Jump to main content or area navigation.

Contact Us

ReefLink Database

Coastal Engineering

Coastal Engineering

The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving).

CMap

Artificial habitat includes structures such as oil rigs, debris, sunken ships, and even abandoned bombs that can provide substrate for coral and sponges, or habitat for fish and invertebrates, potentially creating an artificial coral reef ecosystem. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Boating activities include movement in coastal waters and into ports that can lead to anchor drops or vessel groundings, or damage from trawling and other fishing gear. City planning refers to the development of guidelines, integrating landuse and transportation planning, to improve the economic, social, and structural functioning of cities. Civil Engineering and Construction specializes in the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings and homes, roads, utility lines, and ports. Coastal Development is the construction of infrastructure, buildings, homes, and roads in coastal communities. The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving). Construction codes and regulations control the location, number, and development of construction projects, including buildings, homes, and coastal structures. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Deforestation and Devegetation are the removal of trees and plants, including clear-cutting, to provide clear land for farms, roads, homes, buildings, and other infrastructure. Docks and marinas are coastal structures that facilitate operation and storage of boats. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Impervious surfaces are surfaces, such as asphalt roads and concrete sidewalks. Infrastructural policies are responses, including zoning, codes, or regulations, that impact the distribution and functioning of socio-economic sectors that provide infrastructure. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Landscape conservation and restoration refers to efforts to protect and restore disturbed natural landscapes, such as through hydroseeding or beach renourishment. Landuse management pertains to responses that determine the use of land for development and construction. Non-point source pollution is runoff from diffuse sources that is caused by rainwater moving over and through the ground, carrying pollutants with it and depositing them in coastal waters. Permitting is documentation required for new construction and remodeling/renovation, in compliance with national, regional, and local zoning and building codes. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Ports and harbors are coastal areas or structures, generally near deep water, which facilitate loading and unloading of large ships. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Shoreline armoring is the construction of bulkheads, seawalls, riprap or any other structure used to harden a shoreline against erosion. Shoreline Protection is the attenuation of wave energy by reefs that protects coastal communities against shoreline erosion and flooding during storms, hurricanes, and tsunamis that can cause property damage and loss of life. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Transportation management includes policies, regulations, and zoning designed to control the distribution and intensity of transportation networks, including roads and shipping channels, and vehicles, including cars, boats, and ships. Waterborne discharges include direct and indirect discharges of pollutants into the aquatic environment, including chemicals, nutrients, sediment, and pathogens.

CMap Description

Coastal engineering creates pressures primarily through activities related to the construction and maintenance of ports, harbors, docks, & marinas. Development may require shoreline armoring or dredging activities, which can directly impact coastal vegetation and alter patterns of water flow. Coastal engineering projects and the physical infrastructure they create benefit from shoreline protection, as well as indirectly from the existence value of a diverse, healthy reef that provides recreational opportunities, contributes to the cultural identity of the local community, and drives coastal development. Landuse management can reduce impacts of development through use of permitting and zoning. Transportation policies can be used to limit numbers and activities of boats moving in and out of harbors.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Behrendt, L; Larkum, AWD; Norman, A; Qvortrup, K; Chen, M; Ralph, P; Sorensen, SJ; Trampe, E; Kuhl, M. 2011. Endolithic chlorophyll d-containing phototrophs. ISME Journal 5:1072-1076. 2011 Algae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Docks & Marinas; Microorganisms; Primary Production
Bostrom, C; Pittman, SJ; Simenstad, C; Kneib, RT. 2011. Seascape ecology of coastal biogenic habitats: advances, gaps, and challenges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 427:191-217. 2011 South & Central America; Mexico Review; Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection
Chen, MH; Sheu, SY; Chen, CA; Wang, JT; Chen, WM. 2011. Shimia isoporae sp. nov., isolated from the reef-building coral Isopora palifera. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61:823-827. 2011 Taiwan Docks & Marinas; Microorganisms; Stony Coral
Costa, DL; Gomes, PB; Santos, AM; Valenca, NS; Vieira, NA; Perez, CD. 2011. Morphological plasticity in the reef zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum as an adaptive strategy. Annales Zoologici Fennici 48:349-358. 2011 Australia Anemones & Zooanthids; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Stony Coral
Dick, DM; Hines, EM. 2011. Using distance sampling techniques to estimate bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance at Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Marine Mammal Science 27:606-621. 2011 South & Central America; Belize Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors; Whales & Dolphins
Hein, CJ; FitzGerald, DM; Milne, GA; Bard, K; Fattovich, R. 2011. Evolution of a Pharaonic harbor on the Red Sea: Implications for coastal response to changes in sea level and climate. Geology 39:687-690. 2011 Global; Egypt Field Study & Monitoring Climate; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hill, M; Allenby, A; Ramsby, B; Schonberg, C; Hill, A. 2011. Symbiodinium diversity among host clionaid sponges from Caribbean and Pacific reefs: Evidence of heteroplasmy and putative host-specific symbiont lineages. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59:81-88. 2011 Global; South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Boring Sponges; Ports & Harbors; Sponges; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Jones, R; Parsons, R; Watkinson, E; Kendell, D. 2011. Sewage contamination of a densely populated coral 'atoll' (Bermuda). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 179:309-324. 2011 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Housing; Microorganisms; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jud, ZR; Layman, CA; Lee, JA; Arrington, DA. 2011. Recent invasion of a Florida (USA) estuarine system by lionfish Pterois volitans/P. miles. Aquatic Biology 13:21-26. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Docks & Marinas; Fish; Invasive Species; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Mabrouk, L; Hamza, A; Ben Brahim, M; Bradai, MN. 2011. Temporal and depth distribution of microepiphytes on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves in a meadow off Tunisia. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 32:148-161. 2011 Cuba Index or Indicator Algae; Docks & Marinas; Light; Microorganisms; Seagrasses
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA. 2011 Aquaculture; Bivalves; Invasive Species; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Nobi, EP; Dilipan, E; Sivakumar, K; Thangaradjou, T. 2011. Distribution and biology of seagrass resources of Lakshadweep group of Islands, India. Indian journal of GeoMarine Sciences 40:624-634. 2011 India Docks & Marinas; Seagrasses
Sangil, C; Sanson, M; Afonso-Carrillo, J. 2011. Spatial variation patterns of subtidal seaweed assemblages along a subtropical oceanic archipelago: Thermal gradient vs herbivore pressure. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94:322-333. 2011 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Schmitt, S; Deines, P; Behnam, F; Wagner, M; Taylor, MW. 2011. Chloroflexi bacteria are more diverse, abundant, and similar in high than in low microbial abundance sponges. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 78:497-510. 2011 Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Sponges
Terrados, J; Ramirez-Garcia, P. 2011. Cover and edge length to area ratio of seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows in coral reef lagoons (Veracruz Reef System, Southwest Gulf of Mexico). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:224-230. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico GIS & Maps Docks & Marinas; Seagrasses
Thurber, RLV; Correa, AMS. 2011. Viruses of reef-building scleractinian corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 408:102-113. 2011 Global; Florida Review; Model Algae; Hydrocoral; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Concepcion, G. T., S. E. Kahng, M. W. Crepeau, E. C. Franklin, S. L. Coles, and R. J. Toonen. 2010. Resolving natural ranges and marine invasions in a globally distributed octocoral (genus Carijoa). Marine Ecology Progress Series 401:113-127. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean; Caribbean Invasive Species; Octocoral; Ports & Harbors
Crowe, S. E., P. T. Gayes, R. F. Viso, D. C. Bergquist, P. C. Jutte, and R. F. Van Dolah. 2010. Impact of the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site on nearby hard bottom reef habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:679-691. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Complex Habitat & Resources; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Sponges
Fiore, C. L., J. K. Jarett, N. D. Olson, and M. P. Lesser. 2010. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen transformations in marine symbioses. Trends in Microbiology 18:455-463. 2010 Review Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Sponges
Garzon-Ferreira, J. and A. Rodriguez-Ramirez. 2010. SIMAC: Development and implementation of a coral reef monitoring network in Colombia. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:67-80. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Internet & Telecommunications; Octocoral; Pathogens; Salinity
Hattori, A. and T. Shibuno. 2010. The effect of patch reef size on fish species richness in a shallow coral reef shore zone where territorial herbivores are abundant. Ecological Research 25:457-468. 2010 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fish; Ports & Harbors; Small Herbivorous Fish
Martins, G. M., R. C. Thompson, A. I. Neto, S. J. Hawkins, and S. R. Jenkins. 2010. Enhancing stocks of the exploited limpet Patella candei d'Orbigny via modifications in coastal engineering. Biological Conservation 143:203-211. 2010 Coastal Engineering
McClanahan, T. R. 2010. Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef. Conservation Biology 24:1519-1528. 2010 Indian Ocean; Kenya; India Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Funding & Incentives; Marine Protected Areas; Monetary Valuation; Special Use Permitting; Valuation
Miller, T. L., R. D. Adlard, R. A. Bray, J. L. Justine, and T. H. Cribb. 2010. Cryptic species of Euryakaina n. g. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from sympatric lutjanids in the Indo-West Pacific. Systematic Parasitology 77:185-204. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Maldives; New Caledonia Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas
Mouchka, M. E., I. Hewson, and C. D. Harvell. 2010. Coral-Associated Bacterial Assemblages: Current Knowledge and the Potential for Climate-Driven Impacts. Integrative And Comparative Biology 50:662-674. 2010 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Model Climate; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors
Negandhi, K., P. L. Blackwelder, A. V. Ereskovsky, and J. V. Lopez. 2010. Florida reef sponges harbor coral disease-associated microbes. Symbiosis 51:117-129. 2010 Florida Fish; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Sponges
Sharp, K. H., K. B. Ritchie, P. J. Schupp, R. Ritson-Williams, and V. J. Paul. 2010. Bacterial Acquisition in Juveniles of Several Broadcast Spawning Coral Species. PLoS One 5:e10898. 2010 Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Steiner, S. C. C. and D. A. Willette. 2010. Distribution and size of benthic marine habitats in Dominica, Lesser Antilles. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58:589-602. 2010 Antilles Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invasive Species; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses
Sunagawa, S., C. M. Woodley, and M. Medina. 2010. Threatened Corals Provide Underexplored Microbial Habitats. PLoS One 5:e9554. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 12-Jan. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
Andersson, M. H., M. Berggren, D. Wilhelmsson, and M. C. Ohman. 2009. Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment. Helgoland Marine Research 63:249-260. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Tunicates
de Freitas, M. C., R. H. S. D. Vieira, and M. E. de Araujo. 2009. Impact of the Construction of the Harbor at Pecem (Ceara, Brazil) upon Reef Fish Communities in Tide Pools. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52:187-195. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Small Herbivorous Fish
Guo, W., S. H. Li, and D. K. Zhu. 2009. The application of geographic information technology to coastal geomorphology. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 28:49-57. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Ports & Harbors
Hughes, L. E. 2009. Synopiidae. Zootaxa 880-891. 2009 Australia Docks & Marinas
Kerwath, S. E., E. B. Thorstad, T. F. Naesje, P. D. Cowley, F. Okland, C. Wilke, and C. G. Attwood. 2009. Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa. Conservation Biology 23:653-661. 2009 South Africa Model Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Marine Protected Areas; Recreational Fishing; Tourism & Recreation
Littman, R. A., B. L. Willis, C. Pfeffer, and D. G. Bourne. 2009. Diversities of coral-associated bacteria differ with location, but not species, for three acroporid corals on the Great Barrier Reef. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 68:152-163. 2009 Australia Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., J. E. Cinner, N. A. J. Graham, T. M. Daw, J. Maina, S. M. Stead, A. Wamukota, K. Brown, V. Venus, and N. V. C. Polunin. 2009. Identifying Reefs of Hope and Hopeful Actions: Contextualizing Environmental, Ecological, and Social Parameters to Respond Effectively to Climate Change. Conservation Biology 23:662-671. 2009 Global; Indian Ocean; Kenya; Madagascar; Seychelles; Mauritius; India Climate; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Housing; Marine Protected Areas
Shima, J. S. and S. E. Swearer. 2009. Larval quality is shaped by matrix effects: Implications for connectivity in a marine metapopulation. Ecology 90:1255-1267. 2009 Fish; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors
Tougaard, J., J. Carstensen, J. Teilmann, H. Skov, and P. Rasmussen. 2009. Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126:11-14. 2009 Ports & Harbors
Tsubaki, R. and M. Kato. 2009. Intertidal slope of coral sand beach as a unique habitat for fish: meiobenthic diet of the transparent sand dart, Kraemeria cunicularia (Gobiidae). Marine Biology 11-Jan. 2009 Japan Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Aguilar, C., G. Gonzalez-Sanson, I. Faloh, and R. A. Curry. 2008. Spatial variation in stable isotopes (δ13C and δ 15N) in marine fish along the coast of Havana City: Evidence of human impacts from harbor and river waters. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1281-1288. 2008 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Fish; Nutrients; Planktivorous Fish; Ports & Harbors; Small Herbivorous Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Clynick, B. G., M. G. Chapman, and A. J. Underwood. 2008. Fish assemblages associated with urban structures and natural reefs in Sydney, Australia. Austral Ecology 33:140-150. 2008 Australia Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Fish
D'Angelo, C., A. Denzel, A. Vogt, M. V. Matz, F. Oswald, A. Salih, G. U. Nienhaus, and J. Wiedenmann. 2008. Blue light regulation of host pigment in reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364:97-106. 2008 Climate; Ports & Harbors; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral
Doerge, B. C. and C. Smith. 2008. Mechanisms of erosion of volcanic soils on non-agricultural lands in guam. Pages 419-429 in American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2008. 2008 Guam Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Fujita, K. and H. Fujimura. 2008. Organic and inorganic carbon production by algal symbiont-bearing foraminifera on northwest Pacific coral-reef flats. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 38:117-126. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Pacific Ocean Ports & Harbors; Primary Production
Kitada, Y., H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, and T. Oomori. 2008. Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs. Chemosphere 71:2082-2090. 2008 Japan Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lampert, Y., D. Kelman, Y. Nitzan, Z. Dubinsky, A. Behar, and R. T. Hill. 2008. Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with the mucus of Red Sea corals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 64:187-198. 2008 Europe Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Substrate
Levenbach, S. 2008. Behavioral mechanism for an associational refuge for macroalgae on temperate reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 370:45-52. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sea Urchins
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
NOAA; The Nature Conservancy. 2008. Creosote Assessment in Puget Sound Beaches. NOAA. 2008 Beaches & Nature Parks; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas; Sediment
Piniak, G. A. and E. K. Brown. 2008. Growth and mortality of coral transplants (Pocillopora damicornis) along a range of sediment influence in Maui, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 62:39-55. 2008 Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Stony Coral
Beman, J. M., K. J. Roberts, L. Wegley, F. Rohwer, and C. A. Francis. 2007. Distribution and diversity of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase genes associated with corals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:5642-5647. 2007 Panama Microorganisms; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Stony Coral
Elliott, M., D. Burdon, K. L. Hemingway, and S. E. Apitz. 2007. Estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystem restoration: Confusing management and science - A revision of concepts. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 74:349-366. 2007 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Remediation; Seagrasses
Faunce, C. H. and J. E. Serafy. 2007. Nearshore habitat use by gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) and bluestriped grunt (Haemulon sciurus): Environmental gradients and ontogenetic shifts. Bulletin of Marine Science 80:473-495. 2007 Fish; Mangroves; Piscivorous Fish; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Froeschke, B., L. G. Allen, and D. J. Pondella II. 2007. Life history and courtship behavior of black perch, Embiotoca jacksoni (Teleostomi: Embiotocidae), from Southern California. Pacific Science 61:521-531. 2007 Cuba Index or Indicator Fish; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Glasby, T. M., S. D. Connell, M. G. Holloway, and C. L. Hewitt. 2007. Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: Could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions? Marine Biology 151:887-895. 2007 Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species
Hoekstra, P., T. Hoitink, F. Buschman, A. Tarya, and G. Van Den Bergh. 2007. From river basin to barrier reef: pathways of coastal sediments. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 Indonesia Coastal Engineering; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kii, S.-I., J. Tanaka, and T. Watanabe. 2007. Guanine-cytosine contents of the host and symbiont cDNA in a symbiotic coral. Fisheries Science 73:1362-1372. 2007 Japan Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Ledesma-Vazquez, J., M. E. Johnson, D. H. Backus, and C. Mirabal-Davila. 2007. Coastal evolution from transgressive barrier deposit to marine terrace on Isla Coronados, Baja California Sur, Mexico [Evolucion costera de un deposito de barrera transgresivo a terraza marina en Isla Coronados, Baja California Sur, Mexico]. Ciencias Marinas 33:335-351. 2007 South & Central America; Mexico Docks & Marinas
Mason, A. M., L.-P. Dana, and R. Anderson. 2007. The Inuit commercial caribou harvest and related agri-food industries in Nunavut. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 4:785-806. 2007 Global; Europe Infrastructure; Ports & Harbors
Mieog, J. C., M. J. H. Van Oppen, N. E. Cantin, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Great Barrier Reef: Implications for symbiont shuffling. Coral Reefs 26:449-457. 2007 Global; Australia Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Monismith, S.G. 2007. Hydrodynamics of coral reefs. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 39:37-55. 2007 Review Coastal Engineering; Nutrients
Piniak, G.A. 2007. Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals. Marine Environmental Research 64:456-468. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Stony Coral
Richmond, B. M. and R. A. Morton. 2007. Coral-gravel storm ridges: Examples from the tropical pacific and Caribbean. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Antilles; Samoa; Tuvalu; Caribbean Coastal Engineering; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Risk, M. J., R. B. Nairn, and M. O. Kolberg. 2007. Factors influencing the long-term stability of the carbonate sand beaches of mauritius. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 Mauritius Model Coastal Engineering; Finfish Harvest; Sediment
Saathoff, F., H. Oumeraci, and S. Restall. 2007. Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25:251-263. 2007 Australia Model Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Vitousek, S., C. H. Fletcher, M. A. Merrifield, G. Pawlak, and C. D. Storlazzi. 2007. Model scenerios of shoreline change at kaanapali beach, maui, hawaii: Seasonal and extreme events. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Coastal Engineering; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Zarillo, G. A. and F. G. A. Brehin. 2007. Hydrodynamic and morphologic modeling at Sebastian Inlet, FL. in Coastal Sediments '07 - Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes. 2007 Model Coastal Engineering; Sediment
[No author name available]. 2006. News: News-in-brief: Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:246. 2006 Australia Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors
Chauhan, O. S., S. Jayakumar, A. A. A. Menezes, C. Almeida, G. Bandekar, M. Talaulikar, A. S. Rajawat, and S. R. Nayak. 2006. Suspended sediment dynamics regulated by the macrotidal regime: Evidences from the OCM P-4 data. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 6406. 2006 India Coastal Engineering; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment
Chimner, R. A., B. Fry, M. Y. Kaneshiro, and N. Cormier. 2006. Current extent and historical expansion of introduced mangroves on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pacific Science 60:377-383. 2006 GIS & Maps Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Clynick, B. G. 2006. Assemblages of fish associated with coastal marinas in north-western Italy. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86:847-852. 2006 Docks & Marinas; Fish; Shoreline Protection
Davenport, J. and J. L. Davenport. 2006. The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:280-292. 2006 Cuba Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Boating Regulations; Cruise Ships; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Invasive Species; Land & Air Transportation; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Frihy, O. E., A. N. Hassan, W. R. El Sayed, M. M. Iskander, and M. Y. Sherif. 2006. A review of methods for constructing coastal recreational facilities in Egypt (Red Sea). Ecological Engineering 27:12-Jan. 2006 Egypt Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Goy, J. L., C. Hillaire-Marcel, C. Zazo, B. Ghaleb, C. J. Dabrio, A. Gonzalez, T. Bardaji, J. Civis, M. Preda, A. Yebenes, and A. M. Forte. 2006. Further evidence for a relatively high sea level during the penultimate interglacial: Open-system U-series ages from La Marina (Alicante, East Spain). Geodinamica Acta 19:409-426. 2006 Spain Docks & Marinas; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hattori, A. 2006. Vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of the giant sea anemone Heteractis crispa with symbiotic anemonefish on a fringing coral reef. Journal of Ethology 24:51-57. 2006 Japan Anemones & Zooanthids; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Water Depth & Sea Level; Zooxanthellae
Huang, H., Z.-J. Dong, L.-M. Huang, and J.-B. Zhang. 2006. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of large subunit rDNA of symbiotic dinoflagellates from scleractinian corals in the Zhubi Coral Reef of the Nansha Islands. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48:148-152. 2006 China Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Lee, J. J. 2006. Algal symbiosis in larger foraminifera. Symbiosis 42:63-75. 2006 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Primary Production
Noakes, S. E. and P. C. Jutte. 2006. Utilizing gamma isotope tracers to determine sediment source at reef sites near the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:666-673. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
People, J. 2006. Mussel beds on different types of structures support different macroinvertebrate assemblages. Austral Ecology 31:271-281. 2006 Docks & Marinas; Fish; Invertebrates
Strathmann, M. F. and R. R. Strathmann. 2006. A vermetid gastropod with complex intracapsular cannibalism of nurse eggs and sibling larvae and a high potential for invasion. Pacific Science 60:97-108. 2006 Global; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Lab Study Docks & Marinas; Skeletal Coral
Thornhill, D. J., W. K. Fitt, and G. W. Schmidt. 2006. Highly stable symbioses among western Atlantic brooding corals. Coral Reefs 25:515-519. 2006 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Turner, I. L., S. G. J. Aarninkhof, and R. A. Holman. 2006. Coastal imaging applications and research in Australia. Journal of Coastal Research 22:37-48. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Engineering
Virgilio, M., L. Airoldi, and M. Abbiati. 2006. Spatial and temporal variations of assemblages in a Mediterranean coralligenous reef and relationships with surface orientation. Coral Reefs 25:265-272. 2006 Model Docks & Marinas; Invertebrates; Sponges
Watanabe, T., I. Yuyama, and S. Yasumura. 2006. Toxicological effects of biocides on symbiotic and aposymbiotic juveniles of the hermatypic coral Acropora tenuis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339:177-188. 2006 Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
2005. Brightwork: Best Management Practices Manual for Maine's Boatyards and Marinas. 2005 Boating Regulations; Docks & Marinas
Bell, R., R. Buchsbaum, C. Roman, and M. Chandler. 2005. Inventory of intertidal marine habitats, Boston Harbor Islands national park area. Northeastern Naturalist 12:169-200. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Invertebrates; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Substrate
Coppard, S. E. and A. C. Campbell. 2005. Lunar periodicities of diadematid echinoids breeding in Fiji. Coral Reefs 24:324-332. 2005 Fiji Index or Indicator Ports & Harbors; Salinity; Sea Urchins
Gourlay, M. R. and G. Colleter. 2005. Wave-generated flow on coral reefs - An analysis for two-dimensional horizontal reef-tops with steep faces. Coastal Engineering 52:353-387. 2005 Australia Review; Lab Study; Model Coastal Engineering; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hudson, J. H. and E. C. Franklin. 2005. Structural reef restoration and coral transplantation to the R/V Columbus Iselin grounding site in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Hyland, J., L. Balthis, I. Karakassis, P. Magni, A. Petrov, J. Shine, O. Vestergaard, R. Warwick. 2005. Organic carbon content of sediments as an indicator of stress in the marine benthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295:91-103. 2005 Japan Model; Index or Indicator Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Kendall, M. S., O. P. Jensen, C. Alexander, D. Field, G. McFall, R. Bohne, and M. E. Monaco. 2005. Benthic mapping using sonar, video transects, and an innovative approach to accuracy assessment: A characterization of bottom features in the Georgia Bight. Journal of Coastal Research 21:1154-1165. 2005 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Fish; Invertebrates; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Lowry, J. K. and R. T. Springthorpe. 2005. New and little-known melitid amphipods from Australian waters (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae). Records of the Australian Museum 57:237-302. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Pacific Ocean; China Review Docks & Marinas
Nakamura, Y. and M. Sano. 2005. Comparison of invertebrate abundance in a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. Fisheries Science 71:543-550. 2005 Japan Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Stony Coral
Powell, B. and M. Martens. 2005. A review of acid sulfate soil impacts, actions and policies that impact on water quality in Great Barrier Reef catchments, including a case study on remediation at East Trinity. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:149-164. 2005 Australia Review; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Aquaculture; Cyanobacteria; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Microorganisms; Remediation; Wetlands
Schaffelke, B., J. Mellors, and N. C. Duke. 2005. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: Responses of mangrove, seagrass and macroalgal communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:279-296. 2005 Australia Algae; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Sifling, J., R. A. Nall, J. Stettler, T. Busch, F. Igaz, J. G. Hoff, and S. Wiegman. 2005. American Samoa longliner response, wreck removal, and restoration project. Pages 259-264 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Tomasko, D. A., C. A. Corbett, H. S. Greening, and G. E. Raulerson. 2005. Spatial and temporal variation in seagrass coverage in Southwest Florida: assessing the relative effects of anthropogenic nutrient load reductions and rainfall in four contiguous estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:797-805. 2005 Florida Nutrients; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sewage Treatment; Wastewater Discharge
Vandegrift, S. 2005. Peanut Island/Snook Islands environmental restoration project. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 41. 2005 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Storms & Hurricanes
Weaver, D. A. and H. Henderson. 2005. Hurricane Val in American Samoa: A case study. Page 3540 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Aguilar, C., G. Gonzalez-Sanson, K. R. Munkittrick, and D. L. MacLatchy. 2004. Fish assemblages on fringe coral reefs of the northern coast of Cuba near Havana Harbor. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 58:126-138. 2004 Cuba Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Ports & Harbors; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Barile, P. J. 2004. Evidence of anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment of the littoral waters of east central Florida. Journal of Coastal Research 20:1237-1245. 2004 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Index or Indicator Algae; Discharges; Fleshy Macroalgae; Improved Technology; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Basavalinganadoddi, C. and P. B. Mount II. 2004. Abandonment of chevron platforms Hazel, Hilda, Hope and Heidi. Pages 468-477 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2004 Docks & Marinas; Pipelines
Frihy, O. E., M. A. El Ganaini, W. R. El Sayed, and M. M. Iskander. 2004. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt. Ecological Engineering 22:17-25. 2004 Egypt Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Gardinali, P. R., M. D. Plasencia, and C. Maxey. 2004. Occurrence and transport of Irgarol 1051 and its major metabolite in coastal waters from South Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:1072-1083. 2004 Florida Model Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hardy, T., L. Mason, J. McConochie, and L. Bode. 2004. Modeling suspended sediment during construction in Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Journal of Environmental Engineering 130:1021-1031. 2004 Australia Model Docks & Marinas; Sediment
Risk, M. J. 2004. Report on proposed development, Guana Cay, Bahamas. 2004 Bahamas Docks & Marinas
Stedman, L. 2004. A Unanimous Vote of confidence? Pages 31-32 Water 21. 2004 Global Ballast Discharge; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Light; Wastewater Discharge
Stevens, B. G., J. E. Munk, and P. A. Cummiskey. 2004. Utilization of log-piling structures as artificial habitats for red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. Journal of Shellfish Research 23:221-226. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Weight, A. 2004. Artificial reef in Newquay, UK. Pages 87-95 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Municipal Engineer. 2004 Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Tourism & Recreation
Armono, H. D. and K. R. Hall. 2003. Wave transmission on submerged breakwaters made of hollow hemispherical shape artificial reefs. Pages 313-322 in Proceedings, Annual Conference - Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. 2003 Lab Study; Model Artificial Habitat; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Fish; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Bradbury, A. P., M. P. Crossman, N. W. H. Allsop, S. Segura-Dominguez, and J. D. Simm. 2003. Economical rock groynes - Reducing lifecycle costs. Pages 975-987 in Coastal Structures 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference. 2003 Review Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Water Depth & Sea Level
Chapman, M. G. and F. Bulleri. 2003. Intertidal seawalls - New features of landscape in intertidal environments. Landscape and Urban Planning 62:159-172. 2003 Australia; Study Location Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection
Francis, M. J., M. A. Yamasaki, T. Abbs, and J. Kwong. 2003. Offshore Mooring Pile Design for Recovery of the Ehime Maru. Pages 682-685 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2003 Index or Indicator Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest
Langer, M. R. and J. H. Lipps. 2003. Foraminiferal distribution and diversity, Madang Reef and Lagoon, Papua New Guinea. Coral Reefs 22:143-154. 2003 Papua New Guinea Index or Indicator Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Li, C., J. Cornett, and K. Ungar. 2003. Long-term decrease of cadmium concentration in the Canadian Arctic air. Geophysical Research Letters 30:60-1. 2003 Ports & Harbors
Sam, A. K. 2003. The state of disequilibrium between U and Th series isotopes in marine sediments from the sudanese Red Sea coast. Radiochemistry 45:90-95. 2003 Sudan Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Santacesaria, M. 2003. The sea barrier [La barriera marina]. Industria Italiana del Cemento 73:320-333. 2003 Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Infrastructure; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 2002. Preparing a ship to form an artificial reef. Shiprepair and Conversion Technology 4:15-17. 2002 Florida Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Military
Bech, M. 2002. Imposex and tributyltin contamination as a consequence of the establishment of a marina, and increasing yachting activities at Phuket Island, Thailand. Environmental Pollution 117:421-429. 2002 Global; Thailand Index or Indicator Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Small Boats; Special Use Permitting
Burton, W. H., J. S. Farrar, F. Steimle, and B. Conlin. 2002. Assessment of out-of-kind mitigation success of an artificial reef deployed in Delaware Bay, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors
Diekmann, O. E., R. P. M. Bak, L. Tonk, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen. 2002. No habitat correlation of zooxanthellae in the coral genus Madracis on a Curacao reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227:221-232. 2002 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Review Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Ferry, R. E. and C. McArthur. 2002. Evaluation of shelf, harbor and disposed dredged sediments as potential sources of deposited muds on South Florida reefs. Pages 1827-1836 in Dredging, Key Technologies for Global Prosperity. 2002 Global; Florida Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Haynes, D. and D. Loong. 2002. Antifoulant (butyltin and copper) concentrations in sediments from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, Australia. Environmental Pollution 120:391-396. 2002 Australia Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation
Hazell, R. W. A., D. S. Schoeman, and M. N. Noffke. 2002. Do fluctuations in the somatic growth rate of rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) encompass all size classes? A re-assessment of juvenile growth. Fishery Bulletin 100:510-518. 2002 South Africa Index or Indicator Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors
Hutchings, P. A., R. W. Hilliard, and S. L. Coles. 2002. Species introductions and potential for marine pest invasions into tropical marine communities, with special reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science 56:223-233. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Indonesia; Philippines; Caribbean Ballast Discharge; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish Harvest; Invasive Species; Large Ships; Military; Pathogens; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Small Boats
Koskela, R. W., P. Ringeltaube, A. R. Small, T. V. Koskela, A. R. Fraser, J. D. Lee, and P. Marshall. 2002. Using predictive monitoring to mitigate construction impacts in sensitive marine environments. Pages 1-15 in Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology. 2002 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Ports & Harbors
Lambert, G. 2002. Nonindigenous Ascidians in tropical waters. Pacific Science 56:291-298. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Guam; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Ballast Discharge; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Military; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Salinity
Monroy, J., R. Nishi, M. Sato, K. Nakamura, S. Fujihata, and K. Tsunoue. 2002. M.W.L. Fluctuations Inside a Cooling Water Tank Set Inside a Coral Reef. Pages 634-638 in Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 2002 China Field Study & Monitoring Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Owen, R., A. Knap, M. Toaspern, and K. Carbery. 2002. Inhibition of coral photosynthesis by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:623-632. 2002 Florida; US Virgin Islands; Cuba; Bermuda Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Paulay, G., L. Kirkendale, G. Lambert, and C. Meyer. 2002. Anthropogenic biotic interchange in a coral reef ecosystem: A case study from Guam. Pacific Science 56:403-422. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia; Guam Ballast Discharge; Complex Habitat & Resources; Docks & Marinas; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Invasive Species; Military; Ports & Harbors; Tourism & Recreation
Pondella II, D. J., J. S. Stephens Jr., and M. T. Craig. 2002. Fish production of a temperate artificial reef based on the density of embiotocids (Teleostei: Perciformes). ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Model Artificial Habitat; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Stephens Jr., J. and D. Pondella II. 2002. Larval productivity of a mature artificial reef: The ichthyoplankton of King Harbor, California, 1974-1997. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Will, R. J., D. J. Yozzo, and J. M. Rhoads. 2002. Dredging and Recontouring of New York-New Jersey Harbor for Benthic Habitat Restoration and Water Quality Improvement. Pages 1067-1086 in Dredging, Key Technologies for Global Prosperity. 2002 Global Artificial Habitat; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Wetlands
Artilheiro, F. F. and F. M. Pimentel. 2001. Multibeam accuracy tests at dry dock. Hydro International 5:29-31. 2001 Docks & Marinas
Briones-Fourzan, P. and E. Lozano-Alvarez. 2001. The importance of Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyta: Dictyotales) as a habitat for small juveniles of panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in a tropical reef lagoon. Bulletin of Marine Science 68:207-219. 2001 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Substrate
Connell, S. D. 2001. Urban structures as marine habitats: An experimental comparison of the composition and abundance of subtidal epibiota among pilings, pontoons and rocky reefs. Marine Environmental Research 52:115-125. 2001 Australia Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas
Gast, R. J. and D. A. Caron. 2001. Photosymbiotic associations in planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria. Hydrobiologia 461:7-Jan. 2001 Algae; Plankton; Ports & Harbors
Hinwood, J. and J. Luick. 2001. Long-period waves in an island reef harbor. Coral Reefs 20:423-432. 2001 Review Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Jimenez, C. 2001. Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahia Culebra, Pacifico de Costa Rica: Aspectos biologicos, economico-recreativos y de manejo. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:215-231. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Roper, R. J., J. J. Weis, B. A. McCracken, C. B. Green, Y. Ma, K. S. Weber, D. Fairbairn, R. J. Butterfield, M. R. Potter, J. F. Zachary, R. W. Doerge, and C. Teuscher. 2001. Genetic control of susceptibility to experimental Lyme arthritis is polygenic and exhibits consistent linkage to multiple loci on chromosome 5 in four independent mouse crosses. Genes and Immunity 2:388-397. 2001 GIS & Maps Pathogens; Ports & Harbors
Terawaki, T., H. Hasegawa, S. Arai, and M. Ohno. 2001. Management-free techniques for restoration of Eisenia and Ecklonia beds along the central Pacific coast of Japan. Journal of Applied Phycology 13:13-17. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Salinity; Sediment
Agard, J. B. R. and J. F. Gobin. 2000. The Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 627-641. 2000 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Antilles; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Tobago; Martinique; Venezuela; Guyana; Caribbean Apex Fish Predators; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Deforestation & Devegetation; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Snails & Conch; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges; Whales & Dolphins
Apte, S., B. S. Holland, L. S. Godwin, and J. P. A. Gardner. 2000. Jumping ship: A stepping stone event mediating transfer of a non-indigenous species via a potentially unsuitable environment. Biological Invasions 2:75-79. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Molluscs; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Boak, L., J. McGrath, and L. A. Jackson. 2000. IENCE - A case study - The northern gold coast beach protection strategy. Pages 3710-3717 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Infrastructure; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Calder, D. R. 2000. Assemblages of hydroids (Cnidaria) from three seamounts near Bermuda in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 47:1125-1139. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba; Bermuda Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Invertebrates
Clauss, G. F. and R. Habel. 2000. Artificial reefs for coastal protection - Transient viscous computation and experimental evaluation. Pages 1799-1812 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Connell, S. D. 2000. Floating pontoons create novel habitats for subtidal epibiota. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 247:183-194. 2000 Australia Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas
Fleming, C. and B. Hamer. 2000. Successful implementation of an offshore reef scheme. Pages 1813-1820 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 United Kingdom Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Fish
Glasby, T. M. 2000. Surface composition and orientation interact to affect subtidal epibiota. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248:177-190. 2000 Docks & Marinas
Heerten, G., A. Jackson, S. Restall, and F. Saathoff. 2000. New geotextile developments with mechanically-bonded nonwoven sand containers as soft coastal structures. Pages 2342-2355 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Australia Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Hoitink, A. J. F. 2000. Three dimensional velocity structure and suspended sediments at coral reefs in Teluk Banten, Indonesia. Pages 3345-3358 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Java; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Finfish Harvest; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lehane, L. and R. J. Lewis. 2000. Ciguatera: Recent advances but the risk remains. International Journal of Food Microbiology 61:91-125. 2000 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Caribbean Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fish; Nutrients; Pathogens; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Paul, J. H., M. R. McLaughlin, D. W. Griffin, E. K. Lipp, R. Stokes, and J. B. Rose. 2000. Rapid movement of wastewater from on-site disposal systems into surface waters in the Lower Florida Keys. Estuaries 23:662-668. 2000 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean Ports & Harbors; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Rice, M. A., A. Valliere, and A. Caporelli. 2000. A review of shellfish restoration and management projects in Rhode Island. Journal of Shellfish Research 19:401-408. 2000 Review Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Riegl, B. and W. E. Piller. 2000. Mapping of benthic habitats in northern Safaga Bay (Red Sea, Egypt): A tool for proactive management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:127-140. 2000 Egypt GIS & Maps; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation
Sheehy Daniel, J. 2000. Developing methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability on a coral atoll. Pages 509-515 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Marshall Islands Field Study & Monitoring Discharges; Fish; Military; Ports & Harbors
Turek, J. G. 2000. Science and technology needs for marine fishery habitat restoration. Pages 1707-1712 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2000 Fishing Sector; Ports & Harbors
Turner, I. L., V. M. Leyden, G. Symonds, J. Mcgrath, A. Jackson, T. Janear, S. Aarninkhof, and I. Elshoff. 2000. Predicted and observed coastline changes at the Gold Coast artificial reef. Pages 1836-1847 in Coastal Engineering 2000 - Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ICCE 2000. 2000 Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering
Wulff, J. L. 2000. Sponge predators may determine differences in sponge fauna between two sets of mangrove cays, Belize Barrier Reef. Atoll Research Bulletin 251-263. 2000 South & Central America; Belize Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Sponges
[No author name available]. 1999. Dredging and the Great Barrier Reef. World Dredging, Mining and Construction 35. 1999 Global; Australia Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection
Anglin, D., K. MacIntosh, J. Prehn, and D. Werren. 1999. Monitoring and modeling of tandem breakwater system at Hammond, IN. Pages 63-76 in Breakwaters '99 First International Symposium on Monitoring of Breakwaters. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Connell, S. D. and T. M. Glasby. 1999. Do urban structures influence local abundance and diversity of subtidal epibiota? A case study from Sydney Harbour, Australia. Marine Environmental Research 47:373-387. 1999 Australia Algae; Artificial Habitat; Coralline Algae; Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Armoring
Glasby, T. M. 1999. Differences between subtidal epibiota on pier pilings and rocky reefs at Marinas in Sydney, Australia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 48:281-290. 1999 Australia Algae; Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Marine Worms; Sponges
Glasby, T. M. 1999. Effects of shading on subtidal epibiotic assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 234:275-290. 1999 Australia Algae; Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Marine Worms; Sponges
Glasby, T. M. 1999. Interactive effects of shading and proximity to the seafloor on the development of subtidal epibiotic assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190:113-124. 1999 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Cyanobacteria; Docks & Marinas; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Sponges
Glasby, T. M. and S. D. Connell. 1999. Urban structures as marine habitats. Ambio 28:595-598. 1999 Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Armoring
Hall, L. W., J. M. Giddings, K. R. Solomon, and R. Balcomb. 1999. An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 29:367-437. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Boating Regulations; Chemical Use Regulations; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Jacobson, MA RC US. 1999. Responsibility that can't be dumped. Automotive Engineer (London) 24:68-70. 1999 Docks & Marinas; Solid Waste Disposal
Li, Q. X., K. Li, S. Thomas, and H. Li. 1999. Application of immunochemical methods for the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment. in ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts. 1999 Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ravindran, J., C. Raghukumar, and S. Raghukumar. 1999. Disease and stress-induced mortality of corals in Indian reefs and observations on bleaching of corals in the Andamans. Current Science 76:233-237. 1999 India Docks & Marinas; Pathogens; Seastars
Goda, YO SH IM I and HI RO SH I Takagi. 1998. Lateral versus longitudinal artificial reef systems. Pages 2152-2165 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Gunaratna, P. P., P. Justesen, D. S. Abeysirigunawardena, and H.-J. Scheffer. 1998. Application of mathematical modeling in optimizing layout of a large industrial fishery harbour. Pages 1276-1289 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Sri Lanka Model Coastal Engineering; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Hill, M. and T. Wilcox. 1998. Unusual mode of symbiont repopulation after bleaching in Anthosigmella varians: Acquisition of different zooxanthellae strains. Symbiosis 25:279-289. 1998 Florida Model Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Ports & Harbors; Sponges; Zooxanthellae
Jensen, TH OM AS, PE TE R Sloth, and VA GN ER Jacobsen. 1998. Wave dynamics and revetment design on a natural reef. Pages 1138-1151 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1998 Indonesia Coastal Engineering; Hotel & Food Services; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lee, J. J. 1998. 'living sands' - Larger foraminifera and their endosymbiotic algae. Symbiosis 25:71-100. 1998 Lab Study Algae; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Lewis, AL AN. 1998. National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth. 32:22-23. 1998 Apex Fish Predators; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Collaboration & Partnering; Docks & Marinas
Love, MI LT ON. 1998. Some results of fish surveys around California offshore production platforms. Page 1393 in Proceedings of the Conference on California and the World Ocean. 1998 Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Ports & Harbors
Bodge Kevin, R. 1997. Structural restoration of coral reefs damaged by vessel groundings. Pages 4261-4273 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Florida Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Engineering; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Browder Albert, E., G. Dean Robert, and RE NJ IE Chen. 1997. Performance of a submerged breakwater for shore protection. Pages 2312-2323 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Carver, R. D. and R. R. Bottin Jr. 1997. Reef breakwater design for Burns Waterway Harbor, Indiana, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research 13:1267-1281. 1997 India Model Coastal Engineering; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Skeletal Coral
Diaz, M. C. and B. B. Ward. 1997. Sponge-mediated nitrification in tropical benthic communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 156:97-107. 1997 South & Central America; Cuba; Belize; Caribbean Cyanobacteria; Mangroves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sponges; Tube, Barrel, & Finger Sponges
Gibbs, R. J. and C. Guerra. 1997. Metals of the bottom muds in Belize City Harbor, Belize. Environmental Pollution 98:135-138. 1997 South & Central America; Belize Ports & Harbors
Nelson Raymond, C. 1997. Field measurement of bed roughness for waves on an off-shore reef. Pages 3143-3154 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Water Depth & Sea Level
Ribera, G., M. Coloreu, C. Rodriguez-Prieto, and E. Ballesteros. 1997. Phytobenthic assemblages of Addaia Bay (Menorca, western Mediterranean): Composition and distribution. Botanica Marina 40:523-532. 1997 Algae; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fleshy Macroalgae; Primary Production; Seagrasses
van Gent Marcel, R. A. 1997. Numerical modelling of wave interaction with dynamically stable structures. Pages 1930-1943 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1997 Model Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Raines, G. L. and J. K. Honke. 1996. Honolulu's street relief. Civil Engineering 66:70-72. 1996 Pipelines; Ports & Harbors
Rigby, M. C. and V. Dufour. 1996. Parasites of coral reef fish recruits, Epinephelus merra (Serranidae), in French Polynesia. Journal of Parasitology 82:405-408. 1996 Fish; Piscivorous Fish; Ports & Harbors
Szmant, A. M. and A. Forrester. 1996. Water column and sediment nitrogen and phosphorus distribution patterns in the Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 15:21-41. 1996 Florida Docks & Marinas; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gates, R. D., O. Hoegh-Guldberg, M. J. McFall-Ngai, K. Y. Bil, and L. Muscatine. 1995. Free amino acids exhibit anthozoan 'host factor' activity: They induce the release of photosynthate from symbiotic dinoflagellates in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:7430-7434. 1995 US Pacific & Hawaii CO2; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Nishida, H., A. Tada, and F. Nishihira. 1995. Hydrodynamic forces on bottom-seated hemisphere in waves and currents. Pages 1484-1495 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sulaiman Dede, M., SH IG EA KI Tsutsui, HI RO SH I Yoshioka, TA KA O Yamashita, SH IN IC HI Oshiro, and YO SH IT O Tsuchiya. 1995. Prediction of the maximum wave on the coral flat. Pages 609-623 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Indonesia Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Syamsudin Abdul, R., YO SH IT O Tsuchiya, and TA KA O Yamashita. 1995. Beach erosion in Kuta beach, Bali and its stabilization. Pages 2683-2697 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1995 Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Land & Air Transportation; Sediment
Eakin, C. M., J. S. Feingold, and P. W. Glynn. 1994. Oil refinery impacts on coral reef communities in Aruba, NA. Pages 139-145 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Skeletal Coral
Ehrlich, R., R. J. Wenning, G. W. Johnson, S. H. Su, and D. J. Paustenbach. 1994. A mixing model for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in surface sediments from Newark Bay, New Jersey using polytopic vector analysis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:486-500. 1994 Model Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge
Okubo, HI RO SH I, IC HI O Kojima, YO IC HI Takahashi, and HI RO Moritaka. 1994. Development of new types of breakwaters. Nippon Steel Technical Report 60:16-Sep. 1994 Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Salm, R. 1994. Coral's hidden riches. People & the planet / IPPF, UNFPA, IUCN 3:19-21. 1994 Indian Ocean; India Model Aquaculture; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Forestry; Hotel & Food Services; Housing; Mangroves; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stephens Jr, J. S., P. A. Morris, D. J. Pondella, T. A. Koonce, and G. A. Jordan. 1994. Overview of the dynamics of an urban artificial reef fish assemblage at King Harbor, California, USA, 1974-1991: a recruitment driven system. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1224-1239. 1994 Artificial Habitat; Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
[No author name available]. 1993. Coastal Zone'93. Pages 2415-3512 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1993 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico GIS & Maps Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Tourism & Recreation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC. 1993 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Docks & Marinas; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Gibbs, R. J. 1993. Metals of the bottom muds in Townsville Harbor, Australia. Environmental Pollution 81:297-300. 1993 Australia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors
Rasmussen, C. F. 1993. Development in a coastal zone. The Magnetic Quay development - Magnetic Island. Pages 537-543 in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1993 Australia Docks & Marinas; Hotel & Food Services; Marine Protected Areas; Tourism & Recreation
Smith Ernest, R. and C. Kraus Nicholas. 1993. Laboratory study of wave transformation on barred beach profiles. Pages 630-643 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1993 Lab Study Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1993. Coastal engineering technical note: wave attenuation over reefs. 1993 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Bacon, P. R. and G. P. Alleng. 1992. The management of Insular Caribbean mangroves in relation to site location and community type. Hydrobiologia 247:235-241. 1992 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Antilles; Jamaica; British Virgin Islands; St. Lucia; Trinidad; Caribbean Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Solid Waste Disposal
Gittings, S. R., G. S. Boland, K. J. P. Deslarzes, C. L. Combs, B. S. Holland, and T. J. Bright. 1992. Mass spawning and reproductive viability of reef corals at the East Flower Garden Bank, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 51:420-428. 1992 South & Central America; Mexico Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral; Substrate
Gittings, S. R., T. J. Bright, W. W. Schroeder, W. W. Sager, J. S. Laswell, and R. Rezak. 1992. Invertebrate assemblages and ecological controls on topographic features in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 50:435-455. 1992 South & Central America; Mexico Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gravens, M. 1992. User's guide to the shoreline modeling system (SMS). CERC-92-1, Coastal Entineering Researcch Center, Department of the Army, Vicksburg,(Mississippi, USA). 1992 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Coastal Engineering; Sediment
McConchie, D. and V. J. Harriott. 1992. The partitioning of metals between tissue and skeletal parts of corals: application in pollution monitoring. Pages 97-103 in Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium. 1992 Field Study & Monitoring Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs; Stony Coral
McGehee David, D. 1992. Remote automated wave and water level monitoring system deployed at Agat Harbor, Guam. Pages 898-907 in [No source information available]. 1992 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Albert, AL AN and CA MP BE LL Grummitt. 1991. Day visitor pontoon Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Pages 2852-2865 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Marine Protected Areas
Cox Jack, C. 1991. Reef breakwater design for Lake Michigan marina. Pages 130-139 in [No source information available]. 1991 Model Docks & Marinas; Shoreline Protection
Hardy, T. A., I. R. Young, R. C. Nelson, and M. R. Gourlay. 1991. Wave attenuation on an offshore coral reef. Pages 330-344 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Lemay Michele, H., SO MP ON G Ausavajitanon, and ZE IT LI N Hale Lynne. 1991. National Coral Reef Management Strategy for Thailand. Pages 1698-1712 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1991 Thailand Review Corporate Responses; Fishing Sector; Forestry; Ports & Harbors
van der Meer Jentsje, W. and W. Pilarczyk Krystian. 1991. Stability of low-crested and reef breakwaters. Pages 1375-1388 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1991 Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Rosati, J. D. 1990. Functional design of breakwaters for shore protection: empirical methods. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Smith, E. R. and N. C. Kraus. 1990. Laboratory study on macro-features of wave breaking over bars and artificial reefs. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1990 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Boc Jr. Stanley, J. and DA VI D McGehee. 1989. Agat small boat harbor. Guam monitoring plan. Pages 1492-1497 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Model Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
Hanson, H. and N. Kraus. 1989. Genesis: Generalized model for simulating shoreline change. CERC-89-19 Report 1, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Department of the Army, Vicksburg,(Mississippi, USA). 1989 Model Coastal Engineering; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Peters, E. C. and P. P. Yevich. 1989. Histopathology of Ceriantheopsis americanus (Cnidaria: Ceriantharia) exposed to Black Rock Harbor dredge spoils in Long Island Sound. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 7:137-148. 1989 Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors
Rappa Peter, J. and J. Miller Bruce. 1989. Coastal resource management planning in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. Pages 2147-2160 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii; Micronesia Collaboration & Partnering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Infrastructure; Mitigation; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance
Dixom, SU SE TT E. 1988. Major wave study at great barrier reef. Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia 60:41-43. 1988 Australia Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gainer, K. D. 1988. The cartographic evidence for the Columbus landfall. Terrae Incognitae 20:43-68. 1988 Florida; Bahamas GIS & Maps Ports & Harbors
Gardner, G. R. and P. P. Yevich. 1988. Comparative histopathological effects of chemically contaminated sediment on marine organisms. Marine Environmental Research 24:311-316. 1988 Lab Study Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Ahrens, J. P. 1987. Characteristics of reef breakwaters. Technical Report - US Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1987 Lab Study Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Dixon, SU SE TT E. 1987. Aust Consultant Designs Tongan Harbor. Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Australia 59:33. 1987 Australia; Tonga Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
J.Stouder, D. 1987. Effects of a severe-weather disturbance on foraging patterns within a California surfperch guild. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 114:73-84. 1987 Algae; Fish; Ports & Harbors; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Plucer-Rosario, G. and R. H. Randall. 1987. Preservation of rare coral species by transplantation and examination of their recruitment and growth. Bulletin of Marine Science 41:585-593. 1987 Guam Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Tang, K. C., M. T. Tsai, Y. R. Hwang, and H. H. Hwung. 1987. Studies On Thermal Diffusion And Verification Of The Third Nuclear Power Plant In Taiwan. Pages 2664-2679 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1987 Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering
Glynn, P. W. and D. A. Krupp. 1986. Feeding biology of a Hawaiian sea star corallivore, Culcita novaeguineae Muller & Troschel. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 96:75-96. 1986 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors; Seastars; Stony Coral
Maynard John, K. and S. D. Chung David. 1986. Design Of Wharf Facilities, Guam, M. I. , To Accommodate Difficult Site Conditions. Pages 159-170 in [No source information available]. 1986 Guam Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Ports & Harbors
Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1985. Polychaetes from Fijian coral reefs. Pacific Science 39:195-220. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Fiji; Tonga Marine Worms; Ports & Harbors
Chun, R. S., E. K. Noda, and E. E. Tamaye. 1985. Reef Runway Wave Protective Structure, Honolulu International Airport, Oahu, Hawaii, Stability Performance Evaluation. Pages 2693-2709 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Coastal Engineering; Land & Air Transportation
Mallik, T. K. 1985. An analysis of problems related to dredging in a coral atoll: Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, Indian Ocean. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 7:151-157. 1985 Indian Ocean; India; Fiji Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Molluscs; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Stark, K. P., L. Bode, and L. B. Mason. 1985. Simulation Of Tides And Storm Surges In The Great Barrier Reef Region. Pages 226-242 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1985 Australia Model Coastal Engineering; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Storms & Hurricanes
Dodge, R. E. and G. W. Brass. 1984. Skeletal extension, density and calcification of the reef coral, Montastrea annularis: St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 34:288-307. 1984 US Virgin Islands Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors
Eisenberg, W. SA M. 1984. Tampa Harbor Florida Deepening Project. Pages 973-979 in [No source information available]. 1984 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Beaches & Nature Parks; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors
Stephens Jr., J. S., P. A. Morris, K. Zerba, and M. Love. 1984. Factors affecting fish diversity on a temperate reef: the fish assemblage of Palos Verdes Point, 1974-1981. Environmental Biology of Fishes 11:259-275. 1984 Fish; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Fletcher, W. J. and R. W. Day. 1983. The distribution of epifauna on Ecklonia radiata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh and the effect of disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 71:205-220. 1983 Australia Lab Study; Index or Indicator Docks & Marinas
Gourlay, M. R. 1983. Interaction between natural processes and engineering works on the leeward side of a coral cay: a case study of Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. Page Conventions in IN: PROC. INT. CONF. ON COASTAL AND PORT ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, (COLOMBO, SRI LANKA: MAR. 20-26, 1983). 1983 Australia; Sri Lanka Coastal Engineering; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Shoreline Protection
Lum, D. 1983. Limestone Resources Of Hawaii. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Society 274:1991-1996. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii Agriculture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Golf Course Operations; Manufacturing & Trade; Ports & Harbors; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rios G., M. and C. A. Melgoza P. 1983. Subsoil Characteristics Of Coral Reefs. [Caracteristicas Del Subsuelo En Arrecifes Coraliferos.]. Pages 111-121 in [No source information available]. 1983 South & Central America; Mexico Docks & Marinas
Baird, A. V. and N. W. Ross. 1982. Field experiences with floating breakwaters in the eastern United States. US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Miscellaneous Report. 1982 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Engineering; Military; Shoreline Protection
Barthel, V. 1982. Wave motion in estuary. in [No source information available]. 1982 Coastal Engineering; Large Ships; Shoreline Protection; Water Depth & Sea Level
Davis, N., G. R. VanBlaricom, and P. K. Dayton. 1982. Man-made structures on marine sediments: Effects on adjacent benthic communities. Marine Biology 70:295-303. 1982 Artificial Habitat; Docks & Marinas; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Oil & Gas Rigs; Sediment
Hollett, K. J. and R. Moberly. 1982. Sedimentation, dredging, and spoil disposal in a subtropical estuarine lagoon. Environmental Geology 4:31-42. 1982 US Pacific & Hawaii Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Military; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Gallaway, B. J. 1981. An ecosystem analysis of oil and gas development on the Texas- Louisiana continental shelf. in [No source information available]. 1981 Commercial Fisheries; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Ports & Harbors
Gourlay, M. R. and P. G. Flood. 1981. Impact of coastal engineering works upon a coral cay: Heron Island. Pages 159-163 in IN: CONF. ON ENVIRONMENTAL ENGNG. 1981, PREPRINTS, (TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA: JUL. 8-10, 1981), BARTON, AUSTRALIA, INST. ENGRS. 1981 Australia Review Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering
Sheppard, C. R. C. 1980. Coral fauna of Diego Garcia lagoon, following harbour construction. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11:227-230. 1980 Ports & Harbors
Lee Theodore, T. and P. Black Kerry. 1979. Energy Spectra Of Surf Waves On A Coral Reef. Pages 588-608 in Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference. 1979 US Pacific & Hawaii Coastal Engineering; Shoreline Protection
Chapman, G. A. 1977. Environmental impacts on an island community. in [No source information available]. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Land & Air Transportation
Evans III, E. C. 1977. Microcosm responses to environmental perturbants - An extension of baseline field survey. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 30:178-191. 1977 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Substrate
Garbe, C. W. 1977. Coast development in the Middle East in general, Saudi Arabia in particular. World dredging & marine construction 12:-18. 1977 Middle East; Saudi Arabia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes
Bottin Jr. Robert, R., E. Chatham Jr. Claude, and D. Carver Robert. 1976. Waianae Small-Boat Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, Design For Wave Protection. US Waterw Exp Stn Tech Rep H-76-8. 1976 US Pacific & Hawaii Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
CHATHAM, C. E. 1975. Design Of Agana Small-Boat Harbour, Territory Of Guam: Hydraulic Model Investigation. in [No source information available]. 1975 Guam Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Crosby Leroy, G. 1974. Design Of An Interisland Barge Harbor For The Island Of Tau, American Samoa. Hydraulic Model Investigation. US Waterw Exp Stn Tech Rep H-74-16. 1974 Samoa; American Samoa Model Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal
CROSBY, L. G. 1974. Design Of An Inter Island Barge Harbor For The Island Tau, American Samoa; Hydraulic Model Investigation. in [No source information available]. 1974 Samoa; American Samoa Model Irrigation; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes
LaFrenz Robert, L. and C. Day Walter. 1972. Explosive Excavation Research: Projects Tugboat And Trinidad. Nuclear Technology 15:75-84. 1972 US Pacific & Hawaii; Trinidad Civil Engineering & Construction; Ports & Harbors
Ramm, HA NS. 1971. New method for Drilling, Blasting and Dredging of Rock on Sea Bottomright bracket.. Bautechnik 48:264-267. 1971 Saudi Arabia Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Imrie, J. A. and M. P. Rogers. Boat harbour construction in coral reef flat - Nuku'Alofa, Tonga. Pages 219-222 in IN: SECOND AUSTRALASIAN PORT, HARBOUR & OFFSHORE ENGNG. CONF. 1988, PREPRINT OF PAPERS, (BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA: OCT. 25-27, 198. Australia; Fiji; Tonga Finfish Harvest; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats
LaFrenz, R. L. Explosive Excavation For Water Environment And Road Cut Applications. Pages 27-53 in [No source information available]. Model Civil Engineering & Construction; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Ports & Harbors

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Corporate Response: Develop Outreach with Shipping Businesses This option requires the sanctuary to continue to alert shipping businesses about sanctuary regulations. Such regulations may include vessel waste discharge, ATBA, PSSA, etc. The targeted audiences will include importers, exporters, port authorities, commercial fishing companies, ship insurers. This information can be provided to the audience through NOAA nautical charts, trade publications, newsletters, trade shows, and direct mailings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finance & Insurance; Infrastructural Policies; Insurance; Manufacturing & Trade; Ports & Harbors; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries from Coastal Construction & Development This involves assessing coral, seagrass, and hard bottom substrate that is impacted during coastal construction repair or alternation. If unacceptable damages are occurring this information will be useful in future permit decision making. If infringements have occurred, this information may be useful for compensatory mitigation and liability for restoration of those natural resources injured. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Mitigation; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Ports & Harbors; Reef Habitat; Remediation; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Special Use Permitting; Utilities; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Develop & Distribute Educational Materials: Develop Wayside Exhibits/Signs Creating wayside exhibits is an easy way to inform the public about sanctuary resources, policies, and boundaries. Wayside exhibits can be signs displayed at popular fishing and recreation areas. Coordination and collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies is essential to ensure there is not duplication in efforts, over-signage, and that consistent information is provided. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Docks & Marinas; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Survey and Collect Anecdotal Information Anecdotal information is to be solicited from experts and amateur public participation through surveys and workshops. Persons of interest include fishermen, recreational divers, recreational dive facilities, salvors and other locals with knowledge of marine resources in the area. Information they provide can help identify marine cultural and natural resources and help update resource inventory. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fisheries; Contact Uses; Cultural Policies; Cultural Protections; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Marine Products; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Responses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Valuation; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Research Historical Hydrology This activity involves a historical assessment of the hydrology of the surrounding water area around the sanctuary as it has affected water quality and biological communities within the sanctuary. It will clarify the role of freshwater inflows and water quality from local freshwater bodies. Also, this activity will examine the effects of structural modification and changes in quality, quantity, timing and distribution of freshwater releases from existing structures and will examine land-based practices affecting the water quality of runoff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Develop Mobile Source Discharge Controls Pollution discharge controls regulate where different types of discharges are allowed and what acceptable quantities released are. Typically discharge controls target point sources in the form of effluent pipes (#280), but discharges also occur from mobile sources such as boats and ships. There may need to be revisions on where depositing fish, fish parts, bait, cooling water, engine exhaust, deck wash, and effluent can be released. In many areas, these items are often excluded as prohibited, and they should possibly be included. Pollution discharge controls are different from Water Quality Standards (#22) which set acceptable environmental limits and leave it up to the manager to meet those criteria. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artisanal Fishing; Ballast Discharge; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Chemical Variables; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Large Ships; Littering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Wastewater Discharge; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Regulatory Review and Development: Change Salvaging & Towing Practices This option seeks to protect natural resources and reduce damage resulting from improper vessel salvage methods. In the past, salvage techniques have caused collateral damage when removing vessels grounded on the reef. These injuries often occur in the immediate area surrounding the grounded vessel but can be avoided with the use of proper salvage techniques developed with reef resources in mind. The principal causes of collateral injuries are dragging a vessel off the reef instead of floating it off; the use of steel towing cables that can drop on or drag across the substrate, impacting and dislodging resources (reef structure, corals, and sponges); and propwash and surge, generated by tugboat propellers, that displace sediment and dislodge organisms. To avoid or minimize collateral injuries, a reconnaissance survey should be conducted while the vessel is grounded to evaluate reef resources in the immediate area surrounding the vessel and determine an appropriate extraction route. Bunker fuel and cargo may need to be offloaded. Floating or buoyed towlines should be used instead of steel cables, and towing activities should be conducted at or near high tide to facilitate floating the vessel. Before and during the extraction, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates at the bow and stern of the vessel should be recorded to assist with future injury assessment. GPS tracking should be operating on the grounded vessel during egress from the site and on all salvage vessels or tugboats involved with the salvage operation. The outbound path for vessel extraction may also need to be buoyed, to help avoid or identify injuries that may occur during the salvage operation. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Physical Damage; Resource Use Management; Security & Public Administration Policies; Trampling; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Vessel Grounding Regulations In many areas, there are already regulations that target prop scarring to seagrasses and the seabed. Current boat grounding regulations should be evaluated to determine if additional regulations would be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Development; Contact Uses; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Culture; Decision Support; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Physical Damage; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Dredging Regulations Dredging is oftentimes prohibited with certain exceptions. Dredging regulation often falls under other controls over the alteration of the seabed, discharging or depositing materials. At times dredging is necessary for navigation or other activities, necessitating .permitting mechanisms for allowing otherwise prohibited activities. Revising the regulations to help eliminate negative dredge-and-fill activities within a certain distance of corals would be beneficial because it would help promote the reestablishment of sensitive benthic communities. Reservoirs may require periodic dredging to remove sediment that may have collected. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Hydrologic Management; Mining; Mining Policies; Physical Damage; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sand & Rock Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Special Use Permitting; Substrate; Transportation; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Water Transportation
Restoration: Restore Reef Habitat and Salvage Benthic Inhabitants Injured by Physical Damage This management approach involves salvaging, maintenance, and re-stabilization or injured resources by management staff and private contractors in order to rescue and provide first aid following physical damage such as vessel groundings. This can be achieved using Reef Medics and other volunteer programs because these groups have experience with vessel navigation and operation, snorkeling, and SCUBA diving. Also, it allows for researchers to collect living coral material when relocation of such organisms is not possible. Salvage and re-stabilization is not limited to the living coral; octocorals, seagrasses, and the non-living framework may all be damaged of destabilized from groundings or other physical impacts. In addition to the habitat's structural integrity, it is important to re-establish aesthetics and ecological functionality. Funds from mitigation and case settlements should be used for this work, as long term costs of restoration and monitoring can be extensive. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Collier, C., Dodge, R., Gilliiam, Gracie, K., Gregg, L., Jaap, W., Mastry, M., and Poulos, N. 2007. Rapid Response and Restoration for coral reef injuries in the southeest Florida. Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Boating Activities; Coastal Engineering; Collaboration & Partnering; Contact Uses; Coral; Cultural Policies; Cultural Services; Culture; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Octocoral; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Security & Public Administration Policies; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Transportation; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Stormwater BMPs: Structural Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of engineering structures that trap or filter impurities out of runoff water. These include but are not limited to, using swales, filter strips, oil/water separators, oil/grit separators, and sand filters. Often structural retrofitting is coupled with biological filters/controls to direct water as desired and to fully reap the benefits of both systems. Structural filters are often incorporated into retention/detention and infiltration systems as well. One disadvantage of structural filters is that they are often higher maintenance as sand and chambers fill and clog with pollutants over time. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Compost Filter System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Median Strip Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Montgomery County Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Off-Line Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Oil/Water Separators. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Organic Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Peat Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Perimeter Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pocket Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rockville Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Sediment Basin (Water Quality Enhancement). Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Side-by-Side Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Surface Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Trench with Oil/Grit Chamber. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Under-the-Swale Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Water Quality Volume (WQV) Storage Tank. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

US EPA. EPA Filtration BMPs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Manufactured Products for Stormwater Inlets. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Alum Injection. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Stormwater Runoff Controls. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2005. Solid/liquid Waste Separation Facility. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Reduce Pollution & Discharges from Marinas & Live-Aboards This management option strives to reduce and eliminate the discharge of wastewater and pollution within zones near corals. In many instances, "no-discharge" zones already exist and are simply poorly enforced. In other instances the discharge limits are not stringent enough. Successful regulation requires marinas to be equipped with the proper infrastructure to support transfer of wastewater from vessels to shore-side for treatment. This infrastructure includes: pump-out facilities and mobile pump-out services. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biological Addition; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Engineering; Cyanobacteria; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Health; Health Policies; Marine Debris; Microorganisms; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Pathogens; Physical Damage; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Treating Effluent Water Through Wetlands Additional treatment of sewage is often a necessary management option because secondary treatment alone leaves 20,000 times more nutrients in the water than the safe limit for corals. High concentrations of nutrients in the water leads to eutrophication, and coral reefs are more sensitive to nutrient enrichment than any other coastal system. Wetlands are extremely successful at reducing nitrogen levels in water. Using natural wetlands or "living machines" to perform this task can actually be more cost effective than further sewage treatment. Each successive wetland treatment cell of the series can provide incredible levels of denitrification, and thus protect corals from nutrient enrichment. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2003. Waste Treatment Lagoon. CODE 359. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Security & Public Administration Policies; Sewage Treatment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Lagoon Restoration Many times lagoons/wetlands are filled for urban development, agricultural development, etc. Lagoons/wetlands are a sink for nutrients, sediment, and contaminants. Wetlands close to reef watersheds can be huge contributors to reef health. This is because wetlands intercept surface-water runoff from higher, drier land and retain excess nutrients and pollutants. Also, lagoons are beneficial because they provide habitat for an array of wildlife. Overall, they can greatly reduce the amount nutrient-contaminated water that reaches corals. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Chapter 13, Part 650. Wetland Restoration, Enhancement or Creation. Engineering Field Handbook. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Supporting Services; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Waterway Management: Remove Previous Canal and Irrigation Infrastructure Canal and irrigation infrastructure typically includes concrete structures to control the flow of water. These low head dams, bulkheads, concrete footers, and other structures act as constricting forces in channels. This constriction leads to debris becoming lodged and thus changing the erosive forces. In turn, banks become destabilized. Channel erosion then increases along with bed scour and sediment transport. Removing these structures and making banks more gradual has the added benefit of allowing for riparian vegetation to be planted, which acts as a natural buffer. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Food & Raw Materials; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Physical Damage; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Transportation; Water; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
25-Year Permits for Maintenance Dredging in Deepwater Ports; Deepwater Ports Maintenance Dredging and Disposal Manual, 62-045 Florida Administrative Code. 62-45.001 Authority, Intent and Policy. (1) This chapter is promulgated under the authority of Sections 403.061(26) and 403.816(1), F.S. (2) It is the intent of this chapter to establish a permitting system for maintenance dredging in deep water commercial navigation areas of the ports listed in Rule 62-45.020, F.A.C. This chapter incorporates standards and criteria which recognize the present most beneficial use of these waters for deep water commercial navigation. Since the implementation of a comprehensive maintenance dredging management plan is a major factor in determining the adequacy of a long-term maintenance dredging program, it is the further intent of this chapter to give a position of prominence to such a plan within this permit system. (3) It is the policy of the Department to provide a regulatory process which will enable the ports to conduct maintenance dredging in an environmentally sound, expeditious and efficient manner.62-45.020 Scope. (1) The permit system established by this chapter applies only to the ports of Ft. Pierce, Jacksonville, Miami, Palm Beach, Panama City, Pensacola, Port Canaveral, Port Everglades, Port Manatee, Port St. Joe, St. Petersburg, and Tampa. (2) The activities which may be included within a permit issued under this chapter are limited to maintenance dredging and disposal of the maintenance dredged material. (3) Applicants for permits under this chapter are limited to the port authorities or private interests using the port for deep water commercial shipping and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Department shall not issue separate permits to the port authority or private interests and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers when the responsibility of maintenance dredging or the disposal of the maintenance dredged material from the port is shared by any of the parties. The permit, if issued, shall clearly specify the duties and responsibilities of each party. (4) A permit may be issued for any length of time up to 25 years. There shall be no more than one such permit for each of the ports listed in subsection (1). (5) The area within which work under this permit system may take place is limited to the federally maintained, port authority maintained, or private interest maintained navigation channels, turning basins, or harbor berths associated with deep water commercial navigation and associated dredged material disposal sites. Eligible port maintenance dredging areas are depicted on NOS Charts Nos. 11491 (Port of Jacksonville), 11478 (Port Canaveral), 11475 (Fort Pierce Harbor), 11466 (Port of Palm Beach), 11468 (Port of Miami), 11470 (Port Everglades), 11413 (Tampa Bay, Northern Part), 11414 (Tampa Bay, Southern Part), 11393 (Port St. Joe), 11391 (Panama City), and 11383 (Port of Pensacola) on file with the Department and adopted here by reference. Copies are available at cost upon request from the Office of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, MS 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000.

Application to Coral Reefs:Proper, environmentally sound, dredging and disposal of dredged material, as reviewed by permit processers, will limit the amount of sediment and nutrients released to open water. The process will be particularly applicable to coral reefs for the dredging and disposal of Miiami harbor.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment
Administrative fines for damaging State Lands of products thereof, 18-14 Florida Administrative Code. 18-14.003 Violations. It shall be a violation of this rule for any person or the agent of any person to knowingly refuse to comply with any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., willfully violate any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., or to willfully damage state land (the ownership or boundaries of which have been established by the state) or products thereof, by doing any of the following: (1) Fill, excavate, or dredge, including prop dredging in a manner which produces a defined channel, on state land without the lease, license, easement or other form of consent required by the Board. (2) Remove, in violation of state or federal law, any product from state land without written approval or specific exemption from the Board or Department. (3) Discharge contaminants, wastes, effluents, sewage or any other pollutant as defined in Chapter 376 or Chapter 403, F.S., on, under or over state land; when such discharge is in violation of Chapter 403 or conditions of a permit issued pursuant to that chapter, or conditions of a lease or easement issued pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S. - 37 (4) Maintain, place or build permanent or temporary structures, including, but not limited to, additions to existing structures; all structures whose use is not water-dependent; sanitary septic systems; fences, docks and pilings; houses; oil rigs; and utility installations on or over state land without consent or authority from the Board or Department. (5) Place garbage, refuse, or debris on or over state land without approval by the Board or Department. (6) Any other willful act that causes damage to state land, or products thereof, when such activity occurs without the required approval by the Board or Department.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling and limiting excavation and dredging, as well as discharge of contaminants, wastes, sewage, and other pollutants will assist in keeping sediment and pollutants from reaching the coral reefs and causing degradation of reef organisms..

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Administrative Fines for Damaging State Lands or Products Thereof 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Substrate; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
American Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 United States Code §§ 431-433. The Act provides penalties for unauthorized collection, excavation, or destruction of historic or prehistoric ruins, monuments, or objects of antiquity on lands owned or controlled by the United States. It authorized that areas of extrodinary geographical, historical , aesthetic value can be designated national monuments.

Application to Coral Reefs:Has been used by Presidential Proclamation in 2001 to expand or create two national monuments; the Virgin Islands Coral Reef Monument and the Buck Island Reef National Monument. The monuments include coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Park Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		City Planning; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Coral; Docks & Marinas; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management
Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, 18-18 Florida Administrative Code. 18-18.001 Intent. (1) The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, the boundaries of which are fully described in Rule 18-18.002, F.A.C., was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (2) These rules shall apply to all lands public and private within the boundaries of the preserve. However, privately owned uplands shall be excluded from these rules except as otherwise provided for herein. (3) In promulgating and implementing these rules, it is the intent of the Department to construe the provisions of Sections 258.397 and 258.35 through 258.46, F.S., together and to apply the more stringent statutory provisions for the maintenance of the preserve. (4) The preserve shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserve through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserve so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the legislature in creating the preserve; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the Act and these rules, to assist in managing the preserve; (e) To encourage activities that protect or enhance the biological and aesthetic values of the preserve, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions towards their natural condition, when reviewing applications or developing and implementing management plans for the preserve; (f) To preserve and promote indigenous life forms and habitats including but not limited to sponges, soft corals, hard corals, seagrasses, mangroves, mud flats, marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, marine mammals, tropical marine invertebrates, birds and shellfish; (g) To acquire additional title interests in land wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological or aesthetic values of the preserve.

Application to Coral Reefs:Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve protection of water quality will contribute to a lowering of contaminants leaving the preserve on tides and thus limiting the contaminants that reach off-shore ecosystems including the FKNMS and the reef system within the sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter establishes the rules to protect the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve, which was established for the purpose of preserving and enhancing Biscayne Bay and all natural waterways tidally connected to the bay in an essentially natural condition so that its biological and aesthetic values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
Designated Marine Areas 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Point Source Discharges; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Small Boats; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Chapter 10: Open shorelines, 12 Virgin Islands Code. The seashore has always provided recreation, meditation, and physical therapy to the residents of the USVI. The shoreline provides access to the sea and a way of life for fisherman.The law requires that the public be given access to shorelines of the USVI for use and enjoyment.

Application to Coral Reefs:The limitation on barriers, obstructions, and retraints to beach access will have a minor role in protecting coral reefs because sedimentation that would have been associated with that minor construction will not occur.

Legislative Actions:No person, firm, corporation, association or other legal entity shall create, erect, maintain, or construct any obstruction, barrier, or restraint of any nature whatsoever upon, across or within the shorelines of the USVI as defined in this section, which would interfere with the right of the public individually and collectively. to use and enjoy any shoreline.

Comments: 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Mangroves; Marine Vertebrates; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses
Chapter 13: Environmental protection, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Establishes an environmental protection program for land development to prevent soil erosion and for the conservation of beaches, shorelines, and the coastal zone of USVI. Rules and Regulations were to prevent improper development of land and harmful environmental changes.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Earth Change Plan review will indicate any adverse environmental impacts, including those that could effect coral reefs such as sedimentation.

Legislative Actions:The law requires an "Earth Change Plan" from the Department of Planning and Natural Resources before any land can be cleared, graded, filled, or otherwise disturbed. Violation from the approved Earth Change Plan is punishable by a fine of $200 per day per violation. Violation of other portions of the Chapter is punishable by $5,000 fine or one year imprisionment per violation. Development in the first tierof the coastal zone requires a coastal zone permit.

Comments:Chapter 13 includes comprehensive erosion and sediment control measures applicable to public and private developments including construction and maintenance of streets and roads. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Coastal Development; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Landuse Management; Resource Use Management; Shoreline Armoring
Chapter 21: Virgin Islands coastal zone management, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Protect, maintain, preserve and, where feasible, enhance and restore, the overall quality of the environment in the coastal zone, the natural and man-made resources therein, and the scenic and historic resources of the coastal zone for he benefit of residents of and visitors of the USVI

Application to Coral Reefs:The Legislature stated coastal zone protection will conserve ecologically significant resource areas for their contribution to marine productivity and value as wildlife habitats, and preserve the function and integrity of reefs, marine meadows, salt ponds, mangroves and other significant natural areas. The legislation will also maintain or increase coastal water quality through control of erosion, sedimentation, runoff, siltation and sewage discharge.

Legislative Actions:Any violation of the chapter will be grounds for revocation or suspension of coastal zone permit and an order to cease and desist. Any person who violates any provision of the chapter shall be subject to a civil fine not to exceed $10,000 per day. Exemplary damages may be assessed at the discretion of the court.

Comments:Section 908 of the law shows Coastal Zone Boundaries. Section 909 shows areas of special concern. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended through 2004,. A voluntary national program to encourage coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans and requires that "any federal activity within or outside of the coastal zone that affects any land or water use or natural resource of the coastal zone" shall be "consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies" of a state's coastal zone management plan. The law includes an Enhancement Grants program for protecting, restoring, or enhancing existing coastal wetlands or creating new coastal wetlands. It also establishes the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, guidelines for estuarine research, and financial assistance for land acquisition.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of coastal areas can have an indirect influence on coral reef preservation and conservation by the use of environmentally sound construction and development by limiting runoff of contaminants and sediment that could have an adverse effect on inshore coral reefs if present.

Legislative Actions:The 1985 amendments (PL 99-272) established the National Estuarine Reserve Research System a State-Federal process for designating national reserves and guidelines for estuarine research.The 1990 amendments (PL 101-508) established new Enhancement Grants for eight specific areas, including protecting, restoring or enhancing existing coastal wetlands or creating new coastal wetlands and assessing the cumulative effects of coastal development on coastal wetlands and fishery resource. Also, the 1990 statute established a new Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program. The 1998 and 2004 (PL 105-383 and PL 108-456) established a program for the prevention and control of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia, and included authorization for a representative of the Department of Interior to assess the economic and ecological impacts of algal blooms and hypoxia.

Comments:If implemented, the programs for economic, ecological and control of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia would be useful for coral reef issues. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Economic Markets & Policies; Infrastructural Policies; Mangroves; Permitting & Zoning; Ports & Harbors; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Conceptual Agency Review, 62-029 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter is limited in application to dredge and fill permit applications for projects in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District which, pursuant to Section 373.4145, F.S., are to be reviewed and processed under the rules authorized and adopted under Sections 403.91-.929, F.S. (1984 Supp.), as amended. (1) The purpose of this rule is to establish those procedures applicable to review of requests for conceptual agency review pursuant to Section 380.06(9), F.S., for projects that undergo development of regional impact review (DRIs). (2) Conceptual agency review is a licensing action and approval or denial shall constitute final agency action. (3) Under this rule, applicants who must obtain construction or operation permits for potential sources of water pollution or for dredging and filling activities may apply for conceptual agency review of certain aspects of a proposed development, including the location, densities, intensity of use, character and major design features.

Application to Coral Reefs:Limited to projects in Northwest Florida.

Legislative Actions:The legislation applies only to dredge and fill projects in the area of the Northwest Florida Water Mkanagement District.

Comments:The purpose of this rule is to establish those procedures for dredge and fill permit applications for projects in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District that require conceptual agency review of certain aspects of a proposed development, including the location, densities, intensity of use, character and major design features. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
 Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Delineation of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters, 62-340 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2000). The Rule's intent is to provide a unified statewide methodology for the delineation of the extent of wetlands to satisfy the mandate of Section 373.421, F. S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Preservation of wetlands will allow them to continue to function as buffers for sediment and contaminant control keeping them from reaching estuarine and marine waters and eventually habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Rule is administrative and methodological for delineation purposes.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Coastal Development; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Energy Policy & Development; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Invertebrates; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands
Dredge and Fill Activities, 62-312 Florida Administrative Code. This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department pursuant to Sections 403.91 through 403.929, F.S. Dredging or filling which is grandfathered by subsections 403.913(6), (8) and (9), F.S., is governed by Rules 62-312.150 and 62-312.160, F.A.C. The requirements of this part are in addition to and not in lieu of the water quality standards which are required by other portions of these sections. Except for the definitions contained in Rule 62-312.020, F.A.C., which shall also apply to activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., the provisions of this Part shall only apply to activities in the geographical territory of the Northwest Florida Water Management District and to activities grandfathered under Sections 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15) and (16), F.S. Specific Authority 373.414(11)-(16), 373.4145, 403.805(1) FS. Law Implemented 373.409, 373.413, 373.414(9), (11), (12)(a), (13), (14), (15), (16), 373.4145, 373.416, 373.418, 403.061, 403.813, 403.814 FS. History�New 12-10-84, Amended 8-7-85, Formerly 17-12.010, 17-312.010, Amended 10-3-95.

Application to Coral Reefs:The permit reviewers will require BMP for dredge and fill activities. This will include siltation reduction methods that will keep sediment, nutrient and other contaminants from leaving the work site and getting into the water column and potentially reaching sensitive ecosysten, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This part provides the requirements and procedures for obtaining permits and jurisdictional declaratory statements from the Department for dredge and fill activities. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Large Ships; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Toxics
Environmental resource permitting procedures, 62-343 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2003). The rule provides the procedural requirements for processing environmental resource permits and obtaining formal determinations of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring permits for projects related to environmental resources will indirectly protect environmental habitats. The permits are related to stormwater managemnt systems including discharges to wetlands. The permit conditions can limit toxics, nutrients and sediment that would be discharged to the environment if the rule were not in place.

Legislative Actions:The rule is procedural and does not have fines or penalties.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Permitting & Zoning; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands
Environmental Resource Permitting, 62-330 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2005). Under the Chapter, DEP exercises its independent authority under Part IV, Chapter 373, F.S., to regulate surface water management systems, including activities in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters. The term "surface water management system" or "system" include stormwater mangement systems, dams, impoundments, reservoirs, appurtenant works, or works, or any combination thereof, and includes dredging and filling. "Dredging" means excavation, by any means, in surface waters or wetlands

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulating stormwater management systems, dams, reservoirs and dredging will contribute to controlling contaminates from entering estuarine and marine environments and protect ecosystems including coral reefs.,

Legislative Actions:Individual permits will contain the conditions for environmental protection.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries Protection Act of 1968, 16 United States Code §§ 1221-1226. Authorizes the Secretary of Interior in cooperation with other federal agencies and the states, to study and inventory estuaries of the united states, including land and water of the Great Lakes, and to determine whether such areas should be acquired for protection. The Secretary is also requied to encourage state and local governments to consider the importance of estuaries in their planning activities relative to federal natural resources grants.

Application to Coral Reefs:Established the congressional policy on the values of wetlands and the need to conserve their natural resources. Protection of wetlands provide coral reefs with an indirect benefit as the wetland serves the functions of nutrient removal and sediment containment

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Secretary of Interior in conjunction with other federal agencies and States

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Florida Aquatic Preserves, 18-20 Florida Administrative Code. 18-20.001 Intent. (1) All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. (2) Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations. (3) The preserves shall be administered and managed in accordance with the following goals: (a) To preserve, protect, and enhance these exceptional areas of sovereignty submerged lands by reasonable regulation of human activity within the preserves through the development and implementation of a comprehensive management program; (b) To protect and enhance the waters of the preserves so that the public may continue to enjoy the traditional recreational uses of those waters such as swimming, boating, and fishing; (c) To coordinate with federal, state, and local agencies to aid in carrying out the intent of the Legislature in creating the preserves; (d) To use applicable federal, state, and local management programs, which are compatible with the intent and provisions of the act and these rules, and to assist in managing the preserves; (e) To encourage the protection, enhancement or restoration of the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves, including but not limited to the modification of existing manmade conditions toward their natural condition, and discourage activities which would degrade the aesthetic, biological, or scientific values, or the quality, or utility of a preserve, when reviewing applications, or when developing and implementing management plans for the preserves; (f) To preserve, promote, and utilize indigenous life forms and habitats, including but not limited to: sponges, soft coral, hard corals, submerged grasses, mangroves, salt water marshes, fresh water marshes, mud flats, estuarine, aquatic, and marine reptiles, game and non-game fish species, estuarine, aquatic and marine invertebrates, estuarine, aquatic and marine mammals, birds, shellfish and mollusks; (g) To acquire additional title interests in lands wherever such acquisitions would serve to protect or enhance the biological, aesthetic, or scientific values of the preserves; (h) To maintain those beneficial hydrologic and biologic functions, the benefits of which accrue to the public at large. (4) Nothing in these rules shall serve to eliminate or alter the requirements or authority of other governmental agencies, including counties and municipalities, to protect or enhance the preserves provided that such requirements or authority are not inconsistent with the act and this chapter.

Application to Coral Reefs:By maintaining coastal aquatic preserves in their natural condition, mangrove forests, wetlands and submerged aquatic vegetation will perform the functions of being sediment traps and removing some contaminants such as nutrients. Therefore, they will not reach marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Aquatic preserves which are described in Part II of Chapter 258, Florida Statutes, were established for the purpose of being preserved in an essentially natural or existing condition so that their aesthetic, biological and scientific values may endure for the enjoyment of future generations.  All sovereignty lands within a preserve shall be managed primarily for the maintenance of essentially natural conditions, the propagation of fish and wildlife, and public recreation, including hunting and fishing where deemed appropriate by the Board, and the managing agency. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Waste Management Policies
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments: 		Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Joint Coastal Permits and Concurrent Processing of Proprietary Authorizations, 62B-049 Florida Administrative Code. This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. In the event that there is a conflict between the procedural requirements of this chapter and other procedural rules promulgated pursuant to the referenced statutes, then this chapter shall govern. The standards and criteria for issuance of joint coastal permits include the criteria for environmental resource or wetland resource permits pursuant to Chapter 62-312, F.A.C., and the rules adopted under Chapter 62-330, F.A.C., the coastal construction criteria pursuant to Chapter 62B-41, F.A.C., and any specific criteria for issuance of a joint coastal permit listed in this chapter. The criteria for the associated proprietary authorizations are found in Chapters 18-18, 18-20, 18-21, F.A.C. Specific Authority 161.055, 373.427 FS. Law Implemented 161.041, 161.055, 373.427 FS. History�New 10-12-95, Amended 2-19-98, 5-17-07.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project, in a joint review of wetland and submerged land issues, will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:This chapter implements the provisions of Section 161.055, F.S., by combining the regulatory requirements of the coastal construction program (Section 161.041, F.S.) with the environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit program (Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S.) to establish the joint coastal permit program. Activities that would have required both a coastal construction permit and an environmental resource (or wetland resource) permit, are now authorized by a single joint coastal permit. In addition, this chapter provides for concurrent review of any activity requiring a joint coastal permit that also requires a proprietary authorization for use of sovereign submerged lands owned by the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. This chapter also establishes procedures for processing applications for joint coastal permits and the linked proprietary authorizations. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection
Mangrove Trimming and Preservation Act, 403.9321-403.9333 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). It is the intent of the Legislature to protect and preserve mangrove resources valuable to our environmentand economy from unregulated removal, defoliation, and destruction.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection and preservation of wetland systems, including mangroves, allow the systems to act as buffers to remove nutrients and sediment that could reach coral reefs and cause damage.

Legislative Actions:Permits are required prior to any trimming. A Professional Mangrove Trimmer must be present when work is being performed. Penalties can include restoration and/or mitigation.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Apex Fish Predators; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Birds; Non-Monetary Valuation; Nutrients; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Shoreline Protection
Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004, 16 United States Code § 6601. The law was created to aid in the conservation of sea turtles and their nesting habitats in foreign countries by providing funds for the conservation of nesting areas, sea turtles in in their nesting habitats, and dealing with threats to sea turtle survival.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service/US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Designate Protected Species; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Incentives; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles
Mitigation Banking, 62-342 Florida Administrative Code. (1) The Department recognizes that, in certain instances, adverse impacts of activities regulated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., can be offset through the utilization of mitigation credits from a permitted Mitigation Bank. This rule provides criteria for this mitigation alternative to complement existing mitigation criteria and requirements. This chapter is supplemental to and does not supersede any other criteria and requirements in rules promulgated under Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S. (2) The Department intends that Mitigation Banks be used to minimize mitigation uncertainty associated with traditional mitigation practices and provide greater assurance of mitigation success. It is anticipated that the consolidation of multiple mitigation projects into larger contiguous areas will provide greater assurance that the mitigation will yield long-term, sustainable, regional ecological benefits. Mitigation Banks shall be consistent with Department endorsed watershed management objectives and emphasize restoration and enhancement of degraded ecosystems and the preservation of uplands and wetlands as intact ecosystems rather than alteration of landscapes to create wetlands. This is best accomplished through restoration of ecological communities that were historically present. The establishment and use of Mitigation Banks in or adjacent to areas of national, state, or regional ecological significance is encouraged, provided the area in which the Mitigation Bank is proposed to be located is determined appropriate for a Mitigation Bank and the Mitigation Bank meets all applicable permitting criteria. (3) Nothing in this chapter shall affect the mitigation requirements set forth in any Mitigation Bank agreement or any permit issued under Chapter 84-79, Laws of Florida, or Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., prior to February 2, 1994. If a permittee wishes to substantially modify a Mitigation Bank previously established by agreement or permit, the permittee must comply with this chapter. Additionally, some Mitigation Banks may be subject to the version of this section existing prior to July 1, 1996, under subsections 373.4136(9) and (10), F.S., and will not be affected by amendments adopted after that date. This chapter does not prohibit an applicant from proposing project-specific, pre-construction on-site or off-site mitigation, without establishing a Mitigation Bank.

Application to Coral Reefs:Mitigation banking in coastal wetlands, as presented in the Chapter, can provide large areas of functioning wetlands. The wetlands can function as sediment and nutrient traps keeping sediment and nutrients from entering coastal waters and damaging marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Establishes the regulations and permitting requirements for mitigation banks. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Educational & Research Opportunities; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Armoring; Waste Management Policies
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 33 United States Code § 1252. This law prohibits the discharge of any type of refuse matter in U.S. waters without permission (section 13). In addition, the excavation, fill, or alteration of the course, condition, or capacity of any port, channel, river, or other areas within the limits of this law is prohibited. This law prohibits the construction or alteration of a structure in wetlands of the U.S. (sections 9 and 10). Construction in wetlands and waters of the U.S. requires a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Application to Coral Reefs:Under section 10, excavation or fill within navigable waters requires approval of the Chief of Engineers and concerns about contaminated sediments with dredge and fill projects in navigable waters is addressed within the permitting process. Indirect protection of coral reefs is offered by the Act and its prohibition of dumping refuse into navigable waters and the process of anaylzing sediment in proposed dredge and fill operations.

Legislative Actions:Violations of the law are punished under section 309 of the Clean Water Act and section 205 of National Fishing Enhancement Act. Fines imposed for violation will not be less than $10,000 per violation or more than $25,000 per violation.

Comments:Many states, including Florida, require additional permits for constuction of docks, piers, wharfs, jetties and other structures in navigable waters and wetlands in addition to the Corps of Engineers permit. Authority to issue permits for discharge of refuse matter under section 13 was modified by the amendments to Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 and established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit process. The Act was initially established to protect interstate commerce in navigable waters. The permit review process involves factors including economics, aethetics, general envitonmental concerns, historical values, water quality, and fish and wildlife impact before project approval is granted. 		US Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and US Coast Guard

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landuse Management; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Political Pressure; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Transportation Policies; Waste Management Policies
Rules and Procedures for Application for Coastal Construction Permits, 62B-041 Florida Administrative Code. No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S.

Application to Coral Reefs:Requiring a permit with regulatory review of the construction project will assist in minimizing potential adverse environmental impacts from the work and such potential detrimental portions of the project (e.g. sedimentation) will not enter the marine environment resulting in ecosystem damage.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:No coastal construction shall be conducted without a permit issued by the Department under this chapter, unless it is determined that the coastal construction does not fall within the requirements of section 161.041, F.S., or unless the interior tidal water body is exempted by the Department pursuant to subsection 161.041(1), F.S. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment
Rules and Procedures for Coastal Construction and Excavation, 62B-033 Florida Administrative Code (2008). (1) The beach and dune system is an integral part of the coastal system and represents one of the most valuable natural resources in Florida, providing protection to adjacent upland properties, recreational areas, and habitat for wildlife. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) is intended to define that portion of the beach and dune system which is subject to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other forces such as wind, wave, or water level changes. These fluctuations are a necessary part of the natural functioning of the coastal system and are essential to post-storm recovery, long term stability, and the preservation of the beach and dune system. However, imprudent human activities can adversely interfere with these natural processes and alter the integrity and functioning of the beach and dune system. The control line and 50-foot setback call attention to the special hazards and impacts associated with the use of such property, but do not preclude all development or alteration of coastal property seaward of such lines. (2) In order to demonstrate that construction is eligible for a permit, the applicant shall provide the Department with sufficient information pertaining to the proposed project to show that adverse and other impacts associated with the construction have been minimized and that the construction will not result in a significant adverse impact. (3) After reviewing all information required pursuant to this rule chapter, the Department shall: (a) Deny any application for an activity which either individually or cumulatively would result in a significant adverse impact including potential cumulative effects. In assessing the cumulative effects of a proposed activity, the Department shall consider the short-term and long-term impacts and the direct and indirect impacts the activity would cause in combination with existing structures in the area and any other similar activities already permitted or for which a permit application is pending within the same fixed coastal cell. The impact assessment shall include the anticipated effects of the construction on the coastal system and marine turtles. Each application shall be evaluated on its own merits in making a permit decision; therefore, a decision by the Department to grant a permit shall not constitute a commitment to permit additional similar construction within the same fixed coastal cell. (b) Deny any application for an activity where the project has not met the Department�s siting and design criteria; has not minimized adverse and other impacts, including stormwater runoff; or has not provided mitigation of adverse impacts. (4) The Department shall issue a permit for construction which an applicant has shown to be clearly justified by demonstrating that all standards, guidelines, and other requirements set forth in the applicable provisions of Part I, Chapter 161, F.S., and this rule chapter are met, including the following: (a) The construction will not result in removal or destruction of native vegetation which will either destabilize a frontal, primary, or significant dune or cause a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system due to increased erosion by wind or water; (b) The construction will not result in removal or disturbance of in situ sandy soils of the beach and dune system to such a degree that a significant adverse impact to the beach and dune system would result from either reducing the existing ability of the system to resist erosion during a storm or lowering existing levels of storm protection to upland properties and structures; (c) The construction will not direct discharges of water or other fluids in a seaward direction and in a manner that would result in significant adverse impacts. Forthe purposes of this rule section, construction shall be designed so as to minimize erosion induced surface water runoff within the beach and dune system and to prevent additional seaward or off-site discharges associated with a coastal storm event. (d) The construction will not result in the net excavation of the in situ sandy soils seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback; (e) The construction will not cause an increase in structure-induced scour of such magnitude during a storm that the structure-induced scour would result in a significant adverse impact; (f) The construction will minimize the potential for wind and waterborne missiles during a storm; (g) The activity will not interfere with public access, as defined in Section 161.021, F.S.; and (h) The construction will not cause a significant adverse impact to marine turtles, or the coastal system. (5) In order for a manmade frontal dune to be considered as a frontal dune defined under Section 161.053(6)(a)1., F.S., the manmade frontal dune shall be constructed to meet or exceed the protective value afforded by the natural frontal dune system in the immediate area of the subject shoreline. Prior to the issuance of a permit for a single-family dwelling meeting the criteria of Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., the manmade frontal dune must be maintained for a minimum of 12 months and be demonstrated to be as stable and sustainable as the natural frontal dune system. (6) Sandy material excavated seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback shall be maintained on site seaward of the control line or 50-foot setback and be placed in the immediate area of construction unless otherwise specifically authorized by the Department. (7) Swimming pools, wading pools, waterfalls, spas, or similar type water structures are expendable structures and shall be sited so that their failure does not have adverse impact on the beach and dune system, any adjoining major structures, or any coastal protection structure. Pools sited within close proximity to a significant dune shall be elevated either partially or totally above the original grade to minimize excavation and shall not cause a net loss of material from the immediate area of the pool. All pools shall be designed to minimize any permanent excavation seaward of the CCCL. (8) Major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the beach and frontal dune to permit natural shoreline fluctuations, to preserve and protect beach and dune system stability, and to allow natural recovery to occur following storm-induced erosion. Where a rigid coastal structure exists, proposed major structures shall be located a sufficient distance landward of the rigid coastal structure to allow for future maintenance or repair of the rigid coastal structure. Although fishing piers shall be exempt from this provision, their foundation piles shall be located so as to allow for the maintenance and repair of any rigid coastal structure that is located in close proximity to the pier.(9) If in the immediate area a number of existing major structures have established a reasonably continuous and uniform construction line and if the existing structures have not been unduly affected by erosion, except where not allowed by the requirements of Section 161.053(6), F.S., and this rule chapter, the Department shall issue a permit for the construction of a similar structure up to that line. (10) In considering applications for single-family dwellings proposed to be located seaward of the 30-year erosion projection pursuant to Section 161.053(6), F.S., the Department shall require structures to meet criteria in Section 161.053(6)(c), F.S., and all other siting and design criteria established in this rule chapter. (11) In considering project impacts to native salt-tolerant vegetation, the Department shall evaluate the type and extent of native salt-tolerant vegetation, the degree and extent of disturbance by invasive nuisance species and mechanical and other activities, the protective value to adjacent structures and natural plant communities, the protective value to the beach and dune system, and the impacts to marine turtle nesting and hatchlings. The Department shall restrict activities that lower the protective value of natural and intact beach and dune, coastal strand, and maritime hammock plant communities. Activities that result in the removal of protective root systems or reduce the vegetation�s sand trapping and stabilizing properties of salt tolerant vegetation are considered to lower its protective value. Construction shall be located, where practicable, in previously disturbed areas or areas with non-native vegetation in lieu of areas of native plant communities when the placement does not increase adverse impact to the beach and dune system. Planting of invasive nuisance plants, such as those listed in the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council�s 2005 List of Invasive Species � Categories I and II, will not be authorized if the planting will result in removal or destruction of existing dune-stabilizing native vegetation or if the planting is to occur on or seaward of the dune system. A copy of this list is available on the Internet at www.fleppc.org; or can be obtained by writing to the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Beaches and Coastal Systems, 3900 Commonwealth Boulevard, Mail Station 300, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-3000; or by telephoning (850) 488-7708. Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction and the remediation of construction impacts shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect native salt-tolerant vegetation and native plant communities. A construction fence, a designated location for construction access or storage of equipment and materials, and a restoration plan shall be required if necessary for protection of existing native salt-tolerant vegetation during construction. (12) Special conditions relative to the nature, timing, and sequence of construction shall be placed on permitted activities when necessary to protect marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat. In marine turtle nesting areas, all forms of lighting shall be shielded or otherwise designed so as not to disturb marine turtles. Tinted glass or similar light control measures shall be used for windows and doors which are visible from the nesting areas of the beach. The Department shall suspend any permitted construction when the permittee has not provided the required protection for marine turtles and their nests and nesting habitat.

Application to Coral Reefs:Regulation of coastal construction through permit review and modification will protect coastal ecosystems from degradation and loss and in doing so protects other marine ecosystems including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Chapter 62B-33 Florida Administrative Code, provides the design and siting requirements that must be met to obtain a coastal construction control line permit.Approval or denial of a permit application is based upon a review of the potential impacts to the beach dune system, adjacentproperties, native salt resistant vegetation, and marine turtles.

Comments:The Coastal Construction Control Line (CCCL) is an essential element of Florida's coastal management program. It provides protection for Florida's beaches and dunes while assuring reasonable use of private property. Recognizing the value of the state's beaches, the Florida legislature initiated the Coastal Construction Contorl Line Program to protect the coastal system from improperly sited and designed structures which can destabilize or destroy the beach and dune system. Once destabilized, the valuable natural resources are lost, as are its important values for recreation, upland property protection and environmental habitat. Adoption of a coastal construction line establishes an area of jurisdiction in which special siting and design criteria are applied for construction and related activities.These standards may be more stringent than those already applied in the rest of the coastal building zone because of the greater forces expected to occur in the more seaward zone of the beach during a storm event. 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Beach & Land Formation; Building & Home Construction; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Cruise Ships; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Hydrologic Management; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Surface water quality standards in table format, 62.302.500 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). This section of Chapter 62-302 presents the water quality standards in a tabular format for each class of waters of the State.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Permitting & Zoning; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Surface waters of the State, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-301 (1996). It is the intent of this Chapter to define the landward externt of surface waters of the state. Te findings, declarations, and intentfor this Chapter are the same as those for Chapter 62-302 F. A. C.

Application to Coral Reefs:By defining the landward extent of surface waters of the State using dominant plant species, the guidance in the Chapter will include wetlands and transitional zones on many occasions. Through the protection of these areas, filtration of sediment and nutrients will be maintained and two of the harmful parameters for coral reefs will be reduced.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is a guidance document and does not contain penalties. The Chapter provides a list of plant species for use with the guidance as well as the methods of calculating the areas of state waters.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Arthropods; Ballast Discharge; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biotechnology Research & Development; Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Forestry; Invertebrates; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wastewater Discharge; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
The DPNR states that wetlands in the Virgin Islands are covered by the Clean water Act and the Endangered and Indigenous Species Act of 1990 (Title 12, Chapter 2, US Virgin Island Code,. To protect wetlands and wetland species from degradation, loss as a result of dredging and filling.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protection of wetlands assists in controlling sedimentation and nutrient runoff from terrstrial locations, thus protecting coral reefs that are influenced by terrestrial sources.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The wetlands portion of the USVI Division of Environmental Protection website was under construction at the time of this atlas preparation.  However, it appears that DEP works with the USACE and USEPA on matters related to wetlands. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Building & Home Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Shoreline Armoring; Wetlands
Uniform Mitigation Assessment Method, Florida Administrative Code Annotated §§ Chapter 62-345 (2005). Establishes a methodology that provides a standard procedure for assessing the functions provided by wetlands and other surface waters, the amount that those functions are reduced by a proposed impact, and the amount of mitigation necessary to offset that loss.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting wetlands provides wetland areas that can act as buffers against nutrients, pollutants and contaminants from reaching habitats including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:The Chapter is administrative and provides methods to assess wetland value and appropriate mitigation to offset impact.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Building & Home Construction; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Road Construction & Maintenance; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Wetlands

Jump to main content.