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Entertainment & Accommodation Services

Entertainment & Accommodation Services

Entertainment and Accommodation Services are businesses that provide attractions, lodging, and food services for tourists, and to some degree for local residents. Businesses include hotel and food services, boat and car rental services, and recreational attractions such as golf courses, museums, and nature parks.

CMap

Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Cultural policies are responses that impact the distribution and functioning of cultural sectors, including tourism, recreation, education, and social organization. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Entertainment and Accommodation Services are businesses that provide attractions, lodging, and food services for tourists, and to some degree for local residents. Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. The Golf Course Operations subsector of the Entertainment and Accommodation Services sector consists of establishments that operate golf courses, including country clubs that also offer dining and other recreational facilities. The Hotel and Food Services subsector of Entertainment and Accommodation Services provides accommodations, restaurants, and similar services for tourism and local recreation. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Industries involved in the Museums, Amusement Parks, and Historical Sites subsector of the Entertainment and Accommodation Services sector preserve and exhibit objects, sites, and natural wonders of historical, cultural, and educational value, and operate amusement parks for public entertainment. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Tourism and recreation policies can be use to control the distribution and intensity of recreational activities such as through advertising, incentives, or visitors centers. The Travel Services and Tour Operators subsector of the Entertainment and Accommodation Services sector provides travel arrangements, reservations, boat and car rentals, and guided tours for tourists. Water resources reflect the quality and quantity of seawater available for human use, including swimming, navigation, and other uses.

CMap Description

Tourism & recreation requires construction of hotels, restaurants, docks, marinas, beaches and natural areas, which contribute to landscape changes and alter pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Tourism activities involving contact uses (boating, swimming, fishing) may cause physical damage to reef species,. Tourism & recreation sectors directly benefit from many ecosystem services, including the aesthetic value of the reef and clean, calm waters, which provide recreational opportunities and contribute to the cultural identity of the local community. The reef ecosystem also provides seafood and marine products, such as ornamental jewelry and other souvenirs. Decision-makers can enact policies to increase tourism, alter the location or intensity of recreational activities, or educate the public to modify their behavior.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Contribution of Jamaica�s Coral Reefs. World Resource Institute, Washington, D.C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Garcia, J; Duchowicz, PR; Rozas, MF; Caram, JA; Mirifico, MV; Fernandez, FM; Castro, EA. 2011. A comparative QSAR on 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxide compounds as selective inhibitors of human serine proteinases. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 31:10-19. 2011 Model Hotel & Food Services; Pathogens
Goatley, CHR; Bellwood, DR. 2011. The Roles of Dimensionality, Canopies and Complexity in Ecosystem Monitoring. PLoS One 6. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral
Jones, RJ. 2011. Environmental Effects Of The Cruise Tourism Boom: Sediment Resuspension From Cruise Ships And The Possible Effects Of Increased Turbidity And Sediment Deposition On Corals (Bermuda). Bulletin of Marine Science 87:659-679. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Bermuda; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Cruise Ships; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Lapointe, BE; Thacker, K; Hanson, C; Getten, L. 2011. Sewage pollution in Negril, Jamaica: effects on nutrition and ecology of coral reef macroalgae. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 29:775-789. 2011 Florida; Jamaica Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Naoum-Sawaya, J; Elhedhli, S. 2011. An interior point cutting plane heuristic for mixed integer programming. Computers and Operations Research 38:1335-1341. 2011 Hotel & Food Services
Perger, R; Vargas, R; Wall, A. 2011. Johngarthia cocoensis, a new species of Gecarcinidae MacLeay, 1838 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Zootaxa 57-68. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Roche, RC; Abel, RL; Johnson, KG; Perry, CT. 2011. Spatial variation in porosity and skeletal element characteristics in apical tips of the branching coral Acropora pulchra (Brook 1891). Coral Reefs 30:195-201. 2011 Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Waite, R., E. Cooper, N. Zenny, and L. Burke. 2011. Coastal Capital: Jamaica - The Economic Value of Jamaica�s Coral Reef-Related Fisheries. Working Paper, World Resources Institute and The Nature Conservancy, Washington, D. C. (USA). 2011 Global; Jamaica Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Williams, RB; Moore, PG. 2011. An annotated catalogue of the marine biological paintings of Thomas Alan Stephenson (1898-1961). Archives of Natural History 38:242-266. 2011 Australia Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Butler, A. J., T. Rees, P. Beesley, and N. J. Bax. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Australian Region. PLoS One 5:e11831. 2010 Australia Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Chou, L. M., D. W. Huang, K. P. P. Tun, J. T. B. Kwik, Y. C. Tay, and A. L. Seow. 2010. Temporal Changes in Reef Community Structure at Bintan Island (Indonesia) Suggest Need for Integrated Management. Pacific Science 64:99-111. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Clua, E., N. Buray, P. Legendre, J. Mourier, and S. Planes. 2010. Behavioural response of sicklefin lemon sharks Negaprion acutidens to underwater feeding for ecotourism purposes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414:257-266. 2010 Apex Fish Predators; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Goffredo, S., F. Pensa, P. Neri, A. Orlandi, M. S. Gagliardi, A. Velardi, C. Piccinetti, and F. Zaccanti. 2010. Unite research with what citizens do for fun: "recreational monitoring'' of marine biodiversity. Ecological Applications 20:2170-2187. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Knee, K. L., J. H. Street, E. E. Grossman, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2010. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean from submarine groundwater discharge in a groundwater-dominated system: Relation to land use (Kona coast, Hawaii, USA). Limnology and Oceanography 55:1105-1122. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Discharges; Golf Course Operations; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2010. The perceptions of local fishermen towards a hotel managed marine reserve in Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:114-122. 2010 Vietnam Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Tsuda, R. T., J. R. Fisher, P. S. Vroom, and I. A. Abbott. 2010. New records of subtidal benthic marine algae from Wake Atoll, Central Pacific. Botanica Marina 53:19-29. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Marshall Islands Algae; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Wei, M. Y., C. Y. Wang, Q. A. Liu, C. L. Shao, Z. G. She, and Y. C. Lin. 2010. Five Sesquiterpenoids from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp Isolated from a Gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea. Marine Drugs 8:941-949. 2010 China Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral
Grokhovskaya, T. L., M. I. Lapina, and A. V. Mokhov. 2009. Assemblages and genesis of platinum-group minerals in low-sulfide ores of the monchetundra deposit, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits 51:467-485. 2009 Hotel & Food Services
Justine, J. L., C. Dupoux, and T. H. Cribb. 2009. Resolution of the discrepant host-specificity of Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from serranid fishes in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Acta Parasitologica 54:119-130. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Kawauchi, G. Y. and M. E. Rice. 2009. Two new species of Nephasoma (Sipuncula: Golfingiidae) from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 122:13-Jan. 2009 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review Golf Course Operations; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral
Koldewey, H. J., J. Atkinson, and A. Debney. 2009. Threatened species on the menu? Towards sustainable seafood use in zoos and aquariums. International Zoo Yearbook 43:71-81. 2009 Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Wetlands
Purgley, H., J. Jewell, J. E. Deacon, R. M. Winokur, and V. M. Tripoli. 2009. Vitamin D-3 in Captive Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8:161-167. 2009 Review Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Hotel & Food Services; Light; Sea Turtles
Reid-Grant, K. and M. G. Bhat. 2009. Financing marine protected areas in Jamaica: An exploratory study. Marine Policy 33:128-136. 2009 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Sih, J. and J. Chouw. 2009. Fish And Whips: Use Of Gorgonians As A Habitat By The Large Whipcoral Goby, Bryaninops Amplus (Larson). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 145-157. 2009 Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral
Svensson, P., L. D. Rodwell, and M. J. Attrill. 2009. Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a mechanism for the conservation of coral reef ecosystems: A case study from Vietnam. Ambio 38:72-78. 2009 Global; Vietnam Banks, Credit, & Securities; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Venkatachalam, A. J., A. R. G. Price, S. Chandrasekara, and S. S. Sellamuttu. 2009. Risk factors in relation to human deaths and other tsunami (2004) impacts in Sri Lanka: The fishers'-eye view. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:57-66. 2009 Sri Lanka Model; Index or Indicator Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Barnes, S.-J., H. M. Prichard, R. A. Cox, P. C. Fisher, and B. Godel. 2008. The location of the chalcophile and siderophile elements in platinum-group element ore deposits (a textural, microbeam and whole rock geochemical study): Implications for the formation of the deposits. Chemical Geology 248:295-317. 2008 Cuba; South Africa Model Hotel & Food Services
Fisher, J. B., R. Nawaz, R. Fauzi, F. Nawaz, E. S. Said Md. Sadek, Z. Abd. Latif, and M. Blackett. 2008. Balancing water, religion and tourism on Redang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-6. 2008 Malaysia Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Schools & Colleges; Tourism & Recreation
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Pennisi, E. 2008. Museums: Smithsonian takes the plunge with ocean exhibit. Science 321:1617. 2008 Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Pyke, G. H., J. Rowley, J. Shoulder, and A. W. White. 2008. Attempted introduction of the endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog to Long Reef Golf Course: A step towards recovery. Australian Zoologist 34:361-372. 2008 Golf Course Operations; Pathogens
Stevely, J. and D. Sweat. 2008. Exploring the potential and protecting the resources: Florida's marine sponges. Sea Grant, Gainesville, FL. 2008 Florida Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sponges
Steyn, E., P. J. Fielding, and M. H. Schleyer. 2008. The artisanal fishery for East Coast rock lobsters Panulirus homarus along the Wild Coast, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science 30:497-506. 2008 South Africa Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Teh, L. C. L., L. S. L. Teh, and F. C. Chung. 2008. A private management approach to coral reef conservation in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3061-3077. 2008 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
White, A. W. and G. H. Pyke. 2008. Frogs on the hop: Translocations of Green and Golden Bell Frogs Litoria aurea in Greater Sydney. Australian Zoologist 34:249-260. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Pathogens
Blaise, S., E. Deleersnijder, L. White, and J.-F. Remacle. 2007. Influence of the turbulence closure scheme on the finite-element simulation of the upwelling in the wake of a shallow-water island. Continental Shelf Research 27:2329-2345. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Hotel & Food Services; Sediment
Kench, P. S., S. L. Nichol, R. F. McLean, S. G. Smithers, and R. W. Brander. 2007. Impact of the Sumatran Ttunami on the geomorphology and sediments of reef islands: South Maalhosmadulu Atoll, Maldives. Atoll Research Bulletin 105-129. 2007 Maldives Climate; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
McCarthy, M., G. Henderson, and S. Batos. 2007. The heritage of the deep: Finding s/s Stefano. Nase More 54:233-238. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Merritt, R. 2007. MPAA's top cop quits, hopes to land corporate gig. Electronic Engineering Times 1469:36-38. 2007 Europe Corporate Responses; Internet & Telecommunications
Winfield, I., L. G. Abarca-Arenas, and S. Chazaro-Olvera. 2007. Crustacean macrofoulers in the Veracruz coral reef system, SW Gulf of Mexico: Checklist, spatial distribution and diversity. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48:287-295. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Discharges; Hotel & Food Services
Al-Horani, F. A., S. A. Al-Rousan, M. Al-Zibdeh, and M. A. Khalaf. 2006. The status of coral reefs on the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Zoology in the Middle East 38:99-110. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Davenport, J. and J. L. Davenport. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:280-292. 2006 Cuba Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Invasive Species; Land & Air Transportation; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Frihy, O. E., A. N. Hassan, W. R. El Sayed, M. M. Iskander, and M. Y. Sherif. 2006. A review of methods for constructing coastal recreational facilities in Egypt (Red Sea). Ecological Engineering 27:12-Jan. 2006 Egypt Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Badran, M. I. and M. K. Al Zibdah. 2005. Environmental quality of Jordanian coastal surface sediment, Gulf of Aqaba, red sea. Ambio 34:615-620. 2005 Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Carruthers, T. J. B., B. I. Van Tussenbroek, and W. C. Dennison. 2005. Influence of submarine springs and wastewater on nutrient dynamics of Caribbean seagrass meadows. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 64:191-199. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Hotel & Food Services; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Cazes-Duvat, V. 2005. West Indies archipelagos coping with coastal erosion (Macarena, Seychelles and Maldives) [Les archipels de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien face à l'erosion cotiere (Mascareignes, Seychelles, Maldives)]. Annales de Geographie 114:342-361. 2005 Seychelles; Maldives Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Messing, G. L., S.-I. Hirano, and L. Gauckler. 2005. 9th international ceramic processing science symposium. in American Ceramic Society Bulletin. 2005 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Hotel & Food Services
SeafoodWatch. 2005. Sustainable Seafood Business Practices. Monteray Bay. 2005 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Sea Turtles; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Shaalan, I. M. 2005. Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production 13:83-87. 2005 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Capitini, C. A., B. N. Tissot, M. S. Carroll, W. J. Walsh, and S. Peck. 2004. Competing perspectives in resource protection: The case of the marine protected areas in West Hawai'i. Society and Natural Resources 17:763-778. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Dollar, S.J., R.W. Grigg. 2004. Anthropogenic and Natural Stresses on Selected Coral Reefs in Hawai'i: A Multidecade Synthesis of Impact and Recovery. Pacific Science 58:281-304. 2004 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Grace, R. F. 2004. A review of diving and hyperbaric medicine in Vanuatu. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 34:23-26. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Vanuatu Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Tourism & Recreation
Harrison, S. L., P. A. Leggat, P. J. Fenner, D. N. Durrheim, and A. L. Swinbourne. 2004. Reported Knowledge, Perceptions, and Behavior of Tourists and North Queensland Residents at Risk of Contact with Jellyfish that Cause the \Irukandji Syndrome\"". Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 15:10-Apr. 2004 Australia Textiles & Apparel; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Prichard, H. M., S.-J. Barnes, W. D. Maier, and P. C. Fisher. 2004. Variations in the nature of the platinum-group minerals in a cross-section through the Merensky reef at impala platinum: Implications for the mode of formation of the reef. Canadian Mineralogist 42:423-437. 2004 South Africa Model Agriculture; Hotel & Food Services; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining
van Beukering, P. J. H. and H. S. J. Cesar. 2004. Ecological economic modeling of coral reefs: Evaluating tourist overuse at Hanauma Bay and algae blooms at the Kīhei Coast, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 58:243-260. 2004 Model Algae; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Austin, G. 2003. Unwanted entanglement: The Philippines' Spratly policy as a case study in conflict enhancement? Security Dialogue 34:41-54. 2003 China; Philippines; Taiwan Hotel & Food Services; Military
Crabbe, M. J. C. 2003. A novel method for the transport and analysis of genetic material from polyps and zooxanthellae of scleractinian corals. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 57:171-176. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. 2003 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Recreational Fishing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Tissot, B. N. and L. E. Hallacher. 2003. Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii. Conservation Biology 17:1759-1768. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Allegra, L., G. Centanni, S. Centanni, E. Pintori, and G. Petrigni. 2002. Observations on respirable allergens (pollens and mites) in a resort located in Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt. GIMT - Giornale Italiano delle Malattie del Torace 56:54-57. 2002 Egypt Hotel & Food Services
Buckley, R. 2002. Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific Islands. II. Recreational capacity management and case study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10:425-442. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Agriculture; Cultural Policies; Forestry; Housing; Infrastructure; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Buxton, R. 2002. Third party challenges - An individual's perspective. Journal of Planning and Environment Law 0:47-55. 2002 Hotel & Food Services
Dewidar, KH .M . 2002. Landfill detection in Hurghada, North Red Sea, Egypt, using thematic mapper images. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:939-948. 2002 Egypt GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation
Fowler, J., T. C. Stephens, M. Santiago, and P. de Bruin. 2002. Amwaj Islands constructed with geotubes, Bahrain. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 38:Jun-40. 2002 Bahrain Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Waterhouse, J. and J. Johnson. 2002. Sewage discharges in the great barrier reef region. Water 29:43-49. 2002 Australia Review Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Domroes, M. 2001. Conceptualising state-controlled resort islands for an environment-friendly development of tourism: The Maldivian experience. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 22:122-137. 2001 Maldives Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Frouin, P. and P. Hatchings. 2001. Macrobenthic communities in a tropical lagoon (Tahiti, French Polynesia, central Pacific). Coral Reefs 19:277-285. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Bivalves; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Salm, R. V. and S. L. Coles. 2001. Coral bleaching and marine protected areas. Page 118 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report # 0102. Honolulu, Hawaii,. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Impacts of the 1998 coral bleaching event on tourism in El Nido, Philippines. U.S. Department of State, East Asia and Pacific Environmental Initiative (US-EAP-EI)/Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Charlier, R. H. and C. P. De Meyer. 2000. Ask nature to protect and build-up beaches. Journal of Coastal Research 16:385-390. 2000 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hotel & Food Services; Storms & Hurricanes
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Ng, S. and J. Gregory. 2000. An outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning in Victoria. Communicable diseases intelligence 24:344-346. 2000 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Medical Centers; Planktivorous Fish
Normile, D. 2000. Reef migrations, bleaching effects stir the air in bali. Science 290:1282-1283. 2000 Indonesia Fish; Hotel & Food Services
Price, A. R. G. and S. Clark. 2000. The Maldives. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 199-219. 2000 Global; Seychelles; Maldives Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rajasuriya, A. and A. Premaratne. 2000. Sri Lanka. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 175-187. 2000 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Sri Lanka; India Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Schleyer, M. H. and B. J. Tomalin. 2000. Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:1025-1042. 2000 South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Wong, P. P. 2000. Malacca Strait including Singapore and Johore Straits. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 331-344. 2000 Thailand; Malaysia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Bunce, L., K. Gustavson, J. Williams, and M. Miller. 1999. The human side of reef management: A case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs 18:369-380. 1999 Jamaica Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Non-Monetary Valuation
Chandrasena, N. and R. Sim. 1999. Managing entrenched weed problems in botany wetlands - An urban stormwater basin in Sydney. Pages 313-319 in Water Supply. 1999 Chemical Use Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation; Water; Wetlands
Edwards, A. J. and S. Clark. 1999. Coral transplantation: A useful management tool or misguided meddling? Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:474-487. 1999 Maldives Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Seastars; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hooper, J. N. A., S. E. List-Armitage, J. A. Kennedy, S. D. Cook, and C. A. Valentine. 1999. Sponges of the low isles, great barrier reef: an important scientific site, or a case of mistaken identity ? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:249-262. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sponges
Jones, R. J., T. Kildea, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 1999. PAM chlorophyll fluorometry: A new in situ technique for stress assessment in scleractinian corals, used to examine the effects of cyanide from cyanide fishing. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:864-874. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Toxics; Zooxanthellae
Shackley, M. 1999. Tourism development and environmental protection in southern Sinai. Tourism Management 20:543-548. 1999 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Bach Hanne, K., KO CK Rasmussen Erik, and TO M Foster. 1998. Eutrophication modelling of a tidally influenced mangrove area in Bali subject to major dredging and reclamation activities. Pages 251-261 in International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions. 1998 Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Nutrients; Plankton; Tourism & Recreation
Cuthill, M. 1998. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck. Coastal Management 26:33-46. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Domros, M. 1998. Tourism in the Maldives: Sustainable development through tourist resorts? [Fremdenverkehr auf den Malediven]. Geographische Rundschau 50:714-721. 1998 Maldives Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Jensen, TH OM AS, PE TE R Sloth, and VA GN ER Jacobsen. 1998. Wave dynamics and revetment design on a natural reef. Pages 1138-1151 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Indonesia Coastal Engineering; Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Nieland, D. L., C. A. Wilson, and J. W. Fleeger. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of the use of phosphogypsum for reef substrate in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:54-63. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Hinrichsen, D. 1997. Coral reefs in crisis. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 6:11-Jun. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii; Philippines Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services
Tilson, D. J. and D. W. Stacks. 1997. To know us is to love us: The public relations campaign to sell a 'Business-tourist-friendly' Miami. Public Relations Review 23:95-115. 1997 Florida Review Tourism & Recreation
Tole, M. P. 1997. Pollution of groundwater in the coastal Kwale District, Kenya. IAHS-AISH Publication 240:287-297. 1997 Kenya Hotel & Food Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level
White, K. and A. Meyers. 1997. Stormwater Management and Aesthetics Using Stormwater Treatment Wetlands, Aesthetics in the Constructed Environment, Houston, TX. in Proceedings of the 4th Annual ASCE Water Resources Planning and Management Conference. 1997 Golf Course Operations; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Allison, W. R. 1996. Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 15:215-218. 1996 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services
Price, A. R. G. and I. Firaq. 1996. The environmental status of reefs on Maldivian resort islands: A preliminary assessment for tourism planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6:93-106. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Richards, M. 1996. Sun Eagle Ansett's high class resort ferry from NQEA. Work Boat World 15:23-24. 1996 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Small Boats
Boon John, D., JE FF RE Y Claassen, and F. Pieters Renaldo. 1995. Environmentally responsive artificial beach design, Curacao, Netherlands antilles. Pages 17-18 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Antilles Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Chen, K. M. 1995. Disappearance of ALS from Guam: Implications for exogenous causes. Pages 1549-1553 in Clinical Neurology. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Guam Deforestation & Devegetation; Drinking Water Supply; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Military; Pathogens; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Hill, G. 1995. Tourism development and environmental limitations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef: A response. Journal of Environmental Management 45:91-99. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Planes, S. and P. J. Doherty. 1995. Effects on fish populations of tourist bungalows built on piles of coral reefs [Effet des bungalows sur pilotis des hotels en milieu corallien sur le peuplement ichtyologique]. Oceanologica Acta 18:123-128. 1995 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Fiege, D., V. Neumann, and J. Li. 1994. Observations on coral reefs of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:84-89. 1994 China Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Gendre, F., C. Beck, P. Ruch, and B. Kubler. 1994. Human impacts on coral ecosystems at Mauritius island: coprostanol in surface sediments. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 87:357-367. 1994 Mauritius Hotel & Food Services; Sediment
Pendleton, L. H. 1994. Environmental quality and recreation demand in a Caribbean coral reef. Coastal Management 22:399-404. 1994 South & Central America; Cuba; Honduras; Caribbean Model Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Richmond, R. H. 1994. Effects of coastal runoff on coral reproduction. Pages 360-364 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Sediment
Salm, R. 1994. Coral's hidden riches. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 3:19-21. 1994 Indian Ocean; India Model Aquaculture; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Forestry; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bird, E. C. F. 1993. UNEP-sponsored studies on the impact of sea level rise in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography 24:1-110. 1993 Global; Thailand; Malaysia; Java; Indonesia GIS & Maps Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Effects of recreational scuba diving on coral reefs: trampling on reef-flat communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:25-30. 1993 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Jones, G. B. 1993. Monitoring the effect of the floating hotel on the water quality of John Brewer Reef. Pages 261-267 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Rasmussen, C. F. 1993. Development in a coastal zone. The Magnetic Quay development - Magnetic Island. Pages 537-543 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Watts Jr., G. P. 1993. The Western Ledge Reef wreck: a preliminary report on investigation of the remains of a 16th-century shipwreck in Bermuda. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22:103-124. 1993 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Bush, G. 1992. Business evangelism and the search for social harmony: 1891-1916. Public Relations Review 18:297-307. 1992 Climate
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1992. Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs. Biological Conservation 62:171-178. 1992 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Preu, C. and C. Englebrecht. 1992. Patterns and processes shaping the present morphodynamics of coral reef islands. Case studies from North-Male, Maldives (Indian Ocean). Erdkundliches Wissen 105:209-220. 1992 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Meganck, R. A. 1991. Coastal parks as development catalysts: A caribbean example. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15:25-36. 1991 South & Central America; Caribbean Cultural Policies; Finfish Harvest; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade
Mitchell, B. A. and J. R. Barborak. 1991. Developing coastal park systems in the tropics: planning in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. 1991 Global; Turks and Caicos Banks, Credit, & Securities; Marine Birds; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Kelleher, G. 1990. Floating hotels on the Great Barrier Reef. Pages 149-154 in Coastal ocean space utilization. Proc. international symposium, New York, 1989. 1990 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Sewage Treatment; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies
Bell, P. R. F., P. F. Greenfield, D. Hawker, and D. Connell. 1989. The impact of waste discharges on coral reef regions. Water Science and Technology 21:121-130. 1989 Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Hill, G. J. E. and A. Barnes. 1989. Census and distribution of wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus burrows on Heron Island, November 1985. Emu 89:135-139. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Hotel & Food Services
Rigden, B. 1989. Water and wastewater treatment for a small island resort. Water Science and Technology 21:189-193. 1989 Hotel & Food Services; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Simpson, T. E. 1989. Floating hotels in the coastal environment. in [No source information available]. 1989 Australia Review Hotel & Food Services; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Roberts, B. A. 1988. Highway Maintenance Problems: Exuma, Bahamas. Highways and Transportation 35:22-24. 1988 Bahamas Hotel & Food Services
Dutton, I. M. 1986. Environmental Management Of The Proposed Floating Hotel At John Brewer Reef. Pages 263-269 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1986 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas
Flood, P. G. 1986. Sensitivity of coral cays to climatic variations, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 5:13-18. 1986 Australia Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Gatsoulis, PH IL IP, E. Fordham Mark, and E. Cooley Paul. 1986. Disney Engineers Voyage To The Deep. Civil engineering New York, N.Y56:50-53. 1986 Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Whales & Dolphins
Domroes, M. 1985. Tourism resources and their development in Maldive Islands. GeoJournal 10:119-126. 1985 Maldives; Europe Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Ansell, A. D. 1984. The beach at Qurm. NERC Newsjournal 3:10-Aug. 1984 Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Mangroves
Lum, D. 1983. Limestone Resources Of Hawaii. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Society 274:1991-1996. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Golf Course Operations; Manufacturing & Trade; Ports & Harbors; Water Depth & Sea Level
Catling, P. S. 1980. First New World tourist resort. Geographical Magazine 52:770-773. 1980 Bahamas Beaches & Nature Parks; Hotel & Food Services; Land & Air Transportation; Tourism & Recreation
Frasier, G. W., K. R. Cooley, and J. R. Griggs. 1979. Performance evaluation of water harvesting catchments. Journal of Range Management 32:453-456. 1979 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Non-point Source Runoff
Phipps, J. 1979. Modular application systems for hotels. Microprocessors and Microsystems 3:107-111. 1979 Hotel & Food Services
Antonius, A. 1977. Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management. Pages 617-624 in Proc. 3rd international coral reef symposium, Miami, 1977. Volume 2, geology. 1977 Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Marine Worms; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
McGuire, W. J. 1975. Disposal Of Drilling Fluids And Drilled-Up Solids In Offshore Drilling Operations. Pages 523-531 in [No source information available]. 1975 Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Oil & Gas Industry; Solid Waste Disposal
Barnes, E. S. 1973. Sewage pollution from tourist hotels in Jamaica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 4:102-105. 1973 Jamaica Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Integrate Volunteer Assistance in Cultural Resources Inventory Marine Heritage Resource managers should continue or begin to use volunteers to assist staff in collecting information, locating unrecorded sites, recording and documenting sites, assessing site significance, and developing sites for improved public access, interpretation, and protection. Often locals have interest and knowledge of unrecorded sites. If previously established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#81), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Continued Staff Training It is important that staff be properly educated and trained to perform their designated tasks, but it is equally important to keep staff familiar with applicable agency directive and regulation through training and communication. Some strategies for this include information technology-based reference and guidance, regularly scheduled meetings (#210), and through in-service trainings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Conduct Staff Meetings Several types of staff meetings should be regularly scheduled to fulfill a variety of purposes. Management meetings are necessary to address administrative policy matters. Internal staff meetings should be conducted to ensure necessary information is communicated among staff as to any changes, concerns, or developments. Meetings are an opportunity to review the sanctuary management plan (#213) and standard operating procedures (#208). External collaborators should be involved in meetings when an issue is being discussed that the collaborator is involved in, such as when standard operating procedures are being developed across agencies. Meetings can also be used as important staff training sessions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Public Administration; Security & Public Administration Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Local Businesses Information should be provided to business along the water so that employees will be aware of environmentally sensitive business practices. This can be achieved through informative brochures, and distributing other educational materials. These interactions can also be used to inform businesses of opportunities for voluntary certifications (#104). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Distribute Educational Materials at Visitor Booths/Displays Visitor booths at visitor centers, rental car agencies, airports, and chambers of commerce could hold an array of educational materials and brochures (#111) for walk-in visitors. Locations frequented by tourists are excellent targets for these booths and displays, as visitors are often less knowledgeable of the local ecosystems and the policies governing them. Materials should also be multilingual to enhance their effectiveness. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Outreach with the Tourism Development Council Collaborating with the Tourism Development Council allows for more specific targeting of tourists and visitors for resource management outreach. Tourists and visitors are less familiar with local ecosystems and are therefore more prone to unintentionally damaging the environment or defying policies and regulations. The Tourism Development Council is also an important stakeholder to consider, in coastal zone management. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Mobile Displays Developing mobile displays for conventions (#135)), trade shows (#108), and educational courses is important to communicate information through pre-established educational opportunities. Support for display development can be arranged through grant funding, and design can be accomplished through utilizing volunteer staff. Much of the information for the display can be gathered from less mobile exhibits/signs, and pre-existing brochures/pamphlets. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256.

Cultural Policies; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Interactive Interpretive Exhibits Interpretive exhibits combine an array of information types (pictures, sounds, interactive activities etc.) in an easy to understand, relevant way to visitors. On-water and on-land interpretive exhibits for maritime heritage resources and sanctuaries are helpful at increasing public knowledge/awareness of reefs. Interpretive exhibits can be established near the site of the resource (#126), in permanent (#131) or used as a traveling tool for (#127), and (#130). Such exhibits are beneficial as they allow for schools, the community, and tourists see resources first-hand and learn why they are important, at their leisure and without requiring a staff member to present the information. Expanding already-created exhibits is important to continue to draw in crowds and to continue to add/increase public knowledge and stewardship. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Washburne, R. and Wagar, J. 2010. Evaluating Visitor Response to Exhibit Content. Curator: The Museum Journal 15:248-256.

Veverka, J. The Key to Successful Heritage Tourism Marketing Planning and Program Design. Interpretive Communication Accessed 7/7/2011.

Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Tourism & Recreation
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementing engineering techniques that allow natural processes and plants to act as filters. Such techniques would include using grass parking and turf covered swales. Many of these techniques, such as reversed elevations for planted areas in parking lots, can demonstrate benefits both as natural filters and for the vegetation that are used since it eliminates the need to water them with irrigation systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Basic Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bioretention System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Constructed Wetland. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Filter Strips. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Reversed Elevations System for Parking Lots and Planting Areas. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Riparian Forest Buffer. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Roadway Landscape Treatment System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Pond Design. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Plans: Reducing Pollution Discharges from Marinas and Live-Aboards This plan strives to reduced pollution discharges through more strictly enforcing already-existing regulations for discharging. This includes enforcing regulations that restrict boaters from releasing sewage into state waters and requiring connecting toilets to shore-side plumbing. Also, this entails enforcing "no-discharge" zones where live-aboard vessels congregate or where there is history of violation issues with sewage release. The third component to this plan would be to develop and education plan to educate boaters on how/why to reduce pollution from their vessels. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

US EPA. 2011. Vessel General Permit Fact Sheet.

2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas.

Biological Addition; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Sewage Treatment; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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