefs 27:311-319. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Granek, E. F., E. M. P. Madin, M. A. Brown, W. Figueira, D. S. Cameron, Z. Hogan, G. Kristianson, P. De Villiers, J. E. Williams, J. Post, S. Zahn, and R. Arlinghaus. 2008. Engaging recreational fishers in management and conservation: Global case studies. Conservation Biology 22:1125-1134. 2008 Global; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2008. Rapid assessment of risks to a mobile marine mammal in an ecosystem-scale marine protected area. Conservation Biology 22:711-720. 2008 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Whales & Dolphins
Grober-Dunsmore, R., T. K. Frazer, J. P. Beets, W. J. Lindberg, P. Zwick, and N. A. Funicelli. 2008. Influence of landscape structure on reef fish assemblages. Landscape Ecology 23:37-53. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Guidetti, P., E. Vierucci, and S. Bussotti. 2008. Differences in escape response of fish in protected and fished Mediterranean rocky reefs. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:625-627. 2008 United Kingdom Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Gullstrom, M., M. Bodin, P. G. Nilsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2008. Seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 363:241-255. 2008 Indian Ocean; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
Guzman, H. M., S. Benfield, O. Breedy, and J. M. Mair. 2008. Broadening reef protection across the Marine Conservation Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Distribution and diversity of reefs in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. Environmental Conservation 35:46-54. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama Review Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hern�ndez, J. C., S. Clemente, C. Sangil, and A. Brito. 2008. The key role of the sea urchin Diadema aff. antillarum in controlling macroalgae assemblages throughout the Canary Islands (eastern subtropical Atlantic): an spatio-temporal approach. Marine Environmental Research 66:259-270. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Boats; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Holmberg, J., B. Norman, and Z. Arzoumanian. 2008. Robust, comparable population metrics through collaborative photo-monitoring of whale sharks Rhincodon typus. Ecological Applications 18:222-233. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN-WCPA). 2008. Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks�Making It Happen. IUCN-WCPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D.C. 2008 Global; Palau; Micronesia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity
Johansson, M. L., M. A. Banks, K. D. Glunt, H. M. Hassel-Finnegan, and V. P. Buonaccorsi. 2008. Influence of habitat discontinuity, geographical distance, and oceanography on fine-scale population genetic structure of copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus). Molecular Ecology 17:3051-3061. 2008 Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Jones, A. M., S. Gardner, and W. Sinclair. 2008. Losing 'Nemo': Bleaching and collection appear to reduce inshore populations of anemonefishes. Journal of Fish Biology 73:753-761. 2008 Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Kellner, J. B., R. M. Nisbet, and S. D. Gaines. 2008. Spillover from marine reserves related to mechanisms of population regulation. Theoretical Ecology 1:117-127. 2008 Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Kerwath, S. E., A. Gotz, C. G. Attwood, and W. H. H. Sauer. 2008. The effect of marine protected areas on an exploited population of sex-changing temperate reef fish: An individual-based model. African Journal of Marine Science 30:337-350. 2008 Oman; South Africa Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Lam, K. and B. Morton. 2008. Soft corals, sea fans, gorgonians (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) and black and wire corals (Ceriantipatharia: Antipatharia) from submarine caves in Hong Kong with a checklist of local species and a description of a new species of Paraminabea. Journal of Natural History 42:749-780. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Lam, K., B. Morton, and P. Hodgson. 2008. Ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae, Oculinidae and Rhizangiidae) recorded from submarine caves in Hong Kong. Journal of Natural History 42:729-747. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Linares, C., R. Coma, and M. Zabala. 2008. Restoration of threatened red gorgonian populations: An experimental and modelling approach. Biological Conservation 141:427-437. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Lindsay, M. J., H. M. Patterson, and S. E. Swearer. 2008. Habitat as a surrogate measure of reef fish diversity in the zoning of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:265-273. 2008 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Lloret, J. and V. Riera. 2008. Evolution of a mediterranean coastal zone: Human impacts on the marine environment of cape creus. Environmental Management 42:977-988. 2008 Cuba Boating Activities; Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Loper, C., R. Pomeroy, V. Hoon, P. McConney, M. Pena, A. Sanders, G. Sriskanthan, S. Vergara, M. Pido, R. Vave, C. Vieux, I. Wanyonyi. 2008. Socioeconomic conditions along the world�s tropical coasts: 2008. Conservation International. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Micronesia; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lucieer, V. and H. Pederson. 2008. Linking morphometric characterisation of rocky reef with fine scale lobster movement. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 63:496-509. 2008 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Lundgren, I. and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Variation in Acropora palmata bleaching across benthic zones at Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, USVI) during the 2005 thermal stress event. Bulletin of Marine Science 83:441-451. 2008 US Virgin Islands Marine Protected Areas; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral
MacNeil, M. A., N. A. J. Graham, M. J. Conroy, C. J. Fonnesbeck, N. V. C. Polunin, S. P. Rushton, P. Chabanet, and T. R. McClanahan. 2008. Detection heterogeneity in underwater visual-census data. Journal of Fish Biology 73:1748-1763. 2008 Kenya Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Maina, J., V. Venus, T. R. McClanahan, and M. Ateweberhan. 2008. Modelling susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing data and GIS models. Ecological Modelling 212:180-199. 2008 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Decision Support; Light; Marine Protected Areas
Mapstone, B. D., L. R. Little, A. E. Punt, C. R. Davies, A. D. M. Smith, F. Pantus, A. D. McDonald, A. J. Williams, and A. Jones. 2008. Management strategy evaluation for line fishing in the Great Barrier Reef: Balancing conservation and multi-sector fishery objectives. Fisheries Research 94:315-329. 2008 Australia Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
McCauley, D. J., F. J. Joyce, and J. H. Lowenstein. 2008. Effects of the aquarium fish industry in costa rica on populations of the cortez rainbow wrasse thalassoma lucasanum [Efectos de la industria de peces ornamentales en costa rica sobre las poblacionesde la vieja de cortes thalassoma lucasanum]. Ciencias Marinas 34:445-451. 2008 Costa Rica Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R. 2008. Response of the coral reef benthos and herbivory to fishery closure management and the 1998 ENSO disturbance. Oecologia 155:169-177. 2008 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., C. C. Hicks, and E. S. Darling. 2008. Malthusian overfishing and efforts to overcome it on Kenyan coral reefs. Ecological Applications 18:1516-1529. 2008 Kenya Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Meynecke, J. O, S. Y. Lee, and N. C. Duke. 2008. Linking spatial metrics and fish catch reveals the importance of coastal wetland connectivity to inshore fisheries in Queensland, Australia. Biological Conservation 141:981-996. 2008 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Miller, D. J. and A. Wright. 2008. Investigator group expedition 2006: Application of remote survey techniques to characterise the benthic habitats. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 132:243-250. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Miller, K. J. and D. J. Ayre. 2008. Protection of genetic diversity and maintenance of connectivity among reef corals within marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 22:1245-1254. 2008 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Mislan, K. A. S. and R. C. Babcock. 2008. Survival and behaviour of juvenile red rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, on rocky reefs with varying predation pressure and habitat complexity. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:246-253. 2008 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Monk, J., D. Ierodiaconou, A. Bellgrove, and L. Laurenson. 2008. Using community-based monitoring with GIS to create habitat maps for a marine protected area in Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:865-871. 2008 Global; Australia; Cuba; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Mora, C. 2008. A clear human footprint in the coral reefs of the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275:767-773. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Agriculture; Algae; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mueller, E. M. and C. J. Booker. 2008. Assessment of resilience of Montastrea faveolata inside and outside of a marine park. Page 5 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral reef Symposium. 2008 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Olsson, P., C. Folke, and T. P. Hughes. 2008. Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:9489-9494. 2008 Global; Australia; Oman Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff
Ortiz, D. M. and B. N. Tissot. 2008. Ontogenetic patterns of habitat use by reef-fish in a Marine Protected Area network: A multi-scaled remote sensing and in situ approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:217-232. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate
Ospina-Guerreo, S. P., R. M. Landinez-Garcia, D. J. Rodriguez-Castro, R. Arango, and E. Marquez. 2008. Genetic connectivity of Stegastes partitus in the South Caribbean evidenced by microsatellite analysis [Conectividad genetica de Stegastes partitus en el Caribe Sur evidenciada por analisis microsatelite]. Ciencias Marinas 34:155-163. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Parsons, G. R. and S. M. Thur. 2008. Valuing changes in the quality of coral reef ecosystems: A stated preference study of SCUBA diving in the Bonaire National Marine Park. 40:593-608. 2008 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Valuation
Pelletier, D., J. Claudet, J. Ferraris, L. Benedetti-Cecchi, and J. Antonio Garc�a-Charton. 2008. Models and indicators for assessing conservation and fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65:765-779. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Piola, R. F. and E. L. Johnston. 2008. The potential for translocation of marine species via small-scale disruptions to antifouling surfaces. Biofouling 24:145-155. 2008 Australia Algae; Invasive Species; Marine Protected Areas
Pittman, S. J., S. D. Hile, C. F. G. Jeffrey, C. Caldow, M. S. Kendall, M. E. Monaco, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Fish assemblages and benthic habitats of Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) and the surrounding seascape: a characterization of spatial and temporal patterns. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Poonian, C. N. S. 2008. The influence of protected area management on the status of coral reefs at Misali Island, Tanzania following the 1998 bleaching event in the western Indian Ocean. African Journal of Ecology 46:471-478. 2008 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Tanzania; India Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Purkis, S. J., N. A. J. Graham, and B. M. Riegl. 2008. Predictability of reef fish diversity and abundance using remote sensing data in Diego Garcia (Chagos Archipelago). Coral Reefs 27:167-178. 2008 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Rhodes, K. L., M. H. Tupper, and C. B. Wichilmel. 2008. Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia. Coral Reefs 27:443-454. 2008 Micronesia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ridgway, T., C. Riginos, J. Davis, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Genetic connectivity patterns of Pocillopora verrucosa in southern African Marine Protected Areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 354:161-168. 2008 Mozambique; South Africa Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Rinkevich, B. 2008. Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1821-1824. 2008 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Rioja-Nieto, R. and C. Sheppard. 2008. Effects of management strategies on the landscape ecology of a Marine Protected Area. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:397-404. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Roberts, J. M., L.-A. Henry, D. Long, and J. P. Hartley. 2008. Cold-water coral reef frameworks, megafaunal communities and evidence for coral carbonate mounds on the Hatton Bank, north east Atlantic. Facies 54:297-316. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral
Rodriguez-Cabello, C., F. Sanchez, A. Serrano, and I. Olaso. 2008. Effects of closed trawl fishery areas on some elasmobranch species in the Cantabrian Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 72:418-428. 2008 Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E. 2008. Community involvement in marine protected areas: The case of Puerto Morelos reef, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management 88:1151-1160. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Roncin, N, F. Alban, E. Charbonnel, R. Crec�hriou, R. de la Cruz Modino, J.-M. Culioli, M. Dimech, R. Go�i, I. Guala, R. Higgins, E. Lavisse, L. L Direach, B. Luna, C. Marcos, F. Maynou, J. Pascual, J. Person, P. Smith, B. Stobart, E. Szelianszky, C. Valle, S. Vaselli, and J. Boncoeur. 2008. Uses of ecosystem services provided by MPAs: how much do they impact the local economy? A southern Europe perspective. Journal for Nature Conservation 16:256-270. 2008 Cuba; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Sale, P. F. and J. P. Kritzer. 2008. Connectivity: what it is, how it is measured, and why it is important for management of reef fishes. Pages 16-30 in R. Grober-Dunsmore and B. D. Keller, editors. Caribbean connectivity: implications for marine protected area management. Proceedings of a special symposium, 9-11 November 2006, 59th Annual Meeting of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Belize City, Belize. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Scinto, A., G. Bavestrello, M. Boyer, M. Previati, and C. Cerrano. 2008. Gorgonian mortality related to a massive attack by caprellids in the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:723-727. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia; United Kingdom Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Scott, A. and P. L. Harrison. 2008. Larval settlement and juvenile development of sea anemones that provide habitat for anemonefish. Marine Biology 154:833-839. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Selkoe, K. A., B. S. Halpern, and R. J. Toonen. 2008. Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1149-1165. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures
Shcherbina, A. Y., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, C. A. Linder, and S. R. Thorrold. 2008. Mapping bathymetric and hydrographic features of Glover's Reef, Belize, with a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle. Limnology and Oceanography 53:2264-2272. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Shears, N. T., F. Smith, R. C. Babcock, C. A. J. Duffy, and E. Villouta. 2008. Evaluation of biogeographic classification schemes for conservation planning: Application to New Zealand's coastal marine environment. Conservation Biology 22:467-481. 2008 Algae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
Siddiqui, P. J. A., S. Farooq, S. Shafique, Z.-u.-N. Burhan, and Z. Farooqi. 2008. Conservation and management of biodiversity in Pakistan through the establishment of marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:377-382. 2008 Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Sorokin, S. J., T. C. D. Laperousaz, and G. J. Collings. 2008. Investigator group expedition 2006: Sponges (PORIFERA). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 132:163-172. 2008 Australia Cyanobacteria; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Sponges
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, G. Bernard, G. Cadiou, M. Camilleri, R. Crec�hriou, G. Criquet, M. Dimech, O. Esparza, R. Higgins, P. Lenfant, and A. P�rez-Ruzafa. 2008. Spatial assessment of fishing effort around European marine reserves: Implications for successful fisheries management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:2018-2026. 2008 Europe; Spain; France Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sweatman, H. 2008. No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. Current Biology 18. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Storms & Hurricanes
Taggart, S. J., J. Mondragon, A. G. Andrews, and J. K. Nielsen. 2008. Spatial patterns and movements of red king and Tanner crabs: Implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365:151-163. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Tapsuwan, S. and J. Asafu-Adjaye. 2008. Estimating the economic benefit of SCUBA diving in the Similan Islands, Thailand. Coastal Management 36:431-442. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Teh, L. C. L., L. S. L. Teh, and F. C. Chung. 2008. A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3061-3077. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Tessier, E., L. Bigot, C. Cadet, B. Cauvin, P. Chabanet, C. Conand, J.-B. Nicet, and J.-P. Quod. 2008. Coral reefs of Reunion Island in 2007: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de la Reunion en 2007: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:85-102. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Treml, E. A., P. N. Halpin, D. L. Urban, and L. F. Pratson. 2008. Modeling population connectivity by ocean currents, a graph-theoretic approach for marine conservation. Landscape Ecology 23:19-36. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Model Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Van Nguyen, L. and H. Kim Phan. 2008. Distribution and factors influencing on structure of reef fish communities in Nha Trang Bay Marine Protected Area, South-Central Vietnam. Environmental Biology of Fishes 82:309-324. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; China; Vietnam Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Corallivorous Fish; Discharges; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Venerus, L. A., A. M. Parma, and D. E. Galvan. 2008. Annual occupation pattern of temperate rocky reefs by the Argentine sandperch Pseudopercis semifasciata in San Jose Gulf Marine Park, Argentina. Fisheries Management and Ecology 15:217-229. 2008 Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Verweij, M. C., I. Nagelkerken, I. Hans, S. M. Ruseler, and P. R. D. Mason. 2008. Seagrass nurseries contribute to coral reef fish populations. Limnology and Oceanography 53:1540-1547. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Wedding, L. M. and A. Friedlander. 2008. Determining the influence of seascape structure on coral reef fishes in Hawaii using a geospatial approach. Marine Geodesy 31:246-266. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Aldana Aranda, D. and M. Perez Perez. 2007. Abundance and distribution of Queen conch (Strombus gigas, Linne 1758) veligers of Alacranes reef, Yucatan, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 26:59-63. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Snails & Conch
Almany, G. R., M. L. Berumen, S. R. Thorrold, S. Planes, and G. P. Jones. 2007. Local replenishment of coral reef fish populations in a marine reserve. Science 316:742-744. 2007 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Aswani, S., S. Albert, A. Sabetian, and T. Furusawa. 2007. Customary management as precautionary and adaptive principles for protecting coral reefs in Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:1009-1021. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Azzini, F., B. Calcinai, and M. Pansini. 2007. A new species of Coelocarteria (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:1349-1353. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Beaman, R. J. and P. T. Harris. 2007. Geophysical variables as predictors of megabenthos assemblages from the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 247-263. 2007 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Sediment; Substrate
Bell, J. J. 2007. Contrasting patterns of species and functional composition of coral reef sponge assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:73-81. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Sponges
Borges, R., R. Ben-Hamadou, M. A. Chicharo, P. Re, and E. J. Goncalves. 2007. Horizontal spatial and temporal distribution patterns of nearshore larval fish assemblages at a temperate rocky shore. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71:412-428. 2007 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Braybrook, P. J., R. Rogers, and S. Healy. 2007. Oceans acts and the false dichotomy between defence and environment. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. 2007 Australia; Europe; United Kingdom Review Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Brown-Saracino, J., P. Peckol, H. Allen Curran, and M. L. Robbart. 2007. Spatial variation in sea urchins, fish predators, and bioerosion rates on coral reefs of Belize. Coral Reefs 26:71-78. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Campbell, S. J., M. S. Pratchett, A. W. Anggoro, R. L. Ardiwijaya, N. Fadli, Y. Herdiana, T. Kartawijaya, D. Mahyiddin, A. Mukminin, S. T. Pardede, E. Rudi, A. M. Siregar, and A. H. Baird. 2007. Disturbance to coral reefs in Aceh, Northern Sumatra: Impacts of the Sumatra-Andaman tsunami and pre-tsunami degradation. Atoll Research Bulletin 55-78. 2007 Indonesia Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Turf Algae
Cappo, M., G. De'ath, and P. Speare. 2007. Inter-reef vertebrate communities of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park determined by baited remote underwater video stations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350:209-221. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Cardona, L., M. Sales, and D. Lopez. 2007. Changes in fish abundance do not cascade to sea urchins and erect algae in one of the most oligotrophic parts of the Mediterranean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:273-282. 2007 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Celliers, L., B. Q. Mann, A. H. H. Macdonald, and M. H. Schleyer. 2007. A benthic survey of the rocky reefs off Pondoland, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 29:65-77. 2007 South Africa GIS & Maps Algae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:271-275. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas
Christie, P. and A. T. White. 2007. Best practices for improved governance of coral reef marine protected areas. Coral Reefs 26:1047-1056. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Cinner, J. E. 2007. Designing marine reserves to reflect local socioeconomic conditions: Lessons from long-enduring customary management systems. Coral Reefs 26:1035-1045. 2007 Papua New Guinea Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Coelho, V. R. and C. Manfrino. 2007. Coral community decline at a remote Caribbean island: Marine no-take reserves are not enough. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:666-685. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cayman Islands; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
David, G., J.-B. Herrenschmidt, E. Mirault and A. Thomassin. 2007. Social and economic values of Pacific coral reefs. Coral Reef Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP) Component 1A, Project 1A4 Integrated Coastal Management (GERSA)., Noumea, New Caledonia. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Jamaica; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Davies, A. J., J. M. Roberts, and J. Hall-Spencer. 2007. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biological Conservation 138:299-312. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Diedrich, A. 2007. The impacts of tourism on coral reef conservation awareness and support in coastal communities in Belize. Coral Reefs 26:985-996. 2007 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Dobbs, K., L. Fernandes, S. Slegers, B. Jago, L. Thompson, J. Hall, J. Day, D. Cameron, J. Tanzer, F. MacDonald, and C. Lumpus. 2007. Incorporating marine turtle habitats into the marine protected area design for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:293-302. 2007 Australia Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Doyen, L., M. De Lara, J. Ferraris, and D. Pelletier. 2007. Sustainability of exploited marine ecosystems through protected areas: A viability model and a coral reef case study. Ecological Modelling 208:353-366. 2007 New Caledonia Model Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Edmunds, P. J. and R. Elahi. 2007. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecological Monographs 77:39525. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Friedlander, A. M., E. Brown, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Defining reef fish habitat utilization patterns in Hawaii: Comparisons between marine protected areas and areas open to fishing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 351:221-233. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Froukh, T. and M. Kochzius. 2007. Genetic population structure of the endemic fourline wrasse (Larabicus quadrilineatus) suggests limited larval dispersal distances in the Red Sea. Molecular Ecology 16:1359-1367. 2007 Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Garpe, K. C. and M. C. Ohman. 2007. Non-random habitat use by coral reef fish recruits in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Marine Science 29:187-199. 2007 Global; Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Gladstone, W. 2007. Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:71-87. 2007 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Graham, N. A. J., S. K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N. V. C. Polunin, J. Robinson, J. P. Bijoux, and T. M. Daw. 2007. Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology 21:1291-1300. 2007 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Grech, A. and H. Marsh. 2007. Prioritising areas for dugong conservation in a marine protected area using a spatially explicit population model. Applied GIS 3. 2007 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Grober-Dunsmore, R., T. K. Frazer, W. J. Lindberg, and J. Beets. 2007. Reef fish and habitat relationships in a Caribbean seascape: The importance of reef context. Coral Reefs 26:201-216. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses
Haapkyla, J., A. S. Seymour, J. Trebilco, and D. Smith. 2007. Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:403-414. 2007 Indonesia Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Hall-Spencer, J. M., J. Pike, and C. B. Munn. 2007. Diseases affect cold-water corals too: Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) necrosis in SW England. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 76:87-97. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); England Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens
Hsieh, H. J., C. A. Chen, C.-F. Dai, W. Ou, W.-S. Tsai, and W.-C. Su. 2007. From the drawing board to the field: An example for establishing an MPA in Penghu, Taiwan. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:619-635. 2007 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation
Jacobsen, I. P. and M. B. Bennett. 2007. Description of a new species of catshark, Atelomycterus marnkalha n. sp. (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from north-east Australia. Zootaxa 19-36. 2007 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Jegatheesan, V., C. Zeng, L. Shu, C. Manicom, and C. Steicke. 2007. Technological advances in aquaculture farms for minimal effluent discharge to oceans. Journal of Cleaner Production 15:1535-1544. 2007 Australia Aquaculture; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jokiel, P. L. and K. S. Rodgers. 2007. Ranking coral ecosystem "health and value" for the islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Pacific Conservation Biology 13:60-68. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Juanes, F. 2007. Role of habitat in mediating mortality during the post-settlement transition phase of temperate marine fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 70:661-677. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Kramer, K. L. and K. L. Heck Jr. 2007. Top-down trophic shifts in Florida Keys patch reef marine protected areas (Marine Ecology Progress Series (2007) 349, (111,123)). Marine Ecology Progress Series 352:310. 2007 Florida Marine Protected Areas
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Kulbicki, M., S. Sarramegna, Y. Letourneur, L. Wantiez, R. Galzin, G. Mou-Tham, C. Chauvet, and P. Thollot. 2007. Opening of an MPA to fishing: Natural variations in the structure of a coral reef fish assemblage obscure changes due to fishing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 353:145-163. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Lam, K., P. K. S. Shin, R. Bradbeer, K. K. K. Ku, P. Hodgson, and S. G. Cheung. 2007. Baseline data of subtropical coral communities in Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Hong Kong, obtained by an underwater remote operated vehicle (ROV). Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:107-112. 2007 Marine Protected Areas
Ledlie, M. H., N. A. J. Graham, J. C. Bythell, S. K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N. V. C. Polunin, and J. Hardcastle. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26:641-653. 2007 Seychelles Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Little, L. R., A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, F. Pantus, A. D. M. Smith, C. R. Davies, and A. D. McDonald. 2007. ELFSim-A model for evaluating management options for spatially structured reef fish populations: An illustration of the \larval subsidy\" effect". Ecological Modelling 205:381-396. 2007 Australia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Lukoschek, V., H. Heatwole, A. Grech, G. Burns, and H. Marsh. 2007. Distribution of two species of sea snakes, Aipysurus laevis and Emydocephalus annulatus, in the southern Great Barrier Reef: Metapopulation dynamics, marine protected areas and conservation. Coral Reefs 26:291-307. 2007 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Malcolm, H. A., W. Gladstone, S. Lindfield, J. Wraith, and T. P. Lynch. 2007. Spatial and temporal variation in reef fish assemblages of marine parks in New South Wales, Australia - Baited video observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350:277-290. 2007 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R. 2007. Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:409-419. 2007 Indian Ocean; Madagascar; India Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. M. Calnan, and M. A. MacNeil. 2007. Toward pristine biomass: Reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecological Applications 17:1055-1067. 2007 Kenya Model Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. J. Graham, J. Maina, P. Chabanet, J. H. Bruggemann, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2007. Influence of instantaneous variation on estimates of coral reef fish populations and communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 340:221-234. 2007 Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Meyer, C. G. 2007. The impacts of spear and other recreational fishers on a small permanent Marine Protected Area and adjacent pulse fished area. Fisheries Research 84:301-307. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Meyer, C. G., K. N. Holland, and Y. P. Papastamatiou. 2007. Seasonal and diel movements of giant trevally Caranx ignobilis at remote Hawaiian atolls: Implications for the design of marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 333:13-25. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Mohamed, M. 2007. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF CORAL REEFS: A CASE STUDY OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF DHIGALI HAA, A MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN BAA ATOLL, MALDIVES. Masters Thesis. University of Canterbury, (Christchurch, New Zealand). 2007 Maldives Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Monaco, M. E., A. M. Friedlander, C. Caldow, J. D. Christensen, C. Rogers, J. Beets, J. Miller, and R. Boulon. 2007. Characterising reef fish populations and habitats within and outside the US Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument: A lesson in marine protected area design. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14:33-40. 2007 US Virgin Islands Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Newman, C. M., A. J. Knudby, and E. F. Ledrew. 2007. Assessing the effect of management zonation on live coral cover using multi-date IKONOS satellite imagery. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Newton, K. L., B. Creese, and D. Raftos. 2007. Spatial patterns of ascidian assemblages on subtidal rocky reefs in the Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park, New South Wales. Marine and Freshwater Research 58:843-855. 2007 Marine Protected Areas
Pais, A., E. Azzurro, and P. Guidetti. 2007. Spatial variability of fish fauna in sheltered and exposed shallow rocky reefs from a recently established Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. Italian Journal of Zoology 74:277-287. 2007 Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Pais, A., L. A. Chessa, S. Serra, A. Ruiu, G. Meloni, and Y. Donno. 2007. The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:589-597. 2007 Europe Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Pittman, S. J., C. Caldow, S. D. Hile, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Using seascape types to explain the spatial patterns of fish in the mangroves of SW Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:273-284. 2007 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Pizarro, V., J. Polania, and J. C. Thomason. 2007. Recruitment and juvenile survivorship of brain corals at San Andres Island, Western Caribbean Sea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48:113-119. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Raymundo, L. J., A. P. Maypa, E. D. Gomez, and P. Cadiz. 2007. Can dynamite-blasted reefs recover? A novel, low-tech approach to stimulating natural recovery in fish and coral populations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1009-1019. 2007 Southeast Asia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Rhodes, K. L. and M. H. Tupper. 2007. A preliminary market-based analysis of the Pohnpei, Micronesia, grouper (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) fishery reveals unsustainable fishing practices. Coral Reefs 26:335-344. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Richards, V. P., J. D. Thomas, M. J. Stanhope, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Genetic connectivity in the Florida reef system: Comparative phylogeography of commensal invertebrates with contrasting reproductive strategies. Molecular Ecology 16:139-157. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; Belize Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Richmond, R. H., T. Rongo, Y. Golbuu, S. Victor, N. Idechong, G. Davis, W. Kostka, L. Neth, M. Hamnett, and E. Wolanski. 2007. Watersheds and coral reefs: Conservation science, policy, and implementation. Bioscience 57:598-607. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Micronesia Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Rogers, C. S., G. E. Davis, and C. McCreedy. 2007. National Parks and Caribbean Marine Reserves Research and Monitoring Workshop: St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 11-13, 2006. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRTR-2007/015. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. 2007 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Roman, G. S. J., P. Dearden, and R. Rollins. 2007. Application of zoning and \limits of acceptable change\" to manage snorkelling tourism". Environmental Management 39:819-830. 2007 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Rouphael, A. B. and M. Hanafy. 2007. An alternative management framework to limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:91-103. 2007 Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2007. Depth-associated patterns in the development of benthic assemblages on artificial substrata deployed on shallow, subtropical reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:38-51. 2007 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Samoilys, M. A., K. M. Martin-Smith, B. G. Giles, B. Cabrera, J. A. Anticamara, E. O. Brunio, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2007. Effectiveness of five small Philippines' coral reef reserves for fish populations depends on site-specific factors, particularly enforcement history. Biological Conservation 136:584-601. 2007 Philippines Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Scott, A. and P. Harrison. 2007. Broadcast spawning of two species of sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor and Heteractis crispa, that host anemonefish. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 50:163-171. 2007 Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shears, N. T. 2007. Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. Science for Conservation Jan-53. 2007 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Sorice, M. G., C.-O. Oh, and R. B. Ditton. 2007. Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation. Ambio 36:316-322. 2007 Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Stelzenmuller, V., F. Maynou, and P. Martin. 2007. Spatial assessment of benefits of a coastal Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. Biological Conservation 136:571-583. 2007 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Stoffle, R. and J. Minnis. 2007. Marine protected areas and the coral reefs of traditional settlements in the Exumas, Bahamas. Coral Reefs 26:1023-1032. 2007 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; Model Marine Protected Areas
Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 2007 Columbia; China Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sutton, S. G. and S. L. Bushnell. 2007. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:829-846. 2007 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Taylor, M. S. and L. Akins. 2007. Two new species of Elacatinus (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Zootaxa 45-51. 2007 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Mexico Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Tazioli, S., M. Bo, M. Boyer, H. Rotinsulu, and G. Bavestrello. 2007. Ecological observations of some common antipatharian corals in the marine park of Bunaken (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Zoological Studies 46:227-241. 2007 Indonesia Index or Indicator Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Teh, L. S. L., D. Zeller, A. Cabanban, L. C. L. Teh, and U. R. Sumaila. 2007. Seasonality and historic trends in the reef fisheries of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia. Coral Reefs 26:251-263. 2007 Malaysia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tetreault, I. and R. F. Ambrose. 2007. Temperate marine reserves enhance targeted but not untargeted fishes in multiple no-take MPAS. Ecological Applications 17:2251-2267. 2007 Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Thiel, M., E. C. Macaya, E. Acuna, W. E. Arntz, H. Bastias, K. Brokordt, P. A. Camus, J. C. Castilla, L. R. Castro, M. Cortes, C. P. Dumont, R. Escribano, M. Fernandez, J. A. Gajardo, C. F. Gaymer, I. Gomez, A. E. Gonzalez, H. E. Gonzalez, P. A. Haye, and J.-E. Illanes. 2007. The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile - Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:195-344. 2007 South & Central America Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Tupper, M. 2007. Identification of nursery habitats for commercially valuable humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus and large groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in Palau. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332:189-199. 2007 Palau Algae; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Tupper, M. H. 2007. Spillover of commercially valuable reef fishes from marine protected areas in Guam, Micronesia. Fishery Bulletin 105:527-537. 2007 Micronesia; Guam Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
United Nations (UN). 2007. An update on marine genetic resources: scientific research, commercial uses and a database on marine bioprospecting. United Nations informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, New York. 2007 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Vann, A. 2007. Marine protected areas (MPAs): federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2007 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Vega-Zepeda, A., H. Hernandez-Arana, and J. P. Carricart-Ganivet. 2007. Spatial and size-frequency distribution of Acropora (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) species in Chinchorro Bank, Mexican Caribbean: Implications for management. Coral Reefs 26:671-676. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Watson, D. L., E. S. Harvey, G. A. Kendrick, K. Nardi, and M. J. Anderson. 2007. Protection from fishing alters the species composition of fish assemblages in a temperate-tropical transition zone. Marine Biology 152:1197-1206. 2007 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wells, S., N. Burgess, and A. Ngusaru. 2007. Towards the 2012 marine protected area targets in Eastern Africa. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:67-83. 2007 Global; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Wielgus, J., F. Ballantyne IV, E. Sala, and L. R. Gerber. 2007. Viability analysis of reef fish populations based on limited demographic information. Conservation Biology 21:447-454. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Worachananant, S., R. W. Carter, and M. Hockings. 2007. Impacts of the 2004 tsunami on Surin Marine National Park, Thailand. Coastal Management 35:399-412. 2007 Thailand Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Wynne, S. P. and I. M. Cote. 2007. Effects of habitat quality and fishing on Caribbean spotted spiny lobster populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:488-494. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
[No author name available]. 2006. The further adventures of. Pages 44-47 Dredging and Port Construction. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Aronson, R.B. and W.F. Precht. 2006. Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 25:441-450. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bevilacqua, S., A. Terlizzi, S. Fraschetti, G. F. Russo, and F. Boero. 2006. Mitigating human disturbance: Can protection influence trajectories of recovery in benthic assemblages? Journal of Animal Ecology 75:908-920. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-Jones, and P. J. B. Hart. 2006. Conservation benefits of temperate marine protected areas: Variation among fish species. Conservation Biology 20:811-820. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing
Bradbeer, R. S., K. K. K. Ku, and L. F. Yeung. 2006. Using an underwater camera to monitor real-time fish activities. Sea Technology 47:13-19. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Brunnschweiler, J. M. and J. L. Earle. 2006. A contribution to marine life conservation efforts in the South Pacific: The Shark Reef Marine Reserve, Fiji. Cybium 30:133-139. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Fiji Model Apex Fish Predators; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Buitrago, J., J. Capelo, J. Gutierrez, M. Rada, R. Hernandez, and S. Grune. 2006. Living macromolluscs from a paleo-reef region on the northeastern Venezuelan continental shelf. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 66:634-642. 2006 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Discharges; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Burridge, C. Y., C. R. Pitcher, B. J. Hill, T. J. Wassenberg, and I. R. Poiner. 2006. A comparison of demersal communities in an area closed to trawling with those in adjacent areas open to trawling: A study in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Fisheries Research 79:64-74. 2006 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Calcinai, B., C. Cerrano, C. Totti, T. Romagnoli, and G. Bavestrello. 2006. Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia). Invertebrate Biology 125:195-204. 2006 Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Chapman, D. D. F., E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. Babcock. 2006. Marine parks need sharks? [3]. Science 312:526-527. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Chauhan, O. S., S. Jayakumar, A. A. A. Menezes, C. Almeida, G. Bandekar, M. Talaulikar, A. S. Rajawat, and S. R. Nayak. 2006. Suspended sediment dynamics regulated by the macrotidal regime: Evidences from the OCM P-4 data. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6406. 2006 India Coastal Engineering; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Claudet, J., D. Pelletier, J.-Y. Jouvenel, F. Bachet, and R. Galzin. 2006. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biological Conservation 130:349-369. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Dalton, S. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2006. Coral disease dynamics at a subtropical location, Solitary Islands Marine Park, eastern Australia. Coral Reefs 25:37-45. 2006 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2006. Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation 33:353-363. 2006 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Incentives; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Dulvy, N. K. 2006. Conservation Biology: Strict Marine Protected Areas Prevent Reef Shark Declines. Current Biology 16. 2006 Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Floeter, S. R., B. S. Halpern, and C. E. L. Ferreira. 2006. Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biological Conservation 128:391-402. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, B. M. Wetherbee, and M. Shivji. 2006. Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: The potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground. Marine Biology 149:189-199. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, M. S. Shivji, B. M. Wetherbee, and A. F. Amorim. 2006. Habitat of juvenile Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at two oceanic insular marine protected areas in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Fisheries Research 81:236-241. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Harding, S., J. Comley, and P. Raines. 2006. Baseline data analysis as a tool for predicting the conservation value of tropical coastal habitats in the Indo-Pacific. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:696-705. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; United Kingdom Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Hawgood, B. J. 2006. The marine biologist-Bob Endean. Toxicon 48:768-779. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Snails & Conch
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, C. Dytham, C. Schelten, M. M. Nugues. 2006. Effects of habitat characteristics and sedimentation on performance of marine reserves in St. Lucia. Biological Conservation 127:487-499. 2006 South & Central America; St. Lucia; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish
Heemstra, P. C., H. Fricke, K. Hissmann, J. Schauer, M. Smale, and K. Sink. 2006. Interactions of fishes with particular reference to coelacanths in the canyons at Sodwana Bay and the St Lucia Marine Protected Area of South Africa. South African Journal of Science 102:461-465. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Comoros; South Africa Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Hyland, J., C. Cooksey, W. L. Balthis, M. Fulton, D. Bearden, G. McFall, and M. Kendall. 2006. The soft-bottom macrobenthos of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary and nearby shelf waters off the coast of Georgia, USA. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 330:307-326. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Toxics
J. Parra, G., R. Schick, and P. J. Corkeron. 2006. Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. Ecography 29:396-406. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Whales & Dolphins
Kareiva, P. 2006. Conservation Biology: Beyond Marine Protected Areas. Current Biology 16. 2006 Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Kayanne, H., H. Iijima, N. Nakamura, T. R. McClanahan, S. Behera, and T. Yamagata. 2006. Indian ocean dipole index recorded in Kenyan coral annual density bands. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Index or Indicator Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Lindberg, W. J., T. K. Frazer, K. M. Portier, F. Vose, J. Loftin, D. J. Murie, D. M. Mason, B. Nagy, and M. K. Hart. 2006. Density-dependent habitat selection and performance by a large mobile reef fish. Ecological Applications 16:731-746. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Lunn, K. E. and P. Dearden. 2006. Monitoring small-scale marine fisheries: An example from Thailand's Ko Chang archipelago. Fisheries Research 77:60-71. 2006 Global; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Resource Use Management; Small Boats
Mann, B. Q., L. Celliers, S. T. Fennessy, S. Bailey, and A. D. Wood. 2006. Towards the declaration of a large marine protected area: A subtidal ichthyofaunal survey of the Pondoland coast in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 28:535-551. 2006 South Africa Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., E. Verheij, and J. Maina. 2006. Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16:147-165. 2006 Kenya; Tanzania Algae; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., M. J. Marnane, J. E. Cinner, and W. E. Kiene. 2006. A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. Current Biology 16:1408-1413. 2006 Oman; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Mora, C., S. Andrefouet, M. J. Costello, C. Kranenburg, A. Rollo, J. Veron, K. J. Gaston, and R. A. Myers. 2006. Coral reefs and the global network of marine protected areas. Science 312:1750-1751. 2006 Global Marine Protected Areas
Morgan, S. K. and S. A. Lourie. 2006. Threatened fishes of the world: Hippocampus comes cantor 1850 (Syngnathidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 75:311-313. 2006 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate
Mumby, P. J., C. P. Dahlgren, A. R. Harborne, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli, D. R. Brumbaugh, K. E. Holmes, J. M. Mendes, K. Broad, J. N. Sanchirico, K. Buch, S. Box, R. W. Stoffle, and A. B. Gill. 2006. Fishing, Trophic Cascades, and the Process of Grazing on Coral Reefs. Science 311:98-101. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
Nellemann, C. and E. Corcoran. 2006. Our precious coasts � Marine pollution, climate change and the resilience of coastal ecosystems. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID, Arendal, Norway. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Climate; CO2; Coastal Development; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Page, C. and B. Willis. 2006. Distribution, host range and large-scale spatial variability in black band disease prevalence on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 69:41-51. 2006 Australia Cyanobacteria; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Pante, E., M. Adjeroud, P. Dustan, L. Penin, and M. Schrimm. 2006. Spatial patterns of benthic invertebrate assemblages within atoll lagoons: Importance of habitat heterogeneity and considerations for marine protected area design in French Polynesia. Aquatic Living Resource 19:207-217. 2006 Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Reed, J. K., D. C. Weaver, and S. A. Pomponi. 2006. Habitat and fauna of deep-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the southeastern U.S.: Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:343-375. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico GIS & Maps Biomedical Research Policies; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Pipelines; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Restrepo, J. D., P. Zapata, J. M. Diaz, J. Garzon-Ferreira, and C. B. Garcia. 2006. Fluvial fluxes into the Caribbean Sea and their impact on coastal ecosystems: The Magdalena River, Colombia. Global and Planetary Change 50:33-49. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, W. C. Dennison, A. G. Dekker, and V. E. Brando. 2006. Monitoring toxic cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula (Gomont) in Moreton Bay, Australia by integrating satellite image data and field mapping. Harmful Algae 5:45-56. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Substrate
Severance, E. G. and S. A. Karl. 2006. Contrasting population genetic structures of sympatric, mass-spawning Caribbean corals. Marine Biology 150:57-68. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
United Nations Environment Program - World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC). 2006. In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 2006 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Mexico Climate; Coastal Development; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Wantiez, L., O. Chateau, and S. Le Mouellic. 2006. Initial and mid-term impacts of cyclone Erica on coral reef fish communities and habitat in the South Lagoon Marine Park of New Caledonia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86:1229-1236. 2006 New Caledonia Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Wilhelmsson, D., T. Malm, and M. C. Ohman. 2006. The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:775-784. 2006 Europe Algae; Artificial Habitat; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wilkinson, C., A. Caillaud, L. DeVantier, and R. South. 2006. Strategies to reverse the decline in valuable and diverse coral reefs, mangroves and fisheries: The bottom of the J-Curve in Southeast Asia? Ocean and Coastal Management 49:764-778. 2006 Global; Southeast Asia Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Williams, I. D., W. J. Walsh, A. Miyasaka, and A. M. Friedlander. 2006. Effects of rotational closure on coral reef fishes in Waikiki-Diamond Head Fishery Management Area, Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 310:139-149. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
[No author name available]. 2005. Subsea pipeline to Magnetic Island. Civil Engineers Australia 77:40. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pipelines
Amaral, A. C. Z. and S. Jablonski. 2005. Conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:625-631. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Auster, P. J., B. X. Semmens, and K. Barber. 2005. Pattern in the co-occurrence of fishes inhabiting the coral reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:187-194. 2005 Antilles Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Begg, G. A., B. D. Mapstone, A. J. Williams, S. Adams, C. R. Davies, and D. C. Lou. 2005. Multivariate life-history indices of exploited coral reef fish populations used to measure the performance of no-take zones in a marine protected area. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:679-692. 2005 Australia Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Bender, K. and R. Taylor. 2005. Oil spill contingency planning in Thailand. Page 5512 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Thailand Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Bosman, C., R. Uken, and A. M. Smith. 2005. The bathymetry of the Aliwal Shoal, Scottburgh, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 101:255-257. 2005 South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Carrubba, L. and J. Torres. 2005. Bibliography of coral reef and coralline communities in Puerto Rico. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Lajas, Puerto Rico. 2005 Puerto Rico Remote Sensing Algae; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Chateau, O. and L. Wantiez. 2005. Comparison of coral reef fish communities between two fished and one protected reefs in New Caledonia South Lagoon Marine Park [Comparaison de la structure des communautes de poissons coralliens d'interet commercial entre une reserve marine et deux zo. Cybium 29:159-174. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Cho, L. 2005. Marine protected areas: A tool for integrated coastal management in Belize. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:932-947. 2005 South & Central America; Belize Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Protected Areas
Christie, P. 2005. Observed and perceived environmental impacts of marine protected areas in two Southeast Asia sites. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:252-270. 2005 Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Craik, W. 2005. Oil spills in the great barrier reef region. Page 5801 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Australia Review Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills
Craik, W. 2005. Protecting the Great Barrier Reef from an oil spill. Pages 6586-6598 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills
Davies, P.L., B.D. Eyre. 2005. Estuarine modification of nutrient and sediment exports to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park from the Daintree and Annan River catchments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:174-185. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ed Parnell, P., C. E. Lennert-Cody, L. Geelen, L. D. Stanley, and P. K. Dayton. 2005. Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296:39-52. 2005 Review Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Epstein, N., M. J. A. Vermeij, R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2005. Alleviating impacts of anthropogenic activities by traditional conservation measures: Can a small reef reserve be sustainedly managed? Biological Conservation 121:243-255. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Fernandes, L., J. Day, A. Lewis, S. Slegers, B. Kerrigan, D. Breen, D. Cameron, B. Jago, J. Hall, D. Lowe, J. Innes, J. Tanzer, V. Chadwick, L. Thompson, K. Gorman, M. Simmons, B. Barnett, K. Sampson, G. De�Ath, B. Mapstone, H. Marsh, H. Possingham, I. Ball, T. Ward, K. Dobbs, J. Aumend, D. Slater, and K. Stapleton. 2005. Establishing representative no-take areas in the great barrier reef: Large-scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 19:1733-1744. 2005 Global; Australia; Japan Cultural Protections; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Gascuel, D., Y.-M. Bozec, E. Chassot, A. Colomb, and M. Laurans. 2005. The trophic spectrum: Theory and application as an ecosystem indicator. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:443-452. 2005 New Caledonia; Europe Model; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gjertsen, H. 2005. Can habitat protection lead to improvements in human well-being? Evidence from marine protected areas in the Philippines. World Development 33:199-217. 2005 Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Gladstone, W. and T. Alexander. 2005. A test of the higher-taxon approach in the identification of candidate sites for marine reserves. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:3151-3168. 2005 Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N. A. 2005. MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. 2005 Australia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Grimsditch, G. D. and R. V. Salm. 2005. Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, D. Kooistra, K. Buchan, and S. White. 2005. Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management 33:373-387. 2005 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Hutchings, P. 2005. A complete rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:4-Jan. 2005 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Ismail, M., T. Kimura, Y. Suzuki, and M. Tsuchiya. 2005. Seasonal and spatial variations of total mass flux around coral reefs in the Southern Ryukyus, Japan. Journal of Oceanography 61:631-644. 2005 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
James, M. K. and L. B. Mason. 2005. Synthetic tropical cyclone database. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 131:181-192. 2005 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Jordan, A., M. Lawler, V. Halley, and N. Barrett. 2005. Seabed habitat mapping in the Kent Group of islands and its role in marine protected area planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:51-70. 2005 Australia GIS & Maps Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sponges
Juman, R. A. 2005. Biomass, litterfall and decomposition rates for the fringed Rhizophora mangle forest lining the Bon Accord Lagoon, Tobago. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:207-217. 2005 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Juman, R. A. 2005. The structure and productivity of the Thalassia testudinum community in Bon Accord Lagoon, Tobago. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:219-227. 2005 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Keller, B. D. and B. D. Causey. 2005. Linkages between the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:869-900. 2005 Florida Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas
King, M. C. and K. F. Beazley. 2005. Selecting focal species for marine protected area network planning in the Scotia-Fundy region of Atlantic Canada. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:367-385. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Linnane, A., W. Dimmlich, and T. Ward. 2005. Movement patterns of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, off South Australia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39:335-346. 2005 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Little, L. R., A. D. M. Smith, A. D. McDonald, A. E. Punt, B. D. Mapstone, F. Pantus, and C. R. Davies. 2005. Effects of size and fragmentation of marine reserves and fisher infringement on the catch and biomass of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:177-188. 2005 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Madden, C. J., D. H. Grossman, and K. L. Goodin. 2005. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II, Arlington, Virginia. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Salinity; Substrate
McClanahan, T. R. and N. A. J. Graham. 2005. Recovery trajectories of coral reef fish assemblages within Kenyan marine protected areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294:241-248. 2005 Kenya Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, and J. Davies. 2005. Perceptions of resource users and managers towards fisheries management options in Kenyan coral reefs. Fisheries Management and Ecology 12:105-112. 2005 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., J. Maina, C. J. Starger, P. Herron-Perez, and E. Dusek. 2005. Detriments to post-bleaching recovery of corals. Coral Reefs 24:230-246. 2005 Global Algae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
McClanahan, T. R., S. Mwaguni, and N. A. Muthiga. 2005. Management of the Kenyan coast. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:901-931. 2005 Kenya Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Fishing Sector; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Micheli, F. and B. Halpern. 2005. Low functional redundancy in coastal marine assemblages. Ecology Letters 8:391-400. 2005 Global Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Micheli, F., L. Benedetti-Cecchi, S. Gambaccini, I. Bertocci, C. Borsini, G. C. Osio, and F. Romano. 2005. Cascading human impacts, marine protected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages. Ecological Monographs 75:81-102. 2005 Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Milazzo, M., F. Badalamenti, T. Vega Fernandez, and R. Chemello. 2005. Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Marine Biology 146:1213-1222. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Ordines, F., J. Moranta, M. Palmer, A. Lerycke, A. Suau, B. Morales-Nin, and A. M. Grau. 2005. Variations in a shallow rocky reef fish community at different spatial scales in the western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 304:221-233. 2005 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Overholtzer-McLeod, K. L. 2005. Post-settlement emigration affects mortality estimates for two Bahamian wrasses. Coral Reefs 24:283-291. 2005 Bahamas Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Pelletier, D. and S. Mahevas. 2005. Spatially explicit fisheries simulation models for policy evaluation. Fish and Fisheries 6:307-349. 2005 Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Pelletier, D., J. A. Garcia-Charton, J. Ferraris, G. David, O. Thebaud, Y. Letourneur, J. Claudet, M. Amand, M. Kulbicki, and R. Galzin. 2005. Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standpoint. Aquatic Living Resource 18:15-33. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Pet, J. S., P. J. Mous, A. H. Muljadi, Y. J. Sadovy, and L. Squire. 2005. Aggregations of Plectropomus areolatus and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (groupers, Serranidae) in the Komodo National Park, Indonesia: Monitoring and implications for management. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:209-218. 2005 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Ribeiro, C., A. J. Almeida, R. Araujo, M. Biscoito, and M. Freitas. 2005. Fish assemblages of Cais do Carvão Bay (Madeira Island) determined by the visual census technique. Journal of Fish Biology 67:1568-1584. 2005 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Roberts, J. M., C. J. Brown, D. Long, and C. R. Bates. 2005. Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats. Coral Reefs 24:654-669. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2005. Spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic assemblages to artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 290:67-78. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Sanchez, J. A., V. Pizarro, A. R. Acosta-de-Sanchez, P. A. Castillo, P. Herron, J. C. Martinez, P. Montoya, and C. Orozco. 2005. Evaluating coral reef benthic communities in remote Caribbean Atolls (Quitasueno, Serrana, and Roncador Banks) to recommend marine-protected areas for the seaflower biosphere reserve. Atoll Research Bulletin Jan-65. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral; Substrate
Sayer, M. D. J., S. H. Magill, T. J. Pitcher, L. Morissette, and C. Ainsworth. 2005. Simulation-based investigations of fishery changes as affected by the scale and design of artificial habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 67:218-243. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Schleyer, M. H. and L. Celliers. 2005. Modelling reef zonation in the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63:373-384. 2005 Global; South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Decision Support; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Shaughnessy, P. D., T. E. Dennis, and P. G. Seager. 2005. Status of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, and New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, on Eyre Peninsula and the far west coast of South Australia. Wildlife Research 32:85-101. 2005 Australia Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas
Shaw, M. and J. F. Muller. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the occurrence of herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using passive samplers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:876-881. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sosa-Lopez, A., D. Mouillot, T. Do Chi, and J. Ramos-Miranda. 2005. Ecological indicators based on fish biomass distribution along trophic levels: An application to the Terminos coastal lagoon, Mexico. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:453-458. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Stevens, T. and R. M. Connolly. 2005. Local-scale mapping of benthic habitats to assess representation in a marine protected area. Marine and Freshwater Research 56:111-123. 2005 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Substrate
Symons, L. C. and J. Morris. 2005. Development of multi-hazard contingency plans and tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Pages 9628-9631 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Whales & Dolphins
Symons, L. C., M. Hodges, and M. S. Devany. 2005. Flexibility for NOAA in development and application of multi-hazard contingency plans and response tools: The Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). Pages 11158-11160 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Turner, J. and R. Klaus. 2005. Coral reefs of the Mascarenes, Western Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363:229-250. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Weis, J. S. and P. Weis. 2005. Use of intertidal mangrove and sea wall habitats by coral reef fishes in the Wakatobi Marine Park, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53:119-124. 2005 Indonesia Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
White, A. T., R.-L. Eisma-Osorio, and S. J. Green. 2005. Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas: Complementarity in the Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:948-971. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Amand, M., D. Pelletier, J. Ferraris, and M. Kulbicki. 2004. A step toward the definition of ecological indicators of the impact of fishing on the fish assemblage of the Abore reef reserve (New Caledonia). Aquatic Living Resource 17:139-149. 2004 New Caledonia Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Arias-Gonzalez, J.E., E. Nunez-Lara, C. Gonzalez-Salas, and R. Galzin. 2004. Trophic models for investigation of fishing effect on coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 172:197-212. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production
Ayre, D. J. and T. P. Hughes. 2004. Climate change, genotypic diversity and gene flow in reef-building corals. Ecology Letters 7:273-278. 2004 Global; Australia Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Beger, M., A. R. Harborne, T. P. Dacles, J.-L. Solandt, and G. L. Ledesma. 2004. A framework of lessons learned from community-based marine reserves and its effectiveness in guiding a new coastal management initiative in the Philippines. Environmental Management 34:786-801. 2004 Philippines Review Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Bellwood, D. R., T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nystrom. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827-833. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Brock, R. J. and B. F. Culhane. 2004. The no-take research natural area of Dry Tortugas National Park (Florida): Wishful thinking or responsible planning? Pages 67-74 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2004 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Capitini, C. A., B. N. Tissot, M. S. Carroll, W. J. Walsh, and S. Peck. 2004. Competing perspectives in resource protection: The case of the marine protected areas in West Hawai'i. Society and Natural Resources 17:763-778. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Cappo, M., P. Speare, and G. De'Ath. 2004. Comparison of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and prawn (shrimp) trawls for assessments of fish biodiversity in inter-reefal areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302:123-152. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cesar, H. S. J., P. van Beukering, R. Payet, and E. Grandourt. 2004. Evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of marine ecosystem degradation in the Seychelles. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Netherlands. 2004 Seychelles Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Chapman, B. and J. R. Turner. 2004. Development of a geographical information system for the marine resources of Rodrigues. Journal of Natural History 38:2937-2957. 2004 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Octopus & Squid; Skeletal Coral
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and H. Dienes. 2004. Spatial distribution of lost fishing gear on fished and protected offshore reefs in the Florida Keys national marine sanctuary. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:312-326. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Claudet, J. and D. Pelletier. 2004. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquatic Living Resource 17:129-138. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Coleman, F. C., P. B. Baker, and C. C. Koenig. 2004. A Review of Gulf of Mexico Marine Protected Areas: Successes, Failures, and Lessons Learned. Fisheries 29:21-Oct. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Coma, R., E. Pola, M. Ribes, and M. Zabala. 2004. Long-term assessment of temperate octocoral mortality patterns, protected vs. unprotected areas. Ecological Applications 14:1466-1478. 2004 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Crabbe, M. J. C., S. Karaviotis, and D. J. Smith. 2004. Monitoring growth of hard corals as performance indicators for coral reefs. Journal of Biological Education 38:113-117. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Jamaica; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral
Davis, K. L. F., G. R. Russ, D. H. Williamson, and R. D. Evans. 2004. Surveillance and poaching on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 32:373-387. 2004 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
DeMartini, E. E. 2004. Habitat and endemism of recruits to shallow reef fish populations: Selection criteria for no-take MPAs in the NWHI coral reef ecosystem reserve. Bulletin of Marine Science 74:185-205. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
DeMartini, E. E. and A. M. Friedlander. 2004. Spatial patterns of endemism in shallow-water reef fish populations of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 271:281-296. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Denny, C. M. and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biological Conservation 116:119-129. 2004 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Duval, M. A., D. N. Rader, K. C. Lindeman. 2004. Linking habitat protection and marine protected area programs to conserve coral reefs and associated back reef habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:321-334. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, A. J. Morton, and C. R. Samson. 2004. Effects of algal canopy clearance on plant, fish and macroinvertebrate communities on eastern Tasmanian reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 312:67-87. 2004 Algae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Edgar, G. J., N. S. Barrett, and A. J. Morton. 2004. Patterns of fish movement on eastern Tasmanian rocky reefs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 70:273-284. 2004 Algae; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Evans, R. D. and G. R. Russ. 2004. Larger biomass of targeted reef fish in no-take marine reserves on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:505-519. 2004 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Flynn, A. M. 2004. Marine protected areas: federal legal authority. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC. 2004 Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Foale, S. and B. Manele. 2004. Social and political barriers to the use of Marine Protected Areas for conservation and fishery management in Melanesia. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 45:373-386. 2004 Solomon Islands; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Gales, N., R. D. McCauley, J. Lanyon, and D. Holley. 2004. Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: Evidence for large-scale migration. Wildlife Research 31:283-290. 2004 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Guzman, H. M., C. A. Guevara, and O. Breedy. 2004. Distribution, diversity, and conservation of coral reefs and coral communities in the largest marine protected area of Pacific Panama (Coiba Island). Environmental Conservation 31:111-121. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama Algae; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Jenkins, G. P. 2004. The ecosystem effects of abalone fishing: A review. Marine and Freshwater Research 55:545-552. 2004 Review; Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Jouvenel, J.-Y., F. Bachet, J.-G. Harmelin, and D. Bellan-Santini. 2004. Biological monitoring of a marine reserve ('Cote bleue' marine park, Marseilles Bay, Mediterranean Sea, France) [Suivi biologique d'une reserve marine de la Cote bleue (golfe de Marseille, Mediterranee, France)]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 59:243-251. 2004 France Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Kamukuru, A. T., Y. D. Mgaya, and M. C. Ohman. 2004. Evaluating a marine protected area in a developing country: Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:321-337. 2004 Tanzania Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Kaunda-Arara, B. and G. A. Rose. 2004. Effects of marine reef National Parks on fishery CPUE in coastal Kenya. Biological Conservation 118:13-Jan. 2004 Kenya Model Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Kaunda-Arara, B. and G. A. Rose. 2004. Homing and site fidelity in the greasy grouper Epinephelus tauvina (Serranidae) within a marine protected area in coastal Kenya. Marine Ecology Progress Series 277:245-251. 2004 Kenya Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Kelty, R., K. Andrews, J. Wheaton, L. Nall, C. Beaver, W. Japp, B. Keller, V. R. Leeworthy, J. A. Bohnsack, T. Matthews, J. Ault, F. Ferro, G. Delgado, D. Harper, J. Hunt, B. Sharp, C. Pattengil-Semmens, S. Smith, R. Spieler, R.E. Dodge, D. Gilliam, B. Goodwin, G. Schmahl, E. Hickerson, J. R. Garcia, C. Lilyestrom, R. Appeldoorn, A. Bruckner, E. Williams, C. .F.G. Jeffrey, U. Alauf, A. Riedlander, C. Rogers, J. Miller, J. Beets, R. Nemeth, S. Herzlieb, V. Mayor, W. Toller, Z. Hillis-Starr, S. Caseau, and M. Miller. 2004. Status of coral reefs in the U.S. Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico: Florida, Flower Garden Banks, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Navassa. Pages 431-450 Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Volume 2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 2004 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Climate; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Kritzer, J. P. 2004. Effects of noncompliance on the success of alternative designs of marine protected-area networks for conservation and fisheries management. Conservation Biology 18:1021-1031. 2004 Model Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Lynch, T.P., E. Wilkinson, L. Melling, R. Hamilton, A. Macready, and S. Feary. 2004. Conflict and Impacts of Divers and Anglers in a Marine Park. Environmental Management 33:196-211. 2004 Australia; Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Madin, E. M. P. and D. M. Fenton. 2004. Environmental interpretation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: An assessment of programme effectiveness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 12:121-137. 2004 Australia Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Maliao, R. J., E. L. Webb, and K. R. Jensen. 2004. A survey of stock of the donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: Evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research 66:343-353. 2004 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Muller, A., M. K. Gagan, and J. M. Lough. 2004. Effect of early marine diagenesis on coral reconstructions of surface-ocean 13C/12C and carbonate saturation state. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18. 2004 Global; Australia Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Marine Protected Areas
Nardi, K., G. P. Jones, M. J. Moran, and Y. W. Cheng. 2004. Contrasting effects of marine protected areas on the abundance of two exploited reef fishes at the sub-tropical Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Environmental Conservation 31:160-168. 2004 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Okey, T. A., S. Banks, A. F. Born, R. H. Bustamante, M. Calvopina, G. J. Edgar, E. Espinoza, J. M. Farina, L. E. Garske, G. K. Reck, S. Salazar, S. Shepherd, V. Toral-Granda, and P. Wallem. 2004. A trophic model of a Galapagos subtidal rocky reef for evaluating fisheries and conservation strategies. Ecological Modelling 172:383-401. 2004 Model Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Pais, A., E. Azzurro, and L. A. Chessa. 2004. Distribution patterns of coastal fish assemblages associated with different rocky substrates in Asinara Island National Park (Sardinia, Italy). Italian Journal of Zoology 71:309-316. 2004 Deforestation & Devegetation; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Pomeroy, R. S., J. E. Parks, and L. M. Watson. 2004. How is your MPA doing? a guidebook of natural and social indicators for evaluating marine protected area management effectiveness. he World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Roessig, J. M., C. M. Woodley, J. J. Cech Jr., and L. J. Hansen. 2004. Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:251-275. 2004 Global Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sale, P. F. 2004. Connectivity, recruitment variation, and the structure of reef fish communities. Pages 390-399 in Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2004 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Schroeder, D. M. and M. S. Love. 2004. Ecological and political issues surrounding decommissioning of offshore oil facilities in the Southern California Bight. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:21-48. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Climate; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Rigs
Sealey, K. S. 2004. Large-scale ecological impacts of development on tropical islands systems: Comparison of developed and undeveloped islands in the central Bahamas. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:295-320. 2004 Bahamas Algae; Coastal Development; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Tissot, B. N., W. J. Walsh, and L. E. Hallacher. 2004. Evaluating effectiveness of a marine protected area network in West Hawai'i to increase productivity of an aquarium fishery. Pacific Science 58:175-188. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Tongson, E. and M. Dygico. 2004. User fee system for marine ecotourism: The Tubbataha Reef experience. Coastal Management 32:17-23. 2004 Cuba; Philippines Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Toscas, P. J., M. J. Faddy, and C. Y. Burridge. 2004. Analysis of the impact of prawn trawling on benthic species in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmetrics 15:279-289. 2004 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Watson, M. and J. L. Munro. 2004. Settlement and recruitment of coral reef fishes in moderately exploited and overexploited Caribbean ecosystems: Implications for marine protected areas. Fisheries Research 69:415-425. 2004 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Williamson, D. H., G. R. Russ, and A. M. Ayling. 2004. No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation 31:149-159. 2004 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Acosta, C. A. and D. N. Robertson. 2003. Comparative spatial ecology of fished spiny lobsters Panulirus argus and an unfished congener P. guttatus in an isolated marine reserve at Glover's Reef atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 22:9-Jan. 2003 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Asch, R. G. and D. D. Turgeon. 2003. Detection of gaps in the spatial coverage of coral reef monitoring projects in the US Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:127-140. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Haiti; Jamaica; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Baker, A. C. 2003. Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography of Symbiodinium. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Beger, M., G. P. Jones, and P. L. Munday. 2003. Conservation of coral reef biodiversity: A comparison of reserve selection procedures for corals and fishes. Biological Conservation 111:53-62. 2003 Index or Indicator Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Brule, T., X. Renan, T. Coles-Marrufo, Y. Hauyon, A. N. Tuz-Sulub, and C. Deniel. 2003. Reproduction in the protogynous black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey)) from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 101:463-475. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Clarke, P. J., T. Komatsu, J. D. Bell, F. Lasi, C. P. Oengpepa, and J. Leqata. 2003. Combined culture of Trochus niloticus and giant clams (Tridacnidae): Benefits for restocking and farming. Aquaculture 215:123-144. 2003 Solomon Islands Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Crabbe, M. J. C. and D. J. Smith. 2003. Computer modelling and estimation of recruitment patterns of non-branching coral colonies at three sites in the Wakatobi Marine Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia; Implications for coral reef conservation. Computational Biology and Chemistry 27:17-27. 2003 Indonesia Model Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral
Crabbe, M. J. C. and D. J. Smith. 2003. Erratum: Computer modelling and estimation of recruitment patterns of non-branching coral colonies at three sites in Wakatobi Marine Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia; Implications for coral reef conservation (Computational Biology and Chemistry (2003) 27 (1. Computational Biology and Chemistry 27:521. 2003 Indonesia Model Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
De Paula, A. F., M. A. D. O. Figueiredo, and J. C. Creed. 2003. Structure of the macroalgal community associated with the seagrass Halodule wrightii Ascherson in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil. Botanica Marina 46:413-424. 2003 Cuba Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
Franklin, E. C., J. S. Ault, S. G. Smith, J. Luo, G. A. Meester, G. A. Diaz, M. Chiappone, D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and J. A. Bohnsack. 2003. Benthic habitat mapping in the Tortugas Region, Florida. Marine Geodesy 26:19-34. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Friedlander, A. M., E. K. Brown, P. L. Jokiel, W. R. Smith, and K. S. Rodgers. 2003. Effects of habitat, wave exposure, and marine protected area status on coral reef fish assemblages in the Hawaiian archipelago. Coral Reefs 22:291-305. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Gabrie, C., M. Oberlinkens, M. Porcher, and J.-P. Quod. 2003. A management plan for the lagoon of Mayotte [Plan de gestion du lagon de Mayotte]. Oceanis 29:355-373. 2003 Mayotte Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas
Garpe, K. C. and M. C. Ohman. 2003. Coral and fish distribution patterns in Mafia Island Marine Park, Tanzania: Fish-habitat interactions. Hydrobiologia 498:191-211. 2003 Indian Ocean; Tanzania; India Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Giannini, F., J.-M. Gili, and G. Santangelo. 2003. Relationships between the spatial distribution of red coral Corallium rubrum and coexisting suspension feeders at Medas Islands Marine Protected Area (Spain). Italian Journal of Zoology 70:233-239. 2003 Spain Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Gittings, S. R., K. Benson, L. Takata, and K. Witman. 2003. Conservation science in the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Marine Technology Society Journal 37:9-May. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Green, E. and R. Donnelly. 2003. Recreational scuba diving in Caribbean marine protected areas: Do the users pay? Ambio 32:140-144. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Halpern, B. S. and R. R. Warner. 2003. Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270:1871-1876. 2003 Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Harman, N., E. S. Harvey, and G. A. Kendrick. 2003. Differences in fish assemblages from different reef habitats at Hamelin Bay, south-western Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 54:177-184. 2003 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Substrate
Jones, R. J. and A. P. Kerswell. 2003. Phytotoxicity of Photosystem II (PSII) herbicides to coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 261:149-159. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Jones, R. J., J. Muller, D. Haynes, and U. Schreiber. 2003. Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 251:153-167. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Stony Coral
Lam, K. K. Y. 2003. Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverised fuel ash-concrete artificial reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:642-653. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Manfrino, C., B. Riegl, J. L. Hall, and R. Graifman. 2003. Status of coral reefs of Little Cayman, Grand Cayman and Cayman brac, British West Indies, in 1999 and 2000 (part 1: Stony corals and algae). Atoll Research Bulletin 204-225. 2003 Cayman Islands Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Mascia, M. B. 2003. The human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: Recent social science research and its policy implications. Conservation Biology 17:630-632. 2003 Marine Protected Areas
Monaco, M. E., J. D. Christensen, A. M. Friedlander, M. S. Kendall, and C. Caldow. 2003. Quantifying Habitat Utilization Patterns Of U.S. Caribbean And Hawaii Reef Fish To Define Marine Protected Area Boundaries: The Coupling Of Gis & Ecology. Pages 1-6 in 13th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference. Baltimore,(Maryland, USA). 2003 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Monaco, M. E., M. S. Kendall, J. L. Higgins, C. E. Alexander, and M. S. Tartt. 2003. Biogeographic assessments of NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries: The integration of ecology and GIS technology. Pages 1489-1498 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Patterson, W. F. and J. H. Cowan. 2003. Site fidelity and dispersion of red snapper associated with artificial reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 181-193 in American Fisheries Society Symposium. 2003 South & Central America; Mexico Model Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Singh, H. S. 2003. Marine protected areas in India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:226-233. 2003 India GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands
Singh, H. S. 2003. Sea mammals in marine protected area in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat State, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 32:258-262. 2003 India Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Smith, L. D., A. P. Negri, E. Philipp, N. S. Webster, and A. J. Heyward. 2003. The effects of antifoulant-paint-contaminated sediments on coral recruits and branchlets. Marine Biology 143:651-657. 2003 Australia Lab Study Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
West, J. M. and R. V. Salm. 2003. Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching: Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management. Conservation Biology 17:956-967. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Westera, M., P. Lavery, and G. Hyndes. 2003. Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 294:145-168. 2003 Australia; Indian Ocean; India Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Wilkinson, C., A. Green, J. Almany, and S. Dionne. 2003. Monitoring coral reef marine protected areas. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Willis, T. J., R. B. Millar, and R. C. Babcock. 2003. Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: High density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:214-227. 2003 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Wilson, J. R. and P. L. Harrison. 2003. Spawning patterns of scleractinian corals at the Solitary Islands - A high latitude coral community in eastern Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 260:115-123. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Beattie, A., U.R. Sumaila, V. Christensen, D. Pauly. 2002. A Model for the Bioeconomic Evaluation of Marine Protected Area Size and Placement in the North Sea. Natural Resource Modeling 15:413-437. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Cesar, H. 2002. The biodiversity benefits of coral reef ecosystems: values and markets. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris. 2002 Global; Indonesia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Christie, P., A. White, and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management 66:441-454. 2002 Philippines Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Clarke, S., A. Leung Wai-Yin, Y. M. Mak, R. Kennish, and N. Haggan. 2002. Consultation with local fishers on the Hong Kong artificial reefs initiative. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Connolly, R. M., A. J. Melville, and K. M. Preston. 2002. Patterns of movement and habitat use by leafy seadragons tracked ultrasonically. Journal of Fish Biology 61:684-695. 2002 Australia Algae; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Cowley, P. D., S. L. Brouwer, and R. L. Tilney. 2002. The role of the Tsitsikamma National Park in the management of four shore-angling fish along the south-eastern Cape coast of South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 27-35. 2002 South Africa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Curley, B. G., M. J. Kingsford, and B. M. Gillanders. 2002. Spatial and habitat-related patterns of temperate reef fish assemblages: Implications for the design of Marine Protected Areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:1197-1210. 2002 Australia Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Day, J. C. 2002. Zoning - Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 45:139-156. 2002 Australia; United Kingdom Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Don, C. 2002. Could the San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge serve to protect marine areas? Building on existing institutions and legal authorities to create marine protected areas. Coastal Management 30:421-426. 2002 Collaboration & Partnering; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Edmunds, P. J. 2002. Long-term dynamics of coral reefs in St. John, US Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 21:357-367. 2002 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Francis, J., A. Nilsson, and D. Waruinge. 2002. Marine protected areas in the Eastern African Region: How successful are they? Ambio 31:503-511. 2002 Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Comoros; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Development; Corporate Responses; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
George, R. Y. 2002. Ben Franklin temperate reef and deep sea 'Agassiz Coral Hills' in the Blake Plateau off North Carolina. Hydrobiologia 471:71-81. 2002 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas
Heron, M. L., D. M. Burrage, and A. Prytz. 2002. Terrigenous runoff in the tropics observed with a scanning low frequency radiometer. Pages 2008-2013 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2002 Australia GIS & Maps Agriculture; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Holden, H. 2002. Characterisation of optical water quality in Bunaken National Marine Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 23:23-26. 2002 Indonesia Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Holden, H. and E. LeDrew. 2002. Hyperspectral linear mixing based on in situ measurements in a coral reef environment. Pages 249-251 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 US Virgin Islands Remote Sensing Algae; Marine Protected Areas
James, M. K., P. R. Armsworth, L. B. Mason, and L. Bode. 2002. The structure of reef fish metapopulations: Modelling larval dispersal and retention patterns. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 269:2079-2086. 2002 Australia Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Koskela, R. W., P. Ringeltaube, A. R. Small, T. V. Koskela, A. R. Fraser, J. D. Lee, and P. Marshall. 2002. Using predictive monitoring to mitigate construction impacts in sensitive marine environments. Pages 1-15 in Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors
Leis, J. M. 2002. Pacific coral-reef fishes: The implications of behaviour and ecology of larvae for biodiversity and conservation, and a reassessment of the open population paradigm. Environmental Biology of Fishes 65:199-208. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
McClanahan, T. R., J. N. Uku, and H. Machano. 2002. Effect of macroalgal reduction on coral-reef fish in the Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:223-231. 2002 Kenya Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral morality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31:543-550. 2002 Kenya Algae; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges
Perante, N. C., M. G. Pajaro, J. J. Meeuwig, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2002. Biology of a seahorse species, Hippocampus comes in the central Philippines. Journal of Fish Biology 60:821-837. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Pitcher, T. J., E. A. Buchary, and T. Hutton. 2002. Forecasting the benefits of no-take human-made reefs using spatial ecosystem simulation. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 China Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Puce, S., C. Cerrano, M. Boyer, C. Ferretti, and G. Bavestrello. 2002. Zanclea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) species from Bunaken Marine Park (Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82:943-954. 2002 Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Algae; Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas
Reed, J. K. 2002. Deep-water Oculina coral reefs of Florida: Biology, impacts, and management. Hydrobiologia 471:43-55. 2002 Florida Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rogers-Bennett, L., P. L. Haaker, K. A. Karpov, and D. J. Kushner. 2002. Using spatially explicit data to evaluate marine protected areas for abalone in southern California. Conservation Biology 16:1308-1317. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2002. Increased spatial and temporal variability in coral damage caused by recreational scuba diving. Ecological Applications 12:427-440. 2002 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Shears, N. T. and R. C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131-142. 2002 Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Tupper, M. and M. A. Rudd. 2002. Species-specific impacts of a small marine reserve on reef fish production and fishing productivity in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Environmental Conservation 29:484-492. 2002 Turks and Caicos Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Funding & Incentives; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Turgeon, D. D., R. G. Asch, B. D. Causey, R. E. Dodge, W. Jaap, K. Banks, J. Delaney, B. D. Keller, R. Speiler, C. A. Matos, J. R. Garcia, E. Diaz, D. Catanzaro, C. S. Rogers, Z. Hillis-Starr, R. Nemeth, M. Taylor, G. P. Schmahl, M. W. Miller, D. A. Gulko, J. E. Maragos, A. M. Friedlander, C. L. Hunter, R. S. Brainard, P. Craig, R. H. Richond, G. Davis, J. Starmer, M. Trianni, P. Houk, C. E. Birkeland, A. Edward, Y. Golbuu, J. Gutierrez, N. Idechong, G. Paulay, A. Tafileichig, and N. V. Velde. 2002. The state of coral reef ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2002. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Global; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; Guam Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Waterhouse, J. and J. Johnson. 2002. Sewage discharges in the great barrier reef region. Water 29:43-49. 2002 Australia Review Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
White, A. T., C. A. Courtney, and A. Salamanca. 2002. Experience with marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management 30:26-Jan. 2002 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Wilson, K. D. P., A. W. Y. Leung, and R. Kennish. 2002. Restoration of Hong Kong fisheries through deployment of artificial reefs in marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 China Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Brodie, J., C. Christie, M. Devlin, D. Haynes, S. Morris, M. Ramsay, J. Waterhouse, and H. Yorkston. 2001. Catchment management and the Great Barrier Reef. Water Science and Technology 43:203-211. 2001 Australia Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Brown, K., W. Neil Adger, E. Tompkins, P. Bacon, D. Shim, and K. Young. 2001. Trade-off analysis for marine protected area management. Ecological Economics 37:417-434. 2001 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Causey, B. D. 2001. Lessons learned from the intensification of coral bleaching from 1980-2000 in the Florida Keys, USA. 2001 Florida Marine Protected Areas
Cote, I. M., I. Mosqueira, and J. D. Reynolds. 2001. Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 59:178-189. 2001 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Devlin, M., J. Waterhouse, and J. Brodie. 2001. Community and connectivity: Summary of a community based monitoring program set up to assess the movement of nutrients and sediments into the Great Barrier Reef during high flow events. Water Science and Technology 43:121-131. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Social Organizations; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Eggleston, D. B. and C. P. Dahlgren. 2001. Distribution and abundance of Caribbean spiny lobsters in the Key West National Wildlife Refuge: Relationship to habitat features and impact of an intensive recreational fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1567-1576. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Elliott, G., B. Mitchell, B. Wiltshire, I. A. Manan, and S. Wismer. 2001. Community participation in marine protected area management Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Coastal Management 29:295-316. 2001 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Eristhee, N. and H. A. Oxenford. 2001. Home range size and use of space by Bermuda chub Kyphosus sectatrix (L.) in two marine reserves in the Soufriere Marine Management Area, St Lucia, West Indies. Journal of Fish Biology 59:129-151. 2001 South & Central America; Bermuda; Caribbean Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Friedlander, A. M. 2001. Essential fish habitat and the effective design of marine reserves: Application for marine ornamental fishes. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3:135-150. 2001 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Harborne, A. R., D. C. Afzal, and M. J. Andrews. 2001. Honduras: Caribbean Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1221-1235. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Koop, K., A. Steven, R. Mcgill, E. Drew, and B. Macdonald. 2001. Use of a telemetered dispensing system for controlling nutrient additions to experimental patch reefs in the ENCORE Study at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:121-126. 2001 Australia; Cuba Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Koslow, J. A., K. Gowlett-Holmes, J. K. Lowry, T. O'Hara, G. C. B. Poore, and A. Williams. 2001. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: Community structure and impacts of trawling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213:111-125. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
McClanahan, T. R. and R. Arthur. 2001. The effect of marine reserves and habitat on populations of East African coral reef fishes. Ecological Applications 11:559-569. 2001 Indian Ocean; India Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R. and S. Mangi. 2001. The effect of a closed area and beach seine exclusion on coral reef fish catches. Fisheries Management and Ecology 8:107-121. 2001 Kenya Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R., M. McField, M. Huitric, K. Bergman, E. Sala, M. Nystrom, I. Nordemar, T. Elfwing, and N. A. Muthiga. 2001. Responses of algae, corals and fish to the reduction of macroalgae in fished and unfished patch reefs of Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 19:367-379. 2001 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
McCrone, A. 2001. Visitor impacts on marine protected areas in New Zealand. Science for Conservation May-61. 2001 Review Fish; Marine Protected Areas
McLachlan, M. S., D. Haynes, and J. F. Muller. 2001. PCDDs in the water/sediment-seagrass-dugong (Dugong dugon) food chain on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Environmental Pollution 113:129-134. 2001 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Whales & Dolphins
Mumby, P. 2001. Beta and habitat diversity in marine systems: A new approach to measurement, scaling and interpretation. Oecologia 128:274-280. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Obura, D. O. 2001. Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1264-1278. 2001 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Pet-Soede, C., W. L. T. Van Densen, J. S. Pet, and M. A. M. Machiels. 2001. Impact of Indonesian coral reef fisheries on fish community structure and the resultant catch composition. Fisheries Research 51:35-51. 2001 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Rogers, C. S. and J. Beets. 2001. Degradation of marine ecosystems and decline of fishery resources in marine protected areas in the US Virgin Islands. Environmental Conservation 28:312-322. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Rogers-Bennett, L. and J. S. Pearse. 2001. Indirect benefits of marine protected areas for juvenile abalone. Conservation Biology 15:642-647. 2001 Lab Study Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2001. \Take only photographs and leave only footprints\"?: An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites". Biological Conservation 100:281-287. 2001 Australia; Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Salm, R. V. and S. L. Coles. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. Page 118 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report # 0102. Honolulu, Hawaii,. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
St John, J., G. R. Russ, I. W. Brown, and L. C. Squire. 2001. The diet of the large coral reef serranid Plectropomus leopardus in two fishing zones on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fishery Bulletin 99:180-192. 2001 Australia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Talbot, F. and C. Wilkinson. 2001. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses: a sourcebook for managers. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville (Australia). 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Carbone, F. and G. Accordi. 2000. The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:141-159. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Cesar, H .J. S., M. C. Ohman, P. Espeut, and M. Honkanen. 2000. An economic valuation of Portland Bight, Jamaica: an integrated terrestrial and marine protected area. Working paper 00/03. Institute for Environmental Studie, Free University, Amsterdam. 2000 Jamaica Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Coral reefs: their functions, threats and economic value. Pages 14-39 in Cesar, H. S. J., editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Sweden. 2000 Global Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Valuation
Cesar, H. S. J., editor. 2000. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; Jamaica; India; Indonesia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Marine Protected Areas; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chapman, M. R. and D. L. Kramer. 2000. Movements of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57:24-Nov. 2000 Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Cole, R. G., E. Villouta, and R. J. Davidson. 2000. Direct evidence of limited dispersal of the reef fish Parapercis colias (Pinguipedidae) within a marine reserve and adjacent fished areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:421-436. 2000 Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Coleman, F. C., C. C. Koenig, G. R. Huntsman, J. A. Musick, A. M. Eklund, J. C. McGovern, R. W. Chapman, G. R. Sedberry, and C. B. Grimes. 2000. Long-lived reef fishes: The grouper-snapper complex. Fisheries 25:14-21. 2000 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Craig, P., S. Saucerman, and S. Wiegman. 2000. The central South Pacific Ocean (American Samoa). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 765-772. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Samoa; American Samoa Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Crosby, M. P., A. Abu-Hilal, A. Al-Homoud, J. Erez, and R. Ortal. 2000. Interactions among scientists, managers and the public in defining research priorities and management strategies for marine and coastal resources: Is the Red Sea Marine Peace Park a new paradigm? Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:581-594. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Crowder, L. B., S. J. Lyman, W. F. Figueira, and J. Priddy. 2000. Source-sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:799-820. 2000 Model Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
DIXON, J. A., L. F. SCURA, and T. VAN�T HOF. 2000. An Economic and Ecological Analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park. 2000 South & Central America; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Edinger, E. and D. R. Browne. 2000. Continental seas of western Indonesia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 381-404. 2000 Southeast Asia; China; Java; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Edinger, E. N. and M. J. Risk. 2000. Reef classification by coral morphology predicts coral reef conservation value. Biological Conservation 92:13-Jan. 2000 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Esslemont, G. 2000. Heavy metals in seawater, marine sediments and corals from the Townsville section, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland. Marine Chemistry 71:215-231. 2000 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Gladstone, W. 2000. The ecological and social basis for management of a Red Sea marine-protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:1015-1032. 2000 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Harborne, A. R., M. D. McField, and E. K. Delaney. 2000. Belize. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 501-516. 2000 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Haynes, D. and J. E. Johnson. 2000. Organochlorine, heavy metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutant concentrations in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:267-278. 2000 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Haynes, D. and K. Michalek-Wagner. 2000. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Past perspectives, current issues and new research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:428-434. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics
Ibrahim, Z. Z., A. Arshad, L. S. Chong, J. S. Bujang, L. A. Theem, N. M. R. Abdullah, and M. M. Marghany. 2000. East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 345-359. 2000 Malaysia; China Agriculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Johnson, A. K. L. and S. P. Ebert. 2000. Quantifying inputs of pesticides to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - A case study in the Herbert River catchment of North-East Queensland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:302-309. 2000 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lam, K. K. Y. 2000. Sexual reproduction of a low-temperature tolerant coral Oulastrea crispata (Scleractinia, Faviidae) in Hong Kong, China. Marine Ecology Progress Series 205:101-111. 2000 China Artificial Habitat; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Lindeman, K. C., R. Pugliese, G. T. Waugh, and J. S. Ault. 2000. Developmental patterns within a multispecies reef fishery: Management applications for essential fish habitats and protected areas. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:929-956. 2000 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Civil Engineering & Construction; Commercial Fisheries; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Martell, S. J. D., C. J. Walters, and S. S. Wallace. 2000. The use of marine protected areas for conservation of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Bulletin of Marine Science 66:729-743. 2000 Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R. 2000. Recovery of a coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks. Biological Conservation 94:191-198. 2000 Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and S. Mangi. 2000. Spillover of exploitable fishes from a marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Ecological Applications 10:1792-1805. 2000 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring; Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Nickerson-Tietze, D. J. 2000. Scientific characterization and monitoring: Its application to integrated coastal management in Malaysia. Ecological Applications 10:386-396. 2000 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Oakley, S., N. Pilcher, and E. Wood. 2000. Borneo. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 361-379. 2000 Global; Malaysia; Indonesia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Forestry; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Whales & Dolphins
Pinnegar, J. K., N. V. C. Polunin, P. Francour, F. Badalamenti, R. Chemello, M.-L. Harmelin-Vivien, B. Hereu, M. Milazzo, M. Zabala, G. D'Anna, and C. Pipitone. 2000. Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: Lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environmental Conservation 27:179-200. 2000 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Caribbean Review Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Pathogens; Sea Urchins
Pitcher, T. J., R. Watson, N. Haggan, S. Guenette, R. Kennish, U. R. Sumaila, D. Cook, K. Wilson, and A. Leung. 2000. Marine reserves and the restoration of fisheries and marine ecosystems in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:543-566. 2000 China Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Plathong, S., G. J. Inglis, and M. E. Huber. 2000. Effects of self-guided snorkeling trails on corals in a tropical marine park. Conservation Biology 14:1821-1830. 2000 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Roberts, C. M. and J. P. Hawkins. 2000. Fully-protected marine reserves: a guide. WWF Endangered Seas Campaign, Washington, DC. 2000 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Shafer, C. S. and G. J. Inglis. 2000. Influence of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions on tourism experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Environmental Management 26:73-87. 2000 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Souter, D. W. and O. Linden. 2000. The health and future of coral reef systems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:657-688. 2000 Review Biotechnology Research & Development; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Sea Temperatures; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Spash, C. L. 2000. Assessing the benefits of improving coral reef biodiversity: the contingent valuation method. Pages 40-54 in Cesar, H. S. J., editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Jamaica Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Trexler, J. C. and J. Travis. 2000. Can marine protected areas restore and conserve stock attributes of reef fishes? Bulletin of Marine Science 66:853-873. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Tuya, F. C., M. L. Soboil, and J. Kido. 2000. An assessment of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:1218-1226. 2000 China Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Vuki, V. C., L. P. Zann, M. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. The Fiji Islands. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 751-764. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Corallivorous Fish; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Walker, D. I. 2000. The Western Australian region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 691-704. 2000 Australia Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Warnken, J. and R. Buckley. 2000. Monitoring diffuse impacts: Australian tourism developments. Environmental Management 25:453-461. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Werner, T. B., L. P. Pinto, G. F. Dutra, and P. G. Do Prado Pereira. 2000. Abrolhos 2000: Conserving the southern Atlantic's richest coastal biodiversity into the next century. Coastal Management 28:99-108. 2000 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
White, A. T. and H. P. Vogt. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: Lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:537-550. 2000 Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Williams, I. D. and N. V. C. Polunin. 2000. Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation 27:382-391. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; France Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson, S. C. and R. Klaus. 2000. The Gulf of Aden. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 47-61. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; India; Djibouti Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Beaches & Nature Parks; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Wong, P. P. 2000. Malacca Strait including Singapore and Johore Straits. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 331-344. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. 2000. Northeastern Australia: The Great Barrier Reef region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 611-628. 2000 Australia Model Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Zann, L. P. 2000. The Australian Region: An overview. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 579-592. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Sediment
Zann, L. P. 2000. The Eastern Australian Region: A dynamic tropical/temperate biotone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:188-203. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Agriculture; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Zann, L. P. and V. Vuki. 2000. The South Western Pacific Islands region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 705-722. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; American Samoa Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Sediment; Wetlands
Zeller, D. C. and G. R. Russ. 2000. Population estimates and size structure of Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae) in relation to no-fishing zones: Mark-release-resighting and underwater visual census. Marine and Freshwater Research 51:221-228. 2000 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Anderson, C. and M. Roche. 1999. Transporting the minerals industry into the next century: Environmental challenges at the Port of Townsville. Pages 252-268 in Mining into the next century : environmental opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of the 24th annual environmental workshop. Townsville, October 1999. 1999 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker, and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 189:125-134. 1999 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Primary Production; Sea Urchins
Brown, P. J. and R. B. Taylor. 1999. Effects of trampling by humans on animals inhabiting coralline algal turf in the rocky intertidal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 235:45-53. 1999 Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Trampling
Bunce, L., K. Gustavson, J. Williams, and M. Miller. 1999. The human side of reef management: A case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs 18:369-380. 1999 Jamaica Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation
Campos-Vazquez, C., L. F. Carrera-Parra, N. E. Gonzalez, and S. I. Salazar-Vallejo. 1999. Criptofauna en rocas de Punta Nizuc, Caribe mexicano y su utilidad como biomonitor potencial. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:799-808. 1999 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Chapman, M. R. and D. L. Kramer. 1999. Gradients in coral reef fish density and size across the Barbados Marine Reserve boundary: Effects of reserve protection and habitat characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 181:81-96. 1999 Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 1999. Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242:107-144. 1999 Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish
Epifanio, R. D. A., D. L. Martins, R. Villaca, and R. Gabriel. 1999. Chemical defenses against fish predation in three Brazilian octocorals: 11β,12β-epoxypukalide as a feeding deterrent in Phyllogorgia dilatata. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25:2255-2265. 1999 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef-lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18:327-332. 1999 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Fernandes, L., M. A. Ridgley, and T. Van't Hof. 1999. Multiple criteria analysis integrates economic, ecological and social objectives for coral reef managers. Coral Reefs 18:393-402. 1999 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Guzman, H. M. and C. A. Guevara. 1999. Arrecifes coralinos de Bocas del Toro, Panama: III. Distribucion, estructura, diversidad y estado de conservacion de los arrecifes de las islas Pastores, Cristobal, Popa y Cayo Agua. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:659-676. 1999 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Harriott, V. J. 1999. Coral recruitment at a high latitude Pacific site: A comparison with Atlantic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 65:881-891. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Marine Protected Areas
Harriott, V. J., S. A. Banks, R. L. Mau, D. Richardson, and L. G. Roberts. 1999. Ecological and conservation significance of the subtidal rocky reef communities of northern New South Wales, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:299-306. 1999 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Stony Coral
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:345-355. 1999 Global Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Inglis, G. J., V. I. Johnson, and F. Ponte. 1999. Crowding norms in marine settings: a case study of snorkeling on the great barrier reef. Environmental Management 24:369-381. 1999 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Johnson, A. K. L., S. P. Ebert, and A. E. Murray. 1999. Distribution of coastal freshwater wetlands and riparian forests in the Herbert River catchment and implications for management of catchments adjacent the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Conservation 26:229-235. 1999 Australia; Europe GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Kelleher, G. 1999. Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Kramer, D. L. and M. R. Chapman. 1999. Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Environmental Biology of Fishes 55:65-79. 1999 Review Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Kunzmann, A. 1999. Korallen, Fischer und Touristen. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 51:25-32. 1999 Global; Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Lee Long, W. J., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. 1999. Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:321-328. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru, H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1999. The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 89:161-182. 1999 Kenya; Tanzania Model Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mdodo Rennatus, M. 1999. Reef degradation following mass coral bleaching in Kenya. Page 1025 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 Kenya Marine Protected Areas
Otto, J. C. 1999. Four new species of Agaue (Acarina: Halacaridae) from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 40:273-281. 1999 Australia Algae; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. and L. M. Ortiz. 1999. Coral reef education in schools of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:1061-1068. 1999 South & Central America; Mexico Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges
Scarlett, A., P. Donkin, T. W. Fileman, and R. J. Morris. 1999. Occurrence of the antifouling herbicide, Irgarol 1051, within coastal-water seagrasses from Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:687-691. 1999 Australia; Europe Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. 1999 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Walters, C., D. Pauly, and V. Christensen. 1999. Ecospace: prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas. Ecosystems 2:539-554. 1999 Global Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Adams, T. 1998. The interface between traditional and modern methods of fishery management in the Pacific Islands. Ocean and Coastal Management 40:127-142. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji; Cook Islands Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Brown, K., W. N. Adger, E. Tompkins, P. Bacon, D. Shim, and K. Young. 1998. A framework for incorporating stakeholder participation in marine resource management: A case study in Tobago. Working Paper - Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment. 1998 Global; Trinidad; Tobago Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Cansfield-Smith, T. 1998. The 25 Year Strategic Plan for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: A model for strategic planning in the Wadden Sea Area? Senckenbergiana Maritima 29:165-171. 1998 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Cuthill, M. 1998. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck. Coastal Management 26:33-46. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Gribble, N. A. and J. W. A. Robertson. 1998. Fishing effort in the far northern section cross shelf closure area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: The effectiveness of area closures. Journal of Environmental Management 52:53-67. 1998 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
J. E. Arias-Gonzalez, B. Delesalle, B. Salvat, R. Galzin. 1998. Trophic models of protected and unprotected coral reef ecosystems in the South of the Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:236-255. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Index or Indicator Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Major, J. 1998. Do marine 'no-take' zones work? Australasian Science 19:20-22. 1998 Global; Australia Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Peachey, A. 1998. An economic valuation of water based recreation in the Great Barrier Reef marine park. Australian Parks and Recreation 34:14-16. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Russ, C. R., D. C. Lou, J. B. Higgs, and B. P. Ferreira. 1998. Mortality rate of a cohort of the coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, in zones of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park closed to fishing. Marine and Freshwater Research 49:507-511. 1998 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Shafer, C. S. and D. Benzaken. 1998. User perceptions about marine wilderness on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Coastal Management 26:79-91. 1998 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Attwood, C. G., J. M. Harris, and A. J. Williams. 1997. International experience of marine protected areas and their relevance to South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 311-332. 1997 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Corporate Responses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bavestrello, G., C. Cerrano, D. Zanzi, and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 1997. Damage by fishing activities to the Gorgonian coral Paramuricea clavata in the Ligurian Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:253-262. 1997 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Octocoral
Cesar, H., C. G. Lundin, S. Bettencourt, J. Dixon. 1997. Indonesian coral reefs - an economic analysis of a precious but threatened resource. Ambio 26:345-350. 1997 Indonesia Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Colman, J. G. 1997. A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark. Journal of Fish Biology 51:1219-1234. 1997 Australia Review Apex Fish Predators; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Driml, S. M. 1997. Bringing ecological economics out of the wilderness. Ecological Economics 23:145-153. 1997 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Edgar, G. J., J. Moverley, N. S. Barrett, D. Peters, and C. Reed. 1997. The conservation-related benefits of a systematic marine biological sampling programme: The Tasmanian reef bioregionalisation as a case study. Biological Conservation 79:227-240. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses
Harriott, V. J., D. Davis, and S. A. Banks. 1997. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio 26:173-179. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hatziolos, M. 1997. Coral reefs and the World Bank. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:30-31. 1997 Global; Australia Corporate Responses; Marine Protected Areas
Haynes, D. 1997. Marine debris on continental islands and sand cays in the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:276-279. 1997 Australia Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas
Luttinger, N. 1997. Community-based coral reef conservation in the Bay Islands of Honduras. Ocean and Coastal Management 36:22-Nov. 1997 Honduras Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R., D. Obura. 1997. Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209:103-122. 1997 Kenya Algae; Discharges; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mcclanahan, T. R., H. Glaesel, J. Rubens, and R. Kiambo. 1997. The effects of traditional fisheries management on fisheries yields and the coral-reef ecosystems of southern Kenya. Environmental Conservation 24:105-120. 1997 Kenya Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince, and R. Shepherd. 1997. Distribution and abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:185-208. 1997 Australia; Middle East Apex Fish Predators; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Whales & Dolphins
Alder, J. 1996. Costs and effectiveness of education and enforcement, cairns section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Environmental Management 20:541-551. 1996 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Craik, W. 1996. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia: A model for regional management. Natural Areas Journal 16:344-353. 1996 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Hill, G. J. E., P. K. Dyer, J. L. Carter, and T. Barnes. 1996. Nesting activity, breeding success and colony size for the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus on Heron Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 21:316-323. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Jennings, S., S. S. Marshall, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1996. Seychelles' marine protected areas: Comparative structure and status of reef fish communities. Biological Conservation 75:201-209. 1996 Seychelles Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
McClanahan, T. R. and B. Kaunda-Arara. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery [Recuperacion de pesquerias en un parque marino de arrecife coralino]. Conservation Biology 10:1187-1199. 1996 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Newman, S. J., D. M. Williams, and G. R. Russ. 1996. Variability in the population structure of Lutjanus adetii (Castelnau, 1873) and L. quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) among reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Fishery Bulletin 94:313-329. 1996 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Causey, BI LL Y. 1995. Florida keys National Marine Sanctuary: a model for ecosystem management and planning. Pages 43-44 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Florida Model Marine Protected Areas
Davis, D., V. Harriott, C. Macnamara, L. Roberts, and S. Austin. 1995. Conflicts in a marine protected area: scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australian Parks & Recreation 31:29-35. 1995 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. 1995. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef: A response. Journal of Environmental Management 45:91-99. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hooten, A. J. and M. E. Hatziolos. 1995. Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. in Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation. Proceedings of a workshop, Washington, DC, June 1995. 1995 Global Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas
McClanahan, T. R. 1995. Fish predators and scavengers of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei in Kenyan coral-reef marine parks. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43:187-193. 1995 Kenya Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McClanahan, T. R. and D. Obura. 1995. Status of Kenyan coral reefs. Coastal Management 23:57-76. 1995 Kenya Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins
McPhail, I. and J. E. Brodie. 1995. Science and management: the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) experience. Pages 82-83 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Pendleton, L. H. 1995. Valuing coral reef protection. Ocean and Coastal Management 26:119-131. 1995 Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Christie, P., A. T. White, and D. Buhat. 1994. Community-based coral reef management on San Salvador Island, the Philippines. Society & Natural Resources 7:103-117. 1994 Philippines Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Cocks, K. D. and B. H. Walker. 1994. Contribution of \sustainability' criteria to social perceptions of land use options". Land Degradation & Rehabilitation 5:143-151. 1994 Australia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning
Gjerde, K. and D. Freestone. 1994. Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas - an important environmental concept at a turning-point. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 9:431-578. 1994 Australia Review Educational & Research Opportunities; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Kelleher, G. 1994. Can the Great Barrier Reef model of protected areas save reefs worldwide? Pages 346-352 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Larkum, A. W. D. and A. D. L. Steven. 1994. ENCORE: The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs. 1. Experimental design and research programme. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:112-120. 1994 Australia Index or Indicator Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients
Leao, Z. M. A. N., M. D. Telles, R. Sforza, H. A. Bulhoes, and R. K. P. Kikuchi. 1994. Impact of tourism development on the coral reefs of the Abrolhos area, Brazil. Pages 254-260 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Deforestation & Devegetation; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
McManus, J. W. 1994. The Spratly Islands: A marine park? Ambio 23:181-186. 1994 Marine Protected Areas
Morton, B. 1994. Hong Kong's coral communities status, threats and management plans. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:74-83. 1994 Review Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Ohman, M., A. Rajasuriya, and O. Linden. 1994. Three adjacent coral reefs in north-western Sri Lanka; biology and human disturbances. Pages 404-409 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Sri Lanka Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Omar, R. M. N. R. 1994. Design and construction of artificial reefs in Malaysia. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1050-1061. 1994 Malaysia Artificial Habitat; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Puotinen, M. L. 1994. Designing effective baseline monitoring programs for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Queensland, Australia. Coastal Management 22:391-398. 1994 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Marine Protected Areas
Smith, S. R. 1994. Status and recent history of coral reefs at the CARICOMP network of Caribbean marine laboratories. Pages 73-79 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Lab Study Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Tunstall, B. R. 1994. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water Resources. 1994 Australia Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Military
Wilkinson, C. R., L. M. Chou, E. Gomez, A. R. Ridzwan, S. Soekarno, and S. Sudara. 1994. Status of coral reefs in Southeast Asia: threats and responses. Pages 311-317 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; Philippines Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Alder, J. 1993. Permits, an evolving tool for the day-to-day management of the Cairns Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management 21:25-36. 1993 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Dugan, J. E. and G. E. Davis. 1993. International symposium on marine harvest refugia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:1991-2042. 1993 Florida; Australia; Cayman Islands; Bermuda Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Gallagher Charmaine, MA RI E and J. Lee Donna. 1993. Economic contribution to marine park management for Hanauma Bay, Hawaii. Pages 142-155 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Pailles, C., D. M. McConchie, A. V. Arakel, and P. Saenger. 1993. The distribution of phosphate in sediments of the Johnstone Rivers catchment-estuary system, North Queensland, Australia. Sedimentary Geology 85:253-269. 1993 Australia Agriculture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Polunin, N. V. C. and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100:167-176. 1993 South & Central America; Antilles; Belize; Caribbean GIS & Maps Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Rasmussen, C. F. 1993. Development in a coastal zone. The Magnetic Quay development - Magnetic Island. Pages 537-543 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Wolanski, E. 1993. Facts and numerical artefacts in modelling the dispersal of crown-of- thorns starfish larvae in the Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:427-436. 1993 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Craik, W. 1992. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Its establishment, development and current status. Marine Pollution Bulletin 25:122-133. 1992 Australia Review Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Krol, A., M. Noordink, J. Jell, and D. Chen. 1992. Heron island groundwater project. Pages 181-185 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1992 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Adey, W. H. and K. Loveland. 1991. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. Dynamic aquaria: building living ecosystems. 1991 Australia Model Domestic Animal Waste; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Wetlands
Albert, AL AN and CA MP BE LL Grummitt. 1991. Day visitor pontoon Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Pages 2852-2865 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Kenchington, R. 1991. Tourism development in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15:57-78. 1991 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Kriwoken, L. K. 1991. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Intergovernmental relations. Marine Policy 15:349-362. 1991 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Lawrence, D. and I. J. Dight. 1991. Torres Strait Baseline Study. Environmental protection of a tropical marine environment in northern Australia. Pages 1125-1139 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Australia; Papua New Guinea Commercial Fisheries; Fishing Sector; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pintukanok, AM PA N. 1991. Coastal zone management, national implementable plan and policy development. A case study of Phuket Island. Pages 1674-1684 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
White Alan, T. and NE LS ON Lopez. 1991. Coastal resources management planning and implementation for the Fishery Sector Program of the Philippines. Pages 762-775 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Cultural Policies; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
White, A. T. and V. P. Palaganas. 1991. Philippine Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park: Status, management issues, and proposed plan. Environmental Conservation 18. 1991 Marine Protected Areas
Dight, I. J., L. Bode, and M. K. James. 1990. Modelling the larval dispersal of Acanthaster planci - I. Large scale hydrodynamics, Cairns Section, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coral Reefs 9:115-123. 1990 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Dight, I. J., M. K. James, and L. Bode. 1990. Modelling the larval dispersal of Acanthaster planci - II. Patterns of reef connectivity. Coral Reefs 9:125-134. 1990 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas; Seastars
Kelleher, G. 1990. Floating hotels on the Great Barrier Reef. Pages 149-154 in Coastal ocean space utilization. Proc. international symposium, New York, 1989. 1990 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Marsh, H. and G. B. Rathbun. 1990. Development and application of conventional and satellite radio tracking techniques for studying dugong movements and habitat use. Australian Wildlife Research 17:83-100. 1990 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1990. The distribution and abundance of dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park south of Cape Bedford. Australian Wildlife Research 17:511-524. 1990 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Baldwin, C. L. 1989. Water quality and management in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:267-272. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. and J. Rosier. 1989. Wedgetailed shearwaters, white capped noddies and tourist development on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Journal of Environmental Management 29:107-114. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Hopley, D., K. E. Parnell, and P. J. Isdale. 1989. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: dimensions and regional patterns. Australian Geographical Studies 27:47-66. 1989 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Hulsman, K., N. P. E. Langham, and D. Bluhdorn. 1989. Factors affecting the diet of crested terns, Sterna bergii. Australian Wildlife Research 16:475-489. 1989 Australia Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Aerial surveys of sea turtles in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:239-249. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Marsh, H. and W. K. Saalfeld. 1989. Distribution and abundance of dugongs in the northern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Australian Wildlife Research 16:429-440. 1989 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Tisdell, C. and J. M. Broadus. 1989. Policy issues related to the establishment and management of marine reserves. Coastal Management 17:37-53. 1989 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Woodley Jeremy, D. and R. Clark John. 1989. Rehabilitation of degraded coral reefs. Pages 3059-3075 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Review Algae; Aquaculture; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation
Woodley, S. 1989. Management of water quality in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Water Science and Technology 21:31-38. 1989 Australia Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Gyuris, E. and C. J. Limpus. 1988. The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, in Queensland: population breeding structure. Australian Wildlife Research 15:197-209. 1988 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles
Kozlowski, J., J. Rosier, and G. Hill. 1988. Ultimate Environmental Threshold (UET) method in a marine environment (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia). Landscape and Urban Planning 15:327-336. 1988 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Parnell, K. E. 1988. Physical process studies in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Progress in Physical Geography 12:209-237. 1988 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Chaloupka Milani, Y. 1987. Taxing Response Evasion On The Great Barrier Reef. Pages 3441-3455 in [No source information available]. 1987 Australia Model Marine Protected Areas
Craik, W. and I. Dutton. 1987. Assessing the effects of sediment discharge on the Cape Tribulation fringing coral reefs. Coastal Management 15:213-228. 1987 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Craik, WE ND Y. 1986. Monitoring In The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 785-790 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Dutton, I. M. 1986. Environmental Management Of The Proposed Floating Hotel At John Brewer Reef. Pages 263-269 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1986 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Chaloupka, M. Y. 1985. Application of the randomized response technique to marine park management: an assessment of permit compliance. Environmental Management 9:393-398. 1985 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B. 1985. Landsat based interpretation of the Cairns section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Natural Resources Series - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources 4. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B., K. K. Mayo, D. A. Kuchler, D. V. R. Claasen, R. A. Kenchington, and P. R. Guerin. 1985. Remote sensing for planning and managing the great barrier reef of Australia. Photogrammetria 40:21-42. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Cocks, K. D. 1984. A systematic method of public use zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia. Coastal Zone Management Journal 12:359-383. 1984 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning
Gallegos Sonia, C., R. ST EV EN Nerem, I. Gray Jr. Thomas, and R. Helfert Michael. 1984. Vegetative Responses From A Great Barrier Reef Surface Water Feature Detected By Space Shuttle Photography. Pages 699-707 in [No source information available]. 1984 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jupp David, L. B., K. Mayo Kevin, A. Kuchler Deborah, R. Claasen Dan Van, and R. Guerin Peter. 1984. Application And Potential Of Remote Sensing To Planning And Managing The Great Barrier Reef Of Australia. Pages 121-137 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1984 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B. 1984. Technical Memorandum - CSIRO Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources. 1984 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Marine Protected Areas
Salm, R. V. 1984. Ecological boundaries for coral-reef reserves: Principles and guidelines. Environmental Conservation 11:209-215. 1984 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas
Williams, D. M., E. Wolanski, and J. C. Andrews. 1984. Transport mechanisms and the potential movement of planktonic larvae in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 3:229-236. 1984 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Plankton
Cocks, K. D., I. A. Baird, and J. R. Anderson With W. Craik. 1983. CSIRO Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources, Divisional Report. 1983 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Gomez, E. D. 1983. Perspectives on coral reef research and management in the Pacific. Ocean Management 8:281-295. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Review Marine Protected Areas
Kermond John, L. 1983. Research For Management: Gbr Marine Park, Australia. Pages 2877-2889 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1983 Australia Marine Protected Areas
Morris, G. C. 1983. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: a unique management concept ( Australia). Parks 8:4-Jan. 1983 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Polunin, N. V. C. 1983. Marine 'genetic resources' and the potential role of protected areas in conserving them. Environmental Conservation 10:31-41. 1983 Review Aquaculture; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Anderson, J. R., N. Wood, and I. A. Baird. 1982. CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water and Land Resources, Technical Memorandum. 1982 Australia GIS & Maps Marine Protected Areas
Kelleher, G. G. and R. A. Kenchington. 1982. Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: making development compatible with conservation. Ambio 11:262-267. 1982 Australia Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Fishelson, L. 1980. Marine reserves along the Sinai Peninsula (northern Red Sea). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 33:624-640. 1980 Egypt; Iran Marine Protected Areas
Baker, J. T. 1977. Management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 597-604 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977, Volume 2, geology. 1977 Australia Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Gustavson, K. R. Values associated with the use of the Montego Bay Marine Park. World Bank Research Committee. Jamaica Marine Protected Areas; Valuation
Santos, R. S., S. Christiansen, B. Christiansen, and S. Gubbay. Toward the conservation and management of Sedlo Seamount: A case study. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Conducting Socioeconomic Research: Support science of socioeconomic analysis of marine protected areas Little is known about applied socioeconomic analysis to marine protected areas. Funding support will be provided for scientists to meet and share information on this subject. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Injury Prevention: Foster Reef Resilience Resilience relates to how well the reef ecosystem is able to maintain key functions and processes while under abnormal pressure or stress. Two ways of supporting coral reef resilience are: incorporating known resilient areas into management design and by implementing strategies to either reinstate or protect factors that contribute to resilience, such as good environmental conditions, biological diversity, and connectivity. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Resource Use Management
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Utilize Marine Protected Areas for Research and Monitoring Research and monitoring of marine protected areas determine the degree to which the zones meet goals and objectives for protecting natural resources, as well as human-use patterns, attitudes and compliance. Once data is gathered from within the protected zone it can than be compared to comprable data from outside the protected zone, as a control. It is necessary to compile and review data on use patterns to determine where additional Special-Use Areas would be appropriate. Research in the protected area should be non-invasive. It is important to make the protected area available for external research as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Utilize Managed Areas for Socioeconomic Research Data are needed to test hypotheses about the socioeconomic impact of marine zoning and user-group perceptions about changes in natural resources within the sanctuary area. User-group perception of changes in natural resources can be compared with quantitative ecological data to identify misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Providing funding opportunities for external scientists to conduct research in the managed area is another option. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Permitting & Zoning; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Sanctuary Use Patterns and Resource Value This management option seeks to provide data and analysis of consumptive and non-consumptive use of all natural resources within sanctuary borders. Special emphasis is to be placed on artificial and natural reef resources used by residents and visitors. Wherever possible, market and non-market values of these resources should be elicited as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Services; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
25 Virgin Islands Code. Under Title 25, in addition to requirements for boat registration and administration of harbors, among other things, sections pertaining to the mooring and anchoring of vessels and houseboats provide for the protection of important marine resources in USVI waters. The Law requires mandatory boating education and safety courses for all boat operators.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mooring and anchoring are restricted and not allowed near fragile systems. Not anchoring on coral reefs is abig plus of this legislation.

Legislative Actions:Penalties for violation of the Chapter include fines not to exceed $1,000, a lien on the vessel and potential libel suit

Comments:A houseboat or vessel is allowed to moor or anchor only in those areas designated by the Department. Section 404(g) of the legislation lists areas designated as areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Boating Regulations; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Transportation Policies
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 43 United States Code §§ 2101-2106. To establish title to certain abandoned shipwrecks. U. S. Government asserted three categories of abandoned shipwrecks; embedded in a State's submerged lands, embedded in corralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands, located on a State's submerged lands and included or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of historic Places.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act requires, but is not limited to, development by NPS of guidelines for States and Federal agencies to develop appropriate and consistant policies to protect national resources and habitat areas, and to provide for public and private sector recovery consistant with historical values and environmental integrety. Corralline structures are specifically protected by the Act.

Legislative Actions:Specific response will vary from Federal agency to Federal agency and State to State.

Comments:The NPS published non-binding, advisory guidelines for States and Federal agencies to establish, review, revise, and implement programs to manage shipwrecks under their ownership or control. The guidance is entitled "Abondoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines."   		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US State Waters 		Artificial Habitat; Coral; Designated Uses; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
American Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 United States Code §§ 431-433. The Act provides penalties for unauthorized collection, excavation, or destruction of historic or prehistoric ruins, monuments, or objects of antiquity on lands owned or controlled by the United States. It authorized that areas of extrodinary geographical, historical , aesthetic value can be designated national monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:Has been used by Presidential Proclamation in 2001 to expand or create two national monuments; the Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument and the Buck Island Reef National Monument. The monuments include coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Docks & Marinas; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chapter 21: Virgin Islands coastal zone management, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Protect, maintain, preserve and, where feasible, enhance and restore, the overall quality of the environment in the coastal zone, the natural and man-made resources therein, and the scenic and historic resources of the coastal zone for he benefit of residents of and visitors of the USVI

Application to Coral Reefs:The Legislature stated coastal zone protection will conserve ecologically significant resource areas for their contribution to marine productivity and value as wildlife habitats, and preserve the function and integrity of reefs, marine meadows, salt ponds, mangroves and other significant natural areas. The legislation will also maintain or increase coastal water quality through control of erosion, sedimentation, runoff, siltation and sewage discharge.

Legislative Actions:Any violation of the chapter will be grounds for revocation or suspension of coastal zone permit and an order to cease and desist. Any person who violates any provision of the chapter shall be subject to a civil fine not to exceed $10,000 per day. Exemplary damages may be assessed at the discretion of the court.

Comments:Section 908 of the law shows Coastal Zone Boundaries. Section 909 shows areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (CBRA), 16 United States Code §§ 3501 et seq. Promote more appropriate use and conservation of coastal barriers along the Atlantic, Gulf and Great Lakes coastlines. Minimize the loss of human life; reduce wasteful expenditures on shoreline development; minimize damage to wildlife, marine life, and other natural services, and establish a coastal barrier resources system.

Application to Coral Reefs:Development of coastal barrier islands can cause sedimentation, through runoff and construction activities, that could reach inshore coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Restrict most federal expenditures and financial assistance that encourage development including federal flood insurance.

Comments:Recognized coastal barriers as essential habitat for many fish, water fowl and other aquatic animals. 		U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coral; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1451-1456. Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:In addition, the Act authorized a national system of estuarine sanctuaries and the establishment of national field laboratories with a 50/50 cost-sharing grants with coastal states.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Exec. Order No. 13158, Marine Protected Areas, 65 Federal Register 34909 (2000). This Executive Order is meant to help protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations by strengthening and expanding the Nation�s system of marine protected areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:Benefits to coral reefs within MPA's.

Legislative Actions:One of the provisions of the Act requires that the Secretary develop a scientifically based, comprehensive system of MPA's representing diverse US marine ecosystems, and the Nation's natural and cultural resources.

Comments: 		Department of Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. Required the Service to monitor non-game bird and fish species, identify species of management concerns, and implement conservation measures to preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Anchoring on Tortugas Bank, Federal Register § Volume 63, Number 158 (1998). The regulation reinstates and makes permanent the temporary prohibition on anchoring by vessels 50 meters or greater in registered length on the Tortugas Bank west of the Dry Tortugas National Park within the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition on anchoring protects coral reefs and benthic habitats from physical damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act as amended through January 2007, Statutes at Large §§ 94-265. National program for the conservation and management of fishery resources of the US to prevent overfishing, to rebuild overfished stocks, to facilitate the long-term protection of essential fish habitat, and to realize the full potential of the Nation's fishery resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:Promote the protection of essential fish habitat in the review of projects conducted under federal permits, licenses, or other authorities that effct or have the potential to affect such habitats. The amendments of 2006 specifically require the protection of deep sea coral habitats.

Legislative Actions:Requires government observers on board a certain number of fishing vessels. The Act provides for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed including seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation of property.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 United States Code § 1401. To regulate the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities. To regulate (1) the transportation by any person of material from the United States and, in the case of United States vessels, aircraft, or agencies, the transportation of material from a location outside the United States, when in either case the transportation is for the purpose of dumping the material into ocean waters, and (2) the dumping of material transported by any person from a location outside the United States, if the dumping occurs in the territorial sea or the contiguous zone of the United States.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act has been historically used to regulate dumping of dredged materials and sewage sludge into the marine environment. The law intends to improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources, enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment, and to maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecologigal services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit those areas. Because permits are required, it can be assumed that dumping would not be allowed if the material would be dispersed into a sensitive habitat such as coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:EPA may assess an administrative civil penalty up to $50,000 per person. Higher penalties can be assessed for dumping medical waste (up to $125,000). Each day in violation constitutes a separate offense. Continuing violations can suffer criminal penalties with fines and up to five years imprisionment possible.

Comments:The Act has played a major role in regulating the disposal of dredged material into the ocean environment. However, medical and radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, as well as sewage sludge, are also regulated in the law. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
National Park Service General Partnership Authorities of 1970, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act supplemented and clarified the National Park Service's mandate with respect to the management of the National Park System.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Designated Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act was created to start the National Park Service within the Department of Interior for the purpose of promoting and regulating the use of federal areas such as national parks and monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Created the National Park Service to be supervised by a Director.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invasive Species; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 33 United States Code § 1252. This law prohibits the discharge of any type of refuse matter in U.S. waters without permission (section 13). In addition, the excavation, fill, or alteration of the course, condition, or capacity of any port, channel, river, or other areas within the limits of this law is prohibited. This law prohibits the construction or alteration of a structure in wetlands of the U.S. (sections 9 and 10). Construction in wetlands and waters of the U.S. requires a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Application to Coral Reefs:Under section 10, excavation or fill within navigable waters requires approval of the Chief of Engineers and concerns about contaminated sediments with dredge and fill projects in navigable waters is addressed within the permitting process. Indirect protection of coral reefs is offered by the Act and its prohibition of dumping refuse into navigable waters and the process of anaylzing sediment in proposed dredge and fill operations.

Legislative Actions:Violations of the law are punished under section 309 of the Clean Water Act and section 205 of National Fishing Enhancement Act. Fines imposed for violation will not be less than $10,000 per violation or more than $25,000 per violation.

Comments:Many states, including Florida, require additional permits for constuction of docks, piers, wharfs, jetties and other structures in navigable waters and wetlands in addition to the Corps of Engineers permit. Authority to issue permits for discharge of refuse matter under section 13 was modified by the amendments to Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit process. The Act was initially established to protect interstate commerce in navigable waters. The permit review process involves factors including economics, aethetics, general envitonmental concerns, historical values, water quality, and fish and wildlife impact before project approval is granted. 		US Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Protection Act, Public Law 101-605 (H.R. 5909 United States Code (1990). To protect the resources of the area delineated in section 5(b) of the Act, to educate and interpret for the public regarding the Florida Keys marine environment, and to manage such human uses of the Sanctuary consistent with the Act. Nothing in the Act is intended to restrict activities that do not cause adverse effects to the resources or property of the Sanctuary or that do not pose harm to the users of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the thrid largest coral reef barrier in the world. Included in the FKNMS are Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 squared nautical miles of coral reefs.The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive in the Sanctuary. From Miami to the Marquesas Keys there are over 6000 patch reefs. The Act also protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, futher protecting mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act required the preparation of a comprehensive mangement plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:Large vessel groundings on coral reefs in the Florida Keys was a major driver for the designation of the Sanctuary. In 1989, there were three groundings of large commercial vessels on the coral reef tract within an eighteen day period. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as lead agency and Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission, and Monroe County as Co-Trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Transportation

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