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Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration

Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration

Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research.

CMap

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas used by primary producers, such as plants and algae, to produce sugars. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. The Chemicals in the ocean, such as the CO2, pH levels, and salinity, may vary depending on the drivers and pressures. Climate reflects a region's temperature, humidity, air pressure, and weather. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the physical and chemical environment. Environmental monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of the physical and chemical environment, and to understand the processes that affect it. Invasive species are plants, animals, or other organisms that are foreign to a particular environment, and whose introduction may be detrimental when invasives compete with or consume native species. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Light is the level of visible and ultraviolet solar radiation that penetrates the water column. Marine debris includes garbage, plastics, glass, and metal, which are not disposed of properly and can enter coastal waters. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. Ocean acidity reflects the pH of the ocean's surface, and is determined by dissolution rates of atmospheric CO2 and sea surface temperatures. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical and chemical water quality criteria, monitored and enforced by the EPA under the Clean Water Act, define the maximum and recommended amounts of chemicals and other contaminants that should be found in waterbodies. The Physical aspects of coral reef ecosystems, such as the depth, temperature, and light, vary depending on the drivers and pressures. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Remediation is the removal of pollution or contaminants from soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water for the protection of human health and the environment. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Salinity is the dissolved salt concentration in water, and is the key factor distinguishing ocean water from freshwater. Sea temperature is a measure of the warmth of ocean waters, and depends on water depth, solar radiation, water circulation patterns, and atmospheric temperatures. Seawater flow reflects circulation patterns, currents, and wave action that move water throughout the ocean and towards the coastline. Sediment includes dirt, sand, silt, clay, and small rocks that form soil on land or soft substrate in marine habitats, and may be transported by water, wind, or human activities. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Storms and hurricanes are periodic events of high precipitation, winds, wave action, and flooding that can potentially cause damage to reef habitat, property, or human lives. Substrate is the surface upon which an organism grows or is attached, and may include sand, hardbottom, rock, or even other biota. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Surface and groundwater flow reflects the patterns of water movement across the landscape, including rivers, streams, underground water, or stormwater. Toxics are chemical pollutants that are poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful to humans, plants, or animals. Water depth reflects the height between the bottom of the seafloor and water surface, and is often indicative of distinct ecological communities (shallow water species; deep water species). Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems. A wetland is an area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally.

CMap Description

A change in the provision of ecosystem services, or a desire to improve provision of ecosystem services, may elicit responses to directly alter the reef ecosystem. Wetland or reef restoration may include repairing damaged individuals, or replenishing degraded reefs or wetlands with nursery-grown individuals. Remediation activities can be implemented to physical remove sediment, reduce levels of pollution, or remove marine debris. Water quality criteria can be used to set the maximum desirable levels of contaminants in coastal waters; biological criteria describe the desired biological condition. Additional responses maybe needed to ensure that water quality criteria and biocriteria, once established, are achieved and maintained. Monitoring, mapping, and scientific research can be used to better understand changes in condition, bio-physical processes, and interactions among species, and how they may be impacted by various stressors or potential decisions. A healthy functioning reef ecosystem, beyond its existence or cultural value, is essential for a number of ecosystem goods and services, including shoreline protection, fishing, and recreational opportunities.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
2011. Nonpoint Source Management Program 2010 Annual Report. Document # DEPLW-1205, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, (Maine, USA). 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Forestry; Housing; Impervious Surfaces; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Albright, R. 2011. Reviewing the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sexual Reproduction and Early Life History Stages of Reef-Building Corals. Journal of Marine Biology 2011:1-14. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Alvarez-Filip, L; Cote, IM; Gill, JA; Watkinson, AR; Dulvy, NK. 2011. Region-wide temporal and spatial variation in Caribbean reef architecture: is coral cover the whole story? Global Change Biology 17:2470-2477. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Anderson, TJ; Nichol, SL; Syms, C; Przeslawski, R; Harris, PT. 2011. Deep-sea bio-physical variables as surrogates for biological assemblages, an example from the Lord Howe Rise. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58:979-991. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Variables; Sediment; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Annibaldi, A; Illuminati, S; Truzzi, C; Scarponi, G. 2011. SWASV speciation of Cd, Pb and Cu for the determination of seawater contamination in the area of the Nicole shipwreck (Ancona coast, Central Adriatic Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2813-2821. 2011 Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Aragon, J; Gonzalez, R; Fuentes, G; Palin, L; Croce, G; Viterbo, D. 2011. Development and Characterization of a Novel Bioresorbable and Bioactive Biomaterial Based on Polyvinyl Acetate, Calcium Carbonate and Coralline Hydroxyapatite. Materials Research-Ibero-American Journal of Materials 14:25-30. 2011 Cuba Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Stony Coral
Baker, DM; Kim, K; Andras, JP; Sparks, JP. 2011. Light-mediated (15)N fractionation in Caribbean gorgonian octocorals: implications for pollution monitoring. Coral Reefs 30:709-717. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Octocoral; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Benedetti, A; Bramanti, L; Tsounis, G; Faimali, M; Pavanello, G; Rossi, S; Gili, JM; Santangelo, G. 2011. Applying cathodically polarised substrata to the restoration of a high value coral. Biofouling 27:799-809. 2011 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Octocoral
Benzerara, K; Miot, J; Morin, G; Ona-Nguema, G; Skouri-Panet, F; Ferard, C. 2011. Significance, mechanisms and environmental implications of microbial biomineralization. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 343:160-167. 2011 France Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Microorganisms; Remediation
Bert, TM; Arnold, WS; McMillen-Jackson, AL; Wilbur, AE; Crawford, C. 2011. Natural And Anthropogenic Forces Shape The Population Genetics And Recent Evolutionary History Of Eastern United States Bay Scallops (Argopecten Irradians). Journal of Shellfish Research 30:583-608. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Fishing Sector
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Blackwood, JC; Hastings, A; Mumby, PJ. 2011. A model-based approach to determine the long-term effects of multiple interacting stressors on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 21:2722-2733. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Bostrom, C., S. J. Pittma, C. Simenstad, and R. T. Kneib. 2011. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:191-217. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Bostrom, C; Pittman, SJ; Simenstad, C; Kneib, RT. 2011. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:191-217. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Brodie, JE; Devlin, M; Haynes, D; Waterhouse, J. 2011. Assessment of the eutrophication status of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Australia). Biogeochemistry 106:281-302. 2011 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Brown, BE; Dunne, RP; Phongsuwan, N; Somerfield, PJ. 2011. Increased sea level promotes coral cover on shallow reef flats in the Andaman Sea, eastern Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30:867-878. 2011 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bruno, F; Bianco, G; Muzzupappa, M; Barone, S; Razionale, AV. 2011. Experimentation of structured light and stereo vision for underwater 3D reconstruction. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66:508-518. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Chen, MC; Frohlich, C; Taylor, FW; Burr, G; van Ufford, AQ. 2011. Arc segmentation and seismicity in the Solomon Islands arc, SW Pacific. Tectonophysics 507:47-69. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Java GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Claudet, J; Garcia-Charton, JA; Lenfant, P. 2011. Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area. Conservation Biology 25:105-114. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Coleman, JB; Yao, XB; Jordan, TR; Madden, M. 2011. Holes in the ocean: Filling voids in bathymetric lidar data. Computers & Geosciences 37:474-484. 2011 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Collado-Vides, L; Mazzei, V; Thyberg, T; Lirman, D. 2011. Spatio-temporal patterns and nutrient status of macroalgae in a heavily managed region of Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA. Botanica Marina 54:377-390. 2011 Florida Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Daniels, CA; Zeifman, A; Heym, K; Ritchie, KB; Watson, CA; Berzins, I; Breitbart, M. 2011. Spatial heterogeneity of bacterial communities in the mucus of Montastraea annularis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 426:29-40. 2011 Florida Microorganisms; Sponges; Stony Coral
Denis, V; Debreuil, J; De Palmas, S; Richard, J; Guillaume, MMM; Bruggemann, JH. 2011. Lesion regeneration capacities in populations of the massive coral Porites lutea at Reunion Island: environmental correlates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 428:105-117. 2011 Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Fablet, R; Pecquerie, L; de Pontual, H; Hoie, H; Millner, R; Mosegaard, H; Kooijman, SALM. 2011. Shedding Light on Fish Otolith Biomineralization Using a Bioenergetic Approach. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Gopinath, A; Muraleedharan, NS; Chandramohanakumar, N; Jayalakshmi, KV. 2011. Statistical Significance of BioMonitoring of Marine Algae for Trace Metal Levels in a Coral Environment. Environmental Forensics 12:98-105. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Primary Production
Guest, JR; Dizon, RM; Edwards, AJ; Franco, C; Gomez, ED. 2011. How Quickly do Fragments of Coral "Self-Attach" after Transplantation? Restoration Ecology 19:234-242. 2011 Philippines Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Haldar, S; Mody, KH; Jha, B. 2011. Abundance, diversity and antibiotics resistance pattern of Vibrio spp. in coral ecosystem of Kurusadai island. Journal of Basic Microbiology 51:153-162. 2011 India Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral
Hitt, S; Pittman, SJ; Nemeth, RS. 2011. Diel movements of fishes linked to benthic seascape structure in a Caribbean coral reef ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:275-291. 2011 South & Central America; Caribbean GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Seagrasses; Sediment
Howell, KL; Holt, R; Endrino, IP; Stewart, H. 2011. When the species is also a habitat: Comparing the predictively modelled distributions of Lophelia pertusa and the reef habitat it forms. Biological Conservation 144:2656-2665. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Substrate
Huang, Z; Brooke, BP; Harris, PT. 2011. A new approach to mapping marine benthic habitats using physical environmental data. Continental Shelf Research 31:S4-S16. 2011 Australia; Spain GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment
Huvenne, VAI; Tyler, PA; Masson, DG; Fisher, EH; Hauton, C; Huhnerbach, V; Le Bas, TP; Wolff, GA. 2011. A Picture on the Wall: Innovative Mapping Reveals Cold-Water Coral Refuge in Submarine Canyon. PLoS One 6. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jameson, S. C., M. V. Erdmann, J. R. Karr, G. R. Gibson, and K. W. Potts. 2011. Charting a Course Toward Diagnostic Monitoring: A Continuing Review of Coral Reef Attributes and a Research Strategy for Creating Coral Reef Indexes of Biotic Integrity. Bulletin of Marine Science 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton
Jaramillo, S; Pawlak, G. 2011. AUV-based bed roughness mapping over a tropical reef. Coral Reefs 30:11-23. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Jayaraju, N; Reddy, BCSR; Reddy, KR. 2011. Anthropogenic impact on Andaman coast monitoring with benthic foraminifera, Andaman Sea, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 62:821-829. 2011 India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges
Kilpatrick, R; Ewing, G; Lamb, T; Welsford, D; Constable, A. 2011. Autonomous video camera system for monitoring impacts to benthic habitats from demersal fishing gear, including longlines. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 58:486-491. 2011 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Klemas, V. 2011. Beach Profiling and LIDAR Bathymetry: An Overview with Case Studies. Journal of Coastal Research 27:1019-1028. 2011 Global; Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Klemas, V. 2011. Remote Sensing Techniques for Studying Coastal Ecosystems: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research 27:2-17. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Salinity; Wetlands
Knudby, A; Nordlund, L. 2011. Remote sensing of seagrasses in a patchy multi-species environment. International Journal of Remote Sensing 32:2227-2244. 2011 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
Leon, J; Woodroffe, CD. 2011. Improving the synoptic mapping of coral reef geomorphology using object-based image analysis. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 25:949-969. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Linan-Cabello, MA; Flores-Ramirez, LA; Laurel-Sandoval, MA; Mendoza, EG; Santiago, OS; Delgadillo-Nuno, MA. 2011. Acclimation in Pocillopora spp. during a coral restoration program in Carrizales Bay, Colima, Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 44:61-72. 2011 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Index or Indicator Pathogens; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Linden, B; Rinkevich, B. 2011. Creating stocks of young colonies from brooding coral larvae, amenable to active reef restoration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 398:40-46. 2011 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Mallela, J; Hermann, J; Rapp, RP; Eggins, SM. 2011. Fine-scale phosphorus distribution in coral skeletons: combining X-ray mapping by electronprobe microanalysis and LA-ICP-MS. Coral Reefs 30:813-818. 2011 GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients
Maynard, JA; Anthony, KRN; Harvell, CD; Burgman, MA; Beeden, R; Sweatman, H; Heron, SF; Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Predicting outbreaks of a climate-driven coral disease in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 30:485-495. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Sea Temperatures
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Navalgund, RR; Singh, RP. 2011. Climate Change Studies Using Space Based Observation. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 39:281-295. 2011 Global; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Housing; Irrigation; Light; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Neto, CCM; Cioffi, MB; Bertollo, LAC; Molina, WF. 2011. Extensive chromosomal homologies and evidence of karyotypic stasis in Atlantic grunts of the genus Haemulon (Perciformes). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 401:75-79. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Oigman-Pszczol, SS; Creed, JC. 2011. Can patterns in benthic communities be explained by an environmental pressure index? Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2181-2189. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Pittman, S., R. Kneib, C. Simenstad, and I. Nagelkerken. 2011. THEME SECTION - Seascape ecology: application of landscape ecology to the marine environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:187-302. 2011 Resource Use Management
Plaisance, L; Caley, MJ; Brainard, RE; Knowlton, N. 2011. The Diversity of Coral Reefs: What Are We Missing? PLoS One 6. 2011 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Stony Coral
Rasheed, M; Mian, S; Aubrey, D. 2011. Guidelines for EIA of fish and shrimp hatcheries in a semi-enclosed water body. Ocean and Coastal Management 54:678-686. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mitigation; Sediment
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Saavedra-Sotelo, NC; Calderon-Aguilera, LE; Reyes-Bonilla, H; Lopez-Perez, RA; Medina-Rosas, P; Rocha-Olivares, A. 2011. Limited genetic connectivity of Pavona gigantea in the Mexican Pacific. Coral Reefs 30:677-686. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Marine Protected Areas; Plankton; Stony Coral
Sato, Y; Bourne, DG; Willis, BL. 2011. Effects of temperature and light on the progression of black band disease on the reef coral, Montipora hispida. Coral Reefs 30:753-761. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schneider, K; Silverman, J; Woolsey, E; Eriksson, H; Byrne, M; Caldeira, K. 2011. Potential influence of sea cucumbers on coral reef CaCO(3) budget: A case study at One Tree Reef. Journal Of Geophysical Research-biogeosciences 116. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Shefferson, RP; McCormick, MK; Whigham, DF; O'Neill, JP. 2011. Life history strategy in herbaceous perennials: inferring demographic patterns from the aboveground dynamics of a primarily subterranean, myco-heterotrophic orchid. Oikos 120:1291-1300. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Primary Production
Storlazzi, CD; Field, ME; Bothner, MH. 2011. The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: theory, observations, and suggested protocols. Coral Reefs 30:23-38. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Substrate
Storlazzi, CD; Fregoso, TA; Golden, NE; Finlayson, DP. 2011. Sediment dynamics and the burial and exhumation of bedrock reefs along an emergent coastline as elucidated by repetitive sonar surveys: Northern Monterey Bay, CA. Marine Geology 289:46-59. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Storlazzi, D. C., M. E. Field, a nd M. H. Bothner. 2011. The use (and misuse) of sediment traps in coral reef environments: theory, observations, and suggested protocols. Coral Reefs 30:23-38. 2011 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Substrate
Taylor, RB; Morrison, MA; Shears, NT. 2011. Establishing baselines for recovery in a marine reserve (Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand) using local ecological knowledge. Biological Conservation 144:3038-3046. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Teresa, FB; Romero, RD; Casatti, L; Sabino, J. 2011. Fish as Indicators of Disturbance in Streams Used for Snorkeling Activities in a Tourist Region. Environmental Management 47:960-968. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
van Rein, H; Brown, CJ; Quinn, R; Breen, J; Schoeman, D. 2011. An evaluation of acoustic seabed classification techniques for marine biotope monitoring over broad-scales (> 1 km(2)) and meso-scales (10 m(2)-1 km(2)). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93:336-349. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Van Rein, H; Brown, CJ; Schoeman, DS; Quinn, R; Breen, J. 2011. Fixed-station monitoring of a harbour wall community: the utility of low-cost photomosaics and scuba on hard-substrata. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:690-703. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Encrusting Sponges; Sponges
Wan, YT; Liu, JY; Li, W; Meng, FL; Jin, Z; Yu, XY; Huang, XJ; Liu, JH. 2011. Dense doping of indium to coral-like SnO(2) nanostructures through a plasma-assisted strategy for sensitive and selective detection of chlorobenzene. Nanotechnology 22. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Wedding, L. M., C. A. Lepczyk, S. J. Pittman, A. M. Friedlander, and S. Jorgensen. 2011. Quantifying seascape structure: extending terrestrial spatial pattern metrics to the marine realm. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:219-232. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Whitall, D. R., B. M. Costa, L. J. Bauer, A. Dieppa, and S. D. Hile, editors. 2011. A Baseline Assessment of the Ecological Resources of Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 133, NOAA, Silver Spring, (MD, USA). 2011 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Wu, JJ; Mak, YL; Murphy, MB; Lam, JCW; Chan, WH; Wang, MF; Chan, LL; Lam, PKS. 2011. Validation of an accelerated solvent extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for Pacific ciguatoxin-1 in fish flesh and comparison with the mouse neuroblastoma assay. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 400:3165-3175. 2011 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Java Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Zhang, FF; Cai, WY; Zhu, JC; Sun, ZR; Zhang, J. 2011. In Situ Raman Spectral Mapping Study on the Microscale Fibers in Blue Coral (Heliopora coerulea) Skeletons. Analytical Chemistry 83:7870-7875. 2011 GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Stony Coral
2010. USVI Integrated Water Quality Monitoring & Assessment Report. Department of Planning & Natural Resources. 2010 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Babcock, R. C., N. T. Shears, A. C. Alcala, N. S. Barrett, G. J. Edgar, K. D. Lafferty, T. R. McClanahan, and G. R. Russ. 2010. Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107:18256-18261. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Blaustein< R. J. 2010. High-seas biodiversity and genetic resources: science and policy questions. Bioscience 60:408-413. 2010 Global Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Borell, E. M., S. B. C. Romatzki, and S. C. A. Ferse. 2010. Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field. Coral Reefs 29:191-200. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Bradley, P., L. Fore, W. Fisher, and W. Davis. 2010. Coral reef biological criteria: using the clean water act to protect a national treasure. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI. 2010 Biocriteria
Callaway, R., N. Desroy, S. F. Dubois, J. Fournier, M. Frost, L. Godet, V. J. Hendrick, and M. Rabaut. 2010. Ephemeral Bio-engineers or Reef-building Polychaetes: How Stable are Aggregations of the Tube Worm Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766)? Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:237-250. 2010 Europe; France Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Sediment
Chabanet, P., N. Guillemot, M. Kulbicki, L. Vigliola, and S. Sarramegna. 2010. Baseline study of the spatio-temporal patterns of reef fish assemblages prior to a major mining project in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Marine Pollution Bulletin 61:598-611. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment
Chu, J. W. F. and S. P. Leys. 2010. High resolution mapping of community structure in three glass sponge reefs (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Marine Ecology Progress Series 417:97-U120. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Molluscs; Sponges
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Cortes, J., C. E. Jimenez, A. C. Fonseca, and J. J. Alvarado. 2010. Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:33-50. 2010 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
de Bello, F., S. Lavorel, S. Diaz, R. Harrington, J. H. C. Cornelissen, R. D. Bardgett, M. P. Berg, P. Cipriotti, C. K. Feld, D. Hering, P. M. da Silva, S. G. Potts, L. Sandin, J. P. Sousa, J. Storkey, D. A. Wardle, and P. A. Harrison. 2010. Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2873-2893. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Nutrients
Edwards, A. J., editor. 2010. Reef rehabilitation manual. The Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program, St Lucia, Australia. 2010 Global; Australia Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Mitigation; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Evans, S. N. and D. A. Abdo. 2010. A cost-effective technique for measuring relative water movement for studies of benthic organisms. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:1327-1335. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection
Fautin, D., P. Dalton, L. S. Incze, J. A. C. Leong, C. Pautzke, A. Rosenberg, P. Sandifer, G. Sedberry, J. W. Tunnell, I. Abbott, R. E. Brainard, M. Brodeur, L. G. Eldredge, M. Feldman, F. Moretzsohn, P. S. Vroom, M. Wainstein, and N. Wolff. 2010. An Overview of Marine Biodiversity in United States Waters. PLoS One 5:e11914. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Banks, Credit, & Securities; CO2; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Feld, C. K., J. P. Sousa, P. M. da Silva, and T. P. Dawson. 2010. Indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem services: towards an improved framework for ecosystems assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:2895-2919. 2010 Global; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Foden, J., S. I. Rogers, and A. P. Jones. 2010. Recovery of UK seabed habitats from benthic fishing and aggregate extraction-towards a cumulative impact assessment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:259-270. 2010 Europe; England Review; Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fujita, R. M., K. T. Honey, A. Morris, J. R. Wilson, and H. Russell. 2010. Cooperative Strategies In Fisheries Management: Integrating Across Scales. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:251-271. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and A. Rodriguez-Ramirez. 2010. SIMAC: Development and implementation of a coral reef monitoring network in Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:67-80. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Octocoral; Pathogens; Salinity
Gavio, B., S. Palmer-Cantillo, and J. E. Mancera. 2010. Historical analysis (2000-2005) of the coastal water quality in San Andres Island, Sea Flower Biosphere Reserve, Caribbean Colombia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1018-1030. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Discharges; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Seagrasses
Goffredo, S., F. Pensa, P. Neri, A. Orlandi, M. S. Gagliardi, A. Velardi, C. Piccinetti, and F. Zaccanti. 2010. Unite research with what citizens do for fun: "recreational monitoring'' of marine biodiversity. Ecological Applications 20:2170-2187. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Haas, A., M. el-Zibdah, and C. Wild. 2010. Seasonal monitoring of coral-algae interactions in fringing reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba, Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 29:93-103. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Water Depth & Sea Level
Haisfield, K. M., H. E. Fox, S. Yen, S. Mangubhai, and P. J. Mous. 2010. An ounce of prevention: cost-effectiveness of coral reef rehabilitation relative to enforcement. Conservation Letters 3:243-250. 2010 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Hamouda, A. Z. and K. M. Abdel-Salam. 2010. Estuarine Habitat Assessment for Construction of a Submarine Transmission Line. Surveys In Geophysics 31:449-463. 2010 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Mitigation; Pipelines; Sediment; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Depth & Sea Level
Henriques, A. P. M., A. D. D. Neto, and R. F. Amaral. 2010. Classification of multispectral images in coral environments using a hybrid of classifier ensembles. Neurocomputing 73:1256-1264. 2010 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jimenez, H., P. Dumas, L. Bigot, J. M. Amouroux, and J. Ferraris. 2010. Taxonomic resolution needed to describe invertebrate assemblages and to detect harvesting effects on coral reef ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406:211-222. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Kaczmarek, S. E., M. K. Hicks, S. M. Fullmer, K. L. Steffen, and S. L. Bachtel. 2010. Mapping facies distributions on modern carbonate platforms through integration of multispectral Landsat data, statistics-based unsupervised classifications, and surface sediment data. AAPG Bulletin 94:1581-1606. 2010 Global; South & Central America; Indian Ocean; Bahamas; Belize; India; Mexico GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Kawabata, Y., J. Okuyama, K. Asami, K. Okuzawa, K. Yoseda, and N. Arai. 2010. Effects of a tropical cyclone on the distribution of hatchery-reared black-spot tuskfish Choerodon schoenleinii determined by acoustic telemetry. Journal of Fish Biology 77:627-642. 2010 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Keene, A. F., S. G. Johnston, R. T. Bush, E. D. Burton, and L. A. Sullivan. 2010. Reactive trace element enrichment in a highly modified, tidally inundated acid sulfate soil wetland: East Trinity, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:620-626. 2010 Australia Mangroves; Remediation; Sediment; Wetlands
Kendall, M. S. and T. J. Miller. 2010. Relationships among map resolution, fish assemblages, and habitat variables in a coral reef ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 637:101-119. 2010 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Knudby, A., C. Newman, Y. Shaghude, and C. Muhando. 2010. Simple and effective monitoring of historic changes in nearshore environments using the free archive of Landsat imagery. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 12:S116-S122. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Substrate
Koss, R. S. and J. Y. Kingley. 2010. Volunteer health and emotional wellbeing in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 53:447-453. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Lamb, R. W. and D. W. Johnson. 2010. Trophic restructuring of coral reef fish communities in a large marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:169-180. 2010 Bahamas Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Lauzon-Guay, J. S. and R. E. Scheibling. 2010. Spatial dynamics, ecological thresholds and phase shifts: modelling grazer aggregation and gap formation in kelp beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 403:29-41. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Urchins
Levy, G., L. Shaish, A. Haim, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Mid-water rope nursery Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. Ecological Engineering 36:560-569. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Wetland & Reef Restoration
Lirman, D., N. Gracias, B. Gintert, A. C. R. Gleason, G. Deangelo, M. Dick, E. Martinez, and R. P. Reid. 2010. Damage and recovery assessment of vessel grounding injuries on coral reef habitats by use of georeferenced landscape video mosaics. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8:88-97. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Lirman, D., T. Thyberg, J. Herlan, C. Hill, C. Young-Lahiff, S. Schopmeyer, B. Huntington, R. Santos, and C. Drury. 2010. Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production. Coral Reefs 29:729-735. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Litaker, R. W., M. W. Vandersea, M. A. Faust, S. R. Kibler, A. W. Nau, W. C. Holland, M. Chinain, M. J. Holmes, and P. A. Tester. 2010. Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Toxicon 56:711-730. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Locker, S. D., R. A. Armstrong, T. A. Battista, J. J. Rooney, C. Sherman, and D. G. Zawada. 2010. Geomorphology of mesophotic coral ecosystems: current perspectives on morphology, distribution, and mapping strategies. Coral Reefs 29:329-345. 2010 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; Mexico Review; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Main, W. P. L., C. Ross, and G. K. Bielmyer. 2010. Copper accumulation and oxidative stress in the sea anemone, Aiptasia pallida, after waterborne copper exposure. Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology 151:216-221. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anemones & Zooanthids; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Zooxanthellae
May-Ku, M. A., P. L. Ardisson, and U. Ordonez-Lopez. 2010. Morphological variation of Thalassia testudinum in two shallow coastal environments from the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Botanica Marina 53:449-455. 2010 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Mbije, N. E. J., E. Spanier, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Testing the first phase of the 'gardening concept' as an applicable tool in restoring denuded reefs in Tanzania. Ecological Engineering 36:713-721. 2010 Tanzania Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Meyer, C. G., Y. P. Papastamatiou, and T. B. Clark. 2010. Differential movement patterns and site fidelity among trophic groups of reef fishes in a Hawaiian marine protected area. Marine Biology 157:1499-1511. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish
Myers, T. S., I. Atkinson, and R. Johnstone. 2010. Supporting Coral Reef Ecosystems Research Through Modelling A Reusable Ontology Framework. Applied Artificial Intelligence 24:77-101. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Narayan, Y. R. and J. M. Pandolfi. 2010. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Moreton Bay, South-East Queensland, Australia: Applications in monitoring water and substrate quality in subtropical estuarine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:2062-2078. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Sediment; Substrate
Niggl, W. and C. Wild. 2010. Spatial distribution of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. within fringing coral reef environments of the Northern Red Sea: implications for its life cycle. Helgoland Marine Research 64:281-287. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Omori, M. 2010. Degradation and restoration of coral reefs: Experience in Okinawa, Japan. Marine Biology Research 7:3-12. 2010 Japan Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Osmond, D. L. 2010. USDA water quality projects and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Conservation Effects Assessment Project watershed studies. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35:142A-146A. 2010 India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Ramos, C. A. C., F. D. Amaral, R. K. P. de Kikuchi, E. M. Chaves, and G. R. de Melo. 2010. Quantification of reef benthos communities and variability inherent to the monitoring using video transect method. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 162:95-101. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Reopanichkul, P., R. W. Carter, S. Worachananant, and C. J. Crossland. 2010. Wastewater discharge degrades coastal waters and reef communities in southern Thailand. Marine Environmental Research 69:287-296. 2010 Study Location; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Reza, M. I. H. and S. A. Abdullah. 2010. Regional Index of ecological integrity: a need for sustainable management of natural resources. Ecological Indicators 11:220-229. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration
Rodriguez-Martinez, R. E., F. Ruiz-Renteria, B. van Tussenbroek, G. Barba-Santos, E. Escalante-Mancera, G. Jordan-Garza, and E. Jordan-Dahlgren. 2010. Environmental state and tendencies of the Puerto Morelos CARICOMP site, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:23-43. 2010 South & Central America; Oman; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Roelfsema, C. and S. Phinn. 2010. Integrating field data with high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery for calibration and validation of coral reef benthic community maps. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 4:43527. 2010 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Rosenfelder, N., N. J. Van Zee, J. F. Mueller, C. Gaus, and W. Vetter. 2010. Gas Chromatography/Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry-Selected Ion Monitoring Screening Method for a Thorough Investigation of Polyhalogenated Compounds in Passive Sampler Extracts with Quadrupole Systems. Analytical Chemistry 82:9835-9842. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Sarno, D., A. Zingone, and M. Montresor. 2010. A massive and simultaneous sex event of two Pseudo-nitzschia species. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57:248-255. 2010 Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schittone, J. 2010. Restoration and monitoring of a vessel grounding on a shallow reef in the Florida Keys. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:151-161. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Substrate
Scott, C., S. E. Lewis, R. Milla, M. C. Taylor, A. J. W. Rodgers, G. Dumsday, J. E. Brodie, J. G. Oakeshott, and R. J. Russell. 2010. A free-enzyme catalyst for the bioremediation of environmental atrazine contamination. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2075-2078. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Remediation
Semmens, B. X., P. J. Auster, M. J. Paddack. 2010. Using ecological null models to assess the potential for marine protected area networks to protect biodiversity. PLoS Biology 5:e8895.doi:10.1371/jourl.pone.0008895. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Shaish, L., G. Levy, G. Katzir, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Coral Reef Restoration (Bolinao, Philippines) in the Face of Frequent Natural Catastrophes. Restoration Ecology 18:285-299. 2010 Global; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Salinity; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Shaish, L., G. Levy, G. Katzir, and B. Rinkevich. 2010. Employing a highly fragmented, weedy coral species in reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 36:1424-1432. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Shaw, M., M. J. Furnas, K. Fabricius, D. Haynes, S. Carter, G. Eaglesham, and J. F. Mueller. 2010. Monitoring pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:113-122. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sofonia, J. J. and R. K. F. Unsworth. 2010. Development of water quality thresholds during dredging for the protection of benthic primary producer habitats. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12:159-163. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Light; Sediment
Speed, C. W., I. C. Field, M. G. Meekan, and C. J. A. Bradshaw. 2010. Complexities of coastal shark movements and their implications for management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:275-U305. 2010 Global Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Steiner, S. C. C. and D. A. Willette. 2010. Distribution and size of benthic marine habitats in Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:589-602. 2010 Antilles Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2010. Coral reef local action strategies. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2010 Florida Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
van Oosterom, J., S. C. King, A. Negri, C. Humphrey, and J. Mondon. 2010. Investigation of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) as a potential bio-monitoring species for tropical coastal marine environments of Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:283-290. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Villanueva, R. D., A. J. Edwards, and J. D. Bell. 2010. Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications. Restoration Ecology 18:803-809. 2010 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Octopus & Squid; Small Herbivorous Fish; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Vroom, P. S. and C. L. Braun. 2010. Benthic composition of a healthy subtropical reef: baseline species-level cover, with an emphasis on algae, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One 5:e9733. 2010 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Ocean Acidity; Stony Coral; Substrate
Vroom, P. S., C. A. Musburger, S. W. Cooper, J. E. Maragos, K. N. Page-Albins, and M. A. V. Timmers. 2010. Marine biological community baselines in unimpacted tropical ecosystems: spatial and temporal analysis of reefs at Howland and Baker Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:797-812. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Baker Island; Howland Island Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Turf Algae
Wakefield, C. B., S. J. Newman, and B. W. Molony. 2010. Age-based demography and reproduction of hapuku, Polyprion oxygeneios, from the south coast of Western Australia: implications for management. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67:1164-1174. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector
Wells, L., F. Perez, M. Hibbert, L. Clerveaux, J. Johnson, and T. J. Goreau. 2010. Effect of severe hurricanes on Biorock Coral Reef Restoration Projects in Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:141-149. 2010 Turks and Caicos Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Westerberg, V. H., R. Lifran, and S. B. Olsen. 2010. To restore or not? A valuation of social and ecological functions of the Marais des Baux wetland in Southern France. Ecological Economics 69:2383-2393. 2010 France Model Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Wilson, B. 2010. Effect Of Hurricanes On Guilds Of Nearshore Epiphytal Foraminifera, Nevis, West Indies. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 40:327-343. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Yasue, M., L. Kaufman, and A. C. J. Vincent. 2010. Assessing ecological changes in and around marine reserves using community perceptions and biological surveys. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:407-418. 2010 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas
Zawada, D. G., G. A. Piniak, and C. J. Hearn. 2010. Topographic complexity and roughness of a tropical benthic seascape. Geophysical Research Letters 37:L14604. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Substrate
[No author name available]. 2009. Green light for Gorgon gas project, but environmental conditions apply. Chemical Engineer 816:13. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Pipelines; Sea Turtles; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
2009. Special issue featuring: ocean acidification - from ecological impacts to policy opportunities. Current 25:1-45. 2009 Global Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity; Scientific Research
Anderson, T. J., C. Syms, D. A. Roberts, and D. F. Howard. 2009. Multi-scale fish-habitat associations and the use of habitat surrogates to predict the organisation and abundance of deep-water fish assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 379:34-42. 2009 GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Sediment
Armour, J. D., L. R. Hateley, and G. L. Pitt. 2009. Catchment modelling of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loads with SedNet/ANNEX in the Tully-Murray basin. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1091-1096. 2009 Australia Model Landuse Management; Nutrients; Sediment
Aubert, A., C. E. Lazareth, G. Cabioch, H. Boucher, T. Yamada, Y. Iryu, and R. Farman. 2009. The tropical giant clam Hippopus hippopus shell, a new archive of environmental conditions as revealed by sclerochronological and delta O-18 profiles. Coral Reefs 28:989-998. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Avila, E. and J. L. Carballo. 2009. A preliminary assessment of the invasiveness of the Indo-Pacific sponge Chalinula nematifera on coral communities from the tropical Eastern Pacific. Biological Invasions 11:257-264. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Sponges; Stony Coral
Bainbridge, Z. T., J. E. Brodie, J. W. Faithful, D. A. Sydes, and S. E. Lewis. 2009. Identifying the land-based sources of suspended sediments, nutrients and pesticides discharged to the Great Barrier Reef from the Tully-Murray Basin, Queensland, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1081-1090. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Barbosa, C. F., M. D. Prazeres, B. P. Ferreira, and J. C. S. Seoane. 2009. Foraminiferal assemblage and reef check census in coral reef health monitoring of East Brazilian margin. Marine Micropaleontology 73:62-69. 2009 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Baron, J. S., L. Gunderson, C. D. Allen, E. Fleishman, D. McKenzie, L. A. Meyerson, J. Oropeza, and N. Stephenson. 2009. Options for National Parks and Reserves for Adapting to Climate Change. Environmental Management 44:1033-1042. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Boyer, J. N. and H. O. Briceno. 2009. 2009 annual report of the water quality monitoring project for the water quality protection program of the Florida Keys National Marine Sactuary. Florida International University, Miami, FL. 2009 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Light; Nutrients; Salinity
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in US jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Bradley, P., W. S. Fisher, H. Bell, W. Davis, V. Chan, C. LoBue, W. Wiltse. 2009. Development and implementation of coral reef biocriteria in U.S. jurisdictions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:43-51. 2009 Global; US Virgin Islands Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Sea Temperatures; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Brock, J. C. and S. J. Purkis. 2009. The Emerging Role of Lidar Remote Sensing in Coastal Research and Resource Management. Journal of Coastal Research 25:1-5. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Bunge, M. and U. Lechner. 2009. Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of polychlorinated dioxins. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 84:429-444. 2009 Review Microorganisms; Remediation; Sediment
Chatterjea, S. and P. Havinga. 2009. Improving Temporal Coverage of an Energy-Efficient Data Extraction Algorithm for Environmental Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 9:4941-4954. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Clark, M. R. and A. A. Rowden. 2009. Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56:1540-1554. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Stony Coral; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cooper, T. F., J. P. Gilmour, and K. E. Fabricius. 2009. Bioindicators of changes in water quality on coral reefs: review and recommendations for monitoring programmes. Coral Reefs 18-Jan. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Costa, B. M., T. A. Battista, and S. J. Pittman. 2009. Comparative evaluation of airborne LiDAR and ship-based multibeam SoNAR bathymetry and intensity for mapping coral reef ecosystems. Remote Sensing of Environment 113:1082-1100. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Cottin, A. G., D. L. Forbes, and B. F. Long. 2009. Shallow seabed mapping and classification using waveform analysis and bathymetry from SHOALS lidar data. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 35:422-434. 2009 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
de Freitas, D. M., S. Kininmonth, and S. Woodley. 2009. Linking science and management in the adoption of sensor network technology in the Great Barrier Reef coast, Australia. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 33:111-121. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Light; Surface & Groundwater Flow
de Freitas, M. C., R. H. S. D. Vieira, and M. E. de Araujo. 2009. Impact of the Construction of the Harbor at Pecem (Ceara, Brazil) upon Reef Fish Communities in Tide Pools. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52:187-195. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Small Herbivorous Fish
de Voogd, N. J., L. E. Becking, and D. F. R. Cleary. 2009. Sponge community composition in the Derawan Islands, NE Kalimantan, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396:169-180. 2009 Java; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
DiDonato, G. T., E. M. DiDonato, L. M. Smith, L. C. Harwell, and J. K. Summers. 2009. Assessing coastal waters of American Samoa: territory-wide water quality data provide a critical "big-picture" view for this tropical archipelago. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 150:157-165. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa; American Samoa Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Diesing, M., R. Coggan, and K. Vanstaen. 2009. Widespread rocky reef occurrence in the central English Channel and the implications for predictive habitat mapping. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 83:647-658. 2009 Europe; United Kingdom Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Eberhard, R., C. J. Robinson, J. Waterhouse, J. Parslow, B. Hart, R. Grayson, and B. Taylor. 2009. Adaptive management for water quality planning - from theory to practice. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1189-1195. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. 2009. Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies. Department of Energy. 2009 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Mitigation; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Utility Policies
Fancy, S. G., J. E. Gross, and S. L. Carter. 2009. Monitoring the condition of natural resources in US national parks. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 151:161-174. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Feld, C. K., R. M. da Silva, J. P. Sousa, F. de Bello, R. Bugter, U. Grandin, D. Hering, S. Lavorel, O. Mountford, I. Pardo, M. Partel, J. Rombke, L. Sandin, K. B. Jones, and P. Harrison. 2009. Indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem services: a synthesis across ecosystems and spatial scales. Oikos 118:1862-1871. 2009 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Fernandez, T. V., G. D'Anna, F. Badalamenti, and A. Perez-Ruzafa. 2009. Effect of simulated macroalgae on the fish assemblage associated with a temperate reef system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 376:7-16. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Seagrasses
Forst, M. F. 2009. The convergence of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the ecosystems approach. Ocean and Coastal Management 52:294-306. 2009 South & Central America; Australia; Belize Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Foster, G., B. K. Walker, and B. M. Riegl. 2009. Interpretation of Single-Beam Acoustic Backscatter Using Lidar-Derived Topographic Complexity and Benthic Habitat Classifications in a Coral Reef Environment. Journal of Coastal Research 25:16-26. 2009 Florida GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Freiwald, A., L. Beuck, A. Rueggeberg, M. Taviani, and D. Hebbeln. 2009. The WHITE CORAL COMMUNITY in the Central Mediterranean Sea Revealed by ROV Surveys. Oceanography 22:58-74. 2009 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Gachon, C. M. M., M. Strittmatter, D. G. Muller, J. Kleinteich, and F. C. Kupper. 2009. Detection of Differential Host Susceptibility to the Marine Oomycete Pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii by Real-Time PCR: Not All Algae Are Equal. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:322-328. 2009 South & Central America; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens
Georgiadis, M., G. Papatheodorou, E. Tzanatos, M. Geraga, A. Ramfos, C. Koutsikopoulos, and G. Ferentinos. 2009. Coralligene formations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Morphology, distribution, mapping and relation to fisheries in the southern Aegean Sea (Greece) based on high-resolution acoustics. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:44-58. 2009 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Gerhardinger, L. C., M. Hostim-Silva, R. P. Medeiros, J. Matarezi, A. A. Bertoncini, M. O. Freitas, and B. P. Ferreira. 2009. Fishers' resource mapping and goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Serranidae) conservation in Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 7:93-102. 2009 Tonga GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Salinity; Substrate
Gledhill, D. K., R. Wanninkhof, and C. M. Eakin. 2009. Observing ocean acidification from space. Oceanography 22:48-59. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures
Godet, L., J. Fournier, N. Toupoint, and F. Olivier. 2009. Mapping and monitoring intertidal benthic habitats: a review of techniques and a proposal for a new visual methodology for the European coasts. Progress in Physical Geography 33:378-402. 2009 Global; Europe Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Guinan, J., A. J. Grehan, M. F. J. Dolan, and C. Brown. 2009. Quantifying relationships between video observations of cold-water coral cover and seafloor features in rockall trough, west of Ireland. Marine Ecology Progress Series 375:125-138. 2009 Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Herrera-Silveira, J. A. and S. M. Morales-Ojeda. 2009. Evaluation of the health status of a coastal ecosystem in southeast Mexico: Assessment of water quality, phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 59:72-86. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hobson, T. 2009. Ocean-front remediation. Pollution Engineering 41:35. 2009 Remediation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hoffmann, F., R. Radax, D. Woebken, M. Holtappels, G. Lavik, H. T. Rapp, M. L. Schlappy, C. Schleper, and M. M. M. Kuypers. 2009. Complex nitrogen cycling in the sponge Geodia barretti. Environmental Microbiology 11:2228-2243. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Sediment; Sponges
Karfs, R. A., B. N. Abbott, P. F. Scarth, and J. F. Wallace. 2009. Land condition monitoring information for reef catchments: a new era. Rangeland Journal 31:69-86. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management
Lane, M. B. and C. J. Robinson. 2009. Institutional complexity and environmental management: The challenge of integration and the promise of large-scale collaboration. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16:16-24. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Le Guilloux, E., K. Olu, J. F. Bourillet, B. Savoye, S. P. Iglesias, and M. Sibuet. 2009. First observations of deep-sea coral reefs along the Angola margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:2394-2403. 2009 GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Stony Coral
Leopold, M., A. Cakacaka, S. Meo, J. Sikolia, and D. Lecchini. 2009. Evaluation of the effectiveness of three underwater reef fish monitoring methods in Fiji. Biodiversity and Conservation 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Lim, A., J. D. Hedley, E. LeDrew, P. J. Mumby, and C. Roelfsema. 2009. The effects of ecologically determined spatial complexity on the classification accuracy of simulated coral reef images. Remote Sensing of Environment 113:965-978. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Manzello, D., M. Warner, E. Stabenau, J. Hendee, M. Lesser, and M. Jankulak. 2009. Remote monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence in two reef corals during the 2005 bleaching event at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Coral Reefs 28:209-214. 2009 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Maynard, J. A., J. E. Johnson, P. A. Marshall, C. M. Eakin, G. Goby, H. Schuttenberg, and C. M. Spillman. 2009. A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate. Environmental Management 11-Jan. 2009 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sea Temperatures
McLeod, E., R. Salm, A. Green, and J. Almany. 2009. Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:362-370. 2009 Biocriteria; Climate; Marine Protected Areas
Mcmurray, S. E. and J. R. Pawlik. 2009. A novel technique for the reattachment of large coral reef sponges. Restoration Ecology 17:192-195. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Remediation; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Meng, P.-J., J. Lin, and L.-L. Liu. 2009. Aquatic organotin pollution in Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Management 90. 2009 Taiwan Review; Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Small Boats; Snails & Conch
Miller, K., H. Neil, and D. Tracey. 2009. Recent advances in deep-sea coral science and emerging links to conservation and management of deep-sea ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:1-5. 2009 Global GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Ocean Acidity
Miller, M. W., A. Valdivia, K. L. Kramer, B. Mason, D. E. Williams, and L. Johnston. 2009. Alternate benthic assemblages on reef restoration structures and cascading effects on coral settlement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 387:147-156. 2009 Florida Lab Study Algae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Moses, C. S., S. Andrefouet, C. J. Kranenburg, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2009. Regional estimates of reef carbonate dynamics and productivity Using Landsat 7 ETM+, and potential impacts from ocean acidification. Marine Ecology Progress Series 380:103-115. 2009 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses; Sediment
Neves, E. and R. Johnsson. 2009. Taxonomic revision of the southwestern Atlantic Madracis and the description of Madracis fragilis n. sp (Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae), a new coral species from Brazil. Scientia Marina 73:739-746. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Nguyen, H. Y. T., O. Pedersen, K. Ikejima, K. Sunada, and S. Oishi. 2009. Using reefcheck monitoring database to develop the coral reef index of biological integrity. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 4:90-102. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Skeletal Coral; Small Boats; Stony Coral
Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G., M. H. Hanafy, M. M. Fouda, A. Afifi, and M. Costa. 2009. Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:211-216. 2009 Egypt; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Nothdurft, L. D. and G. E. Webb. 2009. Clypeotheca, a new skeletal structure in scleractinian corals: A potential stress indicator. Coral Reefs 28:143-153. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens
Nowak, D., M. Florek, J. Nowak, W. Kwiatek, J. Lekki, P. Chevallier, A. Hacura, R. Wrzalik, B. Ben-Nissan, R. Van Grieken, and A. Kuczumow. 2009. Morphology and the chemical make-up of the inorganic components of black corals. Materials Science and Engineering C 29:1029-1038. 2009 GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Pande, A. and J. P. A. Gardner. 2009. A baseline biological survey of the proposed Taputeranga Marine Reserve (Wellington, New Zealand): spatial and temporal variability along a natural environmental gradient. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:237-248. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates
Pedersen, S. A., H. Fock, J. Krause, C. Pusch, A. L. Sell, U. Bottcher, S. I. Rogers, M. Skold, H. Skov, M. Podolska, G. J. Piet, and J. C. Rice. 2009. Natura 2000 sites and fisheries in German offshore waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:155-169. 2009 Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Whales & Dolphins
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2009. The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 369:1-7. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2009. The role of differential survival patterns in shaping coral communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 369:7-Jan. 2009 Artificial Habitat; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Pietri, D., P. Christie, R. B. Pollnac, R. Diaz, and A. Sabonsolin. 2009. Information Diffusion in Two Marine Protected Area Networks in the Central Visayas Region, Philippines. Coastal Management 37:331-348. 2009 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas
Purser, A., M. Bergmann, T. Lundalv, J. Ontrup, and T. W. Nattkemper. 2009. Use of machine-learning algorithms for the automated detection of cold-water coral habitats: a pilot study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:241-251. 2009 Norway GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sponges
Ramos, C. A. C., F. D. Amaral, R. K. P. de Kikuchi, E. M. Chaves, and G. R. de Melo. 2009. Quantification of reef benthos communities and variability inherent to the monitoring using video transect method. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 7-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Reopanichkul, P., T. A. Schlacher, R. W. Carter, and S. Worachananant. 2009. Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1356-1362. 2009 Global; Thailand Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Roberts, J. M., A. J. Davies, L. A. Henry, L. A. Dodds, G. C. A. Duineveld, M. S. S. Lavaleye, C. Maier, R. W. M. van Soest, M. J. N. Bergman, V. Huhnerbach, V. A. I. Huvenne, D. J. Sinclair, T. Watmough, D. Long, S. L. Green, and H. van Haren. 2009. Mingulay reef complex: an interdisciplinary study of cold-water coral habitat, hydrography and biodiversity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 397:139-151. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, N. Udy, and P. Maxwell. 2009. An Integrated Field and Remote Sensing Approach for Mapping Seagrass Cover, Moreton Bay, Australia. Journal of Spatial Science 54:45-62. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Roseman, E. F., J. S. Schaeffer, and P. J. Steen. 2009. Review of fish diversity in the Lake Huron basin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 12:22-Nov. 2009 Review Climate; Fish; Fishing Sector; Remediation; Schools & Colleges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Roth, M. S. and N. Knowlton. 2009. Distribution, abundance, and microhabitat characterization of small juvenile corals at Palmyra Atoll. Marine Ecology Progress Series 376:133-142. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral
Ruxton, A. B., G. S. Woods, G. Gigan, and C. R. Huddlestone-Holmes. 2009. Real-time environmental monitoring of the great barrier reef. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 10:26-35. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Sanchez, F., A. Serrano, and M. G. Ballesteros. 2009. Photogrammetric quantitative study of habitat and benthic communities of deep Cantabrian Sea hard grounds. Continental Shelf Research 29:1174-1188. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sattar, J., P. Giguere, and G. Dudek. 2009. Sensor-based behavior control for an autonomous underwater vehicle. International Journal of Robotics Research 28:701-713. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Shafir, S., S. Abady, and B. Rinkevich. 2009. Improved sustainable maintenance for mid-water coral nursery by the application of an anti-fouling agent. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:124-128. 2009 Aquaculture; Nutrients; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Shearer, T. L., I. Porto, and A. L. Zubillaga. 2009. Restoration of coral populations in light of genetic diversity estimates. Coral Reefs 7-Jan. 2009 Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Slater, M. J. and A. G. Carton. 2009. Effect of sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) grazing on coastal sediments impacted by mussel farm deposition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1123-1129. 2009 Index or Indicator Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Remediation; Sediment
Smith, A. M. 2009. Bryozoans as southern sentinels of ocean acidification: A major role for a minor phylum. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:475-482. 2009 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ocean Acidity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sunagawa, S., E. C. Wilson, M. Thaler, M. L. Smith, C. Caruso, J. R. Pringle, V. M. Weis, M. Medina, and J. A. Schwarz. 2009. Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. BMC Genomics 10:258. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Teplitski, M. and K. Ritchie. 2009. How feasible is the biological control of coral diseases? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24:378-385. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Pathogens
Titlyanov, E. A. and T. V. Titlyanova. 2009. The dynamics of the restoration of mechanical damage to colonies of the scleractinian coral Porites lutea under conditions of competition with algal settlers for substratum. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 35:230-235. 2009 Japan Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Light; Microorganisms; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Todd, V. L. G., W. D. Pearse, N. C. Tregenza, P. A. Lepper, and I. B. Todd. 2009. Diel echolocation activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around North Sea offshore gas installations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:734-745. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Villa, F., M. Ceroni, K. Bagstad, G. Johnson, and S. Krivov. 2009. ARIES (ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services): a new tool for ecosystem services assessment, planning, and valuation. in Proceedings of the 11th Annual BIOECON Conference on Economic Instruments to Enhance the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity. Venice, Italy, September, 2000. 2009 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Walton, R. S. and H. M. Hunter. 2009. Isolating the water quality responses of multiple land uses from stream monitoring data through model calibration. Journal of Hydrology 378:29-45. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Discharges; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wolanski, E., J. A. Martinez, and R. H. Richmond. 2009. Quantifying the impact of watershed urbanization on a coral reef: Maunalua Bay, Hawaii. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:259-268. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Coralline Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Non-Monetary Valuation; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Zhang, L., B. Zhang, Z. C. Chen, L. F. Zheng, and Q. X. Tong. 2009. The application of hyperspectral remote sensing to coast environment investigation. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 28:1-13. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining Policies; Petroleum Spills
[No author name available]. 2008. Coastal Environment 2008: Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions, CENV 08. in WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Boating Activities; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
[No author name available]. 2008. Proceedings of Spie - Remote Sensing of Inland, Coastal, and Oceanic Waters. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 7150. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia; Fiji; China Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton; Surface & Groundwater Flow
2008. DRAFT PROPOSED REVISIONS TO: U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. Chapter 7. Water Pollution Control, Subchapter 186. Water Quality Standards for Waters of the Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands. 2008 US Virgin Islands Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Designated Uses; Discharges; Irrigation; Mangroves; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Airoldi, L., D. Balata, M.W. Beck. 2008. The Gray Zone: Relationships between habitat loss and marine diversity and their applications in conservation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366:8-15. 2008 Model Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Wetlands
Alippi, C., R. Camplani, C. Galperti, M. Roveri, and L. Sportiello. 2008. Towards a credible WSNs deployment: A monitoring framework based on an adaptive communication protocol and energy-harvesting availability. Pages 66-71 in Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Alkendi, M. Y. and M. Chandler. 2008. A successful stakeholder partnership - The Dolphin Energy experience coral reef habitats of the Arabian Gulf. Pages 2039-2047 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Global; Qatar GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Appeldoorn, R. S. 2008. Transforming reef fisheries management: Application of an ecosystem-based approach in the USA Caribbean. Environmental Conservation 35:232-241. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Balmford, A., A. S. L. Rodrigues, M. Walpole, P. ten Brink, M. Kettunen, L. Braat, and R. de Groot. 2008. The economics of biodiversity and ecosystems: scoping the science. European Commission, Cambridge, UK. 2008 Global Review; GIS & Maps Aquaculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Climate; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Monetary Valuation
Barbour, M. T., N. L. Poff, R. H. Norris, and J. D. Allan. 2008. Perspective: communicating our science to influence public policy. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27:562-569. 2008 Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Bell, J. J. 2008. The functional roles of marine sponges. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 79:341-353. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sponges; Substrate
Bertels, L., T. Vanderstraete, S. Van Coillie, E. Knaeps, S. Sterckx, R. Goossens, and B. Deronde. 2008. Mapping of coral reefs using hyperspectral CASI data; a case study: Fordata, Tanimbar, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29:2359-2391. 2008 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Bradley, P., W. Davis, W. Fisher, H. Bell, V. Chan, C. LoBue, and W. Wiltse. 2008. Biological criteria for protection of U.S. coral reefs. Pages 1078-1082 in Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Brown, C. J. and J. S. Collier. 2008. Mapping benthic habitat in regions of gradational substrata: An automated approach utilising geophysical, geological, and biological relationships. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 78:203-214. 2008 Europe GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Cabaitan, P. C., E. D. Gomez, and P. M. Alino. 2008. Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 357:85-98. 2008 Philippines Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Cabrera, D., J.T. Mandel, J.P. Andras, M.L. Nydam. 2008. What is the crisis? Defining and prioritizing the world�s most pressing problems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6:469-475. 2008 Global GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens
Cannon, J. 2008. A bargain for clean water. 2008 Review Agriculture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Cardona-Maldonado, M. A. 2008. Assessment of coral reef community structure using water optical properties. Masters Thesis. University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico). 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrients; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate
Cassata, L. and L. B. Collins. 2008. Coral reef communities, habitats, and substrates in and near sanctuary zones of Ningaloo Marine Park. Journal of Coastal Research 24:139-151. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Chaloupka, M., K. A. Bjorndal, G. H. Balazs, A. B. Bolten, L. M. Ehrhart, C. J. Limpus, H. Suganuma, S. Troeng, and M. Yamaguchi. 2008. Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:297-304. 2008 Global; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Costa Rica; Japan Review Sea Turtles
Chancerelle, Y. 2008. Coral reefs of Wallis and Futuna: Biological monitoring, health and future [Les recifs coralliens de Wallis et Futuna: Suivi biologique, etat de sante et perspectives d'avenir]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:133-143. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Fiji; Samoa; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest
Da Silva, M., M. R. Z. Passarini, R. C. Bonugli, and L. D. Sette. 2008. Cnidarian-derived filamentous fungi from Brazil: Isolation, characterisation and RBBR decolourisation screening. Environmental Technology 29:1331-1339. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Remediation; Stony Coral
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2008. 'Loved to death': Coral collecting in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1770-1970. Environment and History 14:89-119. 2008 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Tourism & Recreation
Day, J. 2008. The need and practice of monitoring, evaluating and adapting marine planning and management-lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Policy 32:823-831. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
de Paula Silva, P. H., S. McBride, R. de Nys, and N. A. Paul. 2008. Integrating filamentous 'green tide' algae into tropical pond-based aquaculture. Aquaculture 284:74-80. 2008 Australia Algae; Aquaculture; Nutrients; Remediation; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
Delaunoy, O., N. Gracias, and R. Garcia. 2008. Towards detecting changes in underwater image sequences. in OCEANS'08 MTS/IEEE Kobe-Techno-Ocean'08 - Voyage toward the Future, OTO'08. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
D'Entremont, A., J. Kaariainen, and K. Baker. 2008. SERPENT of the Deep - Research, monitoring and partnerships for a deepwater well off atlantic canada. Pages 1493-1500 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Schools & Colleges; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dinhut, V., J.-B. Nicet, and J.-P. Quod. 2008. Monitoring and health state 2007 of coral reefs of Mayotte Island [Suivi et etat de sante 2007 des recifs coralliens de Mayotte]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:103-114. 2008 Mayotte Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Dizon, R. M., A. J. Edwards, and E. D. Gomez. 2008. Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:1140-1148. 2008 Philippines Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Finkl, C. W., J. E. Becerra, V. Achatz, and J. L. Andrews. 2008. Geomorphological mapping along the upper southeast Florida Atlantic continental platform; I: Mapping units, symbolization and geographic information system presentation of interpreted seafloor topography. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1388-1417. 2008 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Fisher, W. S., L. S. Fore., A/ Hutchins, R. L. Quarles, J. G. Campbell, C. LoBue, W. S. Davis. 2008. Evaluation of stony coral indicators for coral reef management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1737-1745. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Stony Coral
Gao, Q.-F., P. K. S. Shin, W. Z. Xu, and S. G. Cheung. 2008. Amelioration of marine farming impact on the benthic environment using artificial reefs as biofilters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57:652-661. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment
GARRISON, V. and G. WARD. 2008. Storm-generated coral fragments - A viable source of transplants for reef rehabilitation. Biological Conservation 141:3089-3100. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Gavella, N. 2008. On the acquisition of ownership by appropriation of sea fish and other sea organisms [O stjecanju vlasništva prisvajanjem morskih riba i drugih morskih organizama]. Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu 58:113-134. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gibson, P. J., J. N. Boyer, and N. P. Smith. 2008. Nutrient mass flux between Florida Bay and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Estuaries and Coasts 31:21-32. 2008 Florida Discharges; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Haywood, M. D. E., C. R. Pitcher, N. Ellis, T. J. Wassenberg, G. Smith, K. Forcey, I. McLeod, A. Carter, C. Strickland, and R. Coles. 2008. Mapping and characterisation of the inter-reefal benthic assemblages of the Torres Strait. Continental Shelf Research 28:2304-2316. 2008 Australia GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Hiff, J. 2008. T/B Morris J. Berman oil spill: Restoration projects overview. Pages 145-150 in International Oil Spill Conference - IOSC 2008, Proceedings. 2008 Puerto Rico Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Hirst, A. J. 2008. Surrogate measures for assessing cryptic faunal biodiversity on macroalgal-dominated subtidal reefs. Biological Conservation 141:211-220. 2008 GIS & Maps Algae; Arthropods; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Hsu, M.-K., A. K. Liu, Y. Zhao, and K. Hotta. 2008. Satellite remote sensing of Spratly Islands using SAR. International Journal of Remote Sensing 29:6427-6436. 2008 China; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Isozaki, Y., J. Yao, Z. Ji, M. Saitoh, N. Kobayashi, and H. Sakai. 2008. Rapid sea-level change in the Late Guadalupian (Permian) on the Tethyan side of South China: Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Chaotian section in Sichuan. Pages 344-353 in Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences. 2008 Global; Japan; China Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jianyu, C., M. Zhihua, and H. Xianqiang. 2008. Geomorphological diversity of Dong-Sha Atoll based on spectrum and texture analysis in high resolution remote sensing imagery. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 7150. 2008 China GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection
Kang, C.-K., E. J. Choy, Y. Son, J.-Y. Lee, J. K. Kim, Y. Kim, and K.-S. Lee. 2008. Food web structure of a restored macroalgal bed in the eastern Korean peninsula determined by C and N stable isotope analyses. Marine Biology 153:1181-1198. 2008 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Plankton; Sea Urchins
Knee, K. L., B. A. Layton, J. H. Street, A. B. Boehm, and A. Paytan. 2008. Sources of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria to nearshore waters on the north shore of Kaua'i (Hawai'i, USA). Estuaries and Coasts 31:607-622. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kuhl, M. and L. Polerecky. 2008. Functional and structural imaging of phototrophic microbial communities and symbioses. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 53:99-118. 2008 GIS & Maps CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Primary Production; Sediment
Lammers, M. O., R. E. Brainard, W. W. L. Au, T. A. Mooney, and K. B. Wong. 2008. An ecological acoustic recorder (EAR) for long-term monitoring of biological and anthropogenic sounds on coral reefs and other marine habitats. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123:1720-1728. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Whales & Dolphins
Laurent, D., A.-S. Kerbrat, H. T. Darius, E. Girard, S. Golubic, E. Benoit, M.-P. Sauviat, M. Chinain, J. Molgo, and S. Pauillac. 2008. Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-like outbreaks in New Caledonia? Harmful Algae 7:827-838. 2008 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Molluscs
Legrand, H., Y. Rousseau, C. Peres, and J.-P. Marechal. 2008. Ecological monitoring of coral reefs in IFRECOR survey sites in Martinique between 2001 and 2006 [Suivi ecologique des recifs coralliens des stations IFRECOR en Martinique de 2001 à 2006]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:67-84. 2008 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba; Martinique; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Pathogens
Leticia, A.-G. and G.-B. Gerardo. 2008. Determination of esterase activity and characterization of cholinesterases in the reef fish Haemulon plumieri. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 71:787-797. 2008 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Letourneur, Y., J.-C. Gaertner, J.-P. Durbec, and M. E. Jessu. 2008. Effects of geomorphological zones, reefs and seasons on coral reef fish communities of Reunion Island, Mascarene Archipelago, SW Indian Ocean. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 77:697-709. 2008 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Li, Y.-C., H. Huang, Z.-J. Dong, J.-S. Lian, and G.-W. Zhou. 2008. Headway of study on coral reefs ecological restoration. Shengtai Xuebao/ Acta Ecologica Sinica 28:5047-5054. 2008 Global; China Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Linares, C., R. Coma, and M. Zabala. 2008. Restoration of threatened red gorgonian populations: An experimental and modelling approach. Biological Conservation 141:427-437. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Light; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral
Lindenbaum, C., J. D. Bennell, E. I. S. Rees, D. Mcclean, W. Cook, A. J. Wheeler, and W. G. Sanderson. 2008. Small-scale variation within a Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) reef in the Irish Sea: I. Seabed mapping and reef morphology. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:133-141. 2008 United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs
Ling, S. D. 2008. Range expansion of a habitat-modifying species leads to loss of taxonomic diversity: A new and impoverished reef state. Oecologia 156:883-894. 2008 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Urchins
Lipcius, R. N., D. B. Eggleston, S. J. Schreiber, R. D. Seitz, J. Shen, M. Sisson, W. T. Stockhausen, and H. V. Wang. 2008. Importance of metapopulation connectivity to restocking and restoration of marine species. Reviews in Fisheries Science 16:101-110. 2008
Lo Lacono, C., E. Gracia, and J. J. Danobeitia. 2008. Acoustic detection of deep coral mounds. Sea Technology 49:35-38. 2008 GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Substrate
McDermott, S., D. Burdick, R. Grizzle, and J. Greene. 2008. Restoring ecological functions and increasing community awareness of an urban tidal pond using blue mussels. Ecological Restoration 26:254-262. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Fish; Invertebrates; Social Organizations; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Metian, M. and M. Warnau. 2008. The tropical brown alga Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) womersley: A prospective bioindicator for Ag contamination in tropical coastal waters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81:455-458. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae
Metian, M., E. Giron, V. Borne, L. Hedouin, J.-L. Teyssie, and M. Warnau. 2008. The brown alga Lobophora variegata, a bioindicator species for surveying metal contamination in tropical marine environments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 362:49-54. 2008 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mining
Mitsuguchi, T., P. X. Dang, H. Kitagawa, T. Uchida, and Y. Shibata. 2008. Coral Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca records in Con Dao Island off the Mekong Delta: Assessment of their potential for monitoring ENSO and East Asian monsoon. Global and Planetary Change 63:341-352. 2008 China Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mohammed, S. W. C. and S. E. Coppard. 2008. Ecology and distribution of soft-sediment benthic communities off Viti Levu (Fiji). Marine Ecology Progress Series 371:91-107. 2008 Australia; New Caledonia; Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Moltu, U. E. and L. Pinturier. 2008. Zero harmful impact from drilling discharges: Where are the limits? Pages 988-1002 in Society of Petroleum Engineers - 9th International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 2008 - \In Search of Sustainable Excellence\"". 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corporate Responses; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Toxics
Monk, J., D. Ierodiaconou, A. Bellgrove, and L. Laurenson. 2008. Using community-based monitoring with GIS to create habitat maps for a marine protected area in Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:865-871. 2008 Global; Australia; Cuba; United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Montagna, P., S. Silenzi, S. Devoti, C. Mazzoli, M. McCulloch, G. Scicchitano, and M. Taviani. 2008. Climate reconstructions and monitoring in the Mediterranean Sea: A review on some recently discovered high-resolution marine archives. Rendiconti Lincei 19:121-140. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity
Monteiro-Neto, C., R. A. Tubino, L. E. S. Moraes, J. P. De Mendonca Neto, G. V. Esteves, and W. L. Fortes. 2008. Associations of fishes in the coastal region of Itaipu, Niteroi [Associacões de peixes na região costeira de Itaipu, Niteroi, RJ]. Iheringia - Serie Zoologia 98:50-59. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector
Morley, D. M., R. L. Sherman, L. K. B. Jordan, K. W. Banks, T. P. Quinn, and R. E. Spieler. 2008. Environmental enhancement gone awry: Characterization of an artificial reef constructed from waste vehicle tires. Pages 73-87 in WIT Transactions on the Built Environment. 2008 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Substrate
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2008. Detailed methods for characterization and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems and associated biological communities. NOAA Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment. 2008 Florida; US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Military; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Okamoto, M., S. Nojima, S. Fujiwara, and Y. Furushima. 2008. Development of ceramic settlement devices for coral reef restoration using in situ sexualreproduction of corals. Fisheries Science 74:1245-1253. 2008 Lab Study Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura. 2008. Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27:165. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Paul, N. A. and R. de Nys. 2008. Promise and pitfalls of locally abundant seaweeds as biofilters for integrated aquaculture. Aquaculture 281:49-55. 2008 Australia Algae; Aquaculture; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Remediation
Perkol-Finkel, S., G. Zilman, I. Sella, T. Miloh, and Y. Benayahu. 2008. Floating and fixed artificial habitats: Spatial and temporal patterns of benthic communities in a coral reef environment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 77:491-500. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sponges
Petersen, D., A. Wietheger, and M. Laterveer. 2008. Influence of different food sources on the initial development of sexual recruits of reefbuilding corals in aquaculture. Aquaculture 277:174-178. 2008 Lab Study Algae; Aquaculture; Sediment; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Phinn, S., C. Roelfsema, A. Dekker, V. Brando, and J. Anstee. 2008. Mapping seagrass species, cover and biomass in shallow waters: An assessment of satellite multi-spectral and airborne hyper-spectral imaging systems in Moreton Bay (Australia). Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3412-3425. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pittman, S. J., S. D. Hile, C. F. G. Jeffrey, C. Caldow, M. S. Kendall, M. E. Monaco, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2008. Fish assemblages and benthic habitats of Buck Island Reef National Monument (St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands) and the surrounding seascape: a characterization of spatial and temporal patterns. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Prada, M. C., R. S. Appeldoorn, and J. A. Rivera. 2008. Improving coral reef habitat mapping of the Puerto Rico insular shelf using side scan sonar. Marine Geodesy 31:49-73. 2008 Puerto Rico GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Raghukumar, C. 2008. Marine fungal biotechnology: An ecological perspective. Fungal Diversity 31:19-35. 2008 Review Algae; Biotechnology Research & Development; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Remediation; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sponges
Reeves, J. M., A. R. Chivas, A. Garcia, S. Holt, M. J. J. Couapel, B. G. Jones, D. I. Cendon, and D. Fink. 2008. The sedimentary record of palaeoenvironments and sea-level change in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, through the last glacial cycle. Quaternary International 183:22-Mar. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Climate; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Reitzel, A. M., J. C. Sullivan, N. Traylor-Knowles, and J. R. Finnerty. 2008. Genomic survey of candidate stress-response genes in the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis. Biological Bulletin 214:233-254. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Anemones & Zooanthids; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Stony Coral
Rinkevich, B. 2008. Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1821-1824. 2008 Global Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Roberts, D. A., E. L. Johnston, and A. G. B. Poore. 2008. Contamination of marine biogenic habitats and effects upon associated epifauna. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1057-1065. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sponges
Rodriguez-Zaragoza, F. A. and J. E. Arias-Gonzalez. 2008. Additive diversity partitioning of reef fishes across multiple spatial scales. Caribbean Journal of Science 44:90-101. 2008 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Roelfsema, C. and S. Phinn. 2008. Evaluating eight field and remote sensing approaches for mapping the benthos of three different coral reef environments in Fiji. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 7150. 2008 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Rogers, S. I., P. J. Somerfield, M. Schratzberger, R. Warwick, T. A. D. Maxwell, and J. R. Ellis. 2008. Sampling strategies to evaluate the status of offshore soft sediment assemblages. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:880-894. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Sediment
Sanderson, W. G., R. H. F. Holt, L. Kay, K. Ramsay, J. Perrins, A. J. Mcmath, and E. I. S. Rees. 2008. Small-scale variation within a Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) reef in the Irish Sea. II. Epifauna recorded by divers and cameras. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:143-149. 2008 United Kingdom Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Sediment
Schueth, J. D. and T. D. Frank. 2008. Reef foraminifera as bioindicators of coral reef health: Low Isles Reef, Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 38:22-Nov. 2008 South & Central America; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Segal, B., H. Evangelista, M. Kampel, A. C. Goncalves, P. S. Polito, and E. A. dos Santos. 2008. Potential impacts of polar fronts on sedimentation processes at Abrolhos coral reef (South-West Atlantic Ocean/Brazil). Continental Shelf Research 28:533-544. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shaish, L., G. Levy, E. Gomez, and B. Rinkevich. 2008. Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: Establishing the first step in the \gardening concept\" of reef restoration". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358:86-97. 2008 Philippines Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Shcherbina, A. Y., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, C. A. Linder, and S. R. Thorrold. 2008. Mapping bathymetric and hydrographic features of Glover's Reef, Belize, with a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle. Limnology and Oceanography 53:2264-2272. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish
Shivlani, M., V. R. Leeworthy, T. J. Murray, D. O. Suman, and F. Tonioli. 2008. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of management strategies and regulations of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries by commercial fishers, dive operators, and environmental group members: a baseline characterization and 10-year comparison. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD. 2008 Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Special Use Permitting
Sirelkhatim, D. A., A. K. Sam, and R. K. Hassona. 2008. Plutonium isotopes in marine sediments and some biota from the Sudanese coast of the Red Sea. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 131:414-417. 2008 Global; Sudan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Takada, Y., O. Abe, and T. Shibuno. 2008. Cryptic assemblages in coral-rubble interstices along a terrestrial-sediment gradient. Coral Reefs 27:665-675. 2008 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Salinity; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Tessier, E., L. Bigot, C. Cadet, B. Cauvin, P. Chabanet, C. Conand, J.-B. Nicet, and J.-P. Quod. 2008. Coral reefs of Reunion Island in 2007: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de la Reunion en 2007: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:85-102. 2008 Global; Indian Ocean; Reunion; India; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Titlyanov, E. A. and T. V. Titlyanova. 2008. Coral - Algal competition on damaged reefs. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34:199-219. 2008 Algae; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Torrents, O., E. Tambutte, N. Caminiti, and J. Garrabou. 2008. Upper thermal thresholds of shallow vs. deep populations of the precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L.): Assessing the potential effects of warming in the NW Mediterranean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 357:19-Jul. 2008 Global; France Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate
Wabnitz, C. C., S. Andrefouet, D. Torres-Pulliza, F. E. Muller-Karger, and P. A. Kramer. 2008. Regional-scale seagrass habitat mapping in the Wider Caribbean region using Landsat sensors: Applications to conservation and ecology. Remote Sensing of Environment 112:3455-3467. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Wang, D., X. Miao, and Q. X. Li. 2008. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in coral (Porites evermanni) samples using accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54:211-218. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
Wang, Y.-S., Z.-P. Lou, C.-C. Sun, and S. Sun. 2008. Ecological environment changes in Daya Bay, China, from 1982 to 2004. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1871-1879. 2008 China Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Plankton; Shoreline Protection
Wantiez, L. 2008. Coral reefs of New Caledonia in 2006: Status report and monitoring network [Les recifs coralliens de nouvelle-caledonie en 2006: etat des lieux et reseau de suivi]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:117-132. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Cruise Ships; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Housing; Mining; Mining Policies; Seastars; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge
Wheeler, M., F. M. J. Chambers, R. Sims-Castley, R. M. Cowling, and D. S. Schoeman. 2008. From beans to breams: How participatory workshops can contribute to marine conservation planning. African Journal of Marine Science 30:475-487. 2008 South Africa Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Williams, G. J., M. J. Cameron, J. R. Turner, and R. B. Ford. 2008. Quantitative characterisation of reef fish diversity among nearshore habitats in a northeastern New Zealand marine reserve. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 42:33-46. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sponges
Zoraja, I., I. Zulim, and M. Stula. 2008. CORAL - Online monitoring in distributed applications: Issues and solutions. WSEAS Transactions on Computers 7:113-118. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
[No author name available]. 2007. Beach restoration in the Bahama Islands. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 43:11-Oct. 2007 Florida Model Dredging, Draining, & Filling
[No author name available]. 2007. Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. 2007 Global; Qatar Field Study & Monitoring Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
[No author name available]. 2007. Sediment remediation & aquatic enhancement of former Campbell Shipyard Port of San Diego, California. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 43:13-Oct. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Military; Remediation; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
[No author name available]. 2007. Transportation: Qatar conducts reef restoration along three pipeline corridors. Oil and Gas Journal 105:66. 2007 Global; Qatar Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Mitigation; Pipelines; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Aswani, S., S. Albert, A. Sabetian, and T. Furusawa. 2007. Customary management as precautionary and adaptive principles for protecting coral reefs in Oceania. Coral Reefs 26:1009-1021. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Bandyopadhyay, S., A. Bahuguna, and S. Sharma. 2007. Development of neural network algorithm to classify coral reefs through satellite data. Pages 7879-7887 in International Astronautical Federation - 58th International Astronautical Congress 2007. 2007 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coal Mining
Beaman, R. J. and P. T. Harris. 2007. Geophysical variables as predictors of megabenthos assemblages from the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 247-263. 2007 Australia Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Sediment; Substrate
Bell, J. J. 2007. The use of volunteers for conducting sponge biodiversity assessments and monitoring using a morphological approach on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17:133-145. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sponges
Benedet, L., C. W. Finkl, and W. M. Hartog. 2007. Processes controlling development of erosional hot spots on a beach nourishment project. Journal of Coastal Research 23:33-48. 2007 Florida Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Remediation; Sediment
Bondarenko, O., S. Kininmonth, and M. Kingsford. 2007. Coral reef sensor network deployment for collecting real time 3-D temperature data with correlation to plankton assemblages. Pages 204-209 in 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, SENSORCOMM 2007, Proceedings. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Plankton
Bondarenko, O., S. Kininmonth, and M. Kingsford. 2007. Underwater sensor networks, oceanography and plankton assemblages. Pages 657-662 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Plankton
Bosschieter, C. 2007. Environmental monitoring for the reconstruction of Vilufushi, Maldives. Terra et Aqua 109:14-22. 2007 Maldives Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Housing; Stony Coral; Valuation
Brando, V. E. and S. R. Phinn. 2007. Coastal aquatic remote sensing applications for environmental monitoring and management. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Bromage, M., K. Obraczka, and D. Potts. 2007. SEA-LABS: A wireless sensor network for sustained monitoring of coral reefs. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 1132-1135. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Bryan, T. L. and A. Metaxas. 2007. Predicting suitable habitat for deep-water gorgonian corals on the Atlantic and Pacific Continental Margins of North America. Marine Ecology Progress Series 330:113-126. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Columbia Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Resource Use Management
Camilli, R., O. Pizarro, and L. Camilli. 2007. Rapid swath mapping of reef ecology and associated water column chemistry in the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Panama; Pacific Ocean GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Primary Production
Chapman, N. D., C. G. Moore, D. B. Harries, and A. R. Lyndon. 2007. Recruitment patterns of Serpula vermicularis L. (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) in Loch Creran, Scotland. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:598-606. 2007 Marine Worms; Remediation; Substrate
Chen, J., Z. Mao, H. Zhang, J. Wu, X. Chen, and D. Pan. 2007. Analysis on coral reefs mapping using SPOT5 data at the Dongsha Atoll. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 26:26-35. 2007 China GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Substrate
Clode, P. L., R. A. Stern, and A. T. Marshall. 2007. Subcellular imaging of isotopically labeled carbon compounds in a biological sample by ion microprobe (NanoSIMS). Microscopy Research and Technique 70:220-229. 2007 GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Mitigation; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting
Dambacher, J. M., D. T. Brewer, D. M. Dennis, M. Macintyre, and S. Foale. 2007. Qualitative modelling of gold mine impacts on Lihir Island's socioeconomic system and reef-edge fish community. Environmental Science and Technology 41:555-562. 2007 Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Sediment
Davies, A. J., J. M. Roberts, and J. Hall-Spencer. 2007. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biological Conservation 138:299-312. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Ocean Acidity; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
De Camargo, J. M. R., T. C. M. De Araujo, M. Maida, and T. M. Ushizima. 2007. Morphology of the inner continental shelf adjacent to the City of Tamandare, south of Pernambuco - Brazil [Morfologia da plataforma continental interna adjacente ao municipio de tamandare, sul de pernambuco - Brasil]. Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 25:79-89. 2007 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Derse, E., K. L. Knee, S. D. Wankel, C. Kendall, C. J. Berg Jr., and A. Paytan. 2007. Identifying sources of nitrogen to Hanalei Bay, Kauai, utilizing the nitrogen isotope signature of macroalgae. Environmental Science and Technology 41:5217-5223. 2007 Algae; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dunbabin, M. D. and S. S. Allen. 2007. Large-scale habitat mapping using vision-based AUVs: Experiences, challenges & vehicle design. in OCEANS 2007 - Europe. 2007 Europe Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Echavarri-Erasun, B., J. A. Juanes, G. Garcia-Castrillo, and J. A. Revilla. 2007. Medium-term responses of rocky bottoms to sewage discharges from a deepwater outfall in the NE Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:941-954. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Sediment; Substrate; Wastewater Discharge
Edwards, A., and E. Gomez. 2007. Reef Restoration Concepts and Guidelines: making sensible management choices in the face of uncertainty. CRTR 001/2007, Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Programme, St Lucia, Austrailia. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Scientific Research; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Elliott, M., D. Burdon, K. L. Hemingway, and S. E. Apitz. 2007. Estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystem restoration: Confusing management and science - A revision of concepts. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 74:349-366. 2007 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Remediation; Seagrasses
Fishe, W. S., W. P. Davis, R. L. Quarles, J. Patrick, J. G. Campbell, P. S. Harris, B. L. Hemmer, and M. Parsons. 2007. Characterizing coral condition using estimates of three-dimensional colony surface area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 125:347-360. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Primary Production; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Fisher, W.S. 2007. Stony soral rapid bioassessment protocol. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Stony Coral; Valuation
Gines, A. and J. Gines. 2007. Eogenetic karst, glacioeustatic cave pools and anchialine environments on Mallorca Island: A discussion of coastal speleogenesis. Pages 57-67 in International Journal of Speleology. 2007 Cuba Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2007. Classification of benthic composition in a coral reef environment using spectral unmixing. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Substrate
Grasmueck, M., G. P. Eberli, T. B. S. Correa, D. A. Viggiano, J. Luo, G. J. Wyatt, J. K. Reed, A. E. Wright, and S. A. Pomponi. 2007. AUV-based environmental characterization of deepwater coral mounds in the straits of Florida. Pages 158-169 in Offshore Technology Conference, Proceedings. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Gupta, L. P., A. Suzuki, and H. Kawahata. 2007. Endolithic aspartic acid as a proxy of fluctuations in coral growth. Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences 112. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Harvell, D., E. Jord�n-Dahlgren, S. Merkel, E. Rosenberg, L. Raymundo, G. Smith, E. Weil and B. Willis. 2007. Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography 20:172-195. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hendee, J. C., L. Gramer, J. A. Kleypas, D. Manzello, M. Jankulak, and C. Langdon. 2007. The integrated coral observing network: Sensor solutions for sensitive sites. Pages 669-673 in Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hernaiz Huerta, P. P., J. A. Diaz de Neira, J. M. Garcia-Senz, I. Deschamps, E. Lopera, J. Escuder Viruete, L. I. Ardevol Oro, L. F. Granados, J. P. Calvo, and A. Perez-Estaun. 2007. The stratigraphy of Sierra de Neiba (Dominican Republic) [La estratigrafia de la Sierra de Neiba (Republica Dominicana)]. Boletin Geologico y Minero 118:313-336. 2007 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Caribbean GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Huhnerbach, V., P. Blondel, V. A. I. Huvenne, and A. Freiwald. 2007. Habitat mapping of a cold-water coral reef off Norway: A comparison of visual and computer-assisted methods to interpret sidescan sonar data. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 297-308. 2007 Norway Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Islam, A., L. Wang, C. Smith, S. Reddy, A. Lewis, and A. Smith. 2007. Evaluation of satellite remote sensing for operational monitoring of sediment plumes produced by dredging at Hay Point, Queensland, Australia. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Johnson-Roberson, M., S. Kumar, and S. Willams. 2007. Segmentation and classification of coral for oceanographic surveys: A semi-supervised machine learning approach. in OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Jones, R. J. 2007. Chemical contamination of a coral reef by the grounding of a cruise ship in Bermuda. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:905-911. 2007 Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cruise Ships; Remediation; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Toxics
Kapley, A., S. Siddiqui, K. Misra, S. M. Ahmad, and H. J. Purohit. 2007. Preliminary analysis of bacterial diversity associated with the Porites coral from the Arabian sea. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23:923-930. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Khristoforova, N. K., V. YA . Kavun, YU .Y A. Latypov, D. D. Tien, E. V. Zhuravel', and N. X. Tuyan. 2007. Heavy metals in mass species of bivalves in Ha Long Bay (South China Sea, Vietnam). Oceanology 47:685-690. 2007 China; Vietnam Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs
Knudby, A., E. LeDrew, and C. Newman. 2007. Progress in the use of remote sensing for coral reef biodiversity studies. Progress in Physical Geography 31:421-434. 2007 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Substrate
Kuffner, I. B., J. C. Brock, R. Grober-Dunsmore, V. E. Bonito, T. D. Hickey, and C. W. Wright. 2007. Relationships between reef fish communities and remotely sensed rugosity measurements in Biscayne National Park, Florida, USA. 78:71-82. 2007 Florida Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables
Lesser, M. P. and C. D. Mobley. 2007. Bathymetry, water optical properties, and benthic classification of coral reefs using hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. Coral Reefs 26:819-829. 2007 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Lin, H.-J., C.-Y. Wu, S.-J. Kao, W.-Y. Kao, and P.-J. Meng. 2007. Mapping anthropogenic nitrogen through point sources in coral reefs using δ15N in macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335:95-109. 2007 Taiwan Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Tourism & Recreation
Lirman, D. and P. Fong. 2007. Is proximity to land-based sources of coral stressors an appropriate measure of risk to coral reefs? An example from the Florida Reef Tract. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:779-791. 2007 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Lund, K. and A. R. Wilbur. 2007. Habitat classification feasibility study for coastal and marine environments in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management, Boston, MA. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Wetlands
Macia, S., M. P. Robinson, and A. Nalevanko. 2007. Experimental dispersal of recovering Diadema antillarum increases grazing intensity and reduces macroalgal abundance on a coral reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:173-182. 2007 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marcot, B. G. 2007. Biodiversity and the lexicon zoo. Forest Ecology and Management 246:4-13. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
McClanahan, T. R., M. Ateweberhan, N. A. J. Graham, S. K. Wilson, C. Ruiz Sebastian, M. M. M. Guillaume, and J. H. Bruggemann. 2007. Western Indian Ocean coral communities: Bleaching responses and susceptibility to extinction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337:13-Jan. 2007 Indian Ocean; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; Reunion; Maldives; India; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
McLeod, I., T. D. Skewes, S. R. Gordon, and C. R. Pitcher. 2007. A method for seabed habitat mapping: Integrating acoustic information with biogeophysical observations: Case study - Scott Reef. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 309-317. 2007 Australia Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mellin, C., S. Andrefouet, and D. Ponton. 2007. Spatial predictability of juvenile fish species richness and abundance in a coral reef environment. Coral Reefs 26:895-907. 2007 New Caledonia Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Seagrasses
Meyer, C. G., W. C. Burgess, Y. P. Papastamatiou, and K. N. Holland. 2007. Use of an implanted sound recording device (Bioacoustic Probe) to document the acoustic environment of a blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Aquatic Living Resource 20:291-298. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Murdoch, T. J. T., A. F. Glasspool, M. Outerbridge, J. Ward, S. Manuel, J. Gray, A. Nash, K. A. Coates, J. Pitt, J. W. Fourqurean, P. A. Barnes, M. Vierros, K. Holzer, and S. R. Smith. 2007. Large-scale decline in offshore seagrass meadows in Bermuda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:123-130. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Military; Mitigation; Schools & Colleges
Ostrom, E., M. A. Janssen, and J. M. Anderies. 2007. Going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:15176-15178. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2007. Differential recruitment of benthic communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340:25-39. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Perrin, C. and D. C. Smith. 2007. Earliest steps of diagenesis in living scleractinian corals: Evidence from ultrastructural pattern and Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Sedimentary Research 77:495-507. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Philpott, S. L., J. W. C. James, C. V. L. Poulton, E. J. Bee, C. Graham, and L. Jones. 2007. The use of geological data in developing a framework for the mapping of marine habitats on a national scale in English waters. Special Paper - Geological Association of Canada 211-218. 2007 Europe GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Pickering, T. D., P. Skelton, and R. J. Sulu. 2007. Intentional introductions of commercially harvested alien seaweeds. Botanica Marina 50:338-350. 2007 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pittman, S. J., C. Caldow, S. D. Hile, and M. E. Monaco. 2007. Using seascape types to explain the spatial patterns of fish in the mangroves of SW Puerto Rico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:273-284. 2007 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Ryan, D. A., B. P. Brooke, L. B. Collins, G. A. Kendrick, K. J. Baxter, A. N. Bickers, P. J. W. Siwabessy, and C. B. Pattiaratchi. 2007. The influence of geomorphology and sedimentary processes on shallow-water benthic habitat distribution: Esperance Bay, Western Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:379-386. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Sammarco, P. W., P. Hallock, J. C. Lang, and R. S. Legore. 2007. Roundtable discussion groups summary papers: Environmental bio-indicators in coral reef ecosystems: The need to align research, monitoring, and environmental regulation. Environmental Bioindicators 2:35-46. 2007 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Toxics
Santos, C. L. A., H. Vital, V. E. Amaro, and R. K. P. De Kikuchi. 2007. Mapping of the submerged reefs in the coast of the Rio Grande do Norte, near Brazil: Macau to Maracajau [Mapeamento de recifes submersos na costa do rio grande do norte, ne brasil: Macau a maracajau]. Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 25:27-36. 2007 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Shears, N. T. 2007. Biogeography, community structure and biological habitat types of subtidal reefs on the South Island West Coast, New Zealand. Science for Conservation Jan-53. 2007 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Sponges
Singh, H., C. Roman, O. Pizarro, and R. Eustice. 2007. Advances in high resolution imaging from underwater vehicles. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics 28. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Singh, H., C. Roman, O. Pizarro, R. Eustice, and A. Can. 2007. Towards high-resolution imaging from underwater vehicles. International Journal of Robotics Research 26:55-74. 2007 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Sumaila, U.R., William W. L. Cheung and Louise The. 2007. Rebuilding Hong Kong's marine fisheries: an evaluation of management options. FCRR 2007, Vol. 15(3), Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. 2007 Columbia; China Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Tabosa, W. F., V. E. Amaro, and H. Vital. 2007. Analysis of the coastal and marine environment, based on remote sensing outcomes in the Sao Bento do Norte, NE Brazil [Analise do ambiente costeiro e marinho, a partir de produtos de sensoriamento remoto na região de são bento do norte, Ne Brasil]. Revista Brasileira de Geofisica 25:37-48. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
The coral disease working group of the global environmental facility coral reef targeted research program. 2007. Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography 20:172-195. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Australia; Indian Ocean; India; Philippines; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Thiel, M., E. C. Macaya, E. Acuna, W. E. Arntz, H. Bastias, K. Brokordt, P. A. Camus, J. C. Castilla, L. R. Castro, M. Cortes, C. P. Dumont, R. Escribano, M. Fernandez, J. A. Gajardo, C. F. Gaymer, I. Gomez, A. E. Gonzalez, H. E. Gonzalez, P. A. Haye, and J.-E. Illanes. 2007. The Humboldt Current System of northern and central Chile - Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback. Oceanography and Marine Biology 45:195-344. 2007 South & Central America Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Whales & Dolphins
Toohey, B. D. and G. A. Kendrick. 2007. Survival of juvenile Ecklonia radiata sporophytes after canopy loss. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349:170-182. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Tribollet, A. D. and P. S. Vroom. 2007. Temporal and spatial comparison of the relative abundance of macroalgae across the Mariana Archipelago between 2003 and 2005. Phycologia 46:187-197. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Turf Algae
Umezawa, Y., T. Miyajima, Y. Tanaka, I. Koike, and T. Hayashibara. 2007. Variation in internal δ15N and δ13C distributions and their bulk values in the brown macroalga Padina australis growing in subtropical oligotrophic waters. Journal of Phycology 43:437-448. 2007 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrients
United Nations (UN). 2007. An update on marine genetic resources: scientific research, commercial uses and a database on marine bioprospecting. United Nations informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea, New York. 2007 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Velez-Reyes, M., J. A. Goodman, S. Rosario, and A. M. Castrodad. 2007. Subsurface unmixing with application to underwater classification. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6743. 2007 Review; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Velez-Reyes, M., S. Rosario-Torres, J. A. Goodman, E. M. Alvira, and A. Castrodad. 2007. Hyperspectral image unmixing over benthic habitats. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6565. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Walters, C. J. 2007. Is adaptive management helping to solve fisheries problems? Ambio 36:304-307. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector
Wang, Y., M. L. Heron, A. Prytz, P. V. Ridd, C. R. Steinberg, and J. M. Hacker. 2007. Evaluation of a new airborne microwave remote sensing radiometer by measuring the salinity gradients across the shelf of the great barrier reef lagoon. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45:3701-3710. 2007 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity
Wells, S., N. Burgess, and A. Ngusaru. 2007. Towards the 2012 marine protected area targets in Eastern Africa. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:67-83. 2007 Global; Kenya; Tanzania; Mozambique Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas
Wheeler, A. J., A. Beyer, A. Freiwald, H. de Haas, V. A. I. Huvenne, M. Kozachenko, K. Olu-Le Roy, and J. Opderbecke. 2007. Morphology and environment of cold-water coral carbonate mounds on the NW European margin. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96:37-56. 2007 Europe GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Woods, G. S., C. M. Palazzi, A. Kulessa, and D. L. Maskell. 2007. ReefGrid - A communication network on the great barrier reef. in OCEANS 2006 - Asia Pacific. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Xu, D.-X. and G.-X. Zhang. 2007. Impact of human activities on coastal wetlands in China. Wetland Science 5:282-298. 2007 China Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Zhang, Z., G. Li, L. Yang, and X. Ning. 2007. Bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by novel bioactive mineral carriers. Pages 394-399 in Battelle Press - 9th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium 2007. 2007 Lab Study Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Remediation
[No author name available]. 2006. The further adventures of. Pages 44-47 Dredging and Port Construction. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coal Mining; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
2006. Caltrans Statewide Sand Filter Study Stormwater Monitoring Report (CTSW-RT-06-128.01-1). 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Abelson, A. 2006. Artificial reefs vs coral transplantation as restoration tools for mitigating coral reef deterioration: Benefits, concerns, and proposed guidelines. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:151-159. 2006 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Beaver, C. R., W. C. Jaap, M. K. Callahan, J. Kidney, S. Slade, S. Kupfner, S. Wade, J. W. Porter, K. Sutherland, C. Torres, C. Tsokos, and G. Yanev. 2006. U.S. EPA / FKNMS coral reef evaluation and monitoring project. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Pathogens; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Bigot, L., C. Conand, J. M. Amouroux, P. Frouin, H. Bruggemann, and A. Gremare. 2006. Effects of industrial outfalls on tropical macrobenthic sediment communities in Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:865-880. 2006 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Wastewater Discharge
Bradbeer, R. S., K. K. K. Ku, and L. F. Yeung. 2006. Using an underwater camera to monitor real-time fish activities. Sea Technology 47:13-19. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity
Chen, P. 2006. Evaluation on service value of wetland ecosystem in Xiamen City. Wetland Science 4:101-107. 2006 Global; China GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Wetlands
Claudet, J., D. Pelletier, J.-Y. Jouvenel, F. Bachet, and R. Galzin. 2006. Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators. Biological Conservation 130:349-369. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Correge, T. 2006. Monitoring of terrestrial input by massive corals. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 88:380-383. 2006 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Daley, B. and P. Griggs. 2006. Mining the reefs and cays: Coral, guano and rock phosphate extraction in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 1844-1940. Environment and History 12:395-433. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining Policies; Scientific Research
Davies, S. P. and S. K. Jackson. 2006. The biological condtion gradient: a descriptive model for interpreting change in aquatic ecosystems. Ecological Applications 16:1251-1266. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Invertebrates
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2006. Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation 33:353-363. 2006 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Incentives; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Deronde, B., S. Sterckx, L. Bertels, E. Knaeps, and P. Kempeneers. 2006. Imaging spectroscopy and integrated coastal zone management: A promising marriage. Pages 327-339 in WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 2006 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dikou, A. and R. van Woesik. 2006. Survival under chronic stress from sediment load: Spatial patterns of hard coral communities in the southern islands of Singapore. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1340-1354. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Dunbabin, M., K. Usher, and P. Corke. 2006. Visual motion estimation for an autonomous underwater reef monitoring robot. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics 25:31-42. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure
Einbinder, S., A. Perelberg, O. Ben-Shaprut, M. H. Foucart, and N. Shashar. 2006. Effects of artificial reefs on fish grazing in their vicinity: Evidence from algae presentation experiments. Marine Environmental Research 61:110-119. 2006 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
EJF. 2006. Nature�s defence against Tsunamis- a report on the impact of mangrove loss and shrimp farm development on coastal defences. Environmental Justice Foundation, London, UK. 2006 Sri Lanka; India Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Housing; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Falace, A., E. Zanelli, and G. Bressan. 2006. Algal transplantation as a potential tool for artificial reef management and environmental mitigation. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:161-166. 2006 Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Mitigation
Frihy, O. E., A. N. Hassan, W. R. El Sayed, M. M. Iskander, and M. Y. Sherif. 2006. A review of methods for constructing coastal recreational facilities in Egypt (Red Sea). Ecological Engineering 27:12-Jan. 2006 Egypt Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Garla, R. C., D. D. Chapman, M. S. Shivji, B. M. Wetherbee, and A. F. Amorim. 2006. Habitat of juvenile Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at two oceanic insular marine protected areas in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Fisheries Research 81:236-241. 2006 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Grasmueck, M., G. P. Eberli, D. A. Viggiano, T. Correa, G. Rathwell, and J. Luo. 2006. Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mapping reveals coral mound distribution, morphology, and oceanography in deep water of the Straits of Florida. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Water Depth & Sea Level
Grimaccia, F., A. Gandelli, R. W. Johnstone, T. Chiffings, and R. E. Zich. 2006. Smart integrated sensor networks for the marine environment. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6035. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Substrate
Han, Q., X. Huang, P. Shi, and Q. Zhang. 2006. Coastal wetland in South China: Degradation trends, causes and protection countermeasures. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:121-128. 2006 China Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Wetlands
Harborne, A. R., P. J. Mumby, F. Micheli, C. T. Perry, C. P. Dahlgren, K. E. Holmes, and D. R. Brumbaugh. 2006. The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes. Advances in Marine Biology 50:57-189. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Review; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Mitigation; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Harding, S., J. Comley, and P. Raines. 2006. Baseline data analysis as a tool for predicting the conservation value of tropical coastal habitats in the Indo-Pacific. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:696-705. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean; United Kingdom Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Hewins, M. R. and C. T. Perry. 2006. Bathymetric and environmentally influenced patterns of carbonate sediment accumulation in three contrasting reef settings, Danjugan Island, Philippines. Journal of Coastal Research 22:812-824. 2006 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Hogue, A. and M. Jenkin. 2006. Development of an underwater vision sensor for 3D reef mapping. Pages 5351-5356 in IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 2006 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Hudson, J. H. and E. C. Franklin. 2006. Structural stabilization of a large Montastrea faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) colony damaged by vessel impact. Caribbean Journal of Science 42:252-254. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Stony Coral
Johnson, J. and J. P. Grotzinger. 2006. Affect of sedimentation on stromatolite reef growth and morphology, Ediacaran Omkyk Member (Nama Group), Namibia. South African Journal of Geology 109:87-96. 2006 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kahn, A. E. and M. J. Durako. 2006. Thalassia testudinum seedling responses to changes in salinity and nitrogen levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 335:12-Jan. 2006 Florida Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Kelley, C., R. Moffitt, and J. R. Smith. 2006. Mega- to micro-scale classification and description of bottomfish essential fish habitat on four banks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 319-332. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate; Tunicates
Kenyon, J. C., P. S. Vroom, K. N. Page, M. J. Dunlap, C. B. Wilkinson, and G. S. Aeby. 2006. Community structure of hermatypic corals at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Capacity for resistance and resilience to selective stressors. Pacific Science 60:153-175. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Seastars; Stony Coral
Kolinski, S. P., R. K. Hoeke, S. R. Holzwarth, L. I. Ilo, E. F. Cox, R. C. O'Conner, and P. S. Vroom. 2006. Nearshore distribution and an abundance estimate for green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, at Rota Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Science 60:509-522. 2006 Northern Mariana Islands Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Turtles
Lan, C.-H. and C.-Y. Hsui. 2006. The deployment of artificial reef ecosystem: Modelling, simulation and application. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 14:663-675. 2006 Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Decision Support; Waste Management Policies
Lee, S. C. 2006. Habitat complexity and consumer-mediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef. Oikos 112:442-447. 2006 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Sea Urchins; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Menza, C., J. Ault, J. Beets, J. Bohnsack, C. Caldow, J. Christensen, A. Friedlander, C. Jeffrey, M. Kendall, J. Luo, M. Monaco, S. Smith, and K. Woody. 2006. A guide to monitoring reef fish in the National Park Service�s South Florida/Caribbean Network. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 39. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Minerals Management Service. 2006. Leasing Oil and Natural Gas Resources. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2006 South & Central America; India; Mexico Monetary Valuation; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Mishra, D., S. Narumalani, D. Rundquist, and M. Lawson. 2006. Benthic habitat mapping in tropical marine environments using quickbird multispectral data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 72:1037-1048. 2006 Honduras Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
Niedzwiedz, G. 2006. Underwater long-term observation at the largest german artificial reef in the Baltic Sea. in Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE. 2006 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pereira, H. M. and H. David Cooper. 2006. Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:123-129. 2006 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Wetlands
Popielarczyk, D. and S. Oszczak. 2006. Application of integrated satellite DGPS/GPRS navigation and hydrographic systems for safe sailing on Great Mazurian Lakes in Poland. Pages 188-194 in Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting. 2006 Poland Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Ramade, F. and H. Roche. 2006. Pollutant effects on coral reefs ecosystems [Effets des polluants sur les ecosystemes recifaux]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 61:Mar-33. 2006 Global Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Primary Production; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Reed, D. C., S. C. Schroeter, D. Huang, T. W. Anderson, and R. F. Ambrose. 2006. Quantitative assessment of different artificial reef designs in mitigating losses to kelp forest fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:133-150. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Substrate
Roberts, D. E., S. P. Cummins, A. R. Davis, and M. G. Chapman. 2006. Structure and dynamics of sponge-dominated assemblages on exposed and sheltered temperate reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321:19-30. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Sponges
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, W. C. Dennison, A. G. Dekker, and V. E. Brando. 2006. Monitoring toxic cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula (Gomont) in Moreton Bay, Australia by integrating satellite image data and field mapping. Harmful Algae 5:45-56. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Substrate
Saez, J. M., A. Hogue, F. Escolano, and M. Jenkin. 2006. Underwater 3D SLAM through entropy minimization. Pages 3562-3567 in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2006 Global GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines
Schleyer, M. H., J. M. Heikoop, and M. J. Risk. 2006. A benthic survey of Aliwal Shoal and assessment of the effects of a wood pulp effluent on the reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:503-514. 2006 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Encrusting Sponges; Sponges
Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. 2006. Coral nubbins as source material for coral biological research: A prospectus. Aquaculture 259:444-448. 2006 Global Wetland & Reef Restoration
Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. 2006. Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. Marine Biology 149:679-687. 2006 Aquaculture; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
The Coastal Theme Team, editor. 2006. IGOS Coastal Theme Report: For the monitoring of our environment from space and from earth. Integrated Global Observing Strategy. 2006 Global; Florida; China; France Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
Toller, W. 2006. An investigation of anchor damage to the Frederiksted Reef System: Impacts to substrate, benthic communities, and reef fish assemblages. Disivision of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Frederiksted, USVI. 2006 US Virgin Islands Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Turf Algae
Williams, S. and I. Mahon. 2006. Terrain aided localisation and mapping for marine environments. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics 21:111-120. 2006 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Winters, G., Y. Loya, and S. Beer. 2006. In situ measured seasonal variations in Fv/Fm of two common Red Sea corals. Coral Reefs 25:593-598. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Sea Temperatures; Stony Coral
Worm, B., E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke, B. S. Halpern, J. B. C. Jackson, H. K. Lotze, F. Micheli, S. R. Palumbi, E. Sala, K. A. Selkoe, J. J. Stachowicz, and R. Watson. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787-790. 2006 Global Fishing Sector
Yeemin, T., M. Sutthacheep, and R. Pettongma. 2006. Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 49:562-575. 2006 Thailand Review Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Yum, S. 2006. Ubiquitin expression in soft coral (Scleronephthya gracillimum) exposed to environmental stresses. Korean Journal of Genetics 28:149-156. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Zhang, Q., Q. Shi, G. Chen, T. C. W. Fong, D. C. C. Wong, H. Huang, H. Wang, and M. Zhao. 2006. Status monitoring and health assessment of Luhuitou fringing reef of Sanya, Hainan, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 51:81-88. 2006 China Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Finfish Harvest; Sediment
Zhao, M.-X., K.-F. Yu, and Q.-M. Zhang. 2006. Review on coral reefs biodiversity and ecological function. Acta Ecologica Sinica 26:186-194. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); China Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Nutrients; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Salinity; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
[No author name available]. 2005. IMAPS points the way. GEO: connexion 4:36-38. 2005 Indian Ocean; India; England Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Housing; Mangroves
[No author name available]. 2005. Subsea pipeline to Magnetic Island. Civil Engineers Australia 77:40. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Pipelines
[No author name available]. 2005. Technology applications: Global biodiversity information. JPT, Journal of Petroleum Technology 57:16. 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Adams, S. M. 2005. Assessing cause and effect of multiple stressors on marine systems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:649-657. 2005 Index or Indicator
Adjeroud, M., Y. Chancerelle, M. Schrimm, T. Perez, D. Lecchini, R. Galzin, and B. Salvat. 2005. Detecting the effects of natural disturbances on coral assemblages in French Polynesia: A decade survey at multiple scales. Aquatic Living Resource 18:111-123. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Seastars; Stony Coral
Amaral, A. C. Z. and S. Jablonski. 2005. Conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19:625-631. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Echinoderms; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Aronson, R. B., W. F. Precht, T. J. T. Murdoch, and M. L. Robbart. 2005. Long-term persistence of coral assemblages on the Flower Garden Banks, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Implications for science and management. Gulf of Mexico Science 23:84-94. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Ateweberhan, M., J. H. Bruggemann, and A. M. Breeman. 2005. Seasonal dynamics of Sargassum ilicifolium (Phaeophyta) on a shallow reef flat in the southern Red Sea (Eritrea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 292:159-171. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae
Ault, J. S., J. A. Bohnsack, S. G. Smith, and J. Luo. 2005. Towards sustainable multispecies fisheries in the Florida, USA, coral reef ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science 76:595-622. 2005 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Bak, R.P.M., G. Nieuwland, and E.H. Meesters. 2005. Coral reef crisis in deep and shallow reefs: 30 years of constancy and change in reefs of Curacao and Bonaire. Coral Reefs 24:475-479. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Barans, C. A., M. D. Arendt, T. Moore, and D. Schmidt. 2005. Remote video revisited: A visual technique for conducting long-term monitoring of reef fishes on the continental shelf. Marine Technology Society Journal 39:110-118. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector
Barton, A. D. and K. S. Casey. 2005. Climatological context for large-scale coral bleaching. Coral Reefs 24:536-554. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Maldives; Caribbean GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research
Bosman, C., R. Uken, and A. M. Smith. 2005. The bathymetry of the Aliwal Shoal, Scottburgh, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 101:255-257. 2005 South Africa Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Bozec, Y.-M., M. Kulbicki, E. Chassot, and D. Gascuel. 2005. Trophic signature of coral reef fish assemblages: Towards a potential indicator of ecosystem disturbance. Aquatic Living Resource 18:103-109. 2005 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Bradbeer, R. S., K. K. Y. Lam, L. F. Yeung, and K. K. K. Ku. 2005. Real-time monitoring of fish activity on an inshore coral reef. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Salinity
Bums, K., J. MacPherson, J. Tierney, M. Stoelting, L. Yelle, and D. Jorissen. 2005. Sediment chemistry studies related to the 1986 Bahia las Minas (Panama) oil spill. Page 7605 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Bymers, L., E. P. Glenn, S. G. Nelson, and K. Fitzsimmons. 2005. Diversity and biomass dynamics of marine algae in Biosphere II's tropical reef macrocosm. Ecological Engineering 25:442-456. 2005 Algae; Nutrients; Plankton; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Carrubba, L. and J. Torres. 2005. Bibliography of coral reef and coralline communities in Puerto Rico. NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Lajas, Puerto Rico. 2005 Puerto Rico Remote Sensing Algae; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Clua, E., B. Beliaeff, C. Chauvet, G. David, J. Ferraris, M. Kronen, M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, D. Pelletier, O. Thebaud, and M. Leopold. 2005. Towards multidisciplinary indicator dashboards for coral reef fisheries management. Aquatic Living Resource 18:199-213. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Collin, R. 2005. Ecological monitoring and biodiversity surveys at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's Boas del Toro Research Station. Caribbean Journal of Science 41:367-373. 2005 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Costanzo, S. D., J. Udy, B. Longstaff, and A. Jones. 2005. Using nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macroalgae to determine the effectiveness of sewage upgrades: changes in the extent of sewage plumes over four years in Moreton Bay, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:212-217. 2005 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Cox, M.E., A. Moss, and G.K. Smyth. 2005. Water quality condition and trend in North Queensland waterways. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:89-98. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Point Source Discharges
Crosse, W. 2005. The opportunities and constraints in using cost-effective satellite remote sensing for biodiversity monitoring. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Mangroves
Cubit, J. D. and J. L. Connor. 2005. Effects of the 1986 Bahia Las Minas oil spill on reef flat communities. Page 2359 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Plankton
D'Agnes, H., J. Castro, L. D'Agnes, and R. Montebon. 2005. Gender issues within the population-environment nexus in Philippines coastal areas. Coastal Management 33:447-458. 2005 Philippines Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Dubois, S., L. Barille, B. Cognie, and P. G. Beninger. 2005. Particle capture and processing mechanisms in Sabellaria alveolata (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 301:159-171. 2005 Europe GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dunbabin, M., J. Roberts, K. Usher, G. Winstanley, and P. Corke. 2005. A hybrid AUV design for shallow water reef navigation. Pages 2105-2110 in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. First part. Geomorphology [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Premiere partie. Geomorphologie]. Oceanis 31:Jan-90. 2005 Global; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; Maldives; India Beaches & Nature Parks; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Duvat, V. 2005. Coral reef coasts in small islands of the western Indian Ocean. Second part. Development and management [Les littoraux coralliens des petites îles de l'ouest de l'ocean Indien. Seconde partie. Amenagement et gestion]. Oceanis 31:195-341. 2005 Indian Ocean; India Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Epstein, N., M. J. A. Vermeij, R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2005. Alleviating impacts of anthropogenic activities by traditional conservation measures: Can a small reef reserve be sustainedly managed? Biological Conservation 121:243-255. 2005 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Fauth, J. E., P. Dustan, E. Ponte, K. Banks, B. Vargas-Angel, and C. A. Downs. 2005. Final report: southeast Florida coral biomarker local action study. 2005 Florida; Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Substrate
Fichez, R., M. Adjeroud, Y.-M. Bozec, L. Breau, Y. Chancerelle, C. Chevillon, P. Douillet, J.-M. Fernandez, P. Frouin, M. Kulbicki, B. Moreton, S. Ouillon, C. Payri, T. Perez, P. Sasal, and J. Thebault. 2005. A review of selected indicators of particle, nutrient and metal inputs in coral reef lagoon systems. Aquatic Living Resource 18:125-147. 2005 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment
Finkl, C. W., R. H. Charlier, and S. L. Krupa. 2005. Vulnerability of coastal environments to land use and abuse: The example of southeast Florida. International Journal of Environmental Studies 62:535-554. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fox, H. E., P. J. Mous, J. S. Pet, A. H. Muljadi, and R. L. Caldwell. 2005. Experimental assessment of coral reef rehabilitation following blast fishing. Conservation Biology 19:98-107. 2005 Southeast Asia; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Garcia, E., R. Ramos, and C. Bastidas. 2005. Presence of cytochrome P450 in the Caribbean corals Siderastrea siderea and Montastraea faveolata [Presencia del citocromo P450 en las especies de coral Siderastrea siderea y Montastraea faveolata del Caribe]. Ciencias Marinas 31:23-30. 2005 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Gardner, J. V. and J. Beaudoin. 2005. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter of selected northwestern Gulf of Mexico outer shelf banks. Gulf of Mexico Science 23:29-May. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Golabi, M. H., C. Iyekar, and D. Minton. 2005. Effect of vetiver technology on sediment loss and water quality in southern Guam. Pages 348-355 in Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Watershed Management to Meet Water Quality Standards and Emerging TMDL. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Agriculture; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gracias, N. and S. Negahdaripour. 2005. Underwater mosaic creation using video sequences from different altitudes. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Granek, E. E. and M. A. Brown. 2005. Co-management approach to marine conservation in Moheli, Comoros Islands. Conservation Biology 19:1724-1732. 2005 Indian Ocean; Comoros; India Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation
Guo, C.L., H.W. Zhou, Y.S. Wong, and N.F.Y. Tam. 2005. Isolation of PAH-degrading bacteria from mangrove sediments and their biodegradation potential. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2005 Mangroves; Microorganisms; Remediation; Sediment
Guzman, H. M., P. A. G. Barnes, C. E. Lovelock, and I. C. Feller. 2005. A site description of the CARICOMP mangrove, seagrass and coral reef sites in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science 41:430-440. 2005 Panama Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Hayakawa, H., Y. Nakano, T. Andoh, and T. Watanabe. 2005. Sex-dependent expression of mRNA encoding a major egg protein in the gonochoric coral Galaxea fascicularis. Coral Reefs 24:488-494. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Heal, G. M., E. B. Barbier, K. J. Boyle, A. P. Covich, S. P. Gloss, C. H. Hershner, J. P. Hoehn, C. M. Pringle, S. Polasky, K. Segerson, and K. Shrader-Frechette. 2005. Valuing ecosystem services: toward better environmental decision making. The National Academies Press, Washington DC. 2005 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation; Wetlands
Hendee, J. C., E. Stabenau, L. Florit, D. Manzello, and C. Jeffris. 2005. Infrastructure and capabilities of near real-time meteorlogical and oceanographic in situ instrumented array, and its role in marine environmental desicsion support. Pages 1-26 in L. L. Richardson and E. F. leDrew, editors. Remote Sensing of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystem Processes. 2005 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure
Hewitt, J. E., M. J. Anderson, and S. F. Thrush. 2005. Assessing and monitoring ecological community health in marine systems. Ecological Applications 15:942-953. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Hodge, J., B. Longstaff, A. Steven, P. Thornton, P. Ellis, and I. McKelvie. 2005. Rapid underway profiling of water quality in Queensland estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:113-118. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hudson, J. H. and E. C. Franklin. 2005. Structural reef restoration and coral transplantation to the R/V Columbus Iselin grounding site in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Kaneshiro, K. Y., P. Chinn, K. N. Duin, A. P. Hood, K. Maly, and B. A. Wilcox. 2005. Hawai'i's mountain-to-sea ecosystems: Social-ecological microcosms for sustainability science and practice. EcoHealth 2:349-360. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure; Pathogens
Keller, B. D. and B. D. Causey. 2005. Linkages between the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative. Ocean and Coastal Management 48:869-900. 2005 Florida Agriculture; Marine Protected Areas
Kelsey, C. 2005. On the waterfront. Industrial Fabric Products Review 90:38-40. 2005 Australia Artificial Habitat; Remediation; Shoreline Protection
Khalaf, M. and M. P. Crosby. 2005. Assemblage structure of butterflyfishes and their use as indicators of Gulf of Aqaba benthic habitat in Jordan. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15. 2005 Saudi Arabia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Octocoral; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Kim, J.-K. and J.-H. Kim. 2005. Optimal mapping for artificial reef facility using remote sensing and GIS. Pages 314-319 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2005 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives
Kosmicki, K., L. Ametistova, and I. Sf Jones. 2005. From SeaWiFS to MERIS: Great Barrier Reef Lagoon case study. European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP 337-343. 2005 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kulbicki, M., Y. M. Bozec, and A. Green. 2005. Implications of biogeography in the use of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) as indicators for Western and Central Pacific areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corallivorous Fish; Fish
Lang, M. A. 2005. The USA scientific diving medical and safety experience. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 35:154-161. 2005 Global; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Lee, L. Y. 2005. Ecology of scleractinian corals in the waters of Port Dickson and theor tolerance to sedimentation. Masters Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Madden, C. J., D. H. Grossman, and K. L. Goodin. 2005. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II. Coastal and marine systems of North America: framework for an ecological classification standard: version II, Arlington, Virginia. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Salinity; Substrate
Moyer, R. P., B. Riegl, K. Banks, and R. E. Dodge. 2005. Assessing the accuracy of acoustic seabed classification for mapping coral reef environments in South Florida (Broward County, USA). Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:175-184. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral
Muniz, P., N. Venturini, A. M. S. Pires-Vanin, L. R. Tommasi, and A. Borja. 2005. Testing the applicability of a Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) to assessing the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthic communities, in the South America Atlantic region. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:624-637. 2005 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms
Myneni, S. and D. W. Hess. 2005. Post plasma etch residue removal using CO2-based mixtures: Mechanistic considerations. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 152. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 India Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Remediation; Security Policies; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Omori, M. 2005. Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. Coral Reefs 24:563. 2005 Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Otero, E. and K. K. Carbery. 2005. Chlorophyll a and turbidity patterns over coral reefs systems of La Parguera Natural Reserve, Puerto Rico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:25-32. 2005 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment
Overfield, M. L. 2005. Corrosion on Deep Gulf Shipwrecks of World War II. Pages 11242-11248 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2005. Recruitment of benthic organisms onto a planned artificial reef: Shifts in community structure one decade post-deployment. Marine Environmental Research 59:79-99. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sponges
Peters, E., M. Barbour, and J. Ewing. 2005. Considerations on classifying coral reefs for diagnostic biological monitoring in the development of biological criteria for coral reefs. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Peterson, C. H. and M. J. Bishop. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment. Bioscience 55:887-896. 2005 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Mitigation; Sea Turtles; Water Depth & Sea Level
Petit, C. C. and J. J. Vandenabeele. 2005. Supporting coastal and lake applications with the help of remote sensing. Pages 2771-2774 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2005 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Coastal Development; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Plankton; Sediment
Phinn, S. R., A. G. Dekker, V. E. Brando, and C. M. Roelfsema. 2005. Mapping water quality and substrate cover in optically complex coastal and reef waters: An integrated approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:459-469. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Substrate
Portman, C., J. E. Andrews, P. J. Rowe, M. R. Leeder, and J. Hoogewerff. 2005. Submarine-spring controlled calcification and growth of large Rivularia bioherms, Late Pleistocene (MIS 5e), Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Sedimentology 52:441-465. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Powell, B. and M. Martens. 2005. A review of acid sulfate soil impacts, actions and policies that impact on water quality in Great Barrier Reef catchments, including a case study on remediation at East Trinity. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:149-164. 2005 Australia Review; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Aquaculture; Cyanobacteria; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Microorganisms; Remediation; Wetlands
Precht, W. F., R. B. Aronson, S. L. Miller, B. D. Keller, and B. Causey. 2005. The folly of coral restoration programs following natural disturbances in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Ecological Restoration 23:24-28. 2005 Florida
Purkis, S. J. 2005. A \reef-up\" approach to classifying coral habitats from IKONOS imagery". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43:1375-1390. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Rinkevich, B. 2005. Conservation of coral reefs through active restoration measures: Recent approaches and last decade progress. Environmental Science and Technology 39:4333-4342. 2005 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Roberts, C. D., A. L. Stewart, C. D. Paulin, and D. Neale. 2005. Regional diversity and biogeography of coastal fishes on the West Coast South Island of New Zealand. Science for Conservation May-70. 2005 Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Invertebrates
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2005. Spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic assemblages to artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 290:67-78. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Sadovy, Y. and M. Domeier. 2005. Are aggregation-fisheries sustainable? Reef fish fisheries as a case study. Coral Reefs 24:254-262. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Saunders, S. M., B. Radford, S. A. Bourke, Z. Thiele, T. Bech, and J. Mardon. 2005. A rapid method for determining lipid fraction ratios of hard corals under varying sediment and light regimes. Environmental Chemistry 2:331-336. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Stony Coral
Sayer, M. D. J., S. H. Magill, T. J. Pitcher, L. Morissette, and C. Ainsworth. 2005. Simulation-based investigations of fishery changes as affected by the scale and design of artificial habitats. Journal of Fish Biology 67:218-243. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Schroeder, C. A., D. E. Breen, C. D. Cera, and W. C. Regli. 2005. Stochastic microgeometry for displacement mapping. Pages 166-175 in Proceedings - International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications, SMI'05. 2005 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Shapiro, A. C. and S. O. Rohmann. 2005. Summit-to-Sea mapping and change detection using satellite imagery: Tools for conservation and management of coral reefs. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53:185-193. 2005 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Shaw, M. and J. F. Muller. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the occurrence of herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using passive samplers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:876-881. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sifling, J., R. A. Nall, J. Stettler, T. Busch, F. Igaz, J. G. Hoff, and S. Wiegman. 2005. American Samoa longliner response, wreck removal, and restoration project. Pages 259-264 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Sleeman, J. C., G. S. Boggs, B. C. Radford, and G. A. Kendrick. 2005. Using agent-based models to aid reef restoration: Enhancing coral cover and topographic complexity through the spatial arrangement of coral transplants. Restoration Ecology 13:685-694. 2005 Model; Index or Indicator Wetland & Reef Restoration
Symons, L. C. and J. Morris. 2005. Development of multi-hazard contingency plans and tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System. Pages 9628-9631 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Cultural Protections; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Whales & Dolphins
Symons, L. C., M. Hodges, and M. S. Devany. 2005. Flexibility for NOAA in development and application of multi-hazard contingency plans and response tools: The Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). Pages 11158-11160 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii Review; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes
Thomas, S. and P. Ridd. 2005. Field assessment of innovative sensor for monitoring of sediment accumulation at inshore coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:470-480. 2005 Australia; Japan; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Turner, J. and R. Klaus. 2005. Coral reefs of the Mascarenes, Western Indian Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363:229-250. 2005 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Marine Protected Areas; Water Depth & Sea Level
Udy, J., M. Gall, B. Longstaff, K. Moore, C. Roelfsema, D. R. Spooner, and S. Albert. 2005. Water quality monitoring: A combined approach to investigate gradients of change in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:224-238. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Plankton
Vandegrift, S. 2005. Peanut Island/Snook Islands environmental restoration project. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 41. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Storms & Hurricanes
Villanueva, R. D., Yap, Helen T., Montano, Marco Nemesio E. 2005. Survivorship of coral juveniles in a fish farm environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:580-589. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Vroom, P. S., K. N. Page, K. A. Peyton, and J. K. Kukea-Shultz. 2005. Spatial heterogeneity of benthic community assemblages with an emphasis on reef algae at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawai'ian Islands. Coral Reefs 24:574-581. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Watanabe, K. and A. Nakamura. 2005. A design of tiny basin test-bed for AUV multi agent. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Waterborne Discharges
Weaver, D. A. and H. Henderson. 2005. Hurricane Val in American Samoa: A case study. Page 3540 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Wolcott, R. and C. G. Messing. 2005. A comparison of diets and water agitation methods for larval culture of the edible sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bulletin of Marine Science 77:177-190. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Aquaculture; Echinoderms; Remediation; Sea Urchins
Anderson, M. J. and A. A. Thompson. 2004. Multivariate control charts for ecological and environmental monitoring. Ecological Applications 14:1921-1935. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Bandaranayake, A. G., P. R. T. Cumaranatunga, and M. F. M. Fairoz. 2004. Impact of sedimentation and its organic matter content on two reef sites in the southern coastal belt of Sri Lanka. Pages 495-500 in Remediation of Contaminated Sediments - 2003: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. 2004 Sri Lanka Algae; Remediation; Sediment
Basavalinganadoddi, C. and P. B. Mount II. 2004. Abandonment of chevron platforms Hazel, Hilda, Hope and Heidi. Pages 468-477 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2004 Docks & Marinas; Pipelines
Bellwood, D. R., T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nystrom. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827-833. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Review Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Blidberg, E. 2004. Effects of copper and decreased salinity on survival rate and development of Tridacna gigas larvae. Marine Environmental Research 58:793-797. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Burke, C. D., T. M. McHenry, W. D. Bischoff, E. S. Huttig, W. Yang, and L. Thorndyke. 2004. Coral mortality, recovery and reef degradation at Mexico Rocks Patch Reef Complex, Northern Belize, Central America: 1995-1997. Hydrobiologia 481-487. 2004 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral
Chiappone, M., D. W. Swanson, S. L. Miller, and H. Dienes. 2004. Spatial distribution of lost fishing gear on fished and protected offshore reefs in the Florida Keys national marine sanctuary. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:312-326. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Claudet, J. and D. Pelletier. 2004. Marine protected areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies. Aquatic Living Resource 17:129-138. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Scientific Research
Davara, F. and A. De La Cruz. 2004. Dust storm monitoring: Effects on the environment, human health and potential security conflicts. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5574:361-371. 2004 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean; Japan; Caribbean; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Storms & Hurricanes
Deutsch, L., C. Folke, and K. Ska�nberg. 2004. The critical natural capital of ecosystem performance as insurance for human well-being. Ecological Economics 44:205-217. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Dunbabin, M., P. Corke, and G. Buskey. 2004. Low-cost vision-based AUV guidance system for reef navigation. Pages 12-Jul in Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure
Duval, M. A., D. N. Rader, K. C. Lindeman. 2004. Linking habitat protection and marine protected area programs to conserve coral reefs and associated back reef habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:321-334. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting
Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. National recommended water quality criteria. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004 Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Finkl, C. W. 2004. Coastal classification: Systematic approaches to consider in the development of a comprehensive scheme. Journal of Coastal Research 20:166-213. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Fourqurean, J. W. and L. M. Rutten. 2004. The impact of Hurricane Georges on soft-bottom, back reef communities: site- and species-specific effects in south Florida seagrass beds. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:239-257. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Garcia-Charton, J. A., A. Perez-Ruzafa, P. Sanchez-Jerez, J. T. Bayle-Sempere, O. Renones, and D. Moreno. 2004. Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages. Marine Biology 144:161-182. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Goeke, R. F. 2004. The coral reef satellite mission. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5569:107-115. 2004 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Goodrich, M. S., J. Garrison, P. Tong, and A. Lunsford. 2004. Risk assessment model for evaluating ex-navy vessels as reef material. Pages 537-550 in Remediation of Contaminated Sediments - 2003: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. 2004 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Remediation; Sediment
Grunwald, B. and M. Kuhl. 2004. A system for imaging variable chlorophyll fluorescence of aquatic phototrophs. Ophelia 58:79-89. 2004 GIS & Maps Algae; Cyanobacteria; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Primary Production
Hyams, M., R. Gorham, B. B. Gorham, L. Howitt, and K. Dixon. 2004. Best practice methods for offshore pipeline installation in sensitive shallow water marine environments. in SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 2004 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines
Jameson, S. C., R. A. Kelty. 2004. A review of indicators of land-based pollution stress on coral reefs. Honolulu, HI. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Jokiel, P. L., E. K. Brown, A. Friedlander, S. K. Rodgers, and W. R. Smith. 2004. Hawai'i Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program: Spatial patterns and temporal dynamics in reef coral communities. Pacific Science 58:159-174. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral
Jonathan, M. P., V. Ram-Mohan, and S. Srinivasalu. 2004. Geochemical variations of major and trace elements in recent sediments, off the Gulf of Mannar, the southeast coast of India. Environmental Geology 45:466-480. 2004 India Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jouvenel, J.-Y., F. Bachet, J.-G. Harmelin, and D. Bellan-Santini. 2004. Biological monitoring of a marine reserve ('Cote bleue' marine park, Marseilles Bay, Mediterranean Sea, France) [Suivi biologique d'une reserve marine de la Cote bleue (golfe de Marseille, Mediterranee, France)]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 59:243-251. 2004 France Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Karr, J. R. and C. O. Yoder. 2004. Biological assessment and criteria improve TMDL decision making. Journal of Environmental Engineering [inpress]. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designated Uses; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kendall, M. S., J. D. Christensen, C. Caldow, M. Coyne, C. Jeffrey, M. E. Monaco, W. Morrison, and Z. Hillis-Starr. 2004. The influence of bottom type and shelf position on biodiversity of tropical fish inside a recently enlarged marine reserve. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:113-132. 2004 US Virgin Islands Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Seagrasses
Laws, E. A., D. Brown, and C. Peace. 2004. Coastal water quality in the Kihei and Lahaina districts of the island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Impacts from physical habitat and groundwater seepage: Implications for water quality standards. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 22:531-546. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Beaches & Nature Parks; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Leopold, M., J. Ferraris, and P. Labrosse. 2004. Assessment of the reliability of fish consumption as an indicator of reef fish catches in small Pacific islands: The example of Ouvea Island in New Caledonia. Aquatic Living Resource 17:119-127. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Housing; Resource Use Management
Lunn, K. E. and M.-A. Moreau. 2004. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental fishes: The case of Indonesia's Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni). Coral Reefs 23:344-351. 2004 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector
Mahon, I. and S. Williams. 2004. SLAM using natural features in an underwater environment. Pages 2076-2081 in 2004 8th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV). 2004 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Maliao, R. J., E. L. Webb, and K. R. Jensen. 2004. A survey of stock of the donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: Evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research 66:343-353. 2004 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs
Mohammad, A. and D. Yue. 2004. Complexity of capacity estimation of driven piles in weathered coral limestone. Pages 131-140 in Port Development in the Changing World, PORTS 2004, Proceedings of the Conference. 2004 Remediation
Munksgaard, N. C., Y. Antwertinger, and D. L. Parry. 2004. Laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of faviidae corals for environmental monitoring of a tropical estuary. Environmental Chemistry 1:188-196. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Rockloff, S. F. and S. Lockie. 2004. Participatory tools for coastal zone management: Use of stakeholder analysis and social mapping in Australia. Journal of Coastal Conservation 10:81-92. 2004 Australia GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Shears, N. T., R. C. Babcock, C. A. J. Duffy, and J. W. Walker. 2004. Validation of qualitative habitat descriptors commonly used to classify subtidal reef assemblages in north-eastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38:743-752. 2004 GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae
Strong, A. E., G. Liu, J. Meyer, J. C. Hendee, and D. Sasko. 2004. Coral reef watch 2002. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:259-268. 2004 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Sun, W. H., J. B. Lo, F. M. Robert, C. Ray, and C.-S. Tang. 2004. Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils: I. Selection of promising woody plants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 11:260-266. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Military; Remediation; Salinity; Sediment
Verheij, E., S. Makoloweka, and H. Kalombo. 2004. Collaborative coastal management improves coral reefs and fisheries in Tanga, Tanzania. Ocean and Coastal Management 47:309-320. 2004 Tanzania Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves
Watanabe, K., K. Sugiyama, and A. Nakamura. 2004. A concept of distributed compact AUV groups for the continuous monitoring of coastal sea environment. Pages 511-516 in Ocean '04 - MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04: Bridges across the Oceans - Conference Proceedings. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Small Boats; Waterborne Discharges
Wettle, M., V. E. Brando, and A. G. Dekker. 2004. A methodology for retrieval of environmental noise equivalent spectra applied to four Hyperion scenes of the same tropical coral reef. Remote Sensing of Environment 93:188-197. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
[No author name available]. 2003. Oceans 2003 MTS/IEEE Proceedings. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Wastewater Discharge; Whales & Dolphins
Allen, J. P., M. Nelson, and A. Alling. 2003. The legacy of biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed ecological systems. Advances in Space Research 31:1629-1639. 2003 Global; Columbia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; CO2; Nutrients; Pathogens; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge
Andrefouet, S. and J. A. Robinson. 2003. The use of Space Shuttle images to improve cloud detection in mapping of tropical coral reef environments. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:143-149. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Andrefouet, S., P. Kramer, D. Torres-Pulliza, K. E. Joyce, E. J. Hochberg, R. Garza-Perez, P. J. Mumby, B. Riegl, H. Yamano, W. H. White, M. Zubia, J. C. Brock, S. R. Phinn, A. Naseer, B. G. Hatcher, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2003. Multi-site evaluation of IKONOS data for classification of tropical coral reef environments. Remote Sensing of Environment 88:128-143. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment
Baker, A. C. 2003. Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography of Symbiodinium. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Bianchi, C. N., M. Pichon, C. Morri, P. Colantoni, F. Benzoni, G. Baldelli, and M. Sandrini. 2003. Monitoring coral bleaching in the Maldives: Lessons to be learned and new hypotheses [Le suivi du blanchissement des coraux aux Maldives: Lecons à tirer et nouvelles hypotheses]. Oceanis 29:325-354. 2003 Maldives Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Brehmer, P., F. Gerlotto, J. Guillard, F. Sanguinede, Y. Guennegan, and D. Buestel. 2003. New applications of hydroacoustic methods for monitoring shallow water aquatic ecosystems: The case of mussel culture grounds. Aquatic Living Resource 16:333-338. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Burrage, D. M., M. L. Heron, J. M. Hacker, J. L. Miller, T. C. Stieglitz, C. R. Steinberg, and A. Prytz. 2003. Structure and influence of tropical river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef: Application and performance of an airborne sea surface salinity mapping system. Remote Sensing of Environment 85:204-220. 2003 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Call, K. A., J. T. Hardy, and D. O. Wallin. 2003. Coral reef habitat discrimination using multivariate spectral analysis and satellite remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:2627-2639. 2003 Bahamas Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Seagrasses; Substrate
Capolsini, P., S. Andrefouet, C. Rion, and C. Payri. 2003. A comparison of Landsat ETM+, SPOT HRV, Ikonos, ASTER, and airborne MASTER data for coral reef habitat mapping in South Pacific islands. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29:187-200. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Despinoy, M., A. Minghelli-Roman, A. Begue, M. Petit, J. Coudray, and A. Barcelo. 2003. Airborne CASI imagery for bathymetric study in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Pages 2368-2370 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2003 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light
Diamond, A. 2003. Identification and assessment of scleractinians at Tarou Point, Dominica, West Indies. Coastal Management 31:409-421. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Duarte, J., M. Velez-Reyes, S. Tarantola, F. Gilbes, and R. Armstrong. 2003. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis of water-leaving radiance to water constituents in coastal shallow waters. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5155:162-173. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2003. Applying forest restoration principles to coral reef rehabilitation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:387-395. 2003 Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Finkl, C. W. and R. H. Charlier. 2003. Sustainability of Subtropical Coastal Zones in Southeastern Florida: Challenges for Urbanized Coastal Environments Threatened by Development, Pollution, Water Supply, and Storm Hazards. Journal of Coastal Research 19:934-943. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Model Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water; Wetlands
Fourqurean, J. W., J. N. Boyer, M. J. Durako, L. N. Hefty, and B. J. Peterson. 2003. Forecasting response of seagrass distributions to changing water quality using monitoring data. Ecological Applications 13:474-489. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fox, H. E., J. S. Pet, R. Dahuri, and R. L. Caldwell. 2003. Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1024-1031. 2003 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Gherardi, D. F. M., C. Z. F. Braga, and V. F. Renno. 2003. The use of numerical experiments on a metapopulation model and remote sensing data for reef conservation. Pages 2371-2373 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2003 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Ginsburg, R. N. and J. C. Lang. 2003. Status of coral reefs in the western Atlantic: Results of initial surveys, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) program. Atoll Research Bulletin 496:vii-xiii. 2003 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Stony Coral
Hallock, P., B. H. Lidz, E. M. Cockey-Burkhard, and K. B. Donnelly. 2003. Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: the foram index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:221-238. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Zooxanthellae
Hedley, J. D. and P. J. Mumby. 2003. A remote sensing method for resolving depth and subpixel composition of aquatic benthos. Limnology and Oceanography 48:480-488. 2003 Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Hochberg, E. J., S. Andrefouet, and M. R. Tyler. 2003. Sea surface correction of high spatial resolution ikonos images to improve bottom mapping in near-shore environments. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41:1724-1729. 2003 Bahamas GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Substrate
Huang, L., Y. Tan, X. Song, X. Huang, H. Wang, S. Zhang, J. Dong, and R. Chen. 2003. The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47:180-186. 2003 China Fish; Mangroves; Molluscs; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Plankton; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Isoun, E., C. Fletcher, N. Frazer, and J. Gradie. 2003. Multi-spectral mapping of reef bathymetry and coral cover; Kailua Bay, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 22:68-82. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Johnson, J. E. and R. T. Hill. 2003. Sediment microbes of deep-sea bioherms on the northwest shelf of Australia. Microbial Ecology 46:55-61. 2003 Australia Index or Indicator Nutrients; Remediation; Sediment
Lemmens, S. 2003. Periphyton collectors as a tool to measure environmental performance of ocean outlets. Water Science and Technology 47:125-131. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Wastewater Discharge
Lirman, D. and M. W. Miller. 2003. Modeling and monitoring tools to assess recovery status and convergence rates between restored and undisturbed coral reef habitats. Restoration Ecology 11:448-456. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Complex Habitat & Resources; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Substrate
Mamboya, F. A., H. B. Pratap, and M. Bjork. 2003. Heavy metal contamination in the Western Indian Ocean (a review). Page 1437 in Journal De Physique. IV : JP. 2003 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; Mauritius; Reunion; India Review; Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Marchand, Y. and R. Cazoulat. 2003. Biological reef survey using spot satellite data classification by cellular automata method - Bay of Mont Saint-Michel (France). Computers and Geosciences 29:413-421. 2003 France Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Philipson, P. and T. Lindell. 2003. Can Coral Reefs Be Monitored from Space? Ambio 32:586-593. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2003. Variation in subsurface seawater temperature off Discovery Bay, Jamaica and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:181-187. 2003 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Storms & Hurricanes
Reichelt-Brushett, A. J. and G. McOrist. 2003. Trace metals in the living and nonliving components of scleractinian corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1573-1582. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Robison, W. L., C. L. Conrado, K. T. Bogen, and A. C. Stoker. 2003. The effective and environmental half-life of 137Cs at Coral Islands at the former US nuclear test site. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 69:207-223. 2003 Marshall Islands Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rodriguez-Lanetty, M., S.-J. Chang, and J.-I. Song. 2003. Specificity of two temperate dinoflagellate-anthozoan associations from the north-western Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 143:1193-1199. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Runghen, H., M. Bhuruth, S. D. D. V. Rughooputh, and H. C. S. Rughooputh. 2003. Oil spill information system for mauritius: Oil spill shoreline sensitivity mapping & analysis. Pages 450-455 in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology. 2003 Mauritius Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills
Spurgeon, J. 2003. Economic Issues Relating to Coral Reef Damages From Submarine Fiber Optic Cables Permitted Across the Sovereign Submerged Lands of the State of Florida. Jacobs, Reading (UK). 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Stevens, T. and R. M. Connolly. 2003. Shallow water crinoids are on soft sediments too: Evidence from a video survey of a subtropical estuary. Bulletin of Marine Science 73:593-604. 2003 Australia GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sediment; Substrate
Storlazzi, C. D., J. B. Logan, and M. E. Field. 2003. Quantitative morphology of a fringing reef tract from high-resolution laser bathymetry: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 115:1344-1355. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
The Coral Reef Sub-theme Team, editor. 2003. IGOS Coral Reef Sub-theme Report. Integrated Global Observing Strategy. 2003 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Protections; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Thorburn, P. J., J. S. Biggs, K. L. Weier, and B. A. Keating. 2003. Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 94:49-58. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Valette-Silver, N. J. and D. Scavia. 2003. Ecological Forecasting: New Tools for Coastal and Ecosystem Management. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 1. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
White, W. H., A. R. Harborne, I. S. Sotheran, R. Walton, and R. L. Foster-Smith. 2003. Using an acoustic ground discrimination system to map coral reef benthic classes. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:2641-2660. 2003 Global; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Yamamuro, M., H. Kayanne, H. Yamano. 2003. N of seagrass leaves for monitoring anthropogenic nutrient increases in coral reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:452-458. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Seagrasses
Acker, J. G., C. W. Brown, A. C. Hine, E. Armstrong, and N. Kuring. 2002. Satellite remote sensing observations and aerial photography of storm-induced neritic carbonate transport from shallow carbonate platforms. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:2853-2868. 2002 Bahamas; Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Benkendorff, K. and A. R. Davis. 2002. Identifying hotspots of molluscan species richness on rocky intertidal reefs. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:1959-1973. 2002 Australia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs
Berkelmans, R., J. C. Hendee, P. A. Marshall, P. V. Ridd, A. R. Orpin, and D. Irvine. 2002. Automatic weather stations: Tools for managing and monitoring potential impacts to coral reefs. Marine Technology Society Journal 36:29-38. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Bohnsack, J. A., A. Y. Cantillo, and M. J. Bello (eds.). 2002. Resource Survey of Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary 1983. NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral
Bouchet, P., P. Lozouet, P. Maestrati, and V. Heros. 2002. Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: Exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75:421-436. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Molluscs
Brown, B. E., K. R. Clarke, and R. M. Warwick. 2002. Serial patterns of biodiversity change in corals across shallow reef flats in KO Phuket, Thailand, due to the effects of local (sedimentation) and regional (climatic) perturbations. Marine Biology 141:21-29. 2002 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Bruckner, A. W. 2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-22. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Chou, W.-R., K. S. Tew, and L.-S. Fang. 2002. Long-term monitoring of the demersal fish community in a steel-slag disposal area in the coastal waters of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Substrate
Cuevas-Jimenez, A., P.-L. Ardisson, and A. R. Condal. 2002. Mapping of shallow coral reefs by colour aerial photography. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:3697-3712. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Decamps, H. and B. Lesaffre. 2002. Nature restoration: Towards new references and practices. Insight into five years of the research programme \Recreating Nature\" [Restauration de la nature: Vers de nouvelles references et pratiques. Apercu de CINQ annees de recherche du programme «. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:16-Sep. 2002 France Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Wetlands
Germano, J. D., C. A. Reid, P. G. D. Whiteside, and R. Kennish. 2002. Field verification of computer models predicting plume dispersion in Hong Kong. Pages 859-873 in Dredging, Key Technologies for Global Prosperity. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Sediment
Godoy, E. A. S., T. C. M. Almeida, and I. R. Zalmon. 2002. Fish assemblages and environmental variables on an artificial reef north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Goodman, J. A. and S. L. Ustin. 2002. Hyperspectral image calibration in a coral reef environment: An empirical approach. Pages 243-245 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Green, D. R. and S. T. Ray. 2002. Using GIS for siting artificial reefs - Data issues, problems and solutions: 'Real World' to 'Real World'. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8:16-Jul. 2002 Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Decision Support; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Hickey, T. E., M. M. J. Seymour, and S. D. Sayle. 2002. A management plan for the offshore disposal of drilling muds & cuttings in Brunei - A receiving environment based approach. Pages 459-466 in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Petroleum Division (Publication) PD. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Hovland, M., S. Vasshus, A. Indreeide, L. Austdal, and O. Nilsen. 2002. Mapping and imaging deep-sea coral reefs off Norway, 1982-2000. Hydrobiologia 471:13-17. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pipelines; Sediment
Iwao, K., T. Fujisawa, and M. Hatta. 2002. A cnidarian neuropeptide of the GLWamide family induces metamorphosis of reef-building corals in the genus Acropora. Coral Reefs 21:127-129. 2002 Europe Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Kennish, R., K. D. P. Wilson, J. Lo, S. C. Clarke, and S. Laister. 2002. Selecting sites for large-scale deployment of artificial reefs in Hong Kong: Constraint mapping and prioritization techniques. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector
Koskela, R. W., P. Ringeltaube, A. R. Small, T. V. Koskela, A. R. Fraser, J. D. Lee, and P. Marshall. 2002. Using predictive monitoring to mitigate construction impacts in sensitive marine environments. Pages 1-15 in Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors
Kvernevik, T.-I., M. Zambri Mohd Akhir, and J. Studholme. 2002. A low-cost procedure for automatic seafloor mapping, with particular reference to coral reef conservation in developing nations. Hydrobiologia 474:67-79. 2002 Malaysia GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
Liceaga-Correa, M. A. and J. I. Euan-Avila. 2002. Assessment of coral reef bathymetric mapping using visible Landsat Thematic Mapper data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23:14-Mar. 2002 Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Water Depth & Sea Level
Morton, R. A. 2002. Coastal geoindicators of environmental change in the humid tropics. Environmental Geology 42:711-724. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Mumby, P. J. and A. J. Edwards. 2002. Mapping marine environments with IKONOS imagery: Enhanced spatial resolution can deliver greater thematic accuracy. Remote Sensing of Environment 82:248-257. 2002 Turks and Caicos Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Paringit, E. C. and K. Nadaoka. 2002. Reflectance sensitivity of coral reef areas to optically-active constituents in coastal waters: Computer modeling and field observations. Pages 240-242 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Park T., J. M. Bowker, and V. R. Leeworthy. 2002. Valuing snorkeling visits to the Florida Keys with stated and revealed preference models. Journal of Environmental Management 64:301-312. 2002 Florida Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Remediation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Reckhow, Kenneth H.; Borsuk, Mark E.; Stow, Craig A. 2002. Adaptive Implementation Of Tmdls Using Bayesian Analysis. in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients
Reckhow, Kenneth H.; Stow, Craig A.; Borsuk, Mark E. 2002. Uncertainty Between The Criterion And The Designated Use: Implications For Standards And Tmdl Margin Of Safety. Pages 1223-1228 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Model; Index or Indicator Designated Uses; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Water
Roberts, J. M. and R. M. Anderson. 2002. A new laboratory method for monitoring deep-water coral polyp behaviour. Hydrobiologia 471:143-148. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rogers-Bennett, L., P. L. Haaker, K. A. Karpov, and D. J. Kushner. 2002. Using spatially explicit data to evaluate marine protected areas for abalone in southern California. Conservation Biology 16:1308-1317. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Salvat, B. and A. Aubanel. 2002. The management of coral reefs of French Polynesia [La gestion des recifs coralliens de Polynesie francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:193-251. 2002 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; France Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Aquaculture; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Molluscs; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Salvat, B., Y. Chancerelle, M. Schrimm, R. Morancy, M. Porcher, and A. Aubanel. 2002. Restoration of a degraded coral reef site and creation of a coral garden (Bora Bora, French Polynesia) [Restauration d'une zone corallienne degradee et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynesie Francaise]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 57:81-96. 2002 Global Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Molluscs; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Samankassou, E. and R. R. West. 2002. Construction versus accumulation in phylloid algal mounds: An example of a small constructed mound in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 185:379-389. 2002 Model Algae; Biocriteria; Echinoderms; Sponges
Schwartz, S. E. 2002. Challenges in EPA's coastal and ocean programs. Sea Technology 43:33-37. 2002 South & Central America; Mexico Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Strecker, Eric W.; Quigley, Marcus M.; Urbonas, Ben. 2002. How Well Do BMPs Work? A Guidance Manual for Meeting the National Stormwater BMP Database Requirements and an Update on BMP Effectiveness. Pages 172-188 in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Topping, M., J. Pfeiffer, A. Sparks, K. T. C. Jim, and D. Yoon. 2002. Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System (AAHIS). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4816:11-Jan. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Whales & Dolphins
Walter, D. J., D. N. Lambert, and D. C. Young. 2002. Sediment facies determination using acoustic techniques in a shallow-water carbonate environment, Dry Tortugas, Florida. Marine Geology 182:161-177. 2002 Florida GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Wilson, K. D. P., A. W. Y. Leung, and R. Kennish. 2002. Restoration of Hong Kong fisheries through deployment of artificial reefs in marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 China Model Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Acosta, A. 2001. Disease in Zoanthids: Dynamics in space and time. Hydrobiologia 460:113-130. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Baine, M. 2001. Artificial reefs: A review of their design, application, management and performance. Ocean and Coastal Management 44:241-259. 2001 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Special Use Permitting
Bax, N. J. and A. Williams. 2001. Seabed habitat on the south-eastern Australian continental shelf: Context, vulnerability and monitoring. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:491-512. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest
Bessat, F. and D. Buigues. 2001. Two centuries of variation in coral growth in a massive Porites colony from Moorea (French Polynesia): A response of ocean-atmosphere variability from south central Pacific. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175:381-392. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Bett, B. J. 2001. UK atlantic margin environmental survey: Introduction and overview of bathyal benthic ecology. Continental Shelf Research 21:917-956. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Oil & Gas Industry; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bingham, B. L. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology 40:81-251. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Plankton; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Boulvain, F. 2001. Facies architecture and diagenesis of Belgian late Frasnian carbonate mounds. Sedimentary Geology 145:269-294. 2001 GIS & Maps Algae; Cyanobacteria; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Bowden-Kerby, A. 2001. Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:915-931. 2001 Model Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
CARICOMP. 2001. Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP); a cooperative research and monitoring network of marine laboratories, parks, and reserves. University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. 2001 Global; South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Jamaica; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Carriquiry, J. D., A. L. Cupul-Magana, F. Rodriguez-Zaragoza, and P. Medina-Rosas. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in the Mexican Pacific during the 1997-98 El Nino and prediction from a remote sensing approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:237-249. 2001 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fleshy Macroalgae; Salinity; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Catterall, C. P., I. R. Poiner, and C. J. O'Brien. 2001. Long-term population dynamics of a coral reef gastropod and responses to disturbance. Austral Ecology 26:604-617. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Sediment
Diaz, M.C., K. Rutzler. 2001. Sponges: an essential component of caribbean coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:535-546. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sponges
Dunne, R. P. and B. E. Brown. 2001. The influence of solar radiation on bleaching of shallow water reef corals in the Andaman Sea, 1993-1998. Coral Reefs 20:201-210. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Sea Temperatures
Ebersole, J. P. 2001. Recovery of fish assemblages from ship groundings on coral reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:655-671. 2001 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Planktivorous Fish; Remediation; Substrate
Epstein, N. and B. Rinkevich. 2001. From isolated ramets to coral colonies: The significance of colony pattern formation in reef restoration practices. Basic and Applied Ecology 2:219-222. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2001. Strategies for gardening denuded coral reef areas: The applicability of using different types of coral material for reef restoration. Restoration Ecology 9:432-442. 2001 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Fox, H. and J. Pet. 2001. Pilot study suggests viable options for reef restoration in Komodo National Park. Coral Reefs 20:219-220. 2001 Wetland & Reef Restoration
Galvis Castro, N. 2001. Monitoring ecological and socioeconomic indicators for coral reef management in Colombia. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:847-859. 2001 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Gleason, D. F., D. A. Brazeau, and D. Munfus. 2001. Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:933-943. 2001 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Harborne, A. R., D. C. Afzal, and M. J. Andrews. 2001. Honduras: Caribbean Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1221-1235. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Hempel, L. C. and S. Morozova. 2001. Science into policy: Designing coral reef management from the benthos up. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:945-966. 2001 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Climate
Holden, H. and E. LeDrew. 2001. Hyperspectral discrimination of healthy versus stressed corals using in situ reflectance. Journal of Coastal Research 17:850-858. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jaap, W. C. and J. H. Hudson. 2001. Coral reef restoration following anthropogenic disturbances. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:333. 2001 Wetland & Reef Restoration
Jackson, J. B. C. and E. Sala. 2001. Unnatural Oceans. Scientia Marina 65:273-281. 2001 Model Apex Fish Predators; Finfish Harvest; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Jameson, S. C., M. V. Erdmann, J. R. Karr, and K. W. Potts. 2001. Charting a course toward diagnostic monitoring: a continuing review of coral reef attributes and a research strategy for creating coral reef indexes of biotic integrety. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:701-744. 2001 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria
Jan, R.-Q., J.-P. Chen, C.-Y. Lin, and K.-T. Shao. 2001. Long-term monitoring of the coral reef fish communities around a nuclear power plant. Aquatic Ecology 35:233-243. 2001 Cuba; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Jeffrey, C.F.G., C. Pattengill-Semmens, S. Gittings, and M. E. Monaco. 2001. Distribution and sighting frequency of reef fishes in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-01-1. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 2001 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Kelmo, F. and M. J. Attrill. 2001. Cnidarian community structure of coastal reefs from Northern Bahia, Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:547-557. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Kendall, M. S., M. E. Monaco, K. R. Buja, J. D. Christensen, C.R. Kruer, M. Finkbeiner, and R. A. Warner. 2001. Methods Used to Map the Benthic Habitats of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, (MD, USA). 2001 South & Central America; Florida; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean GIS & Maps Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Kojis, B. L. and N. J. Quinn. 2001. The importance of regional differences in hard coral recruitment rates for determining the need for coral restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:967-974. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; Fiji; Northern Mariana Islands; Caribbean Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Li, Q. X., A. E. Karu, K. Li, and S. Thomas. 2001. Refinement of Immunochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Pages 379-396 in ACS Symposium Series. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator CO2; Remediation; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Matsunaga, T., A. Hoyano, and Y. Mizukami. 2001. Monitoring of coral reefs on Ishigaki Island in Japan using multitemporal remote sensing data. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4154:212-222. 2001 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Water Depth & Sea Level
McField, M. D., P. Hallock, and W. C. Jaap. 2001. Multivariate analysis of reef community structure in the Belize barrier reef complex. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:745-758. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Substrate
Meesters, E. H., M. Hilterman, E. Kardinaal, M. Keetman, M. De Vries, and R. P. M. Bak. 2001. Colony size-frequency distributions of scleractinian coral populations: Spatial land interspecific variation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 209:43-54. 2001 Antilles Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mikkelsen, P. M. and J. Cracraft. 2001. Marine biodiversity and the need for systematic inventories. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:525-534. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Echinoderms; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges
Miller, M. W. and J. Barimo. 2001. Assessment of juvenile coral populations at two reef restoration sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: Indicators of success? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:395-405. 2001 Florida Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Mumby, P. 2001. Beta and habitat diversity in marine systems: A new approach to measurement, scaling and interpretation. Oecologia 128:274-280. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Nemeth, R. S. and J. Sladek Nowlis. 2001. Monitoring the effects of land development on the near-shore reef environment of St. Thomas, USVI. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:759-775. 2001 US Virgin Islands Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscaping & Household Services; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges
Newman, C. M. and E. F. LeDrew. 2001. Assessment of beer's law of logarithmic attenuation for remote sensing of shallow tropical waters. Pages 1539-1541 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light
Obura, D. O. 2001. Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1264-1278. 2001 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; India Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Obura, D. O. 2001. Participatory monitoring of shallow tropical marine fisheries by artisanal fishers in Diani, Kenya. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:777-791. 2001 Kenya Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Resource Use Management
Opishinski, T. B., M. L. Spaulding, K. Rutzler, and M. Carpenter. 2001. A real time environmental data monitoring, management and analysis system for the coral reefs off the coast of Belize. Pages 1188-1197 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications
Pasqualini, V., C. Pergent-Martini, P. Clabaut, H. Marteel, and G. Pergent. 2001. Integration of aerial remote sensing photogrammetry, and GIS technologies in seagrass mapping. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67:99-105. 2001 France Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Phinn, S. R., P. Scarth, M. Stanford, C. Menges, and G. Hill. 2001. Quantitative monitoring of environmental health and dynamics from the ADAR-1000 low-cost airborne digital multi-spectral camera. Pages 378-380 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Precht, W. F. 2001. Improving decision-making in coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:329-330. 2001 Wetland & Reef Restoration
Precht, W. F., R. B. Aronson, and D. W. Swanson. 2001. Improving scientific decision-making in the restoration of ship-grounding sites on coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1001-1012. 2001 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Substrate
Sherman, R. L., D. S. Gilliam, and R. E. Spieler. 2001. Site-dependent differences in artificial reef function: Implications for coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1053-1056. 2001 Artificial Habitat; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Spadoni, R. H. and C. J. Kruempel. 2001. Florida keys national marine sanctuary Looe key coral reef restoration project of 1999. Pages 302-305 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Spieler, R. E., D. S. Gilliam, and R. L. Sherman. 2001. Artificial substrate and coral reef restoration: What do we need to know to know what we need. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1013-1030. 2001 Review Sediment; Substrate; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Spurgeon, J. P. G. 2001. Improving the economic effectiveness of coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1031-1045. 2001 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Monetary Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Talbot, F. and C. Wilkinson. 2001. Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses: a sourcebook for managers. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville (Australia). 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Torres, R., M. Chiappone, F. Geraldes, Y. Rodriguez, and M. Vega. 2001. Sedimentation as an important environmental influence on Dominican Republic reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:805-818. 2001 Dominican Republic GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
West, K. and R. Van Woesik. 2001. Spatial and temporal variance of river discharge on Okinawa (Japan): Inferring the temporal impact on adjacent coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:864-872. 2001 Global; Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wheaton, J., W.C. Japp, J.W. Porter, V. Kosminyn, K. Hackett, M. Lybolt, M.K. Callahan, J. Kidney, S. Kupfner, C. Tsokos, G. Yanev. 2001. EPA/FKNMS Coral Reef Monitoring Project. 2001 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Winn, R. D. JR ., P. D. Crevello, and W. Bosworth. 2001. Lower miocene nukhul formation, Gebel el Zeit, Egypt: Model for structural control on early synrift strata and reservoirs, Gulf of Suez. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 85:1871-1890. 2001 Egypt Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Yankelevsky, M. N. and C. D. Polychronopoulos. 2001. α-Coral: A multigrain, multithreading processor architecture. Pages 358-367 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Supercomputing. 2001 GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Ammar, M. S. A., E. M. Amin, D. Gundacker, and W. E. G. Mueller. 2000. One rational strategy for restoration of coral reefs: Application of molecular biological tools to select sites for rehabilitation by asexual recruits. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:618-627. 2000 Egypt Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Octocoral; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Stony Coral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Andrefouet, S. and M. Claereboudt. 2000. Objective class definitions using correlation of similarities between remotely sensed and environmental data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21:1925-1930. 2000 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Andrefouet, S., S. Maritorena, and L. Loubersac. 2000. Review of remote sensing applied to coral reefs [Un bilan de la teledetection appliquee aux milieux coralliens]. Oceanis 26:311-349. 2000 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Boyer, J. N., P. Sterling, and R. D. Jones. 2000. Maximizing information from a water quality monitoring network through visualization techniques. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 50:39-48. 2000 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Nutrients; Salinity
Carbone, F. and G. Accordi. 2000. The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:141-159. 2000 Indian Ocean; Somalia; Kenya; Tanzania; India Field Study & Monitoring Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Chan, T.T.C. and Y. Sadovy. 2000. Profile of the marine aquarium fish trade in Hong Kong. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 2:197-213. 2000 Global Review Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Designate Protected Species; Invertivorous Fish; Live Collection; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Cooke, A., O. Ratomahenina, E. Ranaivoson, and H. Razafindrainibe. 2000. Madagascar. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 113-131. 2000 Mozambique; Madagascar Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Cronin, B. T., K. GUrbUz, A. Hurst, and N. Satur. 2000. Vertical and lateral organization of a carbonate deep-water slope marginal to a submarine fan system, Miocene, southern Turkey. Sedimentology 47:801-824. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Crosby, M. P., A. Abu-Hilal, A. Al-Homoud, J. Erez, and R. Ortal. 2000. Interactions among scientists, managers and the public in defining research priorities and management strategies for marine and coastal resources: Is the Red Sea Marine Peace Park a new paradigm? Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 123:581-594. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management
Davis, W. and J. Scott. 2000. Mid-Atlantic Highlands Streams Assessment: Technical Support Document. EPA/903/B-00/004, US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Davis, W. P., M. R. Davis, and D. A. Flemer. 2000. Observations on the Regrowth of Subaquatic Vegetation Following Transplantation: A Potential Method to Assess Environmental Health of Coastal Habitats. Pages 231-238 in M. J. Kennish, editor. Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management. Marine Science Series. 2000 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Dustan, P. 2000. Florida Keys. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 405-414. 2000 Global; South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Pipelines; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Edgar, G. J. and N. S. Barrett. 2000. Impact of the Iron Baron oil spill on subtidal reef assemblages in Tasmania. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:36-49. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Invertebrates; Petroleum Spills
Esslemont, G., V. J. Harriott, and D. M. McConchie. 2000. Variability of trace-metal concentrations within and between colonies of Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:637-642. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Finkl, C. W., S. M. Khalil, and R. H. Spadoni. 2000. A geomorphological approach to carbonate sand searches. Pages 53-66 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Florida Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Gibbs, B. 2000. Offshore structure abandonment: Solutions for an aging industry. Sea Technology 41:25-32. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Corporate Responses; Fish; Utility Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Halfar, J., L. Godinez-Orta, and JR . Ingle J.C. 2000. Microfacies analysis of recent carbonate environments in the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico - a model for warm-temperate to subtropical carbonate formation. Palaios 15:323-342. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Model; GIS & Maps Algae; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Harborne, A. R., M. D. McField, and E. K. Delaney. 2000. Belize. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 501-516. 2000 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Sediment; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Haynes, D. and J. E. Johnson. 2000. Organochlorine, heavy metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutant concentrations in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:267-278. 2000 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Haynes, D. and K. Michalek-Wagner. 2000. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Past perspectives, current issues and new research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:428-434. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics
Holden, HE AT HE R and EL LS WO RT H LeDrew. 2000. Optical water column properties of a coral reef environment: Towards correction of remotely sensed imagery. Pages 2666-2668 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Water Depth & Sea Level
Huber, M. E. and G. B. K. Baines. 2000. The Coral, Solomon and Bismarck Seas Region. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 425-446. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Solomon Islands; Vanuatu; New Caledonia; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Mangroves; Molluscs; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Wetlands
Jaap, W. C. 2000. Coral reef restoration. Ecological Engineering 15:345-364. 2000 Florida Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Fishing Sector; Pathogens; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Jeng, W.-L., C.-F. Dai, and K.-L. Fan. 2000. Taiwan Strait. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 499-512. 2000 China; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Kobayashi, K. 2000. Horizontally-moving subducted slab may generate enigmatic features of the Palau and Yap Trench-Arcs. Pages 133-138 in Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B: Physical and Biological Sciences. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Palau Model; GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Water Depth & Sea Level
Maloney, K. A., L. A. Maguire, and E. A. Lind. 2000. NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY MODELING AND MONITORING PROJECT STAGE 1: ASSESSMENT OF STAKEHOLDER INTEREST AND CONCERNS TO INFORM LONG-TERM MODELING. 50237, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, (NC, USA). 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Maragos, J. E. 2000. Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 791-812. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Golf Course Operations; Hotel & Food Services; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Military; Pathogens; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Sea Turtles; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Mumby, P. J. 2000. Remote sensing of tropical coastal resources: Progress and fresh challenges for the new millennium. Pages 283-291 Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 3. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Nagelkerken, I., S. Bouma, S. Van den Akker, and R. P. M. Bak. 2000. Growth and survival of unattached Madracis mirabilis fragments transplanted to different reef sites, and the implication for reef rehabilitation. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:497-505. 2000 Antilles Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Okamoto, MI NE O, TA KA O Sato, and SU SU MU Morita. 2000. Basic coral distribution data for long term monitoring at Sekisei Lagoon. Pages 1383-1387 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Global; Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton
Pattengill-Semmens, C., S. R. Gittings, and T. Shyka. 2000. Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary: a rapid assessment of coral, fish, and algae using the AGRRA protocol. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-00-3. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 2000 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Social Organizations
Phinn Stuart, R., T. Neil David, E. Joyce Karen, and WA QA R Ahmad. 2000. Coral reefs: A multi-scale approach to monitoring their composition & dynamics. Pages 2672-2674 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Pitcher, T. J., R. Watson, N. Haggan, S. Guenette, R. Kennish, U. R. Sumaila, D. Cook, K. Wilson, and A. Leung. 2000. Marine reserves and the restoration of fisheries and marine ecosystems in the South China Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:543-566. 2000 China Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Rayment, G. E. and G. A. Barry. 2000. Indicator tissues for heavy metal monitoring - Additional attributes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:353-358. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Reaser, J. K., R. Pomerance, and P. O. Thomas. 2000. Coral bleaching and global climate change: Scientific findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology 14:1500-1511. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Shoreline Protection
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 2000. Mapping of benthic habitats in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt): A tool for proactive management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:127-140. 2000 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Rilov, G. and Y. Benayahu. 2000. Fish assemblage on natural versus vertical artificial reefs: The rehabilitation perspective. Marine Biology 136:931-942. 2000 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish
Rinkevich, B. 2000. Steps towards the evaluation of coral reef restoration by using small branch fragments. Marine Biology 136:807-812. 2000 Complex Habitat & Resources; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Samtleben, C., A. Munnecke, and T. Bickert. 2000. Development of facies and C/O-isotopes in transects through the Ludlow of Gotland: Evidence for global and local influences on a shallow-marine environment. Facies Jan-38. 2000 Global GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Scheffer, M., W. Brock, and F. Westley. 2000. Socioeconomic mechanisms preventing optimum use of ecosystem services: an interdisciplinary theoretical analysis. Ecosystems 3:451-471. 2000 Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Smith, S. D. A. 2000. Evaluating stress in rocky shore and shallow reef habitats using the macrofauna of kelp holdfasts. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 7:259-272. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates
Stejskal, I. V. 2000. Obtaining Approvals for Oil and Gas Projects in Shallow Water Marine Areas in Western Australia using an Environmental Risk Assessment Framework. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin 6:69-76. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Petroleum Spills
Thorburn, C. C. 2000. Changing customary marine resource management practice and institutions: The case of Sasi Lola in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. World Development 28:1461-1479. 2000 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Trexler, J. C. and J. Travis. 2000. Can marine protected areas restore and conserve stock attributes of reef fishes? Bulletin of Marine Science 66:853-873. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Model Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Plankton
Turek, J. G. 2000. Science and technology needs for marine fishery habitat restoration. Pages 1707-1712 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Fishing Sector; Ports & Harbors
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Working Group on Ecosystem Science and Conservation. 2000. Coral reef protected areas: a guide for management. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Valuation
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C. 2000 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Vuki, V. C., S. Appana, M. R. Naqasima, and M. Vuki. 2000. Vanuatu. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 737-749. 2000 Vanuatu Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Forestry; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Warner, R. A., CH RI S Elvidge, JO HN Dietz, and GR EG G Goddard. 2000. Use of NOAA photogrammetry for shallow coral reef mapping and bathymetry. Pages 2675-2677 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2000 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Warnken, J. and R. Buckley. 2000. Monitoring diffuse impacts: Australian tourism developments. Environmental Management 25:453-461. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Wilson, A. D. 2000. Catamaran R/V begins new era of marine scientific research. Sea Technology 41:31-33. 2000 Florida; Panama Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research
Wozencraft, J. M. and J. L. Irish. 2000. SHOALS surveys and carbonate beaches. Pages 24-37 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military
Yap, H. T. 2000. The case for restoration of tropical coastal ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 43:841-851. 2000 Global Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Seagrasses
1999. Internal storm summary monitoring reports; also see Annual Compliance Report No. 4, Fourth Stormwater Monitoring Report, Fiscal Year 1998-1999, Prepared for Oregon Dept. of Env. Quality. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Bernecker, M., O. Weidlich, and E. Flugel. 1999. Response of Triassic reef coral communities to sea-level fluctuations, storms and sedimentation: Evidence from a spectacular outcrop (Adnet, Austria). Facies 229-280. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Corsi, S.R., Breb, S.R., R.T. Bannerman and R.e. Pitt. 1999. Evaluation of the Multi-chambered Treatment Train, a Retrofit Water Quality Management Practice, USGS Open File Report 99-270, Middleton, WI. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Impervious Surfaces; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Diamant, A., A. Banet, I. Paperna, H. V. Westernhagen, K. Broeg, G. Kruener, W. Koerting, and S. Zander. 1999. The use of fish metabolic, pathological and parasitological indices in pollution monitoring II. The Red Sea and Mediterranean. Helgoland Marine Research 53:195-208. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 1999. Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef-lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18:327-332. 1999 Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Goatcher, B., D. Zwiefelhofer, R. Lanctot, S. Talbot, B. Pierson, D. Esler, and K. Scribner. 1999. Differentiation and Interchange of Harlequin Duck Populations Within the North Pacific. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Petroleum Spills
Hall, L. W., J. M. Giddings, K. R. Solomon, and R. Balcomb. 1999. An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 29:367-437. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Boating Regulations; Chemical Use Regulations; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Hallacher, L. and B. Tissot. 1999. Quantitative underwater ecological surveying techniques: a coral reef monitoring workshop. Pages 147-158 in Proceedings of the Hawai'I coral reef monitoring workshop. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Hawaii Institute of Marine, BI OL OG Y. 1999. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. Kaneohe Bay monitoring project from the University of Hawaii. 1999 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Remote Sensing Light; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Haynes, J. M., T. W. Stewart, and G. E. Cook. 1999. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern Lake Ontario following invasion of Dreissena: Continuing change. Journal of Great Lakes Research 25:828-838. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Invertebrates
Holden, H. and E. Ledrew. 1999. Hyperspectral identification of coral reef features. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20:2545-2563. 1999 Cuba; Fiji; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
McClanahan, T. R., V. Hendrick, M. J. Rodrigues, and N. V. C. Polunin. 1999. Varying responses of herbivorous and invertebrate-feeding fishes to macroalgal reduction on a coral reef. Coral Reefs 18:195-203. 1999 Kenya Index or Indicator Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Moore, S. W. 1999. Datalogging instrument arrays: Powerful yet inexpensive tools for recording the heterogeneous physical environment of coral reefs. Oceanologica Acta 22:687-698. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Physical Variables
Morrison, R. J. and M. R. Naqasima. 1999. Fiji's Great Astrolabe Lagoon: Baseline study and management issues for a pristine marine environment. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:617-636. 1999 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Osborn, T., P. Williams, D. Burkholder, and D. Rabalais. 1999. NOAA and the state of Louisiana. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 35:7-Jun. 1999 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Raghukumar, C., T. M. D'Souza, R. G. Thorn, and C. A. Reddy. 1999. Lignin-modifying enzymes of Flavodon flavus, a basidiomycete isolated from a coastal marine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65:2103-2111. 1999 India CO2; Nutrients; Remediation; Substrate
Rezai, H., H. M. Ibrahim, B. A. G. Idris, and M. R. M. Kushairi. 1999. Some effects of submarine pipeline construction on the sessile zoobenthic community of Redang Island. Hydrobiologia 405:163-167. 1999 Malaysia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pipelines
Risk, M. J. 1999. Paradise lost: How marine science failed the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:831-837. 1999 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Model Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Nutrients
Voulvoulis, N., M. D., Scrimshaw, and J. N. Lester. 1999. Altermative antifouling biocides. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 13:135-143. 1999 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Small Boats
Walker, P. A., R. Greiner, D. McDonald, and V. Lyne. 1999. The Tourism Futures Simulator: A systems thinking approach. Environmental Modelling & Software 14:59-67. 1999 Australia Model; GIS & Maps Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Zann, L. P. 1999. A new (old) approach to inshore resources management in Samoa. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:569-590. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Samoa Model Commercial Fisheries; Cultural Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Housing; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Chadwick, D. H. 1998. Blue refuges: U.S. national marine sanctuaries. National Geographic 193:2. 1998 Florida Lab Study Finfish Harvest; Pathogens
Chauvaud, S., C. Bouchon, and R. Maniere. 1998. Remote sensing techniques adapted to high resolution mapping of tropical coastal marine ecosystems (coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove). International Journal of Remote Sensing 19:3625-3639. 1998 Martinique Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Culbertson, J. C. and D. D. Peter. 1998. Development of tagging techniques for monitoring fish populations at Texas artificial reefs. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:46-53. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Gittings, S. R. 1998. Reef community stability on the Flower Garden Banks, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:161-169. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Pathogens; Special Use Permitting; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Greenstein, B. J., L. A. Harris, and H. A. Curran. 1998. Comparison of recent coral life and death assemblages to Pleistocene reef communities: implications for rapid faunal replacement on recent reefs. Carbonates and Evaporites 13:23-31. 1998 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hendee James, C. 1998. Expert system for marine environmental monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Bay. Pages 57-66 in International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Salinity; Sea Temperatures
Hendee James, C., CH RI S Humphrey, and TR EN T Moore. 1998. Data-driven expert system for producing coral bleaching alerts. Pages 139-147 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Development and Application of Computer Techniques to Environmental Studies. 1998 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jameson S. C., M. V. Erdmann, G. R. Gibson Jr., and K. W. Potts. 1998. Development of biological criteria for coral reef ecosystem assessment. Atoll Research Bulletin 450:1-102. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting
Morris, G.L., Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. Ver. 1.04 edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 1998 Puerto Rico; Costa Rica; Venezuela; India Model Agriculture; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrients; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. and B. X. Semmens. 1998. An analysis of fish survey data generated by nonexpert volunteers in the Flower Garden Banks national marine sanctuary. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:196-207. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations
Pitt, R.; Robertson, B.; and Field, R. 1998. Innovative Multi-Chambered Stormwater Control Device for Critical Source Areas. Proc. Adv. in Urban Wet Weather Pollut. Reduction , Cleveland, Ohio, WEF (CP3805), 141. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Impervious Surfaces; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation Policies
Proust, J. N. 1998. Carbonate platform drowning in a foreland setting: The mid-Carbondifrous Platform in Western Urals (Russia). Journal of Sedimentary Research 68:1175-1188. 1998 GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Pugliese, R. 1998. Final habitat plan for the South Atlantic Region. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, SC. 1998 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Model Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Agriculture; Aquaculture; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rilov, G. and Y. Benayahu. 1998. Vertical artificial structures as an alternative habitat for coral reef fishes in disturbed environments. Marine Environmental Research 45:431-451. 1998 Model; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Spencer, T. 1998. Tectonic and environmental histories in the Pitcairn group, palaeogene to present: Reconstructions and speculations. Atoll Research Bulletin 322. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stednick, J. D., D. M. Gilbert, and M. D. Lee. 1998. Development of a national water quality monitoring programme for Belize. IAHS-AISH Publication 379-386. 1998 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Stejskal, I. V. 1998. Drilling in environmentally sensitive marine areas in Western Australia: The Wonnich appraisal drilling program setting an industry example. Pages 263-272 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1998 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Tsimilli-Michael, M., M. Pecheux, and R. J. Strasser. 1998. Vitality and stress adaptation of the symbionts of coral reef and temperate foraminifers probed in hospite by the fluorescence kinetics OJIP. Archives des Sciences et Compte Rendu Seances de la Societe 51:205-240. 1998 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps CO2; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Williamson, A. 1998. Use of acoustics in remote sensing of the seabed. Hydro International 2:51-53. 1998 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management
[No author name available]. 1997. Special Issue: 5th symposium on our environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 44:1-615. 1997 Global; Malaysia; Southeast Asia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
[No author name available]. 1997. Tracers catch the drift. Dredging and Port Construction 24:18-19. 1997 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Alibert, C. and M. T. McCulloch. 1997. Strontium/calcium ratios in modern Porites corals from the Great Barrier Reef as a proxy for sea surface temperature: Calibration of the thermometer and monitoring of ENSO. Paleoceanography 12:345-363. 1997 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Attwood, C. G., J. M. Harris, and A. J. Williams. 1997. International experience of marine protected areas and their relevance to South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 311-332. 1997 South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Corporate Responses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Bodge Kevin, R. 1997. Structural restoration of coral reefs damaged by vessel groundings. Pages 4261-4273 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Engineering; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Dickman, M. and F. Johnson. 1997. Deployment of a threshold activated pump sampler in an industrial shock load impact study. Hydrobiologia 344:181-193. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Drollet, J. H., T. Teai, M. Faucon, and P. M. V. Martin. 1997. Field study of compensatory changes in UV-absorbing compounds in the mucus of the solitary coral Fungia repanda (Scleractinia:Fungiidae) in relation to solar UV radiation, sea-water temperature, and other coincident physico-chemical parameters. Marine and Freshwater Research 48:329-333. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Edgar, G. J., J. Moverley, N. S. Barrett, D. Peters, and C. Reed. 1997. The conservation-related benefits of a systematic marine biological sampling programme: The Tasmanian reef bioregionalisation as a case study. Biological Conservation 79:227-240. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Marine Protected Areas; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses
Gomez, P., J. A. Mercado, L. M. Mitchell, and S. I. Salazar-Vallejo. 1997. Poliquetos de fondos duros (Polychaeta) de bahias de Huatulco y Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:1067-1074. 1997 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Mexico Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Holasek Rick, E., P. Portigal Frederick, C. Mooradian Gregory, A. Voelker Mark, M. Even Detlev, W. Fene Michael, D. Owensby Pamela, and S. Breitwieser David. 1997. HSI mapping of marine and coastal environments using the advanced airborne hyperspectral imaging system (AAHIS). Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 3071:169-180. 1997 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Holden, HE AT HE R and EL LS WO RT H LeDrew. 1997. Spectral identification of coral biological vigour. Pages 610-612 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Hudson, J. H. and W. B. Goodwin. 1997. Restoration and growth rate of Hurricane damaged pillar coral (Dendrogyra cylindrus) in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida. Pages 567-570 1997 Florida Storms & Hurricanes
Knight, D., E. LeDrew, and H. Holden. 1997. Mapping submerged corals in Fiji from remote sensing and in situ measurements: Applications for integrated coastal management. Ocean and Coastal Management 34:153-170. 1997 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
LeDrew, EL LS WO RT H, DR EW Knight, and HE AT HE R Holden. 1997. Remote sensing analysis of submerged coral reefs: Applications for integrated coastal management in Fiji. Pages 809-812 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 1997 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Littler, D. S. and M. M. Littler. 1997. An illustrated marine flora of the Pelican Cays, Belize. Bulletin - Biological Society of Washington 9:149. 1997 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Physical Damage
Nasr, S., A. F. Abdel-Kader, H. I. El-Gamilyt, and M. El-Raey. 1997. Coastal zone geomorphology of Ras-Mohammed area, Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 13:134-140. 1997 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Peters, E.C., N.J. Gassman, J.C. Firman, R.H. Richmonds, E.A. Power. 1997. Ecotoxicology of Tropical Marine Ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:12-40. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Pitt, R., Robertson, B. Barron, P., Ayyoubi, A. and S. Clark . 1997. Stormwater Treatment At Critical Areas Vol. 1: The Multi-Chambered Treatment Train (MCTT), USEPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR 819573 . 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Impervious Surfaces; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 1997. Distribution and environmental control of coral assemblages in Northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt). Facies 140-162. 1997 Egypt GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral
Robison, W. L., K. T. Bogen, and C. L. Conrado. 1997. An updated dose assessment for resettlement options at Bikini Atoll - A U.S. nuclear test site. Health Physics 73:100-114. 1997 Marshall Islands; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Simon, S. L. 1997. A brief history of people and events related to atomic weapons testing in the Marshall Islands. Health Physics 73:20-May. 1997 Micronesia; Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Remediation
Spalding, M. D. and A. M. Grenfell. 1997. New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas. Coral Reefs 16:225-230. 1997 Global Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing Sector
Thompson, A. A. and B. D. Mapstone. 1997. Observer effects and training in underwater visual surveys of reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154:53-63. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Walter, D. J., D. N. Lambert, D. C. Young, and K. P. Stephens. 1997. Mapping sediment acoustic impedance using remote sensing acoustic techniques in a shallow-water carbonate environment. Geo-Marine Letters 17:260-267. 1997 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
[No author name available]. 1996. Geoindicators: assessing rapid environmental changes in Earth systems. Geoindicators: assessing rapid environmental changes in Earth systems. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Aabel, J. P., S. J. Cripps, and G. Kjeilen. 1996. Offshore petroleum installations in the North Sea used as fish aggregating devices - potential and suggestions for preparation, management and monitoring. Pages 295-303 in International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration
Bour, W., S. Dupont, and P. Joannot. 1996. Establishing a \SPOT\" thematic neo-channel for the study of hard-of-access lagoon environments: Example of application on the growth areas of the New Caledonian reefs". Geocarto International 11:29-39. 1996 New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Drake, S. F. 1996. The International Coral Reef Initiative: A strategy for the sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems. Coastal Management 24:279-299. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves
Finn, M. D. and M. J. Kingsford. 1996. Two-phase recruitment of Apogonids (pisces) on the great barrier reef. Marine and Freshwater Research 47:423-432. 1996 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Skeletal Coral
Flathman Paul, E., L. Laski Mary, R. Trausch Jason, H. Carson Jr. John, M. Woodhull Patrick, E. Jerger Douglas, and R. Lear Paul. 1996. Effect of micronutrient addition on the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated coral sand at a U.S. Navy facility on Midway Island in the Pacific. in Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Coastal Defense; Military; Nutrients; Remediation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Gardner, G. 1996. Gribble in the greenheart. New Civil Engineer (NCE) 1171:18-19. 1996 Artificial Habitat; Forestry
Gravier-Bonnet, N. and D. Mioche. 1996. Annual survey of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) cohabiting in shrimp-crevices on a reef flat of La Reunion (Indian Ocean). Scientia Marina 60:165-181. 1996 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Lab Study; GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins
Harris Lee, E., J. Mostkoff Benjamin, and GE RA LD Zadikoff. 1996. Artificial reefs: from waste to resources. Pages 754-759 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Complex Habitat & Resources; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Shoreline Armoring; Tourism & Recreation
Katz, M. 1996. The Florida Keys ecosystem monitoring integration project. Earth System Monitor 6:13-Dec. 1996 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Internet & Telecommunications; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Markham, A. 1996. Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: A review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists. Climate Research 6:179-191. 1996 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Collaboration & Partnering; Wetlands
Nacorda, H. M. E. and H. T. Yap. 1996. Macroinfaunal biomass and energy flow in a shallow reef flat of the northwestern Philippines. Hydrobiologia 341:37-49. 1996 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Primary Production; Salinity; Sediment; Substrate
O'Riordan, T., A. Jordan, and S. Bragdon. 1996. Institutions for global environmental change. Global Environmental Change 6:177-179. 1996 Global Review; Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Osborn, TI M, KE VI N Bodge, MI LE S Croom, MA RK Schroeder, and CH AR LI E Wahle. 1996. Structural restoration of two coral reefs in the Florida keys national marine sanctuary. Pages 14-17 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1996 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Collaboration & Partnering; Military
Price, A. R. G. and I. Firaq. 1996. The environmental status of reefs on Maldivian resort islands: A preliminary assessment for tourism planning. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6:93-106. 1996 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Sylwester, R. E., J. L. Dasler, and T. C. Sullivan. 1996. A marine geophysical investigation to determine the cause for failure of the yaquina bay jetty, newport, oregon. Geotechnical Special Publication 62:42-55. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Military; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Ashton, P. H. and B. J. Richardson. 1995. Biological monitoring of the marine ocean outfall at Black Rock, Victoria, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31:334-340. 1995 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Sediment
Catena John, G. 1995. World prodigy oil spill restoration planning. Pages 92-93 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Petroleum Spills
Chung, C., C. Y. Chen, Y. Y. Wei, and C. N. Hsu. 1995. Monitoring of environmental radiation on the Spratly Islets in the South China sea. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 194:291-296. 1995 China Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Costello David, K., L. Carder Kendall, F. Chen Robert, G. Peacock Thomas, and N. SA ND Y Nettles. 1995. Multispectral imagery, hyperspectral radiometry, and unmanned underwater vehicles: tools for the assessment of natural resources in coastal waters. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 2501:407-415. 1995 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment
Davis, D., V. Harriott, C. Macnamara, L. Roberts, and S. Austin. 1995. Conflicts in a marine protected area: scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australian Parks & Recreation 31:29-35. 1995 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Done, T. 1995. Remediation of degraded coral reefs: The need for broad focus. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:686-688. 1995 Remediation
Pritchard, P. H., J. G. Mueller, S. E. Lantz, and D. L. Santavy. 1995. The Potential Importance of Biodiversity in Environmental Biotechnology Applications: Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils and Sediments. Pages 161-184 in D. Allsopp;D.L. Hawksworth;R.R. Colwell, editor. Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function. CAB Publishers, Oxon, England. 1995 Biotechnology Research & Development; Remediation; Sediment
Pyburn, B. 1995. Oil spill recovery, little development but hope for the future. Work Boat World 14:30-38. 1995 Australia; South Africa Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Petroleum Spills; Remediation
Telesnicki, G. j. and W. M. Goldberg. 1995. Comparison of Turbidity Measurement by Nephelometry and Transmissometry and its Relevance to Water Quality Standards. Bulletin of Marine Science 57:540-547. 1995 Field Study & Monitoring Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria
Telesnicki, G. j. and W. M. Goldberg. 1995. Effects of Turbidity on the Photosynthesis and Respiration of Two South Florida Reef Coral Species. Bulletin of Marine Science 57:527-539. 1995 Florida Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Wiebe William, J. 1995. CARICOMP: a regional research and monitoring program for the Caribbean coastal zone. Pages 508-509 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1995 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Yoder, C. O. 1995. Policy issues and management applications for biological criteria. Pages 327-343 in Davis, W.S. and T. P. Simon, editors. Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 1995 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biocriteria
Ambrose, R. F. 1994. Mitigating the effects of a coastal power plant on a kelp forest community: rationale and requirements for an artificial reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:694-708. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Fish; Invertebrates; Mitigation; Remediation
Avent, R. M. and R. M. Rogers. 1994. Sensitive Biological Habitats and Resources in the Gulf of Mexico: Environment Issues and Concerns for the Regulation of the Petroleum Industry. Pages 445-453 in Drilling Conference - Proceedings. 1994 South & Central America; Mexico Designate Protected Species; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting
Avsar, N., D. Basso, S. Spezzaferri, H. Koral, and V. Yanko. 1994. Cruise AVI-II 93: Preliminary data from the Iskenderun Bay (Turkey) [Crociera AVI-II 93: Dati preliminari dalla Baia di Iskenderun (Turchia)]. Rendiconti Lincei 5:233-245. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Blair, S.M., T.L. McIntosh, and B.J. Mostkoff. 1994. Impacts of Hurricane Andrew on the offshore reef systems of central and northern Dade County, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 54:961-973. 1994 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Cocks, K. D. and B. H. Walker. 1994. Contribution of \sustainability' criteria to social perceptions of land use options". Land Degradation & Rehabilitation 5:143-151. 1994 Australia Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
Foster, K. L., F. W. Steimle, W. C. Muir, R. K. Kropp, and B. E. Conlin. 1994. Mitigation potential of habitat replacement: concrete artificial reef in Delaware Bay - preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:783-795. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation
Hutchings, P., C. Payri, and C. Gabrie. 1994. The current status of coral reef management in French Polynesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29:26-33. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review Agriculture; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Non-point Source Runoff; Tourism & Recreation
Rinkevich, B., U. Frank, D. Gateno, and C. Rabinowitz. 1994. The establishment of various cell lines from colonial marine invertebrates. Pages 253-264 in W.E.G. Muller, editor. Use of aquatic invertebrates as tools for monitoring environmental hazards. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates
Roberts, P. 1994. The application of GPS mapping systems in Central and South America for environmental protection and growth. Geodetical Info Magazine 8:24-27. 1994 South & Central America; Belize; Venezuela; Mexico GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Infrastructure; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Royal, J. and D. Vanderbleek. 1994. Stormwater Monitoring Program, Brevard County, FL, Final Report, Sediment Control Project Assessment for Indialantic Basin IR30 Contract 92W221 and Micco Basin M17, Contract 92W219,. Brevard County, FL. 1994 India Field Study & Monitoring Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Slegrist, R. L., T. J. Phelps, N. E. Korte, and D. A. Pickering. 1994. Characterization and biotreatability of petroleum contaminated soils in a coral Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 1:757-773. 1994 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Microorganisms; Nutrients; Remediation; Sediment
Woodroffe, C. D. 1994. Ecology and geomorphology of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1994 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Climate; Echinoderms; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sediment
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Boehlert, G. W. 1993. Fisheries of Hawaii and US-associated Pacific islands. Marine Fisheries Review 55. 1993 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa; Guam Designate Protected Species; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Fowler, S. 1993. Stability in Mediterranean-Atlantic sessile epifaunal communities at the northern limits of their range. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 172:109-127. 1993 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); England; Britain Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Gabric, A. J. and P. R. F. Bell. 1993. Review of the effects of non-point nutrient loading on coastal ecosystems. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44:261-283. 1993 Review Discharges; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Remediation; Seagrasses; Whales & Dolphins
Green, R. H. 1993. Application of repeated measures designs in environmental impact and monitoring studies. Australian Journal of Ecology 18:81-98. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills
Harriott, V. J. 1993. Coral lipids and environmental stress. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 25:131-139. 1993 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Jones, G. B. 1993. Monitoring the effect of the floating hotel on the water quality of John Brewer Reef. Pages 261-267 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Hotel & Food Services; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Michalek, J. L., T. W. Wagner, J. J. Luczkovich, and R. W. Stoffle. 1993. Multispectral change vector analysis for monitoring coastal marine environments. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 59:381-384. 1993 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Ridd, P. V., P. Larcombe, and S. Spagnol. 1993. Self-logging suspended sediment and bed-level instrumentation. Pages 705-706 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry; Sediment
Robert Pitt and K. Dunkers. 1993. Lake Water Quality Improvements from Treatment of Stormwater Using the Flow Balancing Method, 66th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. Anaheim, CA. October 1993.; Detecting Water Quality Trends from Stormwater Discharge Reductions, Engineerin. in 66th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference. 1993 Global Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Algae; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level
Senowbari-Daryan, B., R. Zuhlke, T. Bechstadt, and E. Flugel. 1993. Anisian (middle triassic) buildups of the Northern Dolomites (Italy): The recovery of reef communities after the permian/triassic crisis. Facies 28:181-256. 1993 Global; China; Europe Model Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Suter II, G. W. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:1553-1539. 1993 Index or Indicator Biocriteria
Thomas, J. D. 1993. Biological monitoring and tropical biodiversity in marine environments: a critique with recommendations, and comments on the use of amphipods as bioindicators. Journal of Natural History 27:795-806. 1993 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Vianna, M. L., A. P. Cabral, and D. F. M. Gherardi. 1993. TM-Landsat imagery applied to the study of the impact of global climate change on a tropical coastal environment during the last deglaciation. International Journal of Remote Sensing 14:2971-2983. 1993 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Review; GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Watanabe, F., K. Nakamura, L. Samarakoon, Y. Mabuchi, and A. Ishibashi. 1993. Procedure for estimating and monitoring red soil spread on coral reefs of Okinawa using multitemporal Landsat TM data. Pages 696-699 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 1993 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Bostater, CH AR LE S. 1992. Remote sensing methods using aircraft and ships for estimating optimal bands & coefficients related to ecosystem responses. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:1051-1062. 1992 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
Dasinger, AN DR EW and DO NA LD Galya. 1992. Application for a mixing zone authorization for the ocean discharge of once-through cooling water in Puerto Rico. Pages 605-610 in National Conference on Environmental Engineering. 1992 Puerto Rico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Special Use Permitting
Fritzinger Scott, A. 1992. Subaqueous disposal area development and mitigation. Pages 728-744 in [No source information available]. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Wetlands
Gittings, S. 1992. Historica data on Gulf of Mexico reef shows compatibility with drilling, production. OFFSHORE, INCORPORATING THE OILMAN 52:33-34+36. 1992 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Grigg, R. W. 1992. Coral reef environmental science: truth versus the Cassandra syndrome. Coral Reefs 11:183-186. 1992 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seastars; Stony Coral
Hardy, J. T., F. E. Hoge, J. K. Yungel, and R. E. Dodge. 1992. Remote detection of coral \bleaching' using pulsed-laser fluorescence spectroscopy". Marine Ecology Progress Series 88:247-255. 1992 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jaccarini, V. and E. Martens. 1992. The ecology of mangrove and related ecosystems. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Mombasa, Kenya, September 1990. Hydrobiologia 247. 1992 Kenya Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Scientific Research; Seagrasses
McConchie, D. and V. J. Harriott. 1992. The partitioning of metals between tissue and skeletal parts of corals: application in pollution monitoring. Pages 97-103 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Stony Coral
McGehee David, D. 1992. Remote automated wave and water level monitoring system deployed at Agat Harbor, Guam. Pages 898-907 in [No source information available]. 1992 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Michalek Jeffrey, L., W. Wagner Thomas, J. Luczkovich Joseph, and W. Stoffle Richard. 1992. Multispectral change vector analysis for monitoring coastal marine environments. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:635-641. 1992 South & Central America; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Spadoni Richard, H. 1992. Monitoring of the 1988 Boca Raton beach nourishment project. Pages 120-136 in [No source information available]. 1992 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mitigation; Special Use Permitting
Stoffle Richard, W., B. Halmo David, W. Wagner Thomas, J. Luczkovich Joseph, and RA YM ON D Laurin. 1992. Monitoring coastal impacts of global warming: A Dominican Republic case study. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:845-853. 1992 Global; Dominican Republic Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Uno, S. 1992. Importance of chlorophyll as an indicator of environmental monitoring in coastal area. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:567-574. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Plankton
Uno, S. and K. Gotoh. 1992. Some examples of environmental monitoring in coastal area by remote sensing techniques. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 1930:835-841. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Plankton; Sediment
Wolanski, E. and R. Gibbs. 1992. Resuspension and clearing of dredge spoils after dredging, Cleveland Bay, Australia. Water Environment Research 64:910-914. 1992 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Sediment
Yap, H. T., P. M. Alino, and E. D. Gomez. 1992. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleractinia), including effects of transplantation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83:91-101. 1992 Philippines Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Albert, AL AN and CA MP BE LL Grummitt. 1991. Day visitor pontoon Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Pages 2852-2865 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Barry, J. H. 1991. Problems in characterization of sand deposits in a carbonate reef environment. Page 1479 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Guzman, H. M. 1991. Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conservation Biology 5:189-195. 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Stony Coral
Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:66-84. 1991 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Resource Use Management; Waterborne Discharges
Lee-Shing, FA NG, CH EN Yan-Wan, and CH EN Chji-Shiarng. 1991. Feasibility of using ATP as an index for environmental stress on hermatypic coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 70:257-262. 1991 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
LeProvost, M. I. and D. M. Gordon. 1991. Oilfield development and protection of natural resources within the tropical marine environment of the Rowley Shelf, Northwest Australia. Pages 527-540 in SPE Asia Pacific Conference. 1991 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills
Lulla, K. P. 1991. Earth observations during Space Shuttle flight STS-35: Columbia's mission to planet Earth, December 2-10, 1990. Geocarto International 6:71-80. 1991 Columbia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Braga, J. C., J. M. Martin, and B. Alcala. 1990. Coral reefs in coarse-terrigenous sedimentary environments (Upper Tortonian, Granada Basin, southern Spain). Sedimentary Geology 66:135-150. 1990 Spain GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Caddy, J. F. and C. Stamatopoulos. 1990. Mapping growth and mortality rates of crevice-dwelling organisms onto a perforated surface: The relevance of 'cover' to the carrying capacity of natural and artificial habitats. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 31:87-106. 1990 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Darnell, R. M. 1990. Mapping of the biological resources of the continental shelf. American Zoologist 30:15-21. 1990 South & Central America; Mexico GIS & Maps Algae; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Plankton; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
De Vel, O. Y. and W. Bour. 1990. The structural and thematic mapping of coral reefs using high resolution SPOT data: application to the Tetembia Reef (New Caledonia). Geocarto International 5:27-34. 1990 New Caledonia GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Ghamrong-navasawat, TH ON. 1990. Preliminary survey on coral reefs and seagrass communities by remote sensing in the Gulf of Thailand. Pages 563-572 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1990 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses
Kalajian Edward, K. 1989. SOAR (Stabilized Oil Ash Reef) performance: An ocean alternative to landfills. Pages 1102-1115 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Solid Waste Disposal; Substrate
McManus John, W. 1989. Earth observing system and coral reef fisheries. Pages 4936-4949 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Shoreline Protection
Pelissonnier, H. 1989. Review of metallogenic concepts and models of lead-zinc deposits in carbonate sedimentary environments [Historique des concepts et modeles metallogeniques pour les gites de plomb-zinc en milieu sedimentaire carbonate. Apport du present colloque]. Chronique de la Recherche Miniere 495:37-45. 1989 Europe Review; Model; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Blendinger, W. 1988. Permian to jurassic deep water sediments of the eastern Oman Mountains: Their significance for the evolution of the Arabian margin of the South Tethys. Facies 19:31-Jan. 1988 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Oman Sediment; Substrate
Choat, J. H., A. M. Ayling, and D. R. Schiel. 1988. Temporal and spatial variation in an island fish fauna. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 121:91-111. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sea Temperatures; Storms & Hurricanes
Clark, D., T. J. Fredette, and U. S. Army Engr. Dist. Mobile. 1988. Creation of offshore topographic features with dredged material. ENVIRON. EFFECTS DREDGING. 1988 South & Central America; Mexico; England Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Mankiewicz, C. 1988. Occurrence and paleocologic significance of Halimeda in late Miocene reefs, southeastern Spain. Coral Reefs 6:271-279. 1988 Spain GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
McManus, J. W. 1988. Coral reefs of the ASEAN Region: status and management. Ambio 17:189-193. 1988 Southeast Asia Field Study & Monitoring City Planning; Deforestation & Devegetation; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Oberts, G; Osgood, R. 1988. The effectiveness of a detention/wetland treatment system and its effect on an urban lake., 8. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LAKE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT., 1988., p. 29. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Perez-Rosas, N. and T. C. Hazen. 1988. In situ survival of vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54:9-Jan. 1988 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sediment
Sale, P. F. and D. J. Ferrell. 1988. Early survivorship of juvenile coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 7:117-124. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Adey, Walter H. 1987. Marine microcosms. Pages 133-49 in William R Jordan III, Michael E Gilpin, and John D Aber, editors. Restoration Ecology A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1987
Hinds, P. A. and D. L. Ballantine. 1987. Effects of the Caribbean threespot damselfish, Stegastes Planifrons (Cuvier), on algal lawn composition. Aquatic Botany 27:299-308. 1987 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Knatz, GE RA LD IN E. 1987. Offsite Habitat Mitigation Banking: The Port Of Long Beach Experience. Pages 2530-2543 in [No source information available]. 1987 Artificial Habitat; Mitigation; Solid Waste Disposal; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Craik, WE ND Y. 1986. Monitoring In The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Pages 785-790 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas
Morris, S. C. and H. B. Whittington. 1986. The Burgess Shale. Geos 15. 1986 GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates
Yap, H. T. 1986. Bioindication in coral reef ecosystems. Acta Biologica Hungarica 37:55-58. 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Stony Coral
[No author name available]. 1985. Protection of the Great Barrier Reef. Report of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment and Conservation. in [No source information available]. 1985 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Housing; Landuse Management; Permitting & Zoning; Seastars; Tourism & Recreation
Buckley, R. M. and G. J. Hueckel. 1985. Biological processes and ecological development on an artificial reef in Puget Sound, Washington. Bulletin of Marine Science 37:50-69. 1985 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Seastars
Hornibrook, C. A. and J. H. Parker. 1985. Technical Review Of The Energy Authority Coal Waste Artificial Reef Program (C-Warp). Pages 249-268 in Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings. 1985 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coal Mining; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Jupp, D. L. B., K. K. Mayo, D. A. Kuchler, D. V. R. Claasen, R. A. Kenchington, and P. R. Guerin. 1985. Remote sensing for planning and managing the great barrier reef of Australia. Photogrammetria 40:21-42. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Jupp, D. L. B., S. J. Heggen, K. K. Mayo, S. W. Kendall, J. R. Bolton, and B. A. Harrison. 1985. The BRIAN handbook. Natural Resources Series - CSIRO, Australia, Division of Water & Land Resources 3. 1985 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Lees, A. and J. Miller. 1985. Facies variation in Waulsortian buildups, part 2; Mid- Dinantian buildups from Europe and North America. Geological Journal 20:159-180. 1985 Europe GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Forestry
Schwentke, W. and J. Wiedmann. 1985. Development of upper cretaceous sediments and diapirism in the estella basin (Northern Spain) [Oberkreide-Entwicklung und Diapirismus im Estella-Becken (Nordspanien)]. Facies 12:Jan-73. 1985 Global; Oman; Spain GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Abu Gideiri, Y. B. 1984. Implications of sea mining for the Red Sea environment. Hydrobiologia 110:15-19. 1984 Sudan Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mining; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dicks, B. 1984. Oil pollution in the Red Sea - Environmental monitoring of an oilfield in a coral area, Gulf of Suez. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:833-854. 1984 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Jupp David, L. B., K. Mayo Kevin, A. Kuchler Deborah, R. Claasen Dan Van, and R. Guerin Peter. 1984. Application And Potential Of Remote Sensing To Planning And Managing The Great Barrier Reef Of Australia. Pages 121-137 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1984 Australia GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Pirazzoli, P. A. 1984. ( Bathymetric mapping based on remote sensing in the Gambier Archipelago, French Polynesia). [Cartographie des hauts fonds par teledetection dans l'Archipel des Gambier (Polynesie francaise).]. Espace Geographique 13:277-284. 1984 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Water Depth & Sea Level
Radke, B. M. 1984. Application of entropy-ratio maps to surficial reef facies, Great Barrier Reef. BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics 8:307-311. 1984 Australia GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Siddiquie, H. N., A. R. Gujar, N. H. Hashimi, and A. B. Valsangkar. 1984. Superficial mineral resources of the Indian Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:763-812. 1984 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Stebbing, A. R. D. and B. E. Brown, editors. 1984. Marine Ecotoxicological Tests with Coelenterates. Pages 307-339 in G. Persoone;E. Jaspers;C. Claus, editor. Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine Environment. State Univ. Ghent and Inst. Mar. Scient. Res., Bredene, Belgium. 1984 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Bakus, G. J. 1983. The selection and management of coral reef preserves. Ocean Management 8:305-316. 1983 Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coastal Development; Finfish Harvest; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Bannerman, R.; Baun, K.; Bohn, M.; Hughes, P.; Graczyk, D. 1983. Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Evaluation of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution Management in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Volume 2. Feasibility and Application of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution. 1983 Field Study & Monitoring Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Impervious Surfaces; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Dicks, BR IA N. 1983. OIL POLLUTION IN THE RED SEA - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF AN OILFIELD IN A CORAL AREA, GULF OF SUEZ. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers 31:833-854. 1983 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment
Trefry, J. H., R. P. Trocine, and K. C. Yhip. 1983. Drilling mud discharges: minimizing environmental mismatches. Pages Am.Soc.Civ.Engrs.-1983 in IN: COASTAL ZONE'83, PROC. THIRD SYMP. ON COASTAL AND OCEAN MANAGEMENT, (SAN DIEGO, U.S.A.: JUN. 1-4, 1983), O.T. MAGOON; H. 1983 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Salinity; Sediment
Bina Ricardo, T. and P. Reyes Geronimo. 1982. Mapping And Inventory Of Coral Reef Lagoons As Potential Mariculture Sites Using Sandsat Data. Page 879 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1982 GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Aquaculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Crame, J. A. 1981. Ecological stratification in the Pleistocene coral reefs of the Kenya coast. Palaeontology 24:609-646. 1981 Kenya GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Substrate
Gettleson David, A., E. Putt Russel, M. Hammer Richard, and E. Laird Chae. 1981. Environmental Monitoring Of Three Exploratory Oil And Gas Wells Drilled Near The East Flower Garden Bank In The Gulf Of Mexico. Pages 475-486 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1981 South & Central America; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral
Malm, W. C., E. G. Walther, K. O'Dell, and M. Kleine. 1981. Visibility in the southwestern United States from summer 1978 to spring 1979. Atmospheric Environment 15:2031-2042. 1981 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Variables
Shepherd, S. A. and H. B. S. Womersley. 1981. The algal and seagrass ecology of Waterloo Bay, South Australia. Aquatic Botany 11:305-371. 1981 Australia; Cuba GIS & Maps Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Sea Temperatures; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Brown, B. E. and R. P. Dunne. 1980. Environmental controls of patch-reef growth and development. Marine Biology 56:85-96. 1980 US Virgin Islands; British Virgin Islands GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Stony Coral
Davies, P. J. and J. F. Marshall. 1980. A model of epicontinental reef growth. Nature 287:37-38. 1980 South & Central America; Australia; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gaby, R., S. P. Langley, M. T. Park, and R. W. Curry. 1980. Key Largo coral reef marine sanctuary: literature survey and water quality monitoring program. in [No source information available]. 1980 Field Study & Monitoring
Spadoni, RI CH AR D and TH OM AS Campbell. 1980. Coral Reef Protection During Beach Restoration In Florida. Pages 152-159 in Proceedings of SOUTHEASTCON Region 3 Conference. 1980 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Umali Ricardo, M. 1980. Application Of Satellite Remote Sensing To Natural Resources Management In The Philippines. Pages 307-313 in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment. 1980 Philippines Remote Sensing Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Bedinger Jr., C. A. 1979. Ecological Investigations Of Petroleum Production Platforms In The Central Gulf Of Mexico - Preliminary Findings. Pages 2149-2161 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1979 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Spadoni, R. H. 1979. Reef monitoring of the Delray Beach Erosion Project. SHORE & BEACH 47:-12. 1979 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Hermann, F. V., O. Miyamoto, and W. L. Rickard. 1978. Reef Runway! is first in airport design. Civil Engineering 48:-105. 1978 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Land & Air Transportation
Smith, S. V. 1978. Coral-reef area and the contributions of reefs to processes and resources of the world's oceans. Nature 273:225-226. 1978 Global Biocriteria; Fishing Sector
Chapman, G. A. 1977. Environmental impacts on an island community. in [No source information available]. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Land & Air Transportation
Owen, R. M. 1977. An assessment of the environmental impact of mining on the continental shelf. Marine Mining 1:-85. 1977 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Mining; Mining Policies; Primary Production; Sediment
Rutzler, K. 1975. The role of burrowing sponges in bioerosion. Oecologia 19:203-216. 1975 Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate
Waldichuk, M. 1974. Coastal marine pollution and fish. Ocean Management 2:Jan-60. 1974 Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Molluscs; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Dugan, G. L. and R. H. F. Young. 1973. Effects of coastal water disposal in Hawaii. Pages 691-701 in J.ENVIRONM.ENGN DIV.PROC.ASCE. 1973 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sediment
Smith, C. L. and J. C. Tyler. 1973. Direct observations of resource sharing in coral reef fish. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:264-275. 1973 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish
Lewis, A. J. and H. C. MacDonald. 1972. Mapping of mangrove and perpendicular-oriented shell reefs in southeastern Panama with side-looking radar. Photogrammetria 28:187-199. 1972 Panama GIS & Maps Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves
Boehm, P.D., D.S. Page, J.S. Brown, J.M. Neff, A.E. Bence. Comparison of mussels and semi-permeable membrane devices as intertidal monitors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at oil spill sites. Marine Pollution Bulletin Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Brandt, M.E. An agent-based epizootiological model of coral disease: investigating the dynamics of coral disease with management in mind. in Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Multi-Agent Modeling for Environmental Management. South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Clark, M. R. and A. A. Rowden. Effect of deepwater trawling on the macro-invertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Commercial Fisheries; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Stony Coral; Substrate; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia. Remediation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Goodsell, P. J. and M. G. Chapman. Rehabilitation of Habitat and the Value of Artificial Reefs. Pages 333-344 in Wahl, M., editor. Marine Hard Bottom Communities, Ecological Studies 206. Artificial Habitat; Mitigation
Herrera-Silveira, J. A. and S. M. Morales-Ojeda. Evaluation of the health status of a coastal ecosystem in southeast Mexico: Assessment of water quality, phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation. Marine Pollution Bulletin South & Central America; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Plankton; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Le Guilloux, E., K. Olu, J. F. Bourillet, B. Savoye, S. P. Iglesias, and M. Sibuet. First observations of deep-sea coral reefs along the Angola margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Stony Coral
Leeworthy, V. R., P. C. Wiley, and J. D. Hospital. Importance-satisfaction ratings five-year comparison, SPA & ER use, and socioeconomic and ecological monitoring comparison of results 1995-96 to 2000-01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Florida Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Assess and Evaluate Sanctuary Management Plan Implementation This assessment should be conducted internally by sanctuary staff on an annual basis. It is important to revisit the sanctuaries management plan every year, to consider the progress and effectiveness of activities implemented over the previous year. Monitoring and research can also provide information that was unavailable when the management plan was first written. Performance evaluations should be performed routinely and be based on consistent measures. These evaluations can also be used to populate NMSP Report Cards and other performance requirements. This new knowledge and experience can be integrated into the plan and its implementation, in a type of adaptive management (#275). Accomplishments, changes and targets should all be discerned for the year to come. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Participate in Technical Advisory Committees The technical advisory committee can meet once or twice a year with reef managers to help develop agendas on the design and prioritization of water quality and ecological research and monitoring. This provides managers the opportunity to list research/monitoring priorities to federal, state, and local government entities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Administrative & Interagency Policy: Develop a site database Local managers could maintain a central database containing information about local shipwrecks. This data can be incorporated with geological, biological, and census data into GIS in order to interpret relationships. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Pond Sealing Waste treatment ponds and pits are useful methods of treatment, but premature seepage from these storage impoundments would also have negative impacts. Bentonite Liner Treatment, Compacted Clay Treatment, Flexible membrane, and Soil Dispersant Treatment are all options for sealing treatment impoundments, depending on the specific soil suitability and other criteria. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Sewage Treatment; Supporting Services; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Hydroseeding High Risk Soils Hydroseeding is a process that creates a slurry of seeds, water, and mulch. This slurry can be applied with the use of trucks, trailers, and even aircrafts. This method is particularly useful because it promotes quick germination and reduces erosion. It is especially beneficial to use this method where there is a vastness of bare soil due to clearing vegetation for roads, homes, and farming. Higher elevations are typically steeper and often experience heavy rainfall, and ultimately an extreme amount of erosion occurs if soil is bare. Erosion from the highlands can fill the reservoirs in the drainage basin with sediment. Using hydroseeding would increase vegetation and ultimately the stabilization of the soil. Also, increased vegetation through hydroseeding would help with infiltration rates because the roots would aerate the soil. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1999. Temporary Seeding. NRCS Planning and Design Manual. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Reef Life; Sediment
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Grazing Land Management This management option protects range, pasture and other types of grazing lands for agricultural animals. Special actions should be taken to protect sensitive areas such as streams, wetlands and estuaries if livestock is to have access to these areas. Grazing management practices can be categorized into four types, vegetative stabilization, grazing management systems, access limitations and alternative water supplies. Vegetative stabilization involves reestablishing the vegetative cover on ranges after it has been removed by grazing to reduce erosion rates. Grazing management systems typically reduce the time livestock spend in each pasture to increase the quantity and quality of vegetation in those pastures. Grazing frequency, timing, duration, area allocation, and livestock distribution kind, class, distribution and stocking rates should all be considered in the management system to ensure adequate pasture rehabilitation. Access limitations, such as fencing and stream crossings are used to herd and control livestock movement. Physical disturbance from livestock can increase erosion, so crossings and watering access points should be hardened. Alternative water supplies are an alternative to more sensitive water sources that may be vulnerable to erosion and discharges from grazing areas. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Vessel Groundings This option involves assessing conditions and responding, as well as developing methodologies and protocols for coral dominated substrate, seagrass substrate, and mixed substrate. These protocols will help to determine how much damage has been done to the non-living coral framework. Ultimately, fine-tuning these protocols will allow for the most effective assessments. Evaluate these in light of current grounding regulations (#34). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Stony Coral; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Mass Coral Bleaching Events There are several actions managers can take to prepare for and respond to bleaching events. These strategies typically focus on developing and communicating reliable information about the bleaching event and its impacts, rather than providing a "cure." Developing a Bleaching response plan in advance allows managers to respond more effectively during these rapid onset events. Predicting the risk and severity of bleaching events can allow for more timely yet credible information for decision makers. After the bleaching event it is important to quickly access the ecological impacts for further management decisions. Bleached coral are in a vulnerable state, and are therefore less resilient to degraded water quality, physical damage from recreation, or pressure from fishing activities. This heightened sensitivity means that current protections may need to be increased temporarily following a bleaching event. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Atmospheric Emissions; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Climate Regulation; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sea Temperatures
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels Semi- permanent/permanent vessels can have a negative impact on the surrounding local environment both due to the effects of shade and from the direct contact with the substrate. Sunken vessels that cannot be seen from the surface may present a danger to navigation. Derelict vessels that do not remain stationary may cause harm in multiple locations before becoming stationary. If fishing gear is still intact, it may cause further biological damage through "ghost fishing� (#283). Early response, creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels, reduces the impact of these vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Military; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Stony Coral; Substrate; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Natural Physical Disturbance There are currently no standardized or uniform protocols to follow after natural or catastrophic events (such as hurricanes). Such protocols need to be developed in order to respond to specific issues that follow catastrophic natural events. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Climate; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Develop Chain of Notification for Grounding Incidents This option advocates coordinating with other agencies such as FWC, NOAA, and local coral managers to determine the standard protocol and responsibilities when there are groundings. Through coordination, these agencies can determine threshold levels of damage for different responses and for notifying other agencies higher up the chain. Enhancing inter-agency coordination will be beneficial in terms of dealing with groundings because it will allow the problem to be fixed in a more time-efficient manner. Having a centralized grounding notification system is the first step of this management option, as it ensures all incidents pass through a single agency to determine further actions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Coordinated Oil & Hazardous Spill Response This management option calls for developing unified response protocols to deal with containment and clean-up of oil spills. This is important to protect corals, mangroves, and seagrasses from adverse impacts of hazardous materials. Given the limited number of spills and the importance of responding quickly, interagency coordination of reporting and response is essential for success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Puerto Rico and USVI Area Planning Committees. 2008. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin islands.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Toxics; Transportation; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Large Vessel Achoring Damage from freighter anchor is extreme due to the mere weight and size of the anchor and chain. The chain can even be more damaging as it drags along the benthic environment leaving behind catastrophic ruin. This management response would encourage the creation of restoration and monitoring methodologies in shallow reef areas as well as at greater depths. If unacceptable damages are occurring restrictions and regulations prohibiting the use of anchors in high risk areas should be instituted. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Transportation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Resource Site Database Local managers could maintain a central database containing information about geological, biological and cultural marine resources. Standardized meta-data should be included for each entry site such as name, position, age, integrity, historical and cultural significance, sensitivity, and recreational value. This data can be incorporated with other data, such as census data or landuse data, into GIS in order to interpret relationships #166. This would combine efforts of multiple management options such as #164, and #81 into one consolidated place. Management options such as #76 & #75 could be incorporated to track changes to these sites over time. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop and Maintain Database for Tracking Restoration, Repairs, and Monitoring Activities This response involves adapting NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center�s seagrass injury assessment team component to local management areas. If previously established, the management option # 165, will allow this data to be compared to previously collected baseline data such as that collected with management option #164. This would also allow for comparisons across different types of data, such as use changes, that would be contained in a #166. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Pressures; Remediation; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Data Management & Decision Tools: Research and Model Causal Linkage Between Pollutants and Ecological Impact This involves conducting research to identify and document causal linkages between discharge water pollutants and specific, quantifiable ecological problems. The natural environment naturally assimilates some pollutants, but has thresholds for this type of contaminant processing. Different hydrology, biology and spatial/temporal factors are all going to play a roll in the linkage between pollutants and ecological problems, meaning modeling and risk assessment can be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Sewage Treatment; Stormwater Management; Sunscreen Use; Supporting Services; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Geographic Information System Incorporating Satellite and Aerial Images This option involves the acquisition of high-resolution, low altitude photos of management areas and grounding hotspots. These photos can then be used for baseline documentation for natural resource litigation, research, and management decisions. If these images are to be incorporated into larger geodatabase, such as that proposed in # 166, a standardized protocol should be developed in advance, as suggested in management option #166. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Educational & Research Opportunities; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Establish a Standardized Data Management Protocol This management option involves creating a management protocol to standardize the way investigators manage data. This will be achieved by creating a single approach to maintaining, storing, and accessing digital data. With research shifting from single organisms to the entire ecosystem, integrating multiple databases is extremely beneficial. The database needs to be a dynamic, distributed system for annual data gathering and archiving. With different types of data often coming from different sources, it is very important to have standard processes for tracking meta-data as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Reef Life
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop an Ecological Information System Spatial and temporal information about ecological resources should be incorporated into an existing local GIS or database. Information should include benthic habitats, species distributions and life histories, water quality, etc. These will act as baseline data for ecological monitoring. If previously established, the management option #165, will allow this data to be combined with updated data from other inventory management options such as #76, and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option #85 or 165. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Climate; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Reef Habitat; Reef Life
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop and Maintain Vessel Grounding Database This management approach would involve refining and maintaining a vessel grounding database and adequate staffing for on-going management, GIS processing of archived data, creating products for management case tracking, and developing a database that is user-friendly and useful. If previously established, the management option #165, will allow this data to be combined with similar data from other inventory management options such as #95, and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option #85. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Transportation Policies
Data Management & Decision Tools: Develop a Geodatabase A Geodatabase combines several GIS layers into one singular geospatial database. This allows for different resources and uses to be compared spatially and temporally. A standardized protocol, such as #165, is necessary when combined different types of data from different sources. Attention to and record keeping of meta-data if very important. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Reef Habitat; Reef Life
Discharge Controls: Air Filtration & Scrubbing The management option reduces emissions of air contaminants from structures through interception and/or collection. These filters and scrubbers can be implemented on ventilation emitting particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, odorous sulfur compounds, methane or other greenhouse gasses. There are many alternative filters and scrubbers depending on the ventilation system and the characteristics of the emissions. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Atmospheric Emissions; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; CO2; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Manufacturing & Trade; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Regulating Services; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies
Discharge Controls: Point Source Effluent Toxicity Standards Effluent Toxicity is considered the aggregate toxic effect to aquatic organisms from all pollutants contained in a facility's wastewater (effluent). It is one part of the Water Quality Standards (#22) that prohibits the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts. Numerical criteria can be adopted from the Clean Water Act of based on scientifically-defensible methods. In addition to setting this numerical criteria, enforcement of the standards requires inspection programs and monitoring. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Improved Technology; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Dissemination of Findings: Distribute Periodic Sanctuary Health Reports The management option involves creating monitoring/condition reports on the health of the sanctuary and reef that is released for the public. The findings can be released through newsletters, presentations, reports, publications, and other written and oral methods. Criteria reported on typically include water quality, critical habitats, and species of particular interest. These reports will ultimately help reveal the effectiveness of marine protections and policies based on the conditions researched. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Protections; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation
Dissemination of Findings: Develop an Information Exchange Network This management option involves developing a compendium of current and ongoing research that should be updated on a regular basis. This is important as it allows for collaborators to share information and resources. This type of exchange helps to maximize gains in economies of scale and reduce duplication of efforts. Decision tools such as inventories and databases can often be adapted for this use. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Decision Support; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Internet & Telecommunications; Scientific Research
Dissemination of Findings: Report Monitoring and Research Results It is important to disseminate data and information gathered to collaborators and the wider scientific community. This can be accomplished through publication, such as journals (#161) or other networks (#159). It is important to share this data with other government agencies as well (#92). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Economic Markets & Policy: Regulate International Trade of Reef Species Many coral reef species are harvested internationally for a variety of markets including the aquarium trade, food, curios, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. The US is the largest importer for many of these markets. The US strictly limits extraction of stony coral and many reef species in its waters; but as a major importer and consumer of coral reef species, more actions can be taken to decrease the demand on international imports. Setting and enforcing regulations on what can be imported (such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES) is one approach that has been taken. More information is needed, leaving room to collect trade data and assess the impacts of extraction techniques to find sustainable methods. Demand for species collected this way will be increased with greater transparency to consumers, which can be accomplished through certifications for environmentally cognoscente collectors and those using alternatives like aquaculture and coral farming. Continued participation in Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) is also beneficial. U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. International Trade in Coral and Coral Reef Species: The Role of the United States. Report of the Trade Subgroup of the International Working Group to the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, Washington, D.C.

World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2000. The National Action Plan to Conserve Coral Reefs. Washington, D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Live Collection; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Marine Products; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Political Pressure; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Sponges; Stony Coral; Toxics; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Establishing an Maritime Heritage Resource Inventory: This approach involves creating a bibliography and computerized database in a standard format and making it publicly accessible via internet. This inventory will contain basic information for each entry site such as name, age, integrity , historical and cultural significance, sensitivity, and recreational value. Many activities would be involved in creating this inventory. These include NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies
Evaluating Fishing Gear/Method Impacts: Conduct research on the ecological impacts on sanctuary preservation areas of baiting fishing and catch-and-release fishing by trolling It is necessary to asses the ecological effects of catch�and-release fishing by trolling and bait-fishing in order to make informed decisions regarding their provisions in protected areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Coral; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Physical Damage; Pressures; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Forestry Policy: Forestry Management Planning There are many aspects to properly managing forestry sites to reduce point source and non-point source pollutants. Forestry activities can degrade water quality with several types of pollutants and impacts, including: sediment, nutrients, forest chemicals like pesticides, organic debris from tree litter, increased water temperature and increased streamflow. The Forestry management plan and practices include, but are not limited to: pre-harvest planning, road construction and use, prescribed burning and fire management, brush management, timber harvest, regeneration, and application of forest chemicals. Wetlands Forest Management has additional best practices. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Biological Harvest; Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Injury Prevention: Minimize or Eliminate Impact from , Derelict or Sunken Vessels This option intends to reduce the effects of vessel impacts through creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels. Actions such as these are important for reducing contact and waste impacts from live-aboard vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Contact Uses; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Health Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Injury Prevention: Assist Education and Outreach This plan is to help prevent groundings. This can be achieved through providing products and information such as statistics, avoidance techniques, and legal/financial consequences. Such information would be provided for media, interest groups, periodicals, publications, and environmental organizations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Physical Damage; Pressures; Resource Use Management; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers
Injury Prevention: Foster Reef Resilience Resilience relates to how well the reef ecosystem is able to maintain key functions and processes while under abnormal pressure or stress. Two ways of supporting coral reef resilience are: incorporating known resilient areas into management design and by implementing strategies to either reinstate or protect factors that contribute to resilience, such as good environmental conditions, biological diversity, and connectivity. Marshall, P. and H. Schuttenberg. 2006. A reef manager's guide to coral bleaching.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Decision Support; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Pressures; Resource Use Management
Landuse Management: Temporary Road Planning and Construction This management option involves minimizing sediment discharges from forestry and other temporary roads through their planning and construction. Since these roads are seasonal or temporary, less time and effort is normally invested in construction. Road construction has four main phases, clearing, leveling, construction and surfacing. Construction timing should be targeted to avoid sensitive spawning periods and during low stream flow at water passes. Road surface drainage shaping requires proper moisture content, surfacing, and grading. Drainage should be installed to reduce the volume and velocity of runoff water passing over sensitive areas. Methods for road surface drainage include: broad-based dip construction, pole culverts, ditch relief culverts, road outsloping and grading, ditch and turnout construction. Roadway runoff should be prevented from flowing directly into watercourses by using turnouts, wing ditches and dips. Brush barriers, silt fences, riprap and filter strips can be used to trap sediment in runoff water. Where roads cross streams it is important to guard against erosion, as such erosion may necessitate road repairs. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Civil Engineering & Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land & Air Transportation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Transportation; Transportation Policies
Landuse Management: Mine Reclamation Lands disturbed by mining must be reclaimed to their Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Mine operators must backfill, compact, and grade in order to restore the AOC of the land with all highwalls, spoil piles, and depressions eliminated. Spoil material is prone to erosion, and may carry various disturbed toxics into groundwater if not properly managed. Temporary roads and impervious surfaces may have also been constructed for mining purposes. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. POSTMINING LAND USE: Exceptions to Approximate Original Contour Requirements for Mountaintop Removal Operations and steep Slope Mining Operations. Washington, DC.

Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Manufacturing & Trade Policies; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Valuation; Waterborne Discharges
Marine Zoning: Special Use Permit This permit allows otherwise prohibited activities to take place within sanctuaries. For example researchers may be able to perform certain activities if the research is beneficial to research and monitoring. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Special Use Permits. National Marine Sanctuaries Accessed 6/13/2011.

Contact Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Utilize Marine Protected Areas for Research and Monitoring Research and monitoring of marine protected areas determine the degree to which the zones meet goals and objectives for protecting natural resources, as well as human-use patterns, attitudes and compliance. Once data is gathered from within the protected zone it can than be compared to comprable data from outside the protected zone, as a control. It is necessary to compile and review data on use patterns to determine where additional Special-Use Areas would be appropriate. Research in the protected area should be non-invasive. It is important to make the protected area available for external research as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Develop Baseline Data Baseline surveys of existing resources need to be conducted before monitoring can begin. The surveys must be conducted in Ecological Reserves, Sanctuary Preservation Areas, and Special-Use Areas to characterize the status of important marine species and their habitats. Establishing baseline data allows for later comparisons to monitoring data to gauge changes over time and revaluate current management actions being taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Special Use Areas Special use areas are set aside for specific scientific or educational purposes. This is in order to encourage the recovery or restoration of injured or degraded resources. Also, the areas may be designated to facilitate access to, or use of, resources, and prevent other user conflicts. Special-use areas are achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts; and determining/establishing appropriate zones for high-impact or user-conflict activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Complex Habitat & Resources; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Marine Zoning: Integrate Resource Information in Permits, Authorizations, or Certifications Permitting usually includes assessing the natural and cultural resources of an area. Using this previosly gathered data would aid in creating an inventory for marine resources. If previosuly established, the management option (#165), will allow this data to be combined with data from other inventory management options such as (#95), and future integration into larger databases, such as that in the management option (#85). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Permitting & Zoning; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Research Global Change This management option involves research to examine the effects of stresses associated with global change on the ecosystem. Stresses can include changes in temperature, hydrology, salinity, frequency and intensity of storms, turbidity, sea level change, and ultra violet and visible radiation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Monitor & Research: Research Queen Conch Reproduction and Restoration Inshore Queen Conch may be experiencing reproductive failure. Research on various snails in other parts of the world has shown that snails are susceptible to endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic contaminants. This activity will determine the cause of reproductive failure, possibly by endocrine disruption, of queen conch in reef areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Applied Chemicals; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants; Snails & Conch; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Develop Innovative Monitoring Tools This management option calls for identifying and evaluating monitoring tools and methodologies used to detect pollutants and identify cause-and-effect relationships among water quality and biological resources. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Chemical Variables; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Scientific Research; Toxics
Monitor & Research: Continue Stakeholder Research It is beneficial to support monitoring and research projects that are developed by stakeholders because these present an opportunity to directly engage constituents in sanctuary resource issues and to increase understanding of the ecosystem. Sanctuaries can provide support in the form of helping to coordinate activities, assisting with field work, issuing research permits, assisting with identifying potential funding sources, and providing letters of support for grant proposals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Funding & Incentives; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Monitor & Research: Develop Scientific Research Study Program Management areas can encourage scientific studies by coordinating efforts of research groups and institutions. Collaboration and integration of these scientific studies can be beneficial to both the research groups and the management area. For example, data from monitoring of restoration projects could be analyzed by an academic institution, helping to reduce the burden on funds and perhaps using data in ways outside the scope of management objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Biomedical Research Policies; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Ecosystem Services; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Schools & Colleges; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Monitor & Research: Research Historical Hydrology This activity involves a historical assessment of the hydrology of the surrounding water area around the sanctuary as it has affected water quality and biological communities within the sanctuary. It will clarify the role of freshwater inflows and water quality from local freshwater bodies. Also, this activity will examine the effects of structural modification and changes in quality, quantity, timing and distribution of freshwater releases from existing structures and will examine land-based practices affecting the water quality of runoff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Artificial Reef Siting, Size, and Materials Impact for Future Management Decisions The effects of artificial reefs on fish and invertebrate abundance and community composition and on other sanctuary resources need to be assessed. Siting and size considerations should include spatial components such as nearest natural reef, species connectivity, currents, distance to shore, expected use, hurricane occurances, etc. The longevity of artificial reefs composed of different materials needs to be evaluated and considered heavily. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Debris; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Water Resources; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Fisheries Sampling Improved fisheries sampling programs require improving the spatial resolution of commercial and recreation fisheries-dependent and fisheries-independent sampling programs to provide statistics on catch and effort. Improved sampling can be achieved through evaluating and enhancing census programs by using smaller sampling areas. Also, fishery pre-recruitment monitoring efforts should be continued for long-term prediction of fishery stocks. Last, investigating life histories of fishery species needs to be conducted because it is currently a gap. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Apex Fish Predators; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Herbivorous Fish
Monitor & Research: Research and Monitor Wetlands This management option involves monitoring and research of mangroves, both for biotic and abiotic factors. Some biotic factors include disease, species, invasive species, abundance, age and leaf litter. Important abiotic factors include sedimentation rates, types and causes of turbidity, and soil chemistry. The activity would document changes to the extent of mangrove vegetation by using historical aerial photography and other records. Wetland nutrient and contaminant processing productivity depends on maintaining a balance and not exceeding thresholds. There remain many unknowns in wetland restoration as to optimal capacity and how to achieve this. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate Regulation; Complex Habitat & Resources; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Primary Production; Regulating Services; Scientific Research; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Monitor & Research: Detect and Respond to Episodic Events Sanctuaries should have centralized information about algal blooms, fish kills, large patches of discolored water, and other unusual episodes to determine whether a management action would be appropriate. For such decisions to be made in a timely fashion, monitoring data must be consistently collected and updated in the information system #203. This monitoring information can than be added to a #166, where models like those planned out in #207 can determine the degree of threat and where it may spread. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Fish; Physical Variables
Monitor & Research: Monitor Sanctuary Use Patterns and Resource Value This management option seeks to provide data and analysis of consumptive and non-consumptive use of all natural resources within sanctuary borders. Special emphasis is to be placed on artificial and natural reef resources used by residents and visitors. Wherever possible, market and non-market values of these resources should be elicited as well. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Services; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Monitor Water Temperature Extreme water temperature fluctuations can lead to bleaching and disease in corals and mass mortality of seagrass. Recording thermographs are deployed throughout the sanctuary area to monitor seawater temperatures. Temperatures fluctuate greatly, meaning monitoring should be continued long term, and that historic data must be considered to discern trends. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Atmospheric Emissions; Climate; Climate Regulation; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Sea Temperatures
Monitor & Research: Utilize Managed Areas for Socioeconomic Research Data are needed to test hypotheses about the socioeconomic impact of marine zoning and user-group perceptions about changes in natural resources within the sanctuary area. User-group perception of changes in natural resources can be compared with quantitative ecological data to identify misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Providing funding opportunities for external scientists to conduct research in the managed area is another option. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructural Policies; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Permitting & Zoning; Provisioning Services; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting; Supporting Services; Valuation
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Adaptive Management By definition, adaptive management is a structured management approach that links science to decision-making, thereby improving the probability of restoration success. It provides an efficient process to address risk and uncertainty inherent within ecosystem restoration by encouraging flexible plans and designs. Monitoring (#) is an important component of adaptive management. The affect of different restoration alternatives can be seen using monitoring data, and compared against other environmental variables to determine what the best future actions are based on results of previous projects. CERP Committee. 2006. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Adaptive Management Strategy.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Public Administration; Regulating Services; Remediation; Scientific Research; Supporting Services
Monitor & Research: Integrate Volunteer Monitoring Program Monitoring by trained volunteers yields useful, cost-effective data that provides positive engagement for a variety of stakeholders. Such existing programs include The Ocean Conservancy, Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, and the Dolphin Ecology Project. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Wild Bird Rehabilitation Many wildlife rescue organizations help and respond to injured birds including marine birds like sea gulls, pelicans, egrets, herons, osprey, and eagles. Collaborations with such organizations can be mutually beneficial as organization volunteers learn from training received from sanctuary staff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Birds; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Reef Environmental Education Foundation REEF This program uses recreation divers who conduct fish biodiversity and abundance survey in the Keys and the Caribbean. This surveys work towards contributing to The Great Annual Fish Count. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Dolphin Ecology Project This volunteer program photographs individual dolphins for identification, observes the activities of the dolphins, samples environmental parameters, and identifies and measures the abundance of important dolphin prey. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Vertebrates; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies; Whales & Dolphins
Public Participation: Assist Florida Keys Watch Volunteers participating in this program help collect seawater samples and environmental data. Florida Keys Watch help to assist scientific studies conducted by universities, agencies, and other institutions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Scientific Research
Public Participation: Assist Marine Ecosystem Event Response and Assessment MEERA This volunteer program seeks to provide early detection and assessment of biological events occurring in sanctuaries and surrounding waters. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach
Public Participation: Assist Queen Conch Restoration Activities Volunteers assist with raising juvenile queen conchs at a hatchery located at Keys Marine Lab through this volunteer program. They also locate and tag wild, adult conchs for population and reproduction studies. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Molluscs; Snails & Conch; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Reef and Coastal Cleanups Reef and coastal cleanups are organized by a network of environmental and civic organizations, government agencies, industries, and individuals. These efforts help to educate the public on marine debris issues and how to help reduce debris along beaches. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) and The Ocean Conservancy. 2005. Good Environmental Practices: Underwater Clearnup. CORAL RP-103:2002,

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Debris
Public Participation: Integrate Volunteer Support For GIS Volunteers work with sanctuary management staff using GIS software to provide managers with information and photographs. Often such volunteers will come from educational institutions, as these projects require an existing knowledge and familiarity with GIS. Such projects are well suited for such volunteers or internships as they can often be seen to completion and provide the participant with real world application of their skills, often fulfilling requirements of their institution. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Security & Public Administration Policies
Public Participation: Assist Sea Turtle Activities Sea turtles are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Volunteers protect and preserve sea turtles and their habitats. Volunteers will do an array of tasks including monitoring known and potential nesting beaches, marking and recording the location of nests, and documenting nest success. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Marine Vertebrates; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Sea Turtles
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Fish Feeding Regulations Divers in FL are already prohibited from fish feeding. Further review may show a need to prohibited anyone in state water from feeding fish. There will need to be investigations on the biological and behavioral impacts of fish feeding. This investigation can be used to keep the status quo, or may encourage further regulations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Educational & Research Opportunities; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Scientific Research; Supplemental Feeding; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Spearfishing Regulations Spearfishing is already prohibited in ecological reserves, sanctuary preservation areas, management areas, and special-use areas. There are additional considerations to be made to see if restrictions need to be extended in high priority areas. There may also be need to be further scientific study on the impacts of spearfishing. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Cochrane, K.L., editor. 2002. A Fishery Manager's Guidebook. Management Measures and their application. Fisheries Technical Paper 424, FAO, Rome.

Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Consider Regulations for Catch & Release Trolling This plan seeks to reduce or eliminate catch-and-release fishing in many fragile areas. First an assessment must be conducted to measure the effects of catch-and -release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Exotic Species Regulations The release of exotic species is already prohibited in many areas. Often these regulations do not consider exotic species released in ballast water. Regulations on discharge of ship ballast water containing exotic or non-indigenous species is therefore an area for regulatory improvement. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Biological Addition; Boating Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Dredging Regulations Dredging is oftentimes prohibited with certain exceptions. Dredging regulation often falls under other controls over the alteration of the seabed, discharging or depositing materials. At times dredging is necessary for navigation or other activities, necessitating .permitting mechanisms for allowing otherwise prohibited activities. Revising the regulations to help eliminate negative dredge-and-fill activities within a certain distance of corals would be beneficial because it would help promote the reestablishment of sensitive benthic communities. Reservoirs may require periodic dredging to remove sediment that may have collected. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sand & Rock Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Transportation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Bait Fishing and/or Catch & Release Trolling Regulations This option seeks to reduce or eliminate bait fishing, and catch & release trolling in fragile areas. First assessments must be conducted to measure the effects of bait fishing and catch & release trolling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Contact Uses; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Researching Impacts from Artificial Reefs: Monitor and evaluate habitat modification caused by the installation of artificial reefs Information on habitat modifications caused by artificial reefs is a necessary element of evaluating consistency of artificial reefs with the sanctuary goals and objectives. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Responses
Researching Other Pollutants and Water Quality Issues: Estimate other pollutant loadings This activity involves documenting the locations and magnitude of pollution impact other than wastewater. Sources can be from inside and outside of the Sanctuary. Pollutants can include hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides. Water Quality standards (#22) Waste water (#21) NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pressures; Responses; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Resource Use Management: Designated Uses The water quality standards regulation requires that States and Tribes specify appropriate water uses to be achieved and protected. Appropriate uses are identified by taking into consideration the use and value of the water body for public water supply, for protection of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, and for recreational, agricultural, industrial, and navigational purposes. In designating uses for a water body, States and Tribes examine the suitability of a water body for the uses based on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the water body, its geographical setting and scenic qualities, and economic considerations. Each water body does not necessarily require a unique set of uses. Instead, the characteristics necessary to support a use can be identified so that water bodies having those characteristics can be grouped together as supporting particular uses. The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Environmental Protection Agency. What are Water Quality Standards? Designated Uses. Water: Water Quality Standards Accessed 7/12/2011.

Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Marine Products; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Management Enforcement Marine protected areas and other types of coastal zone management areas have fisheries management policies that must be enforced in addition to the broader Statues, Regulation and Permit Requirements (#91). Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a major problem worldwide. Management area policies must be enforced to have an impact on the fisheries stock. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Resource Use Management: Prevent Introduction of Invasive Species Preventing the introduction of invasive species involves public awareness of the invasive species, minimizing modes and prone areas for invasion, and detecting small populations for early eradication. Some common modes of terrestrial transportation include livestock and domestic animals, mowing equipment, and firewood. Clean equipment before transport to a new location. Remove soil from plants, and plant bare-root. Use high grade seed and weed free livestock feeds. Reduce opportunities for invasive plants by keeping native plant populations strong and healthy and seeding in cover crops to reduce barren soil. Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Ballast Discharge; Biological Addition; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Environmental Education & Outreach; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Manufacturing & Trade; Transportation; Water Transportation
Resource Use Management: Develop Regulations for Sponge Fisheries Sponges play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration. Depending on the method of removal, this process can be very destructive to other reef fauna and habitat. Research is needed to compare impacts of different sponge fishing methods in different areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boring Sponges; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Culture; Cyanobacteria; Educational & Research Opportunities; Encrusting Sponges; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Resource Use Management: Develop Live Collection Regulations Live collection is often more destructive than capture of food fishes because of the destructive methods used to remove live fish and invertebrates from the reef habitat. These methods include use of cyanide and explosives. Current methods should be assessed and alternatives should be developed or collection prohibited. World Resource Institute International Marinelife Alliance, editor. 1997. Sullied Seas. WRI, Washington D.C.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Live Collection; Marine Products; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Scientific Research; Sponges; Toxics; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Wholesale & Retail Trade
Restoration: Acquire Blanket Permits for Restoration Programs Restoration programs often span multiple areas and multiple agencies. With proper collaboration between resource managers, and restoration programs, multiple programs/initiatives can work together under blanket permits from regulating agencies. For example, NOAA�s Beaufort Lab/Seagrass Research team, NOAA�s Damage Assessment Center, and DEP all coordinate restoration projects together in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Permitting & Zoning; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Reintroduce Indigenous Living Corals The approach reviews the policies and regulation regarding the re-introduction of living corals indigenous to a specific geographic location that were propagated in the lab. The concern about reintroduction of organisms from the lab and aquaria revolves around the possibility of introducing exotic or foreign strains of diseases to natural coral. Also, there is concern about introducing defective genetic material as well. One viable solution may be to reintroduce corals reared in in-situ coral nurseries. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Microorganisms; Reef Habitat; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay.

(not cited)

Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae
Restoration: Monitor Restoration Resource management staff should make regular field visits to restoration sites in order to monitor restoration progress. Data gathered through monitoring restoration sites will help create a scientific evaluation of restoration methodologies. Knowing the length of time required and costs accrued to restore the original ecological functionality of a reef system is essential for estimating costs for mitigation and remediation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Cultural Services; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mitigation; Remediation; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Work with public outreach coordinator to inform the public about habitat restoration activities This response involves restoration teams providing information, photos, and videos to be used in press release, TV and radio, and magazine articles to inform the public about restoration projects for corals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Broadcasting, Publishing, & Libraries; Cultural Policies; Culture; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Infrastructure; Internet & Telecommunications; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Transplant Queen Conch from inshore to offshore environments Scientists have determined that moving queen conch from non-reproductive, inshore environments to reproductive, offshore environments is a cost-effective method for increasing reproductive output. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Responses; Snails & Conch
Restoration: Beach Renourishment and Nourishment Beaches are subject to natural accretion and erosion. Tourism is often best supported by wide, accessible, public sandy beaches. Beaches can be restored to counteract natural erosion by transporting large quantities of sand onto the beach. This sand often comes from nearby dredging. Caution should be used when restoring long sections of beaches, as often the area above the mean high tide line is littoral, or privately owned, and restoration of these beaches can impact these property rights, see "Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2010) U.S. Supreme Court decision." Beach protection or nourishment offers an alternative to this often expensive and abrupt type of renourishment, nourishment involves practices which encourage coastal accretion and discourage erosional forces. See "Florida's Beach and Shore Preservation Act" for some restrictions on this. NOAA Coastal Services Center. Beach Nourishment: A Guide for Local Government Officials. Coastal Services Center Accessed 6/17/2011.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Culture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Restoration: Restore injured or destroyed coral reef framework This approach would allow to use funds from case settlements to reconstruct/replace coral framework that has been compromised. This approach aids to restore the coral�s structural and ecological functionality, as well as reestablish aesthetic qualities associated with corals. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dredging Regulations; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Funding & Incentives; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Restoration: Beach Vegatation Restoration Natural beaches are often host to important costal dune ecosystems. Due to tourism, much of the vegetation that comprises these dune ecosystems may be compromised. The natural vegetation provides an important ecosystem service, with roots providing deep stabilization against physical damage and removal of that sand. Without such vegetation sand and dunes can be completely washed away during hurricanes and other surge events. The dunes themselves offer some protection to nearby inland infrastructure during these same storm events. When the beach past the dunes is for public access it is beneficial to build raised walk-overs over the dune vegetation. This prevents trampling, which leads to dune blowouts. Natural Resources Conservation Service, editor. 2007. Native Plants for Coastal Dune Restoration: What, When, and How for Florida. US Department of Agriculture.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Culture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Invasive Species; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Physical Damage; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Stormwater BMPs: Sustained Reservoir Minimum Release of Minimum Baseflow to Sustain Aquatic Habitat In some regions, even high intensity rivers (e.g. Rio Loco, Puerto Rico) are seasonal, drying for long enough to kill aquatic vegetation. Creating a constant baseflow would help sustain aquatic life and ultimately help to process nutrients. High intensity rivers are already prone to extreme channel erosion from the high flow rates, this erosion is even greater without any benthic biota to hold sediment on the river bottom. Restricting the release of reservoir water to that required to maintain aquatic biota would reduce the intensity of flow, stabilize the river bottom, create habitat and naturally process nutrients that could potentially contribute to eutrophication out on the coral reef. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Algae; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Climate; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Primary Production; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Regulating Services; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utilities; Waste Management; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Wastewater Pollutants Impacts: Wastewater Pollutant Monitoring and Impact Studies Potential approaches to this management option include experimental studies, eutrophication gradient studies, comparative studies of impacted and non-impacted sites, historical studies, geography comparison, use of biochemical and ecological indicators, use of sewage tracers, and high-frequency and spatially intensive water quality sampling. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Refine Pest Spraying Program This strategy aims to reduce the amount of pesticides that could potentially enter the water from spraying for pests such as mosquitoes. A site-specific combination of pest prevention, pest avoidance, pest monitoring, and pest suppression strategies (PAMs) should be used. Aerial spraying is often used only when the mosquito concentration reaches a specific threshold. The mosquito spraying strategy would review the aerial spraying threshold to see if it could be raised, to reduce frequency of use. Refining spraying technologies would be advocated to see if newer techniques/technologies would possibly reduce the amount of pesticides released over water. For identified water quality concerns related to pesticide leaching, solution runoff and adsorbed runoff, the current version of the USDA-NRCS WIN-PST program should be used to evaluate potential risks to humans and/or fish, as appropriate, for each pesticide to be used. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). CODE 595. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Controls; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Toxics
Water Quality Management: Water Quality Standards Water Quality Standards are the foundation of the water quality-based pollution control program mandated by the Clean Water Act. Water Quality Standards define the goals for a waterbody by establishing Designated Uses (#279), setting baseline waterbody minimum criteria to protect those uses, and establishing provisions that regulate Point Source Effluent Toxicity Standards (#280). Since the baseline water quality standards are for the waterbody in its entirety, there is some flexibility on how that minimum criterion is accomplished. In some cases, Remediation (#281) may be preferable to more stringent effluent standards. The criteria include specific biochemical and ecological measures that would be good indicators of ecological health, including Biocriteria (#282). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biocriteria; Chemical Variables; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Provisioning Services; Toxics
Water Quality Management: Landfill & Solid Waste Disposal Site Assessment Strategy This option seeks to reduce/eliminate pollution from leaching at landfill sites. High risk, old landfill sites that may have hazardous waste must be identified. Once identified, monitoring at these landfills should be intensified to insure leaching does not occur into marine systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health; Health Policies; Littering; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Solid Waste Disposal; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Water Quality Management: Biocriteria The President�s Ocean Action Plan directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop biological assessment methods and tools for evaluating the health of coral reefs so that States and Territories could more easily establish biological water quality standards, including descriptions for designated waterbody uses and biological criteria (biocriteria). Biocriteria are qualitative or quantitative thresholds of biological condition necessary to sustain the designated uses. Rigorous biological assessments are needed to identify metrics that reflect biological characteristics and are responsive to a gradient of human disturbance, and to generate defensible long-term monitoring programs. Implementation of biocriteria for freshwater ecosystems has forged a process that can be adopted for coral reefs. Bradley, P., L. Fore, W. Fisher, and W. Davis. 2010. Coral reef biological criteria: using the clean water act to protect a national treasure. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI.

Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Resource Use Management
Water Quality Plans: Resource Monitoring of Surface Discharges This strategy will identify the impacts of point-source discharges by requiring all National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System dischargers to develop monitoring programs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Health; Health Policies; Infrastructure; Physical & Chemical Environment; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Pressures; Public Administration; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure Canal and irrigation infrastructure typically includes concrete structures to control the flow of water. These low head dams, bulkheads, concrete footers, and other structures act as constricting forces in channels. This constriction leads to debris becoming lodged and thus changing the erosive forces. In turn, banks become destabilized. Channel erosion then increases along with bed scour and sediment transport. Removing these structures and making banks more gradual has the added benefit of allowing for riparian vegetation to be planted, which acts as a natural buffer. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Lagoon Restoration Many times lagoons/wetlands are filled for urban development, agricultural development, etc. Lagoons/wetlands are a sink for nutrients, sediment, and contaminants. Wetlands close to reef watersheds can be huge contributors to reef health. This is because wetlands intercept surface-water runoff from higher, drier land and retain excess nutrients and pollutants. Also, lagoons are beneficial because they provide habitat for an array of wildlife. Overall, they can greatly reduce the amount nutrient-contaminated water that reaches corals. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Aquatic Organism Passage This management action allows for upstream and downstream passage for fish and other aquatic organisms. The passage of these organisms is often restricted by barriers which must be modified, removed, or worked around with fishways. Sites should be evaluated for variations in discharge, tidal influence, hydraulics, geomorphic impacts, sediment transport and continuity, and organic debris movement. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Water Resources
Waterway Management: Collaborate with Projects Changing Water-Flow Other organizations may be performing restorative freshwater projects (Everglades Restoration) or other flow altering projects (e.g. canals for small boats, agricultural irrigation etc) that affect the downstream marine management area (Florida Bay). Projects on the coast that involve hydrologic modifications (such as changing salinity) must be closely monitored in order to protect reef quality. Reefs are very sensitive systems and can only survive in a narrow salinity range. By taking an active role and monitoring freshwater flow projects, management staff can better ensure proper consideration of the impact on coastal marine environments. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report.

Collaboration & Partnering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Salinity; Security & Public Administration Policies; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Stream Bank Riparian Plantings Planting native vegetation and trees in riparian zones helps to reduce erosion within channels. Such vegetation helps anchor the soil and sediment in place. Planting in riparian zones goes in hand with Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure (#274). This management option can be exercised in streams, canals used for boat passage, stormwater drainage ditches, or in agricultural irrigation channels. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Carbon Storage & Cycling; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Energy Policies; Forestry; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Sediment; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Utilities; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, 43 United States Code §§ 2101-2106. To establish title to certain abandoned shipwrecks. U. S. Government asserted three categories of abandoned shipwrecks; embedded in a State's submerged lands, embedded in corralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands, located on a State's submerged lands and included or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of historic Places.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act requires, but is not limited to, development by NPS of guidelines for States and Federal agencies to develop appropriate and consistant policies to protect national resources and habitat areas, and to provide for public and private sector recovery consistant with historical values and environmental integrety. Corralline structures are specifically protected by the Act.

Legislative Actions:Specific response will vary from Federal agency to Federal agency and State to State.

Comments:The NPS published non-binding, advisory guidelines for States and Federal agencies to establish, review, revise, and implement programs to manage shipwrecks under their ownership or control. The guidance is entitled "Abondoned Shipwreck Act Guidelines."   		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US State Waters 		Artificial Habitat; Coral; Designated Uses; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Amendment to the U.S. Caribbean Fishery Management Plans, Code of Federal Regulations § 600 and 622. NMFS issues this final rule to implement a comprehensive amendment prepared by the Caribbean Fishery Management Council (Council) to amend its Reef Fish, Spiny Lobster, Queen Conch, and Coral Fishery Management Plans (FMPs). The comprehensive amendment is designed to ensure the FMPs are fully compliant with the provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act). This final rule redefines the fishery management units for the FMPs; establishes seasonal closures; imposes gear restrictions and requirements; revises requirements for marking pots and traps; and prohibits the filleting of fish at sea. In addition, the comprehensive amendment establishes biological reference points and stock status criteria; establishes rebuilding schedules and strategies to end overfishing and rebuild overfished stocks; provides for standardized collection of bycatch data; minimizes bycatch and bycatch mortality to the extent practicable; designates essential fish habitat (EFH) and EFH habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs); and minimizes adverse impacts on such habitat to the extent practicable. The intended effect of this final rule is to achieve optimum yield in the fisheries and provide social and economic benefits associated with maintaining healthy stocks.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects coral reefs in the USVI and Puerto Rico from overfishing reef resources, specifically reef fish, lobster, and queen conch taking. It establishs seasonal closures, restrictions on the gear used, lists areas of specific biological reference points, and has a schedule and strategy for restocking fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965, as amended, 16 United States Code § 757. The Act is intended to conserve anadromous fish. It authorizes the Secretatries of Interior and Commerce to enter into cooperatve agreements with states and other non-federal interests for conservation, development and enhancement of anadromous fish and contribute up to fifty percent as the federal share of the cost of carrying out such agreements. Reclamation construction projects for water resource projects needed solely for such fish are also authorized.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Projects are for conservation, development, and enhancement on fisheries.

Comments: 		Department of Interior/Department of Commerce

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 as amended, 16 United States Code § 470. To protect historic ruins, monuments, and objects of antiquity. Strenghtens and expands the protective provisions of the Antiquities Act of 1906 regarding archeological resources. It also revised the permitting process for conducting archeological research.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Development; Cultural Policies; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940, as amended, 16 United States Code § 668. Protects Bald and Golden Eagles by prohibiting possession, sale or transport, alive or dead, or part, nest or egg, except as permitted by the Secretary of the Interior for scientific and exhibition purposes, or for religious purposes of Indians

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Fines of $100,000 per incividual, or $200,000 for organizations, or one year in prison, or both, can be utilized.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Cultural Policies; Designate Protected Species; Political Pressure; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Chapter 2: Protection of indigenous, endangered and threatened fish, wildlife and plants, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates activities, including scientific research, that could affect indigenous species and species considered at risk (threatened) or endangered, establishes species of special concern and habitats that should be protected, requires permits for trimming mangroves

Application to Coral Reefs:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Legislative Actions:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Chapter 7: Water pollution control, 12 Virgin Islands Code. In coordination with EPA through Section 401 of the Clean Water Act, establishes controls for the discharge of wastewater and other pollutants to waters of the USVI, sets water quality standards. The Commissioner sets water quality standards applicable to he United States Virgin Islands to protect the public health and welfare and the present and future usa of such waters for public water supplies, propagation of fish, aquatic life and wildlife , recreational purposes and other legitamate uses. The standards are to be reviewed every three years.

Application to Coral Reefs:Water of polluted quality is detrimental to propagation and survival of coral reef organisms. Setting appropriate water quality standards will play a major role in protecting coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more than $75,000 per day of violation. A second conviction can be punishable up to a fine of $100,000, six years in jail, or both.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Biocriteria; Discharges; Health Policies; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies
Clean Air Act, 42 United States Code §§ 7400 et seq. To ensure Americans have clean air to breath, and to protect the environment from air pollution. Regulates air emmissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Charges federal land managers with direct responsibility to protect the "air quality and related values" of land under their control. The "related values" include fish and widlife and their habitats. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibility for protecting and improving the nation's air quality and the stratospheric ozone layer.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act would decrease carbon dioxide emissions from sources in the United States, thereby making a contribution toward reducing ocean acidification, which is one of the problems contributing to coral reef decline.

Legislative Actions:Response will differ from State to State because many Sates have been delegated to administer the Clean Air Act. However, States cannot have air quality standards less stringent then the federal standards. State air pollution agencies hold permit hearings and fines industries that violate air quality limits. States must develop state implementation plans that require approval by EPA.

Comments:The 1990 amendments authorized the Acid Deposition Control Program, a program to control 189 toxic pollutants, established permit program requirements, expanded and modified the attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and expanded and modified enforcement authority. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; CO2; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Improved Technology; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Transportation Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Clean Water Act of 1974, 33 United States Code § 1252. To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act can be used to establish water quality standards for the disharge of pollutants into surface waters. Section 101 (3) stated that it will be the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts will be prohibited. The legislation employs a variety of regulatory and nonregulatory tools to reduce direct pollutant discharges into waterways, finance wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. The tools are employed to achieve the broad goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they can support "the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water."

Legislative Actions:During the late 1980's, the program shifted from program-by-program, source by source, pollutant-by-pollutant approach to more holistic water-shed strategies. Under the watershed approach equal emphasis is placed on protecting healthy waters and restoring impaired waters. Also during the 1980's, voluntary programs for nonpoint runoff and regulatory programs for wet weather point sources began to be addressed.

Comments:The Federal Water Pollution Contrl Act Amendments of 1972, PL 92-500, replaced the previous language of the Act entirely, including the Water Quality Act of 1965, the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1965, and the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970, all of which had been amendments of the Water Pollution Control Act first passed in 1956. The 1977 amendments, PL 95-217, further amended PL 92-500. 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territories 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Drinking Water Supply; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1451-1456. Preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:In addition, the Act authorized a national system of estuarine sanctuaries and the establishment of national field laboratories with a 50/50 cost-sharing grants with coastal states.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, "Superfund", 42 United States Code §§ 9601-9675. Provides Liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment.

Application to Coral Reefs:If a hazardous waste is spilled or discaharge illegally at or near a coral reef, the CERCLA could be used for rapid response and cleanup of the spill or discharge.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Political Pressure; Remediation; Waste Management Policies; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6401 (2000). To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:Allowed the development of programs and projects, and provided financing for developing sound scientific data to preserve and restore coral reefs. Continued the Coral Reef Task Force and Coral Reef Initiative started under Executive Order 13089 (1998).

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The Act is administrative, not regulatory. It established four major programs; (1) The National Coral Reef Action Strategy established goals for research, monitoring and conservation, (2, 3) The Coral Reef Conservation Program and Coral Reef Conservation Fund provided financial assistance for coral reef projects, (4) the National Program facilitated cooperative work between federal, state and regional efforts that work to improve coral reef ecosystems. The National Program also enhanced the public awareness of coral reefs through educational programs. The Act incorporated Executive Order 13,089 and provided coordinated funding activities through twelve federal agencies and seven states. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Coral Reefs 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Corporate Responses; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Incentives; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Public Administration; Remediation; Utilities
Delegation of the Environmental Resource Program to Local Governments, 62-344 Florida Administrative Code. (1) This chapter guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments in accordance with the provisions of Sections 373.103(8) and 373.441, F.S. This chapter also constitutes the Department�s authorization, in accordance with Section 373.103(8), F.S., for delegations of the environmental resource permit program from the water management districts to local governments provided that the procedures for delegation contained in this chapter are followed by the Districts. Delegations from the Department and Districts shall be for the respective environmental resource permit program responsibilities of the Department and the Suwannee River, St. Johns River, Southwest Florida and South Florida Water Management Districts, as set forth in operating agreements listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C. Delegation agreements between the Department and local governments shall be listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C., and delegation agreements between the Districts and local governments shall be listed in Chapters 40B-1, 40C-1, 40D-1, and 40E-1, F.A.C. (2) Nothing in this chapter shall preclude the Department, Districts, and local governments from entering into contracts or interagency agreements as provided by law. (3) Except as specifically provided in this chapter, nothing herein shall prevent a local government from adopting and implementing an environmental regulatory program pursuant to its own authority. (4) It is an objective of the Department and Districts to protect the functions of entire ecological systems, as defined and developed in the programs, rules and plans of the Department and water management districts. It is the intent of the Department and Districts that any local government receiving delegation of all or a portion of the environmental resource program carry out that program in a manner consistent with this objective. This paragraph shall not be construed or applied as additional permitting criteria beyond those adopted by the reviewing agency or the local government.

Application to Coral Reefs:In theory, delegating stormwater pond construction and wetland functional determinations, as well as most otrher issues related to stormwater and wetlands, to local government will produce more efficient permitting and oversight. Therefore, treated water that is discharged and reaches any ecosystem should contain less contamination than the same water if it had not treated.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Manufacturing & Trade; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Domestic Wastewater Facilities, 62-600 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Section 403.021(2), Florida Statutes, as amended, the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act, established that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessary to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Toward this end, Sections 403.085 and 403.086, Florida Statutes, set forth requirements for the treatment and reuse or disposal of domestic wastewater. Section 403.051(2)(a), Florida Statutes, requires that any Department planning, design, construction, modification, or operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities be developed as a rule. This chapter is promulgated to implement the provisions and requirements of Sections 120.53(1), 120.55, 403.021, 403.051, 403.061, 403.062, 403.064, 403.085, 403.086, 403.087, 403.088, 403.0881, 403.101, 403.131, 403.161, 403.182, 403.859, and 403.918, Florida Statutes, concerning domestic wastewater facilities. - 442 (2) The requirements of this chapter represent the specific requirements of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and of Local Pollution Control Programs approved and established pursuant to Section 403.182, Florida Statutes, where such authority has been delegated to those programs. It may be necessary for domestic wastewater facilities to conform with requirements of other agencies, established via interagency agreements (e.g., for mosquito control); the absence of reference to such arrangements in this chapter does not negate the need for compliance with those requirements. (3) The purpose of Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., is to provide minimum standards for the design of domestic wastewater facilities and to establish minimum treatment and disinfection requirements for the operation of domestic wastewater facilities. All systems shall be designed in accordance with sound engineering practice. Supported by moderating provisions, it is intended that Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., establish a framework whereby design flexibility and sound engineering practice can be used in developing systems with which to manage domestic wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. (4) As appropriate, Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., shall be used in conjunction with other Department rules relating to the design and operation and maintenance of domestic wastewater facilities. (5) Standards and requirements in this chapter shall apply only to domestic wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal facilities (including residuals management facilities). (a) Standards and requirements shall apply to all new facilities and modifications or expansions of existing facilities that submit complete permit applications to the Department after July 1, 1991. (b) Standards and requirements shall apply to all existing facilities that submit complete applications for permit renewal after July 1, 1991. (6) Domestic wastewater facilities that submit complete permit applications on or before July 1, 1991, may: (a) Continue to comply with the rule requirements that were in effect at the time the permit was issued and with the conditions of the existing construction or operation permit until the expiration of such permit, or (b) Opt to comply with the requirements of this revised chapter. (7) The standards and requirements of Part II of Chapter 62-600, F.A.C., and Rules 62-600.500 and 62-600.530, F.A.C., shall be applicable to septic tank drainfield systems and other on-site waste treatment systems with subsurface disposal regulated by this chapter. The reliability requirements of paragraph 62-600.400(1)(b), F.A.C., shall not apply to such septic tank drainfield systems and other on-site waste treatment systems. (8) The discharge limitation of subsection 62-600.510(4), F.A.C., shall not be applicable to facilities permitted on or before January 1, 1982, that discharge into Class II waters or Class III waters which are subsequently reclassified as Class II waters. (9) This chapter provides for exemptions, allowances for existing facilities and variations from standards and requirements. Unless specifically provided otherwise, no wastewater permit shall be issued or renewed unless the permit applicant demonstrates that the subject facility is in compliance with the applicable provisions of this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:Setting construction and treatment water quality criteria for wastewater facilities will provide a system of less contaminated water being discharged to surface waters. The environmental impact of the wastewater will be less harmful to ecosystems.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the processes for planning, design, construction, modification, or operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Biocriteria; Building & Home Construction; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant monitoring, 62-601 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Section 403.051(2)(a), Florida Statutes, as amended, part of the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act, requires that any Department operating standards, criteria, and requirements for wastewater facilities be developed as a rule. This rule is promulgated to implement the provisions and requirements of the Act concerning domestic wastewater treatment plant monitoring. (2) The purpose of Chapter 62-601, F.A.C., is to ensure that owners and operators of domestic wastewater treatment facilities maintain accurate records and submit reports required by this Chapter in a timely, accurate, cost-effective and uniform manner. (3) Standards and requirements in this chapter shall apply only to domestic wastewater treatment, reuse, and disposal facilities (including residuals management facilities). The standards and requirements are not applicable to facilities described in Rules 62-600.120(1) and (2), F.A.C. (a) Standards and requirements shall apply to all new facilities and modifications or expansions of existing facilities that submit complete permit applications to the Department after July 1, 1991. (b) Standards and requirements shall apply to all existing facilities that submit complete applications for permit renewal after July 1, 1991. (4) Domestic wastewater facilities that submit complete permit applications on or before July 1, 1991 may: (a) Continue to comply with the rule requirements that were in effect at the time the permit was issued and with the conditions of the existing construction or operation permit until the expiration of such permit, or (b) Opt to comply with the requirements of this revised chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:Setting monitoring requirements and treatment water quality criteria for wastewater facilities will provide a system of less contaminated water being discharged to surface waters. The environmental impact of the wastewater will be less harmful to ecosystems.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:to implement the provisions and requirements concerning domestic wastewater treatment plant monitoring 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Biocriteria; Building & Home Construction; Discharge Limitations; Manufacturing & Trade; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Toxics; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Dredge and Fill Activities, 62-312 Florida Administrative Code. This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department pursuant to Sections 403.91 through 403.929, F.S. Dredging or filling which is grandfathered by subsections 403.913(6), (8) and (9), F.S., is governed by Rules 62-312.150 and 62-312.160, F.A.C. The requirements of this part are in addition to and not in lieu of the water quality standards which are required by other portions of these sections. Except for the definitions contained in Rule 62-312.020, F.A.C., which shall also apply to activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., the provisions of this Part shall only apply to activities in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District and to activities grandfathered under Sections 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15) and (16), F.S. Specific Authority 373.414(11)-(16), 373.4145, 403.805(1) FS. Law Implemented 373.409, 373.413, 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15), (16), 373.4145, 373.416, 373.418, 403.061, 403.813, 403.814 FS. History�New 12-10-84, Amended 8-7-85, Formerly 17-12.010, 17-312.010, Amended 10-3-95.

Application to Coral Reefs:The permit reviewers will require BMP for dredge and fill activities. This will include siltation reduction methods that will keep sediment, nutrient and other contaminants from leaving the work site and getting into the water column and potentially reaching sensitive ecosysten, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department for dredge and fill activities. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Electric Power Siting, 62-017 Florida Administrative Code. 62-17.011 General. (1) The purpose of Part I is to implement the provisions of the Florida Electrical Power Plant Siting Act, Sections 403.501 - 403.518, F.S., as amended. (2) The department promulgates Part I pursuant to the charge of the legislature to provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. (3) This Part addresses applications for certification of: (a) A new site for a steam or solar electrical power plant; (b) The construction and operation of additional steam or solar electrical generating units to be located at sites which have been previously certified for an ultimate site capacity; and (c) An existing power plant site which had or had applied for permits prior to the effective date of the Act. Specific Authority 403.504(1), 403.517(1)(a), FS. Law Implemented 403.504(2)(3)(5), 403.517, 403.5175, FS. History - New 5-7-74, Amended 12-27-77, Formerly 17-17.01, Amended 5-9-83, Formerly 17-17.011, Amended 2-1-99.

Application to Coral Reefs: To provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. (3) This Part addresses applications for certification of: (a) A new site for a steam or solar electrical power plant;

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To provide efficient, centralized review of the needs for increased electrical power generation and the effects of generation-related activities on human health and the environment and ecology of the lands and waters within the state. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Building & Home Construction; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Climate Regulation; Energy Policy & Development; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Point & Mobile Source Controls
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 United States Code §§ 1531-1544, 1361-1407. To protect animal and plant species currently in danger of extinction (endangered) and those that may become endangered in the foreseeable future (threatened). Authorized the determination and listing of species as endangered and threatened; Prohibited unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species; Provided authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species, using land and water conservation funds; Authorized establishment of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to states that establish and maintain active and adequate programs for endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Authorized the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for violating the act or regulations; and Authorized the payment of rewards to anyone furnishing information leading to arrest and conviction for any violation of the act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Two species of coral are listed as threatened; elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) and staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis). They were placed on the list in 2006.Their habitat was listed as "critical habitat" in 2008.

Legislative Actions:The Act provided for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $25,000. The Act provided for rewards to citizens that report violations leading to sucessful prosecution. The rewards are paid from the fine received.

Comments:Listed species and critical habitats can be found in the Federal Register. The habitats for staghohn (73FR72210) and elkhorn (73FR72210) corals were declared critical in 2008. Since the entire coral reef is habitat for the species, critical designation could offer a method of protecting and conserving the reef. In this instance, by protecting individual species and their habitat, the entire reef is protected. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration /National Marine Fisheries Service/USFish and Wildlife Service (consultations with all federal agncies responsible for section 7(a)(1) compliance

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Coral; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, 33 United States Code §§ 2901 et seq. Creates a federal interagency council that includes the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Secretary of Army for Civil Works, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The council is charged with developing a national estuary habitat restoration strategy and providing grants to entities to restore and protect estuary habitat to promote the strategy.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting water quality in estuaries will help mitigate the impacts of water pollution which inturn would help mitigate ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:The Act authorized the formation of the Estuary Habitat Restoration Council that was responsible for developing a National Habitat Restoration Strategy.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Ballast Discharge; Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Funding & Donations; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Exec. Order No. 12962, Recreational Fisheries, 60 Federal Register (1995). Federal agencies are directed to improve the quantity, function, sustainable productivity, and distribution of U.S. aquatic resources for increased recreational fishing opportunities in cooperation with states and tribes.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 12996, Management and General Public Use of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 61 Federal Register 13647 (1994). Recommended that the Executive Branch develop, in cooperation with state, local, and tribal governments, and the private sector, a coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure to support public and develop sector applications of geospatial data.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:EO 13286 defines the role of Homeland Security

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research
Exec. Order No. 13089, Coral Reef Protection, 63 Federal Register 32701 (1998). Protect coral reefs. Established the US Coral Reef Task Force

Application to Coral Reefs:The Task Force was assigned duties including developing and implementing research, in conjunction with the scientific community, to identify the major causes of coral reef degradation.

Legislative Actions:No penalties for noncompliance.

Comments: 		12 federal agencies, 7 states and territories, 3 freely associated states

Jurisdiction:
United States; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico 		Boating Regulations; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Hydrologic Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Exec. Order No. 13112, Invasive Species, 68 Federal Register 6183 (1990). Federal agencies are directed to prevent the introduction of invasive species, detect and rapidly respond to control populations of such species in a cost effective and environmentalyy sound manner, accurately monitor invasive species, provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions, conduct research to prevent introduction and to control invasive species, and promote public education on invasive species and the means to address them.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:No enforcement provisions. Federal agencies are encouraged to prevent the introduction, detect and respond to control, monitor, and conduct research of invasives. Secretary of Interior established an "Invasive Species Council" to address invasive species issues.

Comments: 		Federal Agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Invasive Species; Political Pressure; Remediation
Exec. Order No. 13158, Marine Protected Areas, 65 Federal Register 34909 (2000). This Executive Order is meant to help protect the significant natural and cultural resources within the marine environment for the benefit of present and future generations by strengthening and expanding the Nation�s system of marine protected areas.

Application to Coral Reefs:Benefits to coral reefs within MPA's.

Legislative Actions:One of the provisions of the Act requires that the Secretary develop a scientifically based, comprehensive system of MPA's representing diverse US marine ecosystems, and the Nation's natural and cultural resources.

Comments: 		Department of Interior, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, 16 United States Code §§ 2901-2911. Required the Service to monitor non-game bird and fish species, identify species of management concerns, and implement conservation measures to preclude the need for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Designate Protected Species; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 United States Code § 7421. Passed to improve the administration of fish and wildlife programs and amends several earlier laws, including the Refuge Recreation Act, the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. It authorizes the Secretary to accept gifts and bequests of real and personal property on behalf of the United States. It also authorizes the use of volunteers on Service projects and appropriations to carry out volunteer programs.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Secretaries were authorized to establish, conduct and assist with national training programs for State fish and wildlife enforcement personnel.

Comments:The law provided authority to the Secretaries to enter into law enforcement cooperatives with State and other federal agencies.It expanded the use of fines, penalties and forfeiture funds received under the Endangered Species Act and Lacey Act to include the cost of shipping, storing and disposing of items. 		Secretary of Interior and Secretary of Commerce, administration primarily through US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration; Resource Use Management
Fish and Wildlife Service Act of 1956, 16 United States Code § 742. Establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also includes the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment, and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. Among other things, it authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to take such steps as may be required for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources, including, but not limited to, research, development of existing facilities, and acquisition by purchase or exchange of land and water or interests therein.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act is written for the support of commercial and recreational fisherpersons so that they enjoy the benefits of the Nation's fishery resources.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
 Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Ground Water Permitting and Monitoring Requirements, 62-522 Florida Administrative Code. (1) Unless exempted by Rule 62-520.500, 62-520.510 or 62-520.520, F.A.C., no installation shall directly or indirectly discharge into ground water any contaminant that causes a violation in the water quality standards and criteria for the receiving ground water as established in Chapter 62-520, F.A.C., except within a zone of discharge established by permit or rule pursuant to this chapter. (2) Zones of discharge shall be allowed for projects or facilities that allow direct contact with ground water listed in paragraphs (a) through (c) below, which provide beneficial discharges through wells to ground water as described in the cited rules. (a) Projects designed to recharge aquifers with surface water of comparable quality, or projects designed to transfer water across or between aquifers of comparable quality for the purpose of storage or conservation; (b) Facilities permitted under Rule 62-610.466, F.A.C., for aquifer storage and recovery of reclaimed water, subsection 62- 610.560(3), F.A.C., for ground water recharge by injection of reclaimed water, or subsection 62-610.562(4), F.A.C., for creation of salinity barrier systems by injection of reclaimed water; and (c) Department-approved aquifer remediation projects that use Class V, Group 4, underground injection control wells as described in paragraph 62-528.600(2)(d), F.A.C. A zone of discharge shall be allowed for primary standards for ground water for closed-loop re-injection systems and for the prime constituents of the reagents used to remediate site contaminants, and for the secondary standards for ground water, as specified in a Department-approved remedial action plan that addresses the duration and size of the zone of discharge, and ground water monitoring requirements. (3) Other discharges through wells or sinkholes that allow direct contact with class G-I, Class F-I, or Class G-II ground water shall not be allowed a zone of discharge. (4) Discharges that may cause an imminent hazard to the public or the environment through contamination of underground supplies of drinking water or surface water affected by the ground water. (5) Installations operated to render water fit for human consumption and which dispose non-hazardous concentrates from membrane separation technologies, such as reverse osmosis, membrane softening, ultra-filtration, and electrodialysis, through land application operations are exempt from obtaining a zone of discharge in order to discharge to ground water, provided the applicant demonstrates that the receiving unconfined aquifer exhibits a natural background total dissolved solids concentration exceeding 1500 mg/L. Installations discharging to such aquifers shall not cause a violation of primary or secondary drinking water standards at any private or public water supply well outside of the installation�s property boundary. (6) It is the intent of the Department whenever possible to incorporate ground water discharge considerations into other Department permits as appropriate, and not to require a separate permit for discharges to ground water. However, any published notice of proposed agency action on an application for a permit shall contain notice, when appropriate, that ground water considerations are being incorporated into such permits. (7) The purpose of monitoring is to ensure that the permitting of zones of discharge, or exemptions therefrom, will not cause a violation of ground water standards. Ground water monitoring is intended to allow predictions to be made of the movement and composition of the discharge plume and compliance with applicable state ground water standards at the boundary of the zone of discharge. Efforts shall be made to minimize the number and cost of monitoring wells, consistent with the ability to obtain useful and reliable information. (8) Existing installations discharging to Class G-II ground water are exempt from compliance with secondary standards outside of a zone of discharge obtained by Department permit or rule except where compliance is required under Rule 62-520.520, F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:Groundwater flow will eventually bring the groundwater to an area where by intrusion it will enter waterbodies such as lakes, streams, estuaries, and the ocean. If the groundwater is contaminated, the contamination then enters the waterbody. The contaminants will affect the open water environment and degrade that system.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Prohibits the discharge into ground water any contaminant that causes a violation in the water quality standards and criteria for the receiving ground water. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Sediment; Waste Management Policies
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965, 16 United States Code § 4601. Provides funding through receipts from the sale of surplus federal land, appropriations from oil and gas receipts from the outer continental shelf, and other sources of land acquisition. Appropriations from the fund may be used for matching grants to states for outdoor recreation projects and for land acquisition by various federal agencies, including the Fish and Wildlife Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands benefits coral reefs through nutrient removal and the control of sedimentation so that they do not enter near shore waters.

Legislative Actions:The legislation was amended in 1986 by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act and required the States to identify the agencies and organizations involved in wetland management, evaluate existing and proposed wetlands protection mechanisms, assess wetlands resources, identify wetlands loss and degradation factors, and establish priorities for protection.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976, as amended through 1996,. Provided for conservation and management of commercial and recreational fisheries in the US Exclusive Economic Zone (3-200 nautical miles offshore).

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act recognized, and stated, that one of the greatest long-term threats to viable commercial and recreational fisheries is the continued loss of marine, esturaine, and other aquatic habitats, and that habitat considerations should receive increased attention for the conservation and management of fishery resources.

Legislative Actions:The amended Act through 1996 created eight regional Fishery Management Councils and reguired foreign vessels to apply for permits to fish in US waters. The Councils develop Management plans for every fishery within their geographic region regarding guidelines for quota, bycatch caps and gear restrictions..

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
 Biocriteria; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Resource Use Management; Responses
Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act as amended through January 2007, Statutes at Large §§ 94-265. National program for the conservation and management of fishery resources of the US to prevent overfishing, to rebuild overfished stocks, to facilitate the long-term protection of essential fish habitat, and to realize the full potential of the Nation's fishery resources.

Application to Coral Reefs:Promote the protection of essential fish habitat in the review of projects conducted under federal permits, licenses, or other authorities that effct or have the potential to affect such habitats. The amendments of 2006 specifically require the protection of deep sea coral habitats.

Legislative Actions:Requires government observers on board a certain number of fishing vessels. The Act provides for criminal and civil penalties dependent on the sections of the Act under which violations occured. Criminal penalties may be imposed up to a maximum of $50,000 and not more than one year in prison. Civil penalties may be imposed including seizure, forfeiture, and condemnation of property.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Economic Markets & Policies; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 United States Code § 1361. With certain exceptions, the Act establishes a mortiorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals, as well as products that are made from them. DOI is responsible for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, diugong and manatee. The DOC is responsible for Cretaceans and piniped other than the walrus.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The legislation mandated the use of an ecosystem-based management approach to marine resource management. The Marine Mammal Commission was established and has specific advisory and research duties. Required that government observers aboard some fishing vessels.

Comments:The Act covers all species of marine mammals and plants, including anadromous fish, except for marine ammmals, birds, and highly migratory species, all of which are covered under other laws or treaties. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Mammals, 50 Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations prohibit the capture of marine mammals on land or sea in US waters and prohibits the improtation of any marine mammal product to the US (CFR 216.11-216.12) unless the person has a permit for scientific purposes (CFR 216.33-216.37).

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Political Pressure; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Whales & Dolphins
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 United States Code § 1401. To regulate the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health, welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or economic potentialities. To regulate (1) the transportation by any person of material from the United States and, in the case of United States vessels, aircraft, or agencies, the transportation of material from a location outside the United States, when in either case the transportation is for the purpose of dumping the material into ocean waters, and (2) the dumping of material transported by any person from a location outside the United States, if the dumping occurs in the territorial sea or the contiguous zone of the United States.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Act has been historically used to regulate dumping of dredged materials and sewage sludge into the marine environment. The law intends to improve the conservation, understanding, management, and wise and sustainable use of marine resources, enhance public awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the marine environment, and to maintain for future generations the habitat, and ecologigal services, of the natural assemblage of living resources that inhabit those areas. Because permits are required, it can be assumed that dumping would not be allowed if the material would be dispersed into a sensitive habitat such as coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:EPA may assess an administrative civil penalty up to $50,000 per person. Higher penalties can be assessed for dumping medical waste (up to $125,000). Each day in violation constitutes a separate offense. Continuing violations can suffer criminal penalties with fines and up to five years imprisionment possible.

Comments:The Act has played a major role in regulating the disposal of dredged material into the ocean environment. However, medical and radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, as well as sewage sludge, are also regulated in the law. 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biocriteria; Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs); Regulations to establish a No Discharge Zone (NDZ) for State waters within the boundary of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary,Code of Federal Regulations § 40 CFR Part 140, 67 FR 35735. US EPA established a no discharge zone within the boundaies of the FKNMS pursuant to section 312 (f) (4) (a) of the Clean Water Act.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition of waste discharges protects reefs system from eutrophication by the nutrients in waste (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as well as the debris and sediment in the waste.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Algae; Ballast Discharge; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004, 16 United States Code § 6601. The law was created to aid in the conservation of sea turtles and their nesting habitats in foreign countries by providing funds for the conservation of nesting areas, sea turtles in in their nesting habitats, and dealing with threats to sea turtle survival.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Designate Protected Species; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 United States Code § 715. The Act established a Federal prohibition, unless permitted by regulations, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture or kill, possess, offer for sale, sell, offer to purchase, purchase, deliver for shipment, ship, caused to be shipped, deliver for transport, carry, or cause to be carried by any means whatever, receive for shipment, transport or carriage, or export, at any time,or in any manner, any migratory bird, included in the terms of this Convention�for the protection of migratory birds�or any part, nest, or egg of such a bird.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Recent amendments to the Act increased the fine for misdemeanor convictions from $5000 to $15,000.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designate Protected Species; Marine Birds; Resource Use Management
Mitigation Banking, 62-342 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department recognizes that, in certain instances, adverse impacts of activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., can be offset through the utilization of mitigation credits from a permitted Mitigation Bank. This rule provides criteria for this mitigation alternative to complement existing mitigation criteria and requirements. This chapter is supplemental to and does not supersede any other criteria and requirements in rules promulgated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S. (2) The Department intends that Mitigation Banks be used to minimize mitigation uncertainty associated with traditional mitigation practices and provide greater assurance of mitigation success. It is anticipated that the consolidation of multiple mitigation projects into larger contiguous areas will provide greater assurance that the mitigation will yield long-term, sustainable, regional ecological benefits. Mitigation Banks shall be consistent with Department endorsed watershed management objectives and emphasize restoration and enhancement of degraded ecosystems and the preservation of uplands and wetlands as intact ecosystems rather than alteration of landscapes to create wetlands. This is best accomplished through restoration of ecological communities that were historically present. The establishment and use of Mitigation Banks in or adjacent to areas of national, state, or regional ecological significance is encouraged, provided the area in which the Mitigation Bank is proposed to be located is determined appropriate for a Mitigation Bank and the Mitigation Bank meets all applicable permitting criteria. (3) Nothing in this chapter shall affect the mitigation requirements set forth in any Mitigation Bank agreement or any permit issued under Chapter 84-79, Laws of Florida, or Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., prior to February 2, 1994. If a permittee wishes to substantially modify a Mitigation Bank previously established by agreement or permit, the permittee must comply with this chapter. Additionally, some Mitigation Banks may be subject to the version of this section existing prior to July 1, 1996, under subsections 373.4136(9) and (10), F.S., and will not be affected by amendments adopted after that date. This chapter does not prohibit an applicant from proposing project-specific, pre-construction on-site or off-site mitigation, without establishing a Mitigation Bank.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mitigation banking in coastal wetlands, as presented in the Chapter, can provide large areas of functioning wetlands. The wetlands can function as sediment and nutrient traps keeping sediment and nutrients from entering coastal waters and damaging marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the regulations and permitting requirements for mitigation banks. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Armoring; Waste Management Policies
Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Test Procedures, 62-242 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter pursuant to the Florida Clean Outdoor Air Law, Section 325.201, F.S., and in order to provide the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles with the necessary rules, standards, and criteria to administer the Florida Motor Vehicle Inspection Program. (2) The Legislature has directed that in order to implement the Motor Vehicle Inspection Program, the Department of Environmental Protection will set the standards and criteria listed below. (a) Designation of program area (Section 325.204, F.S.). (b) Emissions testing and inspection procedures (Section 325.206, F.S.). (c) Inspection pass/fail criteria (Section 325.206, F.S.). (d) Test equipment performance specifications (Sections 325.206, .212, and .213, F.S.). (e) Definition of low emission adjustment (Section 325.209, F.S.). (f) Inspection personnel training criteria (Section 325.213(1)(d), F.S.). (3) The Department has set the vehicle in-use emission standards at levels that are achievable with proper operation and maintenance of the various model year vehicles, if they have not been tampered with, and which will result in a significant reduction in ozone-causing air pollutant emissions from automobiles and light duty trucks. It is the Department�s intent that eligibility for emission control system performance warranty repairs of these vehicles be protected by reference to 40 CFR 85.2201 (Subpart W) � Emission Control System Performance Warranty Short Tests. (4) This chapter, and the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles rules it references, are intended as an integral part of the Department�s program to achieve and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter; and to control nuisance exhaust.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation and stanards for air emissions will contribute to lower greenhouse gasses and assist in combating ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Climate Regulation; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Nutrients; Transportation Policies
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 United States Code §§ 4321-4377. Requires analysis, public comment, and reporting for environmental impacts of federal actions. It stipulates the factors to be considered in environmental impact statements, and requires that federal agencies employ an interdisciplinary approach in related decision-making and develop means to ensure unqualified environmental values are given appropriate consideration, along with economic and technical considerations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requires an Environmental Assessment(EA), and potentially an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) if the project review finds there will be a significant impact. The EIS must detail the environmental impacts of the proposed action, unavoidable adverse environmental impacts, and alternatives to the proposed action. The resulting studies could protect sensitive environmental ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Act potentially could protect coral reefs if the proposed federal project could have a significant impact on the reef.

Comments:The Act is completely procedural; it does not include specific regulations. The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was created by the Act. CEQ is part of the Executive Office of the President and one of the CEQ directives is to ensure that federal programs comply with NEPA. The puprose of the EIS is to disclose to the public and resource managers the probable long- and short-term impacts of the proposed project as well as consideration of less environmentally damaging alternatives to the recommended course of action. 		Federal agencies

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Energy Policy & Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Controls; Permitting & Zoning; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
National Park Service General Partnership Authorities of 1970, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act supplemented and clarified the National Park Service's mandate with respect to the management of the National Park System.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Designated Uses; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies
National Park Service Organic Act of 1916, 16 United States Code § 1. The Act was created to start the National Park Service within the Department of Interior for the purpose of promoting and regulating the use of federal areas such as national parks and monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:Created the National Park Service to be supervised by a Director.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Construction Codes & Projects; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invasive Species; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Microorganisms; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Park Service, Department of Interior,. To conserve the scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife of the National Parks; and to provide for the enjoyment of those resources in a sustainable manner. Regulations provide for the proper use, management, government, and protection of persons, property, and natural and cultural resources within areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designated Uses; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998, 16 United States Code § 5901. To use state-of-the art methods of scientific research to improve managemnet decisions within the NPS.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act deals primarily with the management and operation of concessions within National Parks, but a section does mandate that state-of-the-art scientific reseach be utilized to manage the parks.

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Public Administration
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, 16 United States Code § 66. The Act defines the National Wildlife Refuge System and authorizes the Secretary of Interior to permit any use of a refuge provided such use is compatible with the major purpose for which the refuge was established.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Construction Codes & Projects; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Landuse Management; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Political Pressure; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies
National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 16 United States Code § 668. Amends the National Wildlife Refuge System Act of 1966. This Act defines the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System, establishes the legitimacy and appropriateness of six priority wildlife-dependent public uses, establishes a formal process for determining compatible uses of Refuge System lands, identifies the Secretary of the Interior as responsible for managing and protecting the Refuge System, and requires the development of comprehensive conservation plan for all refuges outside of Alaska.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Serice

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Designated Uses; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000, 16 United States Code § 6101. Established a matching grant program to fund projects that promote the conservation of neotropical migratory birds in the United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:The Act provided competitive grants in Latin America, the Carribean, and the United States for neotropical migratory birds that winter south of the border and summer in North America. The law encourages habitat protection, education, research, monitoring, and capacity building to provide for long-term protection of neotropical migratory birds.

Comments:Over 800 species of birds are found in the United States and 500 migrate South of the border for the winter. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States; Latin America; Caribbean 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Birds; Public Administration
North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989, 16 United States Code § 4411. Provides funding and administrative direction for the implementation of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the Tripartite Agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:A North American Wetlands Conservation Council was created to recommend projects to be funded under the Act to the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.

Comments: 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Canada; Mexico 		Collaboration & Partnering; Designate Protected Species; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Donations; Marine Birds; Public Administration
Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 33 United States Code §§ 2701 et seq. Established limitations on liability for damages resulting from oil pollution, established a fund for the payment of compensation for such damages, mandated the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Contingency Plan to provide organizational structure and procedures for responding to spills.

Application to Coral Reefs:In the event of an oil spill that contaminates a coral reef, the Act could be used to determine liability and provide funds for rapid cleanup.

Legislative Actions:Can provide fines for failing to notify the appropriate federal agency of a maximum of $250,000 per day for an individual and a maximum of $500,000 for an organization. Civil penalties are authorized at $25,000 per day of violation or $1,000 per barrel of oil discharged. Prison sentences up to a maximum of fifteen years can be imposed on violators.

Comments:The Act was signed in 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdex incident. The Act improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and and provided the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund was established and provided up to one billion dollars per spill incident. 		US Coast Guard/US Environmental Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters 		Chemical Variables; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Funding & Incentives; Mangroves; Non-point Source Controls; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Environment; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security; Socio-Economic Drivers; Toxics; Wetlands
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Significant amendments to the National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Amendments of 1980 were PL 96-332, 1984 were PL98-498, 1988 were Title II of PL 100-627, 1992 were PL 102-587, 1996 were PL 104-283 and for 2000 were PL106-513,. Title III of the Marine Protection, Reseach and Sanctuaries Act was amended to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The amendments of 1980 mandated the terms of designation to include the geographic area included within the sanctuary and the characteristics of the area that give it conservation, recreational, ecological, or esthetic value, and the types of activities that would be subject to regulation to protect those characteristics. The 1984 amendments required a Resource Assessment Report documenting present and potential use of the area. 1998 amendments established a special use permit for commercial operations, added a section that a vessel or person causing damage to the resources of a sanctuary would be liable for both response and cleanup costs as well as damages for any sanctuary resource destroyed. Amendments of 1992 provided that Title III may be cited as 'The National Marine Sanctuaries Act." Also, federal agencies had to be consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act in commenting on proposed designations.

Application to Coral Reefs:Strenghtened the protectinon of marine sanctuaries and their resources. Some specific purposes of the Act that add to coral reef protection include; to identify and designate national marine sanctuaries of the marine environment, to maintain the natural b

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Cruise Ships; Deforestation & Devegetation; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Sikes Act of 1960, 16 United States Code § 670. Promote effectual planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife, fish, and game conservation and rehabilitation in military reservations.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) required by the Sikes Act integrate many different aspects of natural resource management including endangered species, fisheries, wetlands and environmental contaminants. Protection of wetlands and regulation of the discharge of environmental contaminants on military installations can indirectly protect coral reefs by decreasing runoff to nearshore waters.

Legislative Actions:DoD must develop and implement Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMP) for nearly 380 military installations across the US. The development of the INRMP is a voluntary, cooperative effort between participating agencies.

Comments:The preparation of the INRMP between DoD, USFWS and State FWS ensures proper consideration of fish, wildlife and habitat needs. The amendments also require the control of invasive species, migratory birds, and law enforcement issues. 		Department of Defense/Department of Interior (US Fish and Wildlife Service)/State Fish and Wildlife Agencies

Jurisdiction:
US Military Installments 		Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Marine Birds; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Public Administration; Resource Use Management; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Stationary Sources - Emission Standards, 62-296 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to establish emission limiting standards and compliance requirements for stationary sources of air pollutant emissions. (2) The chapter includes emission limitations for specific categories of facilities and emissions units, and it establishes reasonably available control technology requirements. Where work practice standards, including requirements for specific types of pollution control equipment, are provided for in this chapter, such standards shall be of the same force and effect as emission limiting standards. The emission limiting and work practice standards of Rule 62-296.320, F.A.C., and Rules 62-296.401 through 62-296.480, F.A.C., are applicable statewide. The reasonably available control technology requirements are established for specific areas of the state as set forth in Rules 62-296.500, 62-296.600, and 62-296.700, F.A.C. (3) A facility or emissions unit subject to any standard or requirement of 40 CFR. Part 60, 61, 63 or 65, adopted and incorporated by reference at Rule 62-204.800, F.A.C., shall comply with such standard or requirement. Nothing in this chapter shall relieve a facility or emissions unit from complying with such standard or requirement, provided, however, that where a facility or emissions unit is subject to a standard established in this chapter, such standard shall also apply. (4) Words and phrases used in this chapter, unless clearly indicated otherwise, are defined at Rule 62-210.200, F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling air emission pollutants can assist in controlling ocean acid acidification and the damaging effect of ocean water acidification on coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To protect air quality, the chapter includes emission limitations for specific categories of facilities and emissions units, and it establishes reasonably available control technology requirements. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate Regulation; CO2; Corporate Responses; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Nutrients
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, 42 United States Code §§ 9601 et seq. Reautorized CERCLA

Application to Coral Reefs:If a hazardous waste is spilled or discaharge illegally at or near a coral reef, the CERCLA/SARA could be used for rapid response and cleanup of the spill or discharge.

Legislative Actions:The amended Act stressed the importance of permanent and innovative treatment technologies, required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws, provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools.

Comments: 		United States Environmntal Protection Agency

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Improved Technology; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Remediation; Security & Public Administration Policies; Waste Management Policies
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Tampering with Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Equipment, 62-243 Florida Administrative Code. The Department of Environmental Protection adopts this chapter to establish procedures to determine compliance with those parts of Section 316.2935, F.S., which provide that no person shall operate on the public roads or streets of this state any motor vehicle that has been tampered with and that no person or motor vehicle dealer as defined in Section 320.27, F.S., shall offer or display for retail sale or lease, sell, lease or transfer title to a motor vehicle in Florida that has been tampered with. Specific Authority: 316.2935, F.S. Law Implemented: 316.2935, 316.6105, 318.18, 325.209, F.S. History.: New 2-21-90, Amended 5-29-90, Formerly 17-243.100.

Application to Coral Reefs:Vehicles with properly operating air pollution control equipment will dischage less air polllutants and will contribute to a decrease in ocean acidification.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:To achieve and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter; and to control nuisance exhaust by ensuring that that the air pollution control equipment of the motor
vehicle has not been tampered with. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Atmospheric Emissions; CO2; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Land & Air Transportation; Non-Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Transportation Policies
Total maximum daily loads, 62-304 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). The Chapter establishes Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), and their allocations, for waters that have been verified to be impaired by a pollutant pursuant to Chapter 62-303. F.A.C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Envitonmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
United States; State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Aquaculture; Ballast Discharge; Biomedical Research Policies; Coastal Development; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging Regulations; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Impervious Surfaces; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Water quality based effluent limitations, 62-650 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To implement the provisions of Section 403.051, 403.085 through 403.088 concerning the development of effluent limitations for wastewater facilities.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Florida Air and Water Pollution Act establishes that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessay to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Requiring treatment of industrial and domestic waste water indirectly protects adjoining ecosystem, such as reefs, by limiting the pollutant that reach these other systems.

Legislative Actions:The Department shall not issue a permit for a discharge to waters of the state, unless the Department has established an efflent limit for those pollutants in the discharge that are present in quantities or concentrations which can be reasonably expected to cause or contribute, directly or indirectly, to a violation of any water quality standard established in rule 62-302. The effluent limit may be a technology based effluent limit (TBEL), a water quality based effluent limit (WQBEL) determined by a Level 1 process, or where applicable, a WQBEL determined by a Level 2 process.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Domestic Animal Waste; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Water Resource Implementation Rule, 62-40 Florida Administrative Code (2006). The Chapter is intended to provide water resouirce implementation goals, objectives and guidance for the development and review of programs, rules, and plans relating to water resources. A goal of the Chapter is to coordinate the management of water and land resources. It is the objective of the State to protect the functions of the entire ecological systems, as developed and defined in the programs, rules, and plans of the Department and water management districts. It is a goal of the Chapter that sufficient water be available for all existing and future reasonable-beneficial uses and the natural systems and that adverse effects of competition for water supplies be avoided.

Application to Coral Reefs:By protecting the functions of entire aquatic ecological systems, those waters will contain less contaminants when they are discharged and meet other natural water bodies including marine ecosystems. Cleaner water will result in less ecological strees to marine ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This Chapter is intended to provide water resource implementation goals, objectives, and guidance for the development and review of programs, rules, and plans relating to water resources, based on statutory policies and directives in Chapters 187, 373, and 403, Florida Statutes. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Education & Outreach; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Waste Management Policies

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