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Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism

Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism

The Dive, Snorkeling, and Swimming Tourism sector includes businesses that provide equipment, instruction, and location to allow tourists to swim, snorkel, and SCUBA dive.

CMap

Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Boating Regulations are restrictions placed on boating activities to promote safety for boaters and the natural environment, and can include mooring buoys, registration and licensing, and speed limits. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural policies are responses that impact the distribution and functioning of cultural sectors, including tourism, recreation, education, and social organization. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Designated uses are a state's concise statements of its management objectives and expectations for each of the individual surface waters under its jurisdiction. The Dive, Snorkeling, and Swimming Tourism sector includes businesses that provide equipment, instruction, and location to allow tourists to swim, snorkel, and SCUBA dive. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Waterborne point source discharges are pollution from a discernible, confined conveyance, such as a pipe, vehicle, ship, or animal feeding operation that directly enter the aquatic environment into streams or direct discharge into coastal waters. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Aesthetic & recreational value pertains to the value derived from the visual beauty and recreational opportunities provided by a natural ecosystem, including an assemblage of diverse, healthy, colorful, or unique species. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sunscreen is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin exposed to sunlight and thus helps protect against sunburn.. Supplemental feeding occurs when humans supply wild animals (e.g., fish, dolphins, etc.) with food, such as bread crumbs, to attract them and alter their behavior. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Tourism and recreation policies can be use to control the distribution and intensity of recreational activities such as through advertising, incentives, or visitors centers. Trampling occurs when humans walk on, kick, bump into, or touch corals. Water resources reflect the quality and quantity of seawater available for human use, including swimming, navigation, and other uses. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways. Waterborne discharges include direct and indirect discharges of pollutants into the aquatic environment, including chemicals, nutrients, sediment, and pathogens.

CMap Description

Dive, snorkeling, & swimming tourism and recreational activities may create pressures on the reef ecosystem through activities that cause physical damage to reef species, including walking on reef habitat or improper use of small boats that can lead to groundings, anchor damage, or resuspension of sediment. People may alter the behavior of fish through supplemental feeding, or release chemicals into the water, such as through wash off of suntan oil, although effects on reef species are likely minimal. Dive, snorkeling, & swimming tourism sectors directly benefit from many ecosystem services, including the aesthetic & recreational value provided by a diverse and healthy coral reef, clean and calm water for swimming, and formation of beaches and land from the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral and other species. Decision-makers can enact policies to increase tourism, alter the location or intensity of recreational activities, or educate the public to modify their behavior.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Bell, CM; Needham, MD; Szuster, BW. 2011. Congruence Among Encounters, Norms, Crowding, and Management in a Marine Protected Area. Environmental Management 48:499-513. 2011 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Bishop, R. C., D. J. Chapman, B. J. Kanninen, J. A. Krosnick, B. Leeworthy, and N. F. Meade. 2011. Total Ecolonic Value for Protecting and Restoring Hawaiian Coral Reef Ecosystems: Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 16, NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing; Internet & Telecommunications; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Valuation
Fitzpatrick, R; Abrantes, KG; Seymour, J; Barnett, A. 2011. Variation in depth of whitetip reef sharks: does provisioning ecotourism change their behaviour? Coral Reefs 30:569-577. 2011 Australia; Fiji Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Forrester, GE; O'Connell-Rodwell, C; Baily, P; Forrester, LM; Giovannini, S; Harmon, L; Karis, R; Krumholz, J; Rodwell, T; Jarecki, L. 2011. Evaluating Methods for Transplanting Endangered Elkhorn Corals in the Virgin Islands. Restoration Ecology 19:299-306. 2011 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Genzano, G; Giberto, D; Bremec, C. 2011. Benthic survey of natural and artificial reefs off Mar del Plata, Argentina, southwestern Atlantic. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 39:553-566. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Octocoral; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Hannak, JS; Kompatscher, S; Stachowitsch, M; Herler, J. 2011. Snorkelling and trampling in shallow-water fringing reefs: Risk assessment and proposed management strategy. Journal of Environmental Management 92:2723-2733. 2011 Cuba; Egypt Model; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Lorenzo, B; Ilaria, V; Sergio, R; Stefano, S; Giovanni, S. 2011. Involvement of recreational scuba divers in emblematic species monitoring: The case of Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum). Journal for Nature Conservation 19:312-318. 2011 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Luna-Perez, B; Valle-Perez, C; Sanchez-Lizaso, JL. 2011. Halocynthia papillosa as SCUBA diving impact indicator: An in situ experiment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 398:33-39. 2011 Cuba Model; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment
Miller, BM; McDonnell, LH; Sanders, DJ; Lewtas, KLM; Turgeon, K; Kramer, DL. 2011. Locomotor compensation in the sea: body size affects escape gait in parrotfish. Animal Behaviour 82:1109-1116. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish
Murugan, A; Dhanya, S; Sarcar, AB; Naganathan, V; Rajagopal, S; Balasubramanian, T. 2011. Fishery biology, demography of three spotted seahorse, Hippocampus trimaculatus inhabiting Gulf of Mannar region, Southeast coast of India. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:411-423. 2011 India Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Seagrasses; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Rouphael, AB; Abdulla, A; Said, Y. 2011. A framework for practical and rigorous impact monitoring by field managers of marine protected areas. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 180:557-572. 2011 Australia; Egypt Review; Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Pathogens
Teresa, FB; Romero, RD; Casatti, L; Sabino, J. 2011. Fish as Indicators of Disturbance in Streams Used for Snorkeling Activities in a Tourist Region. Environmental Management 47:960-968. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Wagner, D; Papastamatiou, YP; Kosaki, RK; Gleason, KA; McFall, GB; Boland, RC; Pyle, RL; Toonen, RJ. 2011. New Records of Commercially Valuable Black Corals (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands at Mesophotic Depths. Pacific Science 65:249-255. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Invasive Species; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Whatmough, S; Van Putten, I; Chin, A. 2011. From hunters to nature observers: a record of 53 years of diver attitudes towards sharks and rays and marine protected areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 62:755-763. 2011 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Beharry-Borg, N. and R. Scarpa. 2010. Valuing quality changes in Caribbean coastal waters for heterogeneous beach visitors. Ecological Economics 69:1124-1139. 2010 South & Central America; Tobago; Caribbean Model Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Health Policies; Monetary Valuation; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Bjerager, M., F. Surlyk, H. Lykke-Andersen, N. Thibault, and L. Stemmerik. 2010. Danian cool-water coral reefs in southern Scandinavia localised over seafloor highs. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27:455-466. 2010 Cuba; Norway Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Water Depth & Sea Level
Broad, A., N. Knott, X. Turon, and A. R. Davis. 2010. Effects of a shark repulsion device on rocky reef fishes: no shocking outcomes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408:295-298. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Claudet, J., P. Lenfant, and M. Schrimm. 2010. Snorkelers impact on fish communities and algae in a temperate marine protected area. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:1649-1658. 2010 Index or Indicator Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Dearden, P., M. Theberge, and M. Yasue. 2010. Using underwater cameras to assess the effects of snorkeler and SCUBA diver presence on coral reef fish abundance, family richness, and species composition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 163:531-538. 2010 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Dumas, P., H. Jimenez, M. Leopold, G. Petro, and R. Jimmy. 2010. Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu. Environmental Conservation 37:364-372. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Vanuatu Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Snails & Conch
Edgar, G. J., P. R. Last, N. S. Barrett, K. Gowlett-Holmes, M. Driessen, and P. Mooney. 2010. Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south-western Tasmania. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:297-311. 2010 Global; Australia Boating Activities; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Elliott, K. H., A. Shoji, K. L. Campbell, and A. J. Gaston. 2010. Oxygen stores and foraging behavior of two sympatric, planktivorous alcids. Aquatic Biology 8:221-235. 2010 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds
Godoy, N., S. Gelcich, J. A. Vasquez, and J. C. Castilla. 2010. Spearfishing to depletion: evidence from temperate reef fishes in Chile. Ecological Applications 20:1504-1511. 2010 Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Goffredo, S., F. Pensa, P. Neri, A. Orlandi, M. S. Gagliardi, A. Velardi, C. Piccinetti, and F. Zaccanti. 2010. Unite research with what citizens do for fun: "recreational monitoring'' of marine biodiversity. Ecological Applications 20:2170-2187. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Guzner, B., A. Novplansky, O. Shalit, and N. E. Chadwick. 2010. Indirect Impacts Of Recreational Scuba Diving: Patterns Of Growth And Predation In Branching Stony Corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:727-742. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pathogens; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Heyman, W. D., L. M. Carr, and P. S. Lobel. 2010. Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead. Marine Ecology Progress Series 419:201-210. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Hopkins, G. A. and B. M. Forrest. 2010. Challenges associated with pre-border management of biofouling on oil rigs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1924-1929. 2010 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs
Landry, M. S. and C. T. Taggart. 2010. Turtle watching conservation guidelines: green turtle (Chelonia mydas) tourism in nearshore coastal environments. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:305-312. 2010 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Whales & Dolphins
Linares, C. and D. F. Doak. 2010. Forecasting the combined effects of disparate disturbances on the persistence of long-lived gorgonians: a case study of Paramuricea clavata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:59-68. 2010 Global; Study Location Model Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral
Love, M. S., B. Lenarz, and L. Snook. 2010. A Survey Of The Reef Fishes, Purple Hydrocoral (Stylaster Californicus), And Marine Debris Of Farnsworth Bank, Santa Catalina Island. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:35-52. 2010 Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hydrocoral; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Luna-Perez, B., C. Valle, T. V. Fernandez, J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso, and A. A. Ramos-Espla. 2010. Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) as an indicator of SCUBA diving impact. Ecological Indicators 10:1017-1024. 2010 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tunicates
Mather, J. A. 2010. Vigilance and antipredator responses of Caribbean reef squid. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 43:357-370. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish
Munoz, R. C., M. L. Burton, K. J. Brennan, and R. O. Parker. 2010. Reproduction, Habitat Utilization, And Movements Of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus Maximus) In The Florida Keys, Usa: Comparisons From Fished Versus Unfished Habitats. Bulletin of Marine Science 86:93-116. 2010 Florida; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish
Pierce, S. J., A. Mendez-Jimenez, K. Collins, M. Rosero-Caicedo, and A. Monadjem. 2010. Developing a Code of Conduct for whale shark interactions in Mozambique. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:782-788. 2010 Global; Mozambique Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Pittman, S. J., C. F. G. Jeffrey, R. Clark, K. Woody, B. D. Herlach, C. Caldow, M. E. Monaco, and R. Appledoorn. 2010. Coral reef ecosystems of Reserva Natural de La Parguera (Puerto Rico): spatial and temporal patterns in fish and benthic communities (2001-2007). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. 2010 South & Central America; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Poonian, C., P. Z. R. Davis, and C. K. McNaughton. 2010. Impacts of Recreational Divers on Palauan Coral Reefs and Options for Management. Pacific Science 64:557-565. 2010 Cuba; Palau Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Settar, C. and T. Turner. 2010. Coral reefs and residents of the U S Virgin Islands A relationship of knowledge, outdoor activities and stewardship. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:197-212. 2010 US Virgin Islands Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral
Smith, K., M. Scarr, and C. Scarpaci. 2010. Grey Nurse Shark (Carcharias taurus) Diving Tourism: Tourist Compliance and Shark Behaviour at Fish Rock, Australia. Environmental Management 46:699-710. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Tirard, P., M. J. Manning, I. Jollit, C. Duffy, and P. Borsa. 2010. Records of Great White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in New Caledonian Waters. Pacific Science 64:567-576. 2010 Cuba; New Caledonia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Whales & Dolphins
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2010. Coral reef local action strategies. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2010 Florida Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Scientific Research; Tourism & Recreation
Wells, L., F. Perez, M. Hibbert, L. Clerveaux, J. Johnson, and T. J. Goreau. 2010. Effect of severe hurricanes on Biorock Coral Reef Restoration Projects in Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Islands. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:141-149. 2010 Turks and Caicos Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Wielgus, J., A. Balmford, T. B. Lewis, C. Mora, and L. R. Gerber. 2010. Coral reef quality and recreation fees in marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 3:38-44. 2010 Global; Cuba Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Amaral, F. M. D., C. A. C. Ramos, Z. M. A. N. Leao, R. K. P. Kikuchi, K. K. M. Lima, L. L. Longo, R. T. S. Cordeiro, S. M. A. Lira, and S. L. Vasconcelos. 2009. Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 50:277-290. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Dearden, P., M. Theberge, and M. Yasue. 2009. Using underwater cameras to assess the effects of snorkeler and SCUBA diver presence on coral reef fish abundance, family richness, and species composition. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 8-Jan. 2009 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Di Franco, A., M. Milazzo, P. Baiata, A. Tomasello, and R. Chemello. 2009. Scuba diver behaviour and its effects on the biota of a Mediterranean marine protected area. Environmental Conservation 36:32-40. 2009 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate
Dumas, P., A. Bertaud, C. Peignon, M. Leopold, and D. Pelletier. 2009. A "quick and clean" photographic method for the description of coral reef habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:161-168. 2009 Cuba; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Substrate
Dumas, P., A. Bertaud, C. Peignon, M. Leopold, and D. Pelletier. 2009. A \quick and clean\" photographic method for the description of coral reef habitats". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 368:161-168. 2009 Cuba; New Caledonia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Substrate
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. 2009. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 85:151-156. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Gleiss, A. C., B. Norman, N. Liebsch, C. Francis, and R. P. Wilson. 2009. A new prospect for tagging large free-swimming sharks with motion-sensitive data-loggers. Fisheries Research 97:16-Nov. 2009 Australia Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Gomelyuk, V. E. 2009. Fish assemblages composition and structure in three shallow habitats in north Australian tropical bay, Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89:449-460. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Gonzalez-Gandara, C., A. Patino-Garcia, U. Asis-Anastasio, A. Serrano, and P. Gomez. 2009. Checklist of marine sponges from Tuxpan Reef, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80:1-5. 2009 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sponges
Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, and A. Ruijs. 2009. Effects of Great Barrier Reef degradation on recreational reef-trip demand: A contingent behaviour approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 53:213-229. 2009 Australia Model Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Leopold, M., A. Cakacaka, S. Meo, J. Sikolia, and D. Lecchini. 2009. Evaluation of the effectiveness of three underwater reef fish monitoring methods in Fiji. Biodiversity and Conservation 16-Jan. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Social Organizations
Luna, B., C. V. Perez, and J. L. Sanchez-Lizaso. 2009. Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:517-523. 2009 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Meyer, C. G. and K. N. Holland. 2009. Spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of recreational snorkelers and SCUBA divers in Hawaiian Marine Protected Areas. Journal of Coastal Conservation 8-Jan. 2009 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Morgan, O. A., D. M. Massey, and W. L. Huth. 2009. Diving demand for large ship artificial reefs. Marine Resource Economics 24:43-59. 2009 Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Large Ships; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Nanami, A. and H. Yamada. 2009. Site fidelity, size, and spatial arrangement of daytime home range of thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak (Lethrinidae). Fisheries Science 75:1109-1116. 2009 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Quicoy, A. R. and N. D. Briones. 2009. Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment of Coastal Ecotourism in Calatagan, Batangas, Phlippines. Journal Of Environmental Science And Management 12:11-26. 2009 Florida Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Roelfsema, C. M., S. R. Phinn, N. Udy, and P. Maxwell. 2009. An Integrated Field and Remote Sensing Approach for Mapping Seagrass Cover, Moreton Bay, Australia. Journal of Spatial Science 54:45-62. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Uyarra, M. C., A. R. Watkinson, and I. M. Cote. 2009. Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management 43:16-Jan. 2009 South & Central America; Caribbean Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Sea Turtles; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Van Soest, R. W. M. 2009. New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa 1-40. 2009 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Wielgusa, J., L. R. Gerbera, E. Salab, and J. Bennett. 2009. Including risk in stated-preference economic valuations: experiments on choices for marine recreation. Journal of Environmental Management 90:3401-3409. 2009 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Asafu-Adjaye, J. and S. Tapsuwan. 2008. A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management 29:1122-1130. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Bauer, L. J., M. S. Kendall, and C. F. G. Jeffrey. 2008. Incidence of marine debris and its relationships with benthic features in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary, Southeast USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:402-413. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Cooper, E., L. Burke, and N. Bood. 2008. Coastal capital: Belize, the economic contribution of Belize�s coral reefs and mangroves. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Drew, C. A. and D. B. Eggleston. 2008. Juvenile fish densities in Florida Keys mangroves correlate with landscape characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 362:233-243. 2008 Florida Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves
Eggleston, D. B., D. M. Parsons, G. T. Kellison, G. R. Plaia, and E. G. Johnson. 2008. Functional response of sport divers to lobsters with application to fisheries management. Ecological Applications 18:258-272. 2008 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Gunderson, D. R., A. M. Parma, R. Hilborn, J. M. Cope, D. L. Fluharty, M. L. Miller, R. D. Vetter, S. S. Heppell, and H. G. Greene. 2008. The challenge of managing nearshore rocky reef resources. Fisheries 33:172-179. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hasler, H. and J. A. Ott. 2008. Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1788-1794. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Recreational Opportunities; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Hernandez-Munoz, D., P. M. Alcolado, and M. Hernandez-Gonzalez. 2008. Effects of a submarine discharge of urban waste on octocoral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) communities in Cuba [Efectos de un emisario submarino de aguas \residuales\" urbanas sobre comunidades de octocorales (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) en Cuba]". Revista de Biologia Tropical 56:65-75. 2008 Cuba Index or Indicator Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hourigan, T. 2008. Deep Water Connections, 6(1). (NOAA Fisheries Management Service, Silver Springs, MD. 2008 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Jantzen, C., C. Wild, M. El-Zibdah, H. A. Roa-Quiaoit, C. Haacke, and C. Richter. 2008. Photosynthetic performance of giant clams, Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa, Red Sea. Marine Biology 155:211-221. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Korzeniewski, K. 2008. Land and marine fauna constituting a threat for recreational divers in the tropics [Fauna morska i ladowa stanowiaca zagrożenie dla nurkujacych rekreacyjnie w tropiku]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 25:294-297. 2008 Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Arthropods; Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Piscivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Legrand, H., Y. Rousseau, C. Peres, and J.-P. Marechal. 2008. Ecological monitoring of coral reefs in IFRECOR survey sites in Martinique between 2001 and 2006 [Suivi ecologique des recifs coralliens des stations IFRECOR en Martinique de 2001 à 2006]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:67-84. 2008 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba; Martinique; Caribbean Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Pathogens
Leujak, W. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2008. Quantifying acceptable levels of visitor use on Red Sea reef flats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:930-944. 2008 Egypt Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Li, S., K. Yu, Q. Shi, T. Chen, M. Zhao, and J. Zhao. 2008. Interspecies and spatial diversity in the symbiotic zooxanthellae density in corals from northern South China Sea and its relationship to coral reef bleaching. Chinese Science Bulletin 53:295-303. 2008 China Aquaculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Lippmann, J. 2008. Review of scuba diving fatalities and decompression illness in Australia. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 38:71-78. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Internet & Telecommunications; Tourism & Recreation
Lloret, J. and V. Riera. 2008. Evolution of a mediterranean coastal zone: Human impacts on the marine environment of cape creus. Environmental Management 42:977-988. 2008 Cuba Boating Activities; Climate; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation
Mohammed, T. A. and M. H. Yassien. 2008. Bivalve assemblages on living coral species in the northern Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Shellfish Research 27:1217-1223. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral
Nanami, A. and H. Yamada. 2008. Size and spatial arrangement of home range of checkered snapper Lutjanus decussatus (Lutjanidae) in an Okinawan coral reef determined using a portable GPS receiver. Marine Biology 153:1103-1111. 2008 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Piscivorous Fish
Oh, C.-O., R. Ditton, and J. Stoll. 2008. The economic value of scuba-diving use of natural and artificial reef habitats. Society and Natural Resources 21:455-468. 2008 Cuba Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura. 2008. Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27:165. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Parsons, G. R. and S. M. Thur. 2008. Valuing changes in the quality of coral reef ecosystems: A stated preference study of SCUBA diving in the Bonaire National Marine Park. 40:593-608. 2008 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Recreational Opportunities; Valuation
Poonian, C. N. S. 2008. The influence of protected area management on the status of coral reefs at Misali Island, Tanzania following the 1998 bleaching event in the western Indian Ocean. African Journal of Ecology 46:471-478. 2008 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Tanzania; India Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Pyle, R. L., J. L. Earle, and B. D. Greene. 2008. Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific. Zootaxa 31-Mar. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Palau; Vanuatu; Fiji Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Small Herbivorous Fish
Raes, M., W. Decraemer, and A. Vanreusel. 2008. Walking with worms: Coral-associated epifaunal nematodes. Journal of Biogeography 35:2207-2222. 2008 Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Kenya; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Roncin, N, F. Alban, E. Charbonnel, R. Crec�hriou, R. de la Cruz Modino, J.-M. Culioli, M. Dimech, R. Go�i, I. Guala, R. Higgins, E. Lavisse, L. L Direach, B. Luna, C. Marcos, F. Maynou, J. Pascual, J. Person, P. Smith, B. Stobart, E. Szelianszky, C. Valle, S. Vaselli, and J. Boncoeur. 2008. Uses of ecosystem services provided by MPAs: how much do they impact the local economy? A southern Europe perspective. Journal for Nature Conservation 16:256-270. 2008 Cuba; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Santos, L. N., F. G. Araujo, and D. S. Brotto. 2008. Artificial structures as tools for fish habitat rehabilitation in a neotropical reservoir. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18:896-908. 2008 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invasive Species
Tapsuwan, S. and J. Asafu-Adjaye. 2008. Estimating the economic benefit of SCUBA diving in the Similan Islands, Thailand. Coastal Management 36:431-442. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Worachananant, S., R. W. Carter, M. Hockings, and P. Reopanichkul. 2008. Managing the impacts of SCUBA divers on Thailand's coral reefs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16:645-663. 2008 Cuba; Thailand Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Brown, M. 2007. 'Tulsa 5': Impressive barrier Reef dive boat form new wave catamarans. Work Boat World 26:68. 2007 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats
Chapman, D. D., E. K. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. 2007. Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:271-275. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas
Collins, K. J. and B. Baldock. 2007. Use of diving computers in brittlestar surveys. Underwater Technology 27:115-118. 2007 Cuba GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Water Depth & Sea Level
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2007. Perceptions of diving impacts and implications for reef conservation. Coastal Management 35:305-317. 2007 Cuba; Thailand Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Gischler, E. and R. Kikinger. 2007. Effects of the tsunami of 26 December 2004 on Rasdhoo and Northern Ari Atolls, Maldives. Atoll Research Bulletin 93-103. 2007 Indian Ocean; Maldives; Sri Lanka; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Hattori, A. and M. Kobayashi. 2007. Configuration of small patch reefs and population abundance of a resident reef fish in a complex coral reef landscape. Ecological Research 22:575-581. 2007 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Haussermann, V. and G. Forsterra. 2007. Extraordinary abundance of hydrocorals (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae) in shallow water of the Patagonian fjord region. Polar Biology 30:487-492. 2007 Cuba Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral
Kuguru, B., G. Winters, S. Beer, S. R. Santos, and N. E. Chadwick. 2007. Adaptation strategies of the corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma to irradiance and temperature. Marine Biology 151:1287-1298. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kutser, T., E. Vahtmae, C. M. Roelfsema, and L. Metsamaa. 2007. Photo-library method for mapping seagrass biomass. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 75:559-563. 2007 Palau Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seagrasses; Substrate
Leujak, W. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2007. Visitor perceptions and the shifting social carrying capacity of South Sinai's coral reefs. Environmental Management 39:472-489. 2007 Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Lumsden, S.E., T. F. Hourigan, A. W. Bruckner, and G. Dorr, editors. 2007. The State of Deep Coral Ecosystems of the United States: 2007. NOAA TEcHnical Memorandum CRCP - 3, NOAA, Silver Spring (Maryland, USA). 2007 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Paris, C. B., L. M. Cherubin, and R. K. Cowen. 2007. Surfing, spinning, or diving from reef to reef: Effects on population connectivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347:285-300. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Ramos, J., M. N. Santos, D. Whitmarsh, and C. C. Monteiro. 2007. Stakeholder perceptions regarding the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Algarve artificial reefs. Hydrobiologia 580:181-191. 2007 Europe Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives
Richardson, K. E. 2007. Diving expedition medicine - The Coral Cay Conservation experience. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 37:189-197. 2007 Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Medical Care; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics
Roman, G. S. J., P. Dearden, and R. Rollins. 2007. Application of zoning and \limits of acceptable change\" to manage snorkelling tourism". Environmental Management 39:819-830. 2007 Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Rouphael, A. B. and M. Hanafy. 2007. An alternative management framework to limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:91-103. 2007 Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes
Seaman, W. 2007. Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 580:143-155. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Japan; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Mitigation; Nutrients; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sorice, M. G., C.-O. Oh, and R. B. Ditton. 2007. Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation. Ambio 36:316-322. 2007 Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Stolk, P., K. Markwell, and J. M. Jenkins. 2007. Artificial reefs as recreational scuba diving resources: A critical review of research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:331-350. 2007 Cuba Review; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Sutton, S. G. and S. L. Bushnell. 2007. Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management 50:829-846. 2007 Australia Review Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Uyarra, M. C. and I. M. Cote. 2007. The quest for cryptic creatures: Impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals. Biological Conservation 136:77-84. 2007 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Villareal, T. A., S. Hanson, S. Qualia, E. L. E. Jester, H. R. Granade, and R. W. Dickey. 2007. Petroleum production platforms as sites for the expansion of ciguatera in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Harmful Algae 6:253-259. 2007 Global; South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Pathogens; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Watanuki, Y., A. Takahashi, F. Daunt, K. Sato, N. Miyazaki, and S. Wanless. 2007. Underwater images from bird-borne cameras provide clue to poor breeding success of Shags in 2005. British Birds 100:466-470. 2007 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Octocoral
Davenport, J. and J. L. Davenport. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:280-292. 2006 Cuba Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Invasive Species; Land & Air Transportation; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Dearden, P., M. Bennett, and R. Rollins. 2006. Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation 33:353-363. 2006 Cuba; Thailand Field Study & Monitoring; Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Funding & Incentives; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Linan-Cabello, M. A., L. Flores-Ramirez, J. S. Zacarias-Salinas, O. Hernandez-Rovelo, and C. Lezama-Cervantes. 2006. Correlation of chlorophyll a and total carotenoid concentrations with coral bleaching from locations on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 39:279-291. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Mendes, L. D. F. 2006. Natural history focus blennies and gobis behaviour (Actinopterygii, Blennioidei, Gobioidei) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago [Historia natural dos ambores e peixes-macaco (Actinopterygii, Blennioidei, Gobioidei) do Parque Nacional Marinho do Arquip�. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23:817-823. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Perkins, R.G., J-L. Mouget, S. Lefebvre, J. Lavaud. 2006. Light response curve methodology and possible implications in the application of chlorophyll fluorescence to benthic diatoms. Marine Biology 149:703-712. 2006 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Sediment
Prasad, G. V. R., L. Vincent, R. Hamilton, and K. Lim. 2006. Minimal change disease in association with fire coral (Millepora Species) exposure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 47. 2006 Cuba; Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Pathogens
Quinn, N. J. and B. L. Kojis. 2006. Evaluating the potential of natural reproduction and artificial techniques to increase Acropora cervicornis populations at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:105-116. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Stony Coral; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Ramos, J., M. N. Santos, D. Whitmarsh, and C. C. Monteiro. 2006. The usefulness of the analytic hierarchy process for understanding reef diving choices: A case study. Bulletin of Marine Science 78:213-219. 2006 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Raniello, R., M. Lorenti, C. Brunet, and M. C. Buia. 2006. Photoacclimation of the invasive alga Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea to depth and daylight patterns and a putative new role for siphonaxanthin. Marine Ecology 27:20-30. 2006 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invasive Species; Light
Thapa, B., A. R. Graefe, and L. A. Meyer. 2006. Specialization and marine based environmental behaviors among SCUBA divers. Journal of Leisure Research 38:601-615. 2006 Florida; Cuba Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation
Weil, E. 2006. Diversity and relative abundance of corals, octocorals and sponges at Jaragua National Park, Dominican Republic [Diversidad y abundancia relativa de corales, octocorales y esponjas en el Parque Nacional Jaragua, Republica Dominicana.]. Revista de biología tropical 54:423-443. 2006 South & Central America; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Auster, P. J., B. X. Semmens, and K. Barber. 2005. Pattern in the co-occurrence of fishes inhabiting the coral reefs of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74:187-194. 2005 Antilles Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Bouchon-Navaro, Y., C. Bouchon, M. Louis, and P. Legendre. 2005. Biogeographic patterns of coastal fish assemblages in the West Indies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 315:31-47. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Substrate
Boulon, R., M. Chiappone, R. Halley, W. Jaap, B. Keller, B. Kruczynski, M. Miller, and C. Rogers. 2005. Atlantic Acropora Status Review. 2005 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; Mexico Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Climate; Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Sediment; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Burghardt, I., J. Evertsen, G. Johnsen, and H. Wagele. 2005. Solar powered seaslugs - Mutualistic symbiosis of aeolid nudibranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with Symbiodinium. Symbiosis 38:227-250. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Light; Molluscs; Octocoral; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Diaz, M. C. 2005. Common sponges from shallow marine habitats from Bocas del Toro region, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science 41:465-475. 2005 South & Central America; Cuba; Panama; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sponges
Floros, C. D., M. J. Samways, and B. Armstrong. 2005. Polychaete (Spirobranchus giganteus) loading on South African corals. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:289-298. 2005 Global; South Africa Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Plankton; Stony Coral
Gravier-Bonnet, N. and C. Bourmaud. 2005. Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 48:63-69. 2005 Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Plankton; Zooxanthellae
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, D. Kooistra, K. Buchan, and S. White. 2005. Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management 33:373-387. 2005 South & Central America; Antilles; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Lang, M. A. 2005. The USA scientific diving medical and safety experience. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 35:154-161. 2005 Global; Cuba Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Scientific Research; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Lindholm, J., S. Fangman, L. Kaufman, and S. Miller. 2005. In situ tagging and tracking of coral reef fishes from the aquarius undersea laboratory. Marine Technology Society Journal 39:68-73. 2005 Florida Lab Study Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Manoudis, G., C. Antoniadou, K. Dounas, and C. CH . Chintiroglou. 2005. Successional stages of experimental artificial reefs deployed in Vistonikos gulf (N. Aegean Sea, Greece): Preliminary results. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135:209-215. 2005 Cuba Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms
Milazzo, M., F. Badalamenti, T. Vega Fernandez, and R. Chemello. 2005. Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Marine Biology 146:1213-1222. 2005 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Planktivorous Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Montaggioni, L. F. 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation: Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews 71:Jan-75. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pendleton, L. H. 2005. Understanding the potential economic impacts of sinking ships for SCUBA recreation. Marine Technology Society Journal 39:47-52. 2005 Australia; Cuba; Columbia; Europe Review Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Social Organizations; Tourism & Recreation
Perez, C. D., D. A. Vila-Nova, and A. M. Santos. 2005. Associated community with the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from littoral of Pernambuco, Brazil. Hydrobiologia 548:207-215. 2005 Anemones & Zooanthids; Beaches & Nature Parks; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Tourism & Recreation
Quinn, N. J., B. L. Kojis, and W. A. Bowden-Kerby. 2005. Assessing the potential for natural recovery and coral restoration techniques for enhancing coral Habitat in Jamaica. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Jamaica; Caribbean Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Saphier, A. D. and T. C. Hoffmann. 2005. Forecasting models to quantify three anthropogenic stresses on coral reefs from marine recreation: Anchor damage, diver contact and copper emission from antifouling paint. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:590-598. 2005 Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Shaalan, I. M. 2005. Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production 13:83-87. 2005 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Thapa, B., A. R. Graefe, and L. A. Meyer. 2005. Moderator and mediator effects of scuba diving specialization on marine-based environmental knowledge-behavior contingency. Journal of Environmental Education 37:53-67. 2005 Florida; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Uychiaoco, A. J., H. O. Arceo, S. J. Green, M. T. De La Cruz, P. A. Gaite, and P. M. Alino. 2005. Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the adaptive management cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation 14:2775-2794. 2005 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Barker, N. H. L. and C. M. Roberts. 2004. Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation 120:481-489. 2004 Cuba; St. Lucia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Callaghan, R. 2004. An Underwater World. Elektron 21:60-62. 2004 Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Piscivorous Fish; Small Boats
Capitini, C. A., B. N. Tissot, M. S. Carroll, W. J. Walsh, and S. Peck. 2004. Competing perspectives in resource protection: The case of the marine protected areas in West Hawai'i. Society and Natural Resources 17:763-778. 2004 Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Coma, R., E. Pola, M. Ribes, and M. Zabala. 2004. Long-term assessment of temperate octocoral mortality patterns, protected vs. unprotected areas. Ecological Applications 14:1466-1478. 2004 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Octocoral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Fenner, D., T. H. Clark, J. R. Turner, and B. Chapman. 2004. A checklist of the corals of the island state of Rodrigues, Mauritius. Journal of Natural History 38:3091-3102. 2004 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Mauritius; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Southeast Florida coral reef initiative: a local action strategy. 2004 Florida Coastal Development; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest
Grace, R. F. 2004. A review of diving and hyperbaric medicine in Vanuatu. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 34:23-26. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Vanuatu Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Tourism & Recreation
Layman, C. A., D. A. Arrington, R. B. Langerhans, and B. R. Silliman. 2004. Degree of fragmentation affects fish assemblage structure in Andros Island (Bahamas) estuaries. Caribbean Journal of Science 40:232-244. 2004 Bahamas Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Mangroves; Salinity; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lynch, T.P., E. Wilkinson, L. Melling, R. Hamilton, A. Macready, and S. Feary. 2004. Conflict and Impacts of Divers and Anglers in a Marine Park. Environmental Management 33:196-211. 2004 Australia; Cuba Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Miller, K. J., C. N. Mundy, and W. L. Chadderton. 2004. Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydro coral Errina novaezelandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14:75-94. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Pavlov, D. S., A. V. Smurov, L. V. Il'yash, D. N. Matorin, N. A. Kluyev, S. V. Kotelevtsev, V. S. Rumak, and T. G. Smurova. 2004. Present-day state of coral reefs of Nha Trang Bay (Southern Vietnam) and possible reasons for the disturbance of habitats of Scleractinian corals. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 30:43-50. 2004 Cuba; Vietnam Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral
Svavarsson, J. and K. Jorundsdottir. 2004. A new gnathiid species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoida) from Rodrigues, Mauritius, Indian Ocean. Journal of Natural History 38:3103-3111. 2004 Indian Ocean; Mauritius; India Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Tongson, E. and M. Dygico. 2004. User fee system for marine ecotourism: The Tubbataha Reef experience. Coastal Management 32:17-23. 2004 Cuba; Philippines Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation
Valentine, P. S., A. Birtles, M. Curnock, P. Arnold, and A. Dunstan. 2004. Getting closer to whales - Passenger expectations and experiences, and the management of swim with dwarf minke whale interactions in the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 25:647-655. 2004 Australia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Wielgus, J., N. E. Chadwick-Furman, and Z. Dubinsky. 2004. Coral cover and partial mortality on anthropogenically impacted coral reefs at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:248-253. 2004 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Daby, D. 2003. Some quantitative aspects of seagrass ecology in a coastal lagoon of Mauritius. Marine Biology 142:193-203. 2003 Mauritius GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment
Davis, M. 2003. Decompression sickness in a 14-year-old diver. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 33:75-76. 2003 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Water Depth & Sea Level
Diamond, A. 2003. Identification and assessment of scleractinians at Tarou Point, Dominica, West Indies. Coastal Management 31:409-421. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Eggleston, D. B., E. G. Johnson, G. T. Kellison, and D. A. Nadeau. 2003. Intense removal and non-saturating functional responses by recreational divers on spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257:197-207. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Index or Indicator Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Finkl, C. W. and R. H. Charlier. 2003. Sustainability of Subtropical Coastal Zones in Southeastern Florida: Challenges for Urbanized Coastal Environments Threatened by Development, Pollution, Water Supply, and Storm Hazards. Journal of Coastal Research 19:934-943. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Model Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water; Wetlands
Green, E. and R. Donnelly. 2003. Recreational scuba diving in Caribbean marine protected areas: Do the users pay? Ambio 32:140-144. 2003 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Jedrusik, M. 2003. Natural potential for tourism and forms of its use in tropical and subtropical islands [Przyrodniczy potencjał turystyczny oraz formy jego wykorzystania na wyspach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych]. Prace i Studia Geograficzne 32:141-158. 2003 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; India; Malaysia; Micronesia; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Land & Air Transportation; Tourism & Recreation
Pattengill-Semmens C.V., Semmens B.X. 2003. Conservation and management applications of the reef volunteer fish monitoring program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 81:43-50. 2003 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Social Organizations
Pulfrich, A., C. A. Parkins, and G. M. Branch. 2003. The effects of shore-based diamond-diving on intertidal and subtidal biological communities and rock lobsters in southern Namibia. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13:233-255. 2003 South Africa Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Raberg, S., M. Nystrom, M. Eros, P. Plantman. 2003. Impact of the Herbicides 2, 4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites Cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Raberg, S., Nystrom, M., Eros, M., Plantman, P. 2003. Impact of the herbicides 2,4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Stapanian, M. A. and T. A. Waite. 2003. Species density of waterbirds in offshore habitats in western Lake Erie. Journal of Field Ornithology 74:381-393. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Water Depth & Sea Level
Takayanagi, S., Y. Sakai, H. Hashimoto, and K. Gushima. 2003. Sleeping mound construction using coral fragments by the rockmover wrasse. Journal of Fish Biology 63:1352-1356. 2003 Japan Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Planktivorous Fish
The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. 2003 Cuba Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Regulations; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Recreational Fishing; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Tissot, B. N. and L. E. Hallacher. 2003. Effects of Aquarium Collectors on Coral Reef Fishes in Kona, Hawaii. Conservation Biology 17:1759-1768. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Tourism & Recreation; Travel Services & Tour Operators
Vehanen, T., A. Huusko, T. Yrjana, M. Lahti, and A. Maki-Petays. 2003. Habitat preference by grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in an artificially modified, hydropeaking riverbed: A contribution to understand the effectiveness of habitat enhancement measures. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19:15-20. 2003 Cuba; Europe Model; GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wielgus, J., N.E. Chadwick-Furman, N. Zeitouni, and M. Shechter. 2003. Effects of Coral Reef Attribute Damage on Recreational Welfare. Marine Resource Economics 18:225-237. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Monetary Valuation; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Zubillaga, A. L., S. M. Pauls, and A. Croquer. 2003. Evaluation of the impact of recreational dive activity on the community structure of some coral reefs at Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela [Evaluacion de las actividades del buceo recreativo sobre la estructura comunitaria de algunos arreci. Revista de Biologia Tropical 51:189-195. 2003 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Abelson, A. and Y. Shlesinger. 2002. Comparison of the development of coral and fish communities on rock-aggregated artificial reefs in Eilat, Red Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Arreola-Robles, J. L. and J. F. Elorduy-Garay. 2002. Reef fish diversity in the region of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:18-Jan. 2002 South & Central America; Cuba; Mexico Index or Indicator Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Bouree, P. and A. Lancon. 2002. Dangerous aquatic animals [Les animaux aquatiques dangereux]. Revue Francaise des Laboratoires 2002:61-64. 2002 Australia; Iran Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Molluscs; Sea Urchins
Buckley, R. 2002. Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific Islands. I. The industry and the islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10:405-424. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Cultural Policies; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Textiles & Apparel; Tourism & Recreation
Christie, P., A. White, and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Management 66:441-454. 2002 Philippines Boating Regulations; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Seastars; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Davidson, R. J., E. Villouta, R. G. Cole, and R. G. F. Barrier. 2002. Effects of marine reserve protection on spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) abundance and size at Tonga Island Marine Reserve, New Zealand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12:213-227. 2002 Tonga Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Ditton, R. B., H. R. Osburn, T. L. Baker, and C. E. Thailing. 2002. Demographics, attitudes, and reef management preferences of sport divers in offshore Texas waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Cuba Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Durako, M. J. and J. I. Kunzelman. 2002. Photosynthetic characteristics of Thalassia testudinum measured in situ by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry: methodological and scale-based considerations. Aquatic Botany 73:173-185. 2002 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Seagrasses
Lok, A., C. Metin, A. Ulas, F. O. Duzbastilar, and A. Tokac. 2002. Artificial reefs in Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Miller, M. W., A. S. Bourque, and J. A. Bohnsack. 2002. An analysis of the loss of acroporid corals at Looe Key, Florida, USA: 1983-2000. Coral Reefs 21:179-182. 2002 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral
Park T., J. M. Bowker, and V. R. Leeworthy. 2002. Valuing snorkeling visits to the Florida Keys with stated and revealed preference models. Journal of Environmental Management 64:301-312. 2002 Florida Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Monetary Valuation; Non-Monetary Valuation; Remediation; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation
Parrish, F. A., K. Abernathy, G. J. Marshall, and B. M. Buhleier. 2002. Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging in deep-water coral beds. Marine Mammal Science 18:244-258. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2002. Increased spatial and temporal variability in coral damage caused by recreational scuba diving. Ecological Applications 12:427-440. 2002 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Schmitt, E. F., R. D. Sluka, and K. M. Sullivan-Sealey. 2002. Evaluating the use of roving diver and transect surveys to assess the coral reef fish assemblage off southeastern Hispaniola. Coral Reefs 21:216-223. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Dominican Republic Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Apex Fish Predators; Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Piscivorous Fish
Suenaga, Y., K. Masuda, H. Kakegawa, K. Hisamura, A. Suenaga, and K. Kimigawa. 2002. Development of the System for Creating Fishery Ground in and Around the Seto Inland Sea. Pages 420-424 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2002 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector
Zakai, D. and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2002. Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation 105:179-187. 2002 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Castillo, A. and H. A. Lessios. 2001. Lobster fishery by the Kuna Indians in the San Blas region of Panama (Kuna Yala). Crustaceana 74:459-475. 2001 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba; Panama; India; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Donohue, M. J., R. C. Boland, C. M. Sramek, and G. A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to Coral Reef ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1301-1312. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Marine Debris; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Ginsburg, R. N., E. Gischler, and W. E. Kiene. 2001. Partial mortality of massive reef-building corals: An index of patch reef condition, Florida Reef Tract. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:1149-1173. 2001 Florida Index or Indicator Boating Activities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Ikeguchi, A. 2001. Fishing ground use and shellfish collecting activity in a diving fishery: A case study in Wagu, Shima, mie prefecture. Human Geography 53:66-81. 2001 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Water Depth & Sea Level
Jan, R.-Q., J.-P. Chen, C.-Y. Lin, and K.-T. Shao. 2001. Long-term monitoring of the coral reef fish communities around a nuclear power plant. Aquatic Ecology 35:233-243. 2001 Cuba; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Corallivorous Fish; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Storms & Hurricanes
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Jordan, I. E. and M. J. Samways. 2001. Recent changes in coral assemblages of a South African coral reef, with recommendations for long-term monitoring. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1027-1037. 2001 Global; Cuba; South Africa Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Stony Coral
Karhuketo, T. S. and H. J. Puhakka. 2001. Endoscope-guided round window fistula repair. Otology and Neurotology 22:869-873. 2001 Australia; Cuba Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Invasive Species
Latypov, YU .Y A. 2001. Communities of Coral Reefs of Central Vietnam. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 27:197-200. 2001 Cuba; Vietnam Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate
Losada-Tosteson, V., J. M. Posada, and F. Losada. 2001. Size and reproductive status of fished spotted spiny lobster, Panulirus guttatus, in Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela: A preliminary report. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1599-1603. 2001 South & Central America; Venezuela; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Special Use Permitting
Page, C., G. Coleman, R. Ninio, and K. Osborne. 2001. Surveys of benthic reef communities using underwater video. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville. 2001 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Pedersen, M. and P. Snoeijs. 2001. Patterns of macroalgal diversity, community composition and long-term changes along the swedish west coast. Hydrobiologia 459:83-102. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rao, K. M., K. S. R. Murthy, N. P. C. Reddy, A. S. Subrahmanyam, S. Lakshminarayana, M. M. M. Rao, K. V. L. N. S. Sarma, M. K. Premkumar, A. Sree, and M. Bapuji. 2001. Submerged beach ridge lineation and associated sedentary fauna in the innershelf of Gopalpur coast, Orissa, Bay of Bengal. Current Science 81:828-833. 2001 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 2001. \Take only photographs and leave only footprints\"?: An experimental study of the impacts of underwater photographers on coral reef dive sites". Biological Conservation 100:281-287. 2001 Australia; Cuba Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Ryan, J. C. 2001. Indonesia's Coral Reefs On the line. World Watch 14:19-Dec. 2001 Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Pathogens; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Tratalos, J. A. and T. J. Austin. 2001. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman. Biological Conservation 102:67-75. 2001 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Recreational Opportunities; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Walters, R. D. M. and M. J. Samways. 2001. Sustainable dive ecotourism on a South African coral reef. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:2167-2179. 2001 Cuba; South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Impacts of the 1998 coral bleaching event on tourism in El Nido, Philippines. U.S. Department of State, East Asia and Pacific Environmental Initiative (US-EAP-EI)/Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Coral Reef, AL LI AN CE. 2000. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. The CORAL diver network: diver report reef conditions on-line. 2000 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Debrot, A. O. and I. Nagelkerken. 2000. User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curacao. Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:95-106. 2000 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review; Index or Indicator Banks, Credit, & Securities; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Snails & Conch; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation
Gabriel, M., S. Marshall, and S. Jennings. 2000. The Seychelles. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 233-241. 2000 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Keamy, J., J. Umlas, and Y. Lee. 2000. Red coral keratitis. Cornea 19:859-860. 2000 Cuba; Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Ochoa-Rivera, V., A. Granados-Barba, and V. Solis-Weiss. 2000. The polychaete cryptofauna from Cozumel Island, Mexican Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:137-146. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Okamoto, MI NE O, SU SU MU Morita, and TA KA O Sato. 2000. Fundamental study to estimate fish biomass around coral reef using 3-dimensional underwater video system. Pages 1389-1392 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Housing
Okamoto, MI NE O, TA KA O Sato, and SU SU MU Morita. 2000. Basic coral distribution data for long term monitoring at Sekisei Lagoon. Pages 1383-1387 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Global; Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Plankton
Plathong, S., G. J. Inglis, and M. E. Huber. 2000. Effects of self-guided snorkeling trails on corals in a tropical marine park. Conservation Biology 14:1821-1830. 2000 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hydrocoral; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Price, A. R. G. and S. Clark. 2000. The Maldives. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 199-219. 2000 Global; Seychelles; Maldives Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Microorganisms; Seagrasses; Seastars; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Pyle, R. L. 2000. Assessing undiscovered fish biodiversity on deep coral reefs using advanced self-contained diving technology. Marine Technology Society Journal 34:82-91. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Palau; Cook Islands; Papua New Guinea Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Rajasuriya, A. and A. Premaratne. 2000. Sri Lanka. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 175-187. 2000 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Sri Lanka; India Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Schleyer, M. H. and B. J. Tomalin. 2000. Damage on South African coral reefs and an assessment of their sustainable diving capacity using a fisheries approach. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:1025-1042. 2000 South Africa Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Shafer, C. S. and G. J. Inglis. 2000. Influence of social, biophysical, and managerial conditions on tourism experiences within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Environmental Management 26:73-87. 2000 Australia Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Shivlani, M. P. and D. O. Suman. 2000. Dive operator use patterns in the designated no-take zones of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). Environmental Management 25:647-659. 2000 Florida GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Landuse Management; Tourism & Recreation
White, A. T., H. P. Vogt, and T. Arin. 2000. Philippine coral reefs under threat: The economic losses caused by reef destruction. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:598-605. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Donations; Monetary Valuation; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
White, A. T., M. Ross, and M. Flores. 2000. Benefits and costs of coral reef and wetland management, Olango Island, Philippines. Pages 215-227 in H. S. J. Cesar, editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar, Sweden. 2000 Philippines Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation; Wetlands
Wilks, J. 2000. Scuba diving and snorkeling safety on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Travel Medicine 7:283-289. 2000 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Wilks, J. and R. J. Davis. 2000. Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management 21:591-599. 2000 Australia; Cuba Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Williams, I. D. and N. V. C. Polunin. 2000. Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation 27:382-391. 2000 South & Central America; Cuba; Jamaica; Belize; Caribbean; France Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation
Zakai, D., O. Levy, and N. E. Chadwick-Furman. 2000. Experimental fragmentation reduces sexual reproductive output by the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Coral Reefs 19:185-188. 2000 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Beecham, B. 1999. 'Reef jet' and 'Oceania' - debis finances two different designs to service dive cruise markets. Work Boat World 18:53-54. 1999 Australia Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products
Chao, S.-M. 1999. Revision of Taiwan starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of ten new records. Zoological Studies 38:405-415. 1999 Cuba; Columbia; China; Taiwan Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Seastars; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Fernandes, L., M. A. Ridgley, and T. Van't Hof. 1999. Multiple criteria analysis integrates economic, ecological and social objectives for coral reef managers. Coral Reefs 18:393-402. 1999 Global Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Hawkins, J. P., C. M. Roberts, T. Van't Hof, K. De Meyer, J. Tratalos, and C. Aldam. 1999. Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology 13:888-897. 1999 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Hodgson, G. 1999. A global assessment of human effects on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:345-355. 1999 Global Index or Indicator Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Inglis, G. J., V. I. Johnson, and F. Ponte. 1999. Crowding norms in marine settings: a case study of snorkeling on the great barrier reef. Environmental Management 24:369-381. 1999 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Tourism & Recreation
Jameson, S. C., M. S. A. Ammar, E. Saadalla, H. M. Mostafa, and B. Riegl. 1999. A coral damage index and its application to diving sites in the Egyptian Red Sea. Coral Reefs 18:333-339. 1999 Global; Egypt Index or Indicator Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral
Lehnert, H. and H. Fischer. 1999. Distribution patterns of sponges and corals down to 107 Moff North Jamaica. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:307-316. 1999 Jamaica GIS & Maps Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seagrasses; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
MacDonald Craig, D., A. Mitsuyasu Carol, and EL IZ AB ET H Corbin. 1999. Planned underwater dive attractions program for Hawaii. Pages 180-188 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Artificial Habitat; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Infrastructure; Tourism & Recreation
Mead, S. and K. Black. 1999. A multipurpose, artificial reef at Mount Maunganui Beach, New Zealand. Coastal Management 27:355-365. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Construction Codes & Projects; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Pile, A. J. 1999. Resource partitioning by caribbean coral reef sponges: Is there enough food for everyone ? Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44:457-461. 1999 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Microorganisms; Plankton; Sponges; Substrate; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Ralph, P. J., R. Gademann, A. W. D. Larkum, and U. Schreiber. 1999. In situ underwater measurements of photosynthetic activity of coral zooxanthellae and other reef-dwelling dinoflagellate endosymbionts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 180:139-147. 1999 Germany Anemones & Zooanthids; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Schaeffer, T. N., M. S. Foster, M. E. Landrau, and R. K. Walder. 1999. Diver disturbance in kelp forests. California Fish and Game 85:170-176. 1999 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Mitigation; Tourism & Recreation
Schleyer, M. H. 1999. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. A synthesis of KwaZulu-Natal coral research. Special Publication, 5. 1999 Indian Ocean; India; South Africa Review; Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Shackley, M. 1999. Tourism development and environmental protection in southern Sinai. Tourism Management 20:543-548. 1999 Egypt Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Van Treeck, P. and H. Schuhmacher. 1999. Artificial reefs created by electrolysis and coral transplantation: An approach ensuring the compatibility of environmental protection and diving tourism. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 49:75-81. 1999 Cuba Model Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Van Treeck, P. and H. Schuhmacher. 1999. Mass diving tourism - A new dimensional calls for new management approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:499-504. 1999 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Tourism & Recreation
Beer, S., M. Ilan, A. Eshel, A. Weil, and I. Brickner. 1998. Use of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry for in situ measurements of photosynthesis in two Red Sea faviid corals. Marine Biology 131:607-612. 1998 Cuba; Germany Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Light; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Cuthill, M. 1998. Managing the Yongala Historic Shipwreck. Coastal Management 26:33-46. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Tourism & Recreation
Donovan, S. K. and D. A. T. Harper. 1998. Diving deep on a Pleistocene reef in eastern Jamaica. Geology Today 14:26-30. 1998 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms
Grubelic, I. 1998. Presence of the species Genocidris maculata AGASSIZ, 1869, (Echinoidea, Echinodermata) in the Adriatic Sea. Periodicum Biologorum 100:39-42. 1998 Cuba Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms
Hower Amy, E. 1998. Combining wave energy and artificial reef technology for sustainable coastal resource development. Pages 1691-1695 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1998 Review Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Drinking Water Supply; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Jeng, M.-S. 1998. Shallow-water echinoderms of Taiping Island in the South China Sea. Zoological Studies 37:137-153. 1998 Cuba; China Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1998. Didemnid ascidians: Rapid colonizers of artificial reefs in Eilat (Red Sea). Bulletin of Marine Science 63:199-206. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Peachey, A. 1998. An economic valuation of water based recreation in the Great Barrier Reef marine park. Australian Parks and Recreation 34:14-16. 1998 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation; Valuation
Rajasuriya, A. 1998. Coral and rock reef habitats in southern Sri Lanka; patterns in the distribution of coral communities. Ambio 27:723-728. 1998 Sri Lanka Boating Activities; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral
Shackley, M. 1998. 'Stingray City' - managing the impact of underwater tourism in the Cayman Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 6:328-338. 1998 South & Central America; Cayman Islands; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Wilhelmsson, D. 1998. Artificial reefs and dive tourism in Eilat, Israel. Ambio 27:764-766. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Culbertson Jan, C. 1997. Alternative donation options with the Texas Artificial Reef Program. Pages 421-431 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Funding & Donations; Tourism & Recreation
Harriott, V. J., D. Davis, and S. A. Banks. 1997. Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio 26:173-179. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Jones Anthony, T. and W. Welsford Richard. 1997. Artificial reefs in British Columbia, Canada. Pages 415-418 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1997 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; Columbia; India; Caribbean Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Military; Tourism & Recreation
Martin, L. 1997. Scuba diving explained: questions and answers on physiology and medical aspects of scuba diving - a brief history of diving, from antiquity to the present. Lakeside Press. 1997 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Oren, U. and Y. Benayahu. 1997. Transplantation of juvenile corals: A new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology 127:499-505. 1997 Lab Study Algae; Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Rouphael, A. B. and G. J. Inglis. 1997. Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation 82:329-336. 1997 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Schreiber, U., R. Gademann, P. J. Ralph, and A. W. D. Larkum. 1997. Assessment of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron in Lissoclinum patella in hospite by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Plant and Cell Physiology 38:945-951. 1997 Australia Cyanobacteria; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Microorganisms; Primary Production
Allison, W. R. 1996. Snorkeler damage to reef corals in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 15:215-218. 1996 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services
Leeworthy, V. R. 1996. Linking the Economy and Environment of Florida Keys/Florida Bay. 1996 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Marks, A. D. and T. L. Fallowfield. 1996. A retrospective study of decompression illness in recreational scuba divers and scuba instructors in Queensland. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 26:119-123. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba; Papua New Guinea Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Tourism & Recreation
Pyle, R. L. 1996. Exploring deep coral reefs: How much biodiversity are we missing? Global Biodiversity 6:7-Mar. 1996 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Shealer, D. A. 1996. Foraging habitat use and profitability in tropical roseate terns and sandwich terns. Auk 113:209-217. 1996 Puerto Rico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Davis, D., V. Harriott, C. Macnamara, L. Roberts, and S. Austin. 1995. Conflicts in a marine protected area: scuba divers, economics, ecology and management in Julian Rocks Aquatic Reserve. Australian Parks & Recreation 31:29-35. 1995 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Henny, C. J., D. D. Rudis, T. J. Roffe, and E. Robinson Wilson. 1995. Contaminants and sea ducks in Alaska and the circumpolar region. Environmental Health Perspectives 103:41-49. 1995 Review Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pathogens
Okechi, J. K. and J. J. Polovina. 1995. An evaluation of artificial shelters in the artisanal spiny lobster fishery in Gazi Bay, Kenya. South African Journal of Marine Science 373-376. 1995 Kenya Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seagrasses
Prior, M., R. Ormond, R. Hitchen, and C. Wormald. 1995. The impact on natural resources of activity tourism: A case study of diving in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Studies 48:201-209. 1995 Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Balon, E. K. 1994. The life and work of Eugenie Clark: devoted to diving and science. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:89-114. 1994 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Japan; Caribbean; Mexico Lab Study Apex Fish Predators; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Brock, R. E. 1994. Beyond fisheries enhancement: artificial reefs and ecotourism. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1181-1188. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Maragos, J. E. 1994. Description of reefs and corals for the 1988 protected area survey of the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin 1994 Marshall Islands Beaches & Nature Parks; Cultural Protections; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation
Richards, M. 1994. Malaysian success for NQEA. Work Boat World 13:38-39. 1994 Australia; Cuba; Malaysia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Adams, M. J. 1993. An outbreak of ciguatera poisoning in a group of scuba divers. Journal of Wilderness Medicine 4:304-311. 1993 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Pathogens
Camarasa, J. G., E. N. Antich, and E. Serra-Baldrich. 1993. Red Sea coral contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 29:285-286. 1993 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Greene, L. E. and J. M. Shenker. 1993. The effects of human activity on the temporal variability of coral reef fish assemblages in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3:189-205. 1993 Cuba Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish; Tourism & Recreation
Guillemette, M., J. H. Himmelman, C. Barette, and A. Reed. 1993. Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1259-1266. 1993 Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins; Water Depth & Sea Level
Haider, T., R. Sommer, and G. Stanek. 1993. Microflora in external auditory canals of recreational scuba-divers and swimmers related to the tropical waterflora of a coral island. Water Science and Technology 27:187-193. 1993 Cuba Climate; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Tourism & Recreation; Water
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1993. Effects of recreational scuba diving on coral reefs: trampling on reef-flat communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:25-30. 1993 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Nakayama, AK IY OS HI, NO BU YU KI Horikosi, and HI RO SH I Kobayashi. 1993. Planning and design of multipurpose artificial barrier reefs. Pages 183-197 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Japan Model Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hawkins, J. P. and C. M. Roberts. 1992. Effects of recreational SCUBA diving on fore-reef slope communities of coral reefs. Biological Conservation 62:171-178. 1992 Cuba; Egypt Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Hotel & Food Services; Tourism & Recreation
Moran, P. J. and G. De'ath. 1992. Suitability of the manta tow technique for estimating relative and absolute abundances of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci L.) and corals. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:357-378. 1992 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars; Skeletal Coral
Chou, L. M. 1991. Reef conservation project involving sport divers in Singapore. Pages 1990-1994 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Seki, K. 1991. Study of precious coral diver survey with open circuit air SCUBA diving at 108m. Annals of Physiological Anthropology 10:189-192. 1991 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Arkell, C. 1990. Blue water, Red Sea. Green Magazine 2:60-63. 1990 Middle East; Egypt; Sudan; Saudi Arabia Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Dullo, W.-C., E. Moussavian, and T. C. Brachert. 1990. The foralgal crust facies of the deeper fore reefs in the Red Sea: A deep diving survey by submersible. Geobios 23:261-281. 1990 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Water Depth & Sea Level
Williamson, J. A., G. K. King, V. I. Callanan, R. M. Lanskey, and K. W. Rich. 1990. Fatal arterial gas embolism: Detection by chest radiography and imaging before autopsy. Medical Journal of Australia 153:97-100. 1990 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Guilcher, A. 1989. Priority lines of research suggested by work on reef geomorphology [Axes de recherche prioritaires suggeres pour la poursuite du travail en geomorphologie recifale]. Bulletin - Centre de Geomorphologie du CNRS, Caen 36:141-144. 1989 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sediment
Janca Robyn, WO OD WA RD. 1989. Deep reef and beyond: An overview of the development of tourist submarine industry. Pages 747-749 in [No source information available]. 1989 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Tourism & Recreation
Milon, J. W. 1989. Artificial marine habitat characteristics and participation behavior by sport anglers and divers. Bulletin of Marine Science 44:853-862. 1989 Florida Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fish
Crawford, C. M., J. S. Lucas, and W. J. Nash. 1988. Growth and survival during the ocean-nursery rearing of giant clams, Tridacna gigas. 1. Assessment of four culture methods. Aquaculture 68:103-113. 1988 Australia; Cuba Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Substrate
Schroeder, W. W., M. R. Dardeau, J. J. Dindo, P. Fleischer, K. L. Heck Jr., and A. W. Schultz. 1988. Geological and biological aspects of hardbottom environments on the L'Mafla shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico. Pages 17-21 in [No source information available]. 1988 South & Central America; Florida; Cuba; Mexico Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Octocoral
Hain, J. H. W. 1987. Belize. Oceanus 30:76-84. 1987 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Agriculture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
McGurrin Joseph, M. 1987. New Directions In Atlantic Artificial Reef Development. Pages 3629-3634 in [No source information available]. 1987 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Anon,. 1986. OCEANS 86 - CONFERENCE RECORD. in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Tourism & Recreation
Burke, W. A., J. R. Steinbaugh, and E. J. O'Keefe. 1986. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction following a sea urchin sting. International Journal of Dermatology 25:649-650. 1986 Oman Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Sea Urchins
Driessen Paul, K. 1986. Offshore Oil Platforms: An Invaluable Ecological Resource. Pages 516-521 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 South & Central America; Mexico Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Giesecke Anne, G. 1986. Artificial Reefs: Dealing With Conflicts And Varied Interests. Pages 522-523 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1986 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fish
Narita, H. 1986. Some recent advanced systems for ocean development. in [No source information available]. 1986 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fishing Sector; Whales & Dolphins
Dustan, P. 1985. Community structure of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys: Carysfort Reef, Key Largo and Long Key Reef, Dry Tortugas. Atoll Research Bulletin 1985 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Stony Coral
Samiullah, Y. 1985. Biological effects of marine oil pollution. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution 2:235-264. 1985 Global Review Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Mangroves; Tourism & Recreation; Whales & Dolphins
Fricke, H. W. and H. Schuhmacher. 1983. The depth limits of Red Sea stony corals: an ecophysiological problem (a deep diving survey by submersible) ( Sinai coast). Marine Ecology 4:163-194. 1983 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Plankton; Stony Coral
Newton, R. S. and A. Stefanon. 1982. Side-scan sonar and subbottom profiling in the northern Adriatic Sea. Marine Geology 46:279-306. 1982 Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Worms; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bouchon-Navaro, Y. 1981. Quantitative distribution of the Chaetodontidae on a reef of Moorea Island (French polynesia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 55:145-157. 1981 Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Tilmant, J. T. and G. P. Schmahl. 1981. A comparative analysis of coral damage on recreationally used reefs within Biscayne National Park, Florida. Pages 187-192 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. 1981 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Octocoral; Tourism & Recreation
Palmer, H. D., O. I. Kadaster, and J. A. Koczan. 1979. Submersible And Geophysical Studies For A Deepwater Pipeline Corridor, Grand Bahama Island. Pages 1393-1400 in Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference. 1979 Florida Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Pipelines; Sediment
Kenchington, R. A. 1978. The Crown-of-thorns crisis in Australia: A retrospective analysis. Environmental Conservation 5:20-Nov. 1978 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Cuba Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars
Kenchington, R. A. 1976. Acanthaster planci on the great barrier reef: Detailed surveys of four transects between 19° and 20°S. Biological Conservation 9:165-179. 1976 Australia; Cuba Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Seastars
Golikov, A. N. and O. A. Scarlato. 1973. Comparative characteristics of some ecosystems of the upper regions of the shelf in tropical, temperate and Arctic waters. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 24:219-234. 1973 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Scheer, G. 1967. Über die methodik der untersuchung von korallenriffen. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 60:105-114. 1967 South & Central America; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism
Fava, F., M. Ponti, A. Scinto, B. Calcinai, and C. Cerrano. Possible effects of human impacts on epibenthic communities and coral rubble features in the marine Park of Bunaken (Indonesia). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science US Pacific & Hawaii; Indonesia Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Housing; Marine Protected Areas; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Environmental Education: Develop Standardized Voluntary Certification Programs This management option involves coordinating with leaders of various target businesses related to diving and snorkeling, marine mammal viewing, kayaking, eco-tours, and fishing. Through collaborations with these businesses, management areas can create a voluntary certification program for employees of these businesses to learn and receive accurate information about nearby corals, the ecosystem, and how they can better protect reefs in their everyday actions. These voluntary certifications can be used to educate employees and/or to develop self-regulating standards for these businesses. Depending on the standards and curriculum, voluntary certification programs can then be used by these businesses to convey knowledge or environmentally safe practices to customers through marketing. Educating employees of these businesses helps to assure that they are disseminating accurate information to visitors. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Corporate Responses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Socio-Economic Drivers; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Monitor & Research: Integrate Volunteer Monitoring Program Monitoring by trained volunteers yields useful, cost-effective data that provides positive engagement for a variety of stakeholders. Such existing programs include The Ocean Conservancy, Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, and the Dolphin Ecology Project. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Education & Information; Reef Life; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Reef Environmental Education Foundation REEF This program uses recreation divers who conduct fish biodiversity and abundance survey in the Keys and the Caribbean. This surveys work towards contributing to The Great Annual Fish Count. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Collaboration & Partnering; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fish; Scientific Research; Social Organizations
Public Participation: Assist Reef Ecosystem Condition RECON RECON trains volunteer divers to collect information about the reef environment, health of stony corals, presence of key reef organism, and human-induced impacts. The goal of RECON is to broaden knowledge of bottom-dwelling organisms on reefs. They also act as an alert system when there are abnormal and possibly harmful conditions present on the reefs. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical & Chemical Environment; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security & Public Administration Policies; Social Organizations; Stony Coral
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Channel & Reef Navigation Markers This option would evaluate the need for proper marking to ensure better navigation. There are many types of markers, including buoys, charts, beacons, and GPS mapping. Such markers can also be used to advocate prohibition on vessel speeds greater than idle speed in areas designated as idle-speed only/no-wake and around shallow reef locations. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Beach & Land Formation; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Mooring Buoy Management Installing mooring buoys is encouraged in order to prevent damage to corals from anchors. Areas that experience a lot of traffic from recreation and fishing will experience damage from vessel groundings and boat gear. Mooring buoys help to minimize damage to corals and at the same time provide access to water resources. Mooring buoys protect as well as lower resource-use conflicts. Mooring buoy management is achieved through maintaining existing mooring buoys; assessing current buoy technology; reviewing visitor-use and boating data; developing sitting criteria; recommending new sites; conducting site assessments; installing additional buoys; and implementing vessel size limits in high-use and sensitive areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Altmeier, Bernie. FKNMS Mooring Buoy Mainenance. NOAA: FKNMS Mooring Buoy Manual Accessed 3/23/2011.

The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) the Tour Opperators' Iniative (TOI) and The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB). 2003. A Practical Guide to Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Waterway Management: Boat Access Plan An optimal boat access strategy involves conducting a survey of all public and private boat access points throughout the area. Once entry and exit sites are identified, channel markings can be placed accordingly. An effective strategy must also consider boat access needs, location, and intensity of use. This will help to efficiently mark the waterways so that there can be a reduction in damage to reefs, seagrasses and wetlands. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artisanal Fishing; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Culture; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Changes; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Chapter 2: Protection of indigenous, endangered and threatened fish, wildlife and plants, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates activities, including scientific research, that could affect indigenous species and species considered at risk (threatened) or endangered, establishes species of special concern and habitats that should be protected, requires permits for trimming mangroves

Application to Coral Reefs:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Legislative Actions:It is illegal to take or posses "live rock" which is defined as dead or live coral. It is illegaal to cut all three species of mangrove trees. Forbidding the takeing of coral directly protects coral species. Not cutting mangraoves will aid in sediment control and the removal of nutrients that could enter coral reef areas. The Commission can designate habitats for listed threatened or endangered species.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Endangered and Threatened Species; Critical Habitat for Threatened Elkhorn and Staghorn Corals; Final Rule, 73 Federal Register § 72210. We, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final rule designating critical habitat for elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which we listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four specific areas are designated: the Florida area, which comprises approximately 1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area, which comprises approximately 1,383 square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area, which comprises approximately 121 square miles (313 sq km) of marine habitat; and the St. Croix area, which comprises approximately 126 square miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We are excluding one military site, comprising approximately 5.5 square miles (14.3 sq km), because of national security impacts.

Application to Coral Reefs:The law protects coral habitat for elkhorn and staghorn coral which strenghtens their protection in the FKNMS, Puerto Rico, and US Virgin Islands.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:the National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), issue a final
rule designating critical habitat for
elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and
staghorn (A. cervicornis) corals, which
we listed as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (ESA), on May 9, 2006. Four
specific areas are designated: the Florida
area, which comprises approximately
1,329 square miles (3,442 sq km) of
marine habitat; the Puerto Rico area,
which comprises approximately 1,383
square miles (3,582 sq km) of marine
habitat; the St. John/St. Thomas area,
which comprises approximately 121
square miles (313 sq km) of marine
habitat; and the St. Croix area, which
comprises approximately 126 square
miles (326 sq km) of marine habitat. We
are excluding one military site,
comprising approximately 5.5 square
miles (14.3 sq km), because of national
security impacts. 		National Marine Fisheries Service

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; US Territories; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas; US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Anchoring on Tortugas Bank, Federal Register § Volume 63, Number 158 (1998). The regulation reinstates and makes permanent the temporary prohibition on anchoring by vessels 50 meters or greater in registered length on the Tortugas Bank west of the Dry Tortugas National Park within the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:Prohibition on anchoring protects coral reefs and benthic habitats from physical damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Federal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations; Final Rule, Code of Federal Regulations § Parts 922, 929, 937 (1997). NOAA developed the comprehensive Final Management Plan for the FKNMS and issued the Plan on January 30, 1997. Congress and the Governer of Florida were provided a 45-day period to provide certification of unacceptable regulations that needed amendments. NOAA incorporated the certified changes provided and issued the final regulations and management plan for the Sanctuary that went into effect with the publication of the final rule, including waters within the State of Florida in the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Sanctuary sets aside the coral reef system that is the third largest barrier coral reef in the world. Included in the FKNMS are the Key Largo Marine Sanctuary containing 103 square nautical miles of coral reefs and Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary containing 5.32 square nautical miles of coral reefs. The Act protects the reefs from anchoring directly into the coral formation and taking coral dead or alive. The Act protects mangrove islands and submerged aquatic vegetation, both potential buffers for the reef system against eutrophication and sediment deposition. The Act prohibits oil and hydrocarbon exploration, mining or altering the seabed, restricts large shipping traffic, and restricts the discharge of pollutants, further protecting coral, mangroves, and submerged aquatic vegetation.

Legislative Actions:The Act requires the preparation of a comprehensive management plan and implementing regulations to protect Sanctuary resources.

Comments:The final rule codifies the Act and further defines boundaries of the Sanctuary as well as providing a list of species protected in the Sanctuary. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric and Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs; US Territorial Waters; State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Ballast Discharge; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Protections; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Live Collection; Mangroves; Marine Debris; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Tankers; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 16 United States Code §§ 1431-1445. Authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to designate and manage areas of the marine environment with special national significance due to their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or esthetic qualities as National Marine Sanctuaries.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protects marine resources, such as coral reefs, sunken historical vessels, or unique habitats.

Legislative Actions:NOAA may impose civil penalties up tp $130,000 per day per violation. Criminal penalties were added in the 2000 amendments for interfering or resisting with any enforcement of the NMSA, or providing false information to the Secretary or any officer authorized to enforce NMSA. The 2000 amendments made it illegal to offer for sale, purchase, import, or export, any sanctuary resource and increased enforcement authority.

Comments:There are 13 marine sanctuaries in the National Marine Sactuary System, six of which were created after 1990. Each sanctuary has a separarte staff and program in its local region. 		National Oceanic Aatmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Regulations; CO2; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Corporate Responses; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Large Ships; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Political Pressure; Recreational Opportunities; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Proclamation No. 7392, The Buck Island Reef National Park, 66 Federal Register 7335-7336 (2001). 18,000 acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:The Proclamation expanded the original momument thus protecting additional coral reefs within the monument boundaries.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proclamation No. 7399, Establishment of Virgin Islands Coral Reef National monument, 66 Federal Register 7364 (2001). Designated 12,000 marine acres in the US Virgin Islands

Application to Coral Reefs:Monuments include coral reefs thereby providing the coral reefs within the monument bondaries the same protection as the designated monument areas.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Together, Proclamation 7399 and 7392 designated a total of 30,843 marine acres in the United States Virgin Isalnds as monuments. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Commercial Fishing Boats; Designate Protected Species; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Proposed Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2005, 2007 and 2009,. To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:When passed, the Amendments, among other issues, would reauthorize the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 and authorize appropriations through fiscal 2012 for the coral reef conservation program and community- based planning grants. Will authorize activities designed to minimize the likelihood of vessel impacts or other physical dammage to coral reefs, including activities to identify certain at-risk coral reefs. Promote international cooperation, codify the US Coral Reef Task Force.

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The amendments would not add regulations to the Act. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; CO2; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Revised Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Management Plan §§ Public Law 101-605 (HR 5909, Public Law (2007). The document is a report on the results of NOAA's five year review of strategies and activities detailed in the 1996 Final Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The plan specifically addresses preserving and enhancing Sanctuary resources including four national wildlife refuges, six state parks, three state aquatic preserves, Key Largo Marine Sanctuary, Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and a total of 2,900 square nautical miles of coastal waters and numerous coral reefs. The sanctuary ecosystems are facing specific threats including direct human impacts such as vessel groundidngs, pollution and overfishing.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission as Co-trustees

Jurisdiction:
US Federal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Development; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Economic Markets & Policies; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Littering; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Debris; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Oil & Gas Rigs; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Seastars; Sediment; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies

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