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Coastal Defense

Coastal Defense

Coastal Defense is the protection of the country's coastline, including the Coast Guard and federal, state, or local agencies involved in coastal law enforcement.

CMap

Artificial habitat includes structures such as oil rigs, debris, sunken ships, and even abandoned bombs that can provide substrate for coral and sponges, or habitat for fish and invertebrates, potentially creating an artificial coral reef ecosystem. Biological Addition refers to anthropogenic inputs of a biological nature into the reef ecosystem, including artificial habitat, domestic animal waste, supplemental feeding, and escape or release of non-native species. Coastal Defense is the protection of the country's coastline, including the Coast Guard and federal, state, or local agencies involved in coastal law enforcement. The Coastal Engineering sector is responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of engineering projects along the coast, including ports, harbors, docks, and marinas needed by boats, ships, and other water transportation, as well as to facilitate recreational activities (such as fishing and diving). Collaboration and partnering refers to working together to achieve a goal. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Decision Support is a broad, generic term that encompasses all aspects related to supporting people in making decisions. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Dredging is the process of excavating material from an area to maintain ship channels and harbors for safe navigation. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. The Military is authorized by the government to use force in order to defend its country, and includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, as well as organizations involved in the manufacturing and supply of military equipment. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Political pressure is public demand for government action on certain management or policy concerns. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Public Administration includes government institutions that administer, oversee, and manage governmental programs. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. Security and public administration policies are responses to improve the decision-making and enforcement abilities of governmental institutions. Security policies include all actions that ensure the public is safe and secure. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Water Transportation pertains to all transportation of people and goods via waterways.

CMap Description

Coastal defense is dependent on large ships that may require dredging of reefs or coastal vegetation to enable transportation into ports. In some areas, such as Vieques, Puerto Rico, Armed Forces training exercises have left discarded ammunition in coastal areas that may provide artificial habitat or discharge contaminants into coastal waters. Security sectors benefit indirectly from ecosystem services that improve the well-being of other sectors, such as culture or fishing, which pressure public administration to enact responses to protect reef ecosystems. Public administrators may improve decision-making through collaboration & partnering, and may improve effectiveness of regulations through law enforcement.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Burt, J; Bartholomew, A; Sale, PF. 2011. Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: A comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering 37:191-198. 2011 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Turf Algae
Hiscock, K., S. Sharrock, J. Highfield, and D. Snelling. 2010. Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England-ex-HMS 'Scylla'. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:69-94. 2010 England Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Planktivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Burrage, D. M., J. W. Book, and P. J. Martin. 2009. Eddies and filaments of the Western Adriatic Current near Cape Gargano: Analysis and prediction. Journal of Marine Systems 78:S205-S226. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Burt, J., A. Bartholomew, A. Bauman, A. Saif, and P. F. Sale. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 373:72-78. 2009 United Arab Emirates Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Shoreline Protection; Substrate
Garcia, S. S., K. MacDonald, E. H. De Carlo, M. L. Overfield, T. Reyer, and J. Rolfe. 2009. Discarded Military Munitions Case Study: Ordnance Reef (HI-06), Hawaii. Marine Technology Society Journal 43:85-99. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Review; Model Coastal Defense; Fish; Military; Sediment
Stone, R., D. White, R. Guest, and B. Francis. 2009. The Virtual Scylla: An exploration of \serious games\", artificial life and simulation complexity". Virtual Reality 13:13-25. 2009 Europe; England Model Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artificial Habitat; Climate; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
U.S. Coral Reef Task Force. 2009. Federal Member Coral Profiles. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 2009 Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering
Doerge, B. C. and C. Smith. 2008. Mechanisms of erosion of volcanic soils on non-agricultural lands in guam. Pages 419-429 in American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2008. 2008 Guam Agriculture; Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Military; Ports & Harbors; Shoreline Protection
Newell, C. 2008. USS Kitty Hawk docks after final voyage. Jane's Defence Weekly. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Large Ships; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites
Riegl, B., R. P. Moyer, B. K. Walker, K. Kohler, D. Gilliam, and R. E. Dodge. 2008. A tale of germs, storms, and bombs: Geomorphology and coral assemblage structure at Vieques (Puerto Rico) compared to St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands). Journal of Coastal Research 24:1008-1021. 2008 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Slingerland, R., R. W. Selover, A. S. Ogston, T. R. Keen, N. W. Driscoll, and J. D. Milliman. 2008. Building the Holocene clinothem in the Gulf of Papua: An ocean circulation study. Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface 113. 2008 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
USCG. 2007. Hazardous Substances Pollution Area Contingency Plan. Florida Keys. 2007 Florida Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Walker, S. J., T. A. Schlacher, and M. A. Schlacher-Hoenlinger. 2007. Spatial heterogeneity of epibenthos on artificial reefs: Fouling communities in the early stages of colonization on an East Australian shipwreck. Marine Ecology 28:435-445. 2007 Australia Model Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Large Ships; Military; Sediment; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Aslan, O. 2006. Off-shore nursing [Kiyilarin otesindeki hemşirelik]. SENDROM 18:99-101. 2006 Coastal Defense; Military
Bostock, I. 2006. Canberra merges maritime security operations. Jane's Navy International. 2006 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Keen, T. R., D. S. Ko, R. L. Slingerland, S. Riedlinger, and P. Flynn. 2006. Potential transport pathways of terrigenous material in the Gulf of Papua. Geophysical Research Letters 33. 2006 Model Coastal Defense; Military; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mumby, P. J. 2006. The impact of exploiting grazers (Scaridae) on the dynamics of Caribbean coral reefs. Ecological Applications 16:747-769. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Model Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Storms & Hurricanes
Arvidson, R. and S. Jones. 2005. Ice detection and avoidance. Pages 9570-9573 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Columbia Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Pipelines; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing
Bennett, V. and D. Noviello. 2005. Response to the grounding of the F/V Ei Jyu Maru No. 21. Page 7183 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan; Palau; Guam Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Infrastructure; Petroleum Spills
George, R. D., C. R. In, R. K. Johnston, P. F. Seligman, R. D. Gauthier, and W. J. Wild. 2005. Seawater leaching investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls from solid matrices. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Lab Study Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military
Henry, C. and E. Levine. 2005. NOAA'S response to the Jessica oil spill in the Galapagos archipelago. Pages 10338-10342 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Knap, A. H., T. D. Sleeter, and I. W. Hughes. 2005. Case history: The grounding of the M/T Tifoso, 1983 A test of Bermuda's contingency plan. Page 913 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Tourism & Recreation
Michel, J., S. Zengel, L. Cotsapas, J. Dahlin, and J. Hoff. 2005. Scaling of injury to reef flat habitats resulting from removal actions of grounded vessels in Pago Pago, American Samoa. Pages 7487-7494 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Sifling, J., R. A. Nall, J. Stettler, T. Busch, F. Igaz, J. G. Hoff, and S. Wiegman. 2005. American Samoa longliner response, wreck removal, and restoration project. Pages 259-264 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Symons, L. C., R. Pavia, and M. Hodges. 2005. Emergency response in National Marine Sanctuaries. in Proceedings of MTS/IEEE OCEANS, 2005. 2005 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Security Policies; Transportation Policies
Thorhaug, A., G. Sidrak, K. Aiken, W. Walker, H. J. Teas, F. McDonald, B. Carby, R. Reese, M. Anderson, M. Rodriquez, B. Miller, V. Gordon, and J. McFarlane. 2005. Dispersant use for tropical nearshore waters: Jamaica. Page 1968 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean; Europe Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Shipping, Storage, & Warehousing; Tourism & Recreation
Trudel, B. K., R. C. Belore, B. J. Jessiman, and S. L. Ross. 2005. A microcomputer-based spill impact assessment system for untreated and chemically dispersed oil spills in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Page 4770 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico Model Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Resource Use Management; Special Use Permitting
Weaver, D. A. and H. Henderson. 2005. Hurricane Val in American Samoa: A case study. Page 3540 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Housing; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Storms & Hurricanes
Wood, B. 2005. A rescue first at Penfield Reef. Vertiflite 51:34. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military
Goodrich, M. S., J. Garrison, P. Tong, and A. Lunsford. 2004. Risk assessment model for evaluating ex-navy vessels as reef material. Pages 537-550 in Remediation of Contaminated Sediments - 2003: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments. 2004 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Military; Remediation; Sediment
Parsons, B. S., P. R. Vogt, H. Haflidason, and W.-Y. Jung. 2004. Seafloor reconnaissance and classification of the Storegga Slide headwall region, Norwegian Sea, using side-scan sonar, video, and photographs acquired on submarine NR-1. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 88:841-855. 2004 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Coastal Defense; Military; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
[No author name available]. 2003. Aeroderivative gas turbines offer alternative power. Pages 31-32 Ship and Boat International. 2003 Coastal Defense; Cruise Ships; Military
[No author name available]. 2002. Preparing a ship to form an artificial reef. Shiprepair and Conversion Technology 4:15-17. 2002 Florida Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Military
Lambert, G. 2002. Nonindigenous Ascidians in tropical waters. Pacific Science 56:291-298. 2002 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Palau; Guam; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Ballast Discharge; Coastal Defense; Docks & Marinas; Invasive Species; Military; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Rigs; Plankton; Ports & Harbors; Salinity
Reed, J. K. 2002. Deep-water Oculina coral reefs of Florida: Biology, impacts, and management. Hydrobiologia 471:43-55. 2002 Florida Review Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Recreational Fishing; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sternlicht, D. D., D. W. Lemonds, R. D. Dikeman, M. Ericksen, and S. G. Schock. 2001. Detection and classification of buried objects with an adaptive acoustic mine-hunting system. Pages 212-219 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2001 Cuba GIS & Maps Coastal Defense; Military
Collina-Girard, J. 2000. The submerged palaeolagoons of Marie-Galante Island (French West Indies) [Les paleolagons submerges de l'ile de Marie-Galante (Antilles)]. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences - Serie IIa: Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 331:367-372. 2000 Antilles Coastal Defense; Military
Paull, C. K., A. C. Neumann, B. A. Am Ende, W. Ussler Iii, and N. M. Rodriguez. 2000. Lithoherms on the Florida-Hatteras slope. Marine Geology 166:83-101. 2000 Florida Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ran, E. 2000. Petrel 5424 3-D sonar. Sea Technology 41:42-45. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Coastal Defense; Military
Hamilton, L. J. 1999. Classification, grainsize relations and sediment distributions inferred from visual sediment descriptions on RAN hydrographie Office bathymetry charts of the northern Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46:501-514. 1999 Australia Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment
Kasprzak, R. A. 1998. Use of oil and gas platforms as habitat in Louisiana's artificial reef program. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:37-45. 1998 Artificial Habitat; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Coastal Defense; Corporate Responses; Finfish Harvest; Natural Gas & Electric Power; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Security Policies; Special Use Permitting; Utility Policies
Abbot, R. H., D. W. Lane, M. J. Sinclair, and T. A. Spurling. 1996. Lasers chart the waters of Australia's great barrier reef. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 2964:72-90. 1996 Australia Review; Remote Sensing Coastal Defense; Military
Flathman Paul, E., L. Laski Mary, R. Trausch Jason, H. Carson Jr. John, M. Woodhull Patrick, E. Jerger Douglas, and R. Lear Paul. 1996. Effect of micronutrient addition on the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-contaminated coral sand at a U.S. Navy facility on Midway Island in the Pacific. in Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition. 1996 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study Coastal Defense; Military; Nutrients; Remediation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies
Petrae, Lcdr. G. 1995. Barge Morris J. Berman Spill: NOAA�s Scientific Response. HAZMAT Report No. 95-10. Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle. 1995 Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Petroleum Spills
Scally Douglas, R., E. Harrington John, and L. Timpe Gerald. 1995. Marine observation network for the Prince William Sound. Pages 741-749 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1995 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills
Collins, K. J., A. C. Jensen, A. P. M. Lockwood, and S. J. Lockwood. 1994. Coastal structures, waste materials and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1240-1250. 1994 Review Agriculture; Coal Mining; Coastal Defense; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fishing Sector; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Waste Management Policies
NOAA. 1992. Oil spill case histories 1967-1991: summaries of significant U.S. and international spills. Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division, Seattle, Washington. 1992 Coastal Defense; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Petroleum Spills
Myres, J. A. L. 1988. From Quadrant to Laser: 200 years of nautical charting in Australia - part two. Land & Minerals Surveying 6:632-641. 1988 Australia Coastal Defense; Military
Tucker, T. and B. T. Doughty. 1988. Naval Facilities, Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory: Management And Administration. Pages 191-215 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London). 1988 Indian Ocean; India Coastal Defense; Military
Lin, S. S. 1987. A universal footing with jetting. Pages 299-306 in IN: OTC 87 PROC., NINETEENTH ANNUAL OFFSHORE TECHNOL. CONF., (HOUSTON, U.S.A.: APR. 27-30, 1987). 1987 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military
Maynard John, K. and S. D. Chung David. 1986. Design Of Wharf Facilities, Guam, M. I. , To Accommodate Difficult Site Conditions. Pages 159-170 in [No source information available]. 1986 Guam Coastal Defense; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Military; Ports & Harbors
Knap Anthony, H., D. Sleeter Thomas, and WY N Hughes Idwal. 1985. Case History: The Grounding Of The M/T Tifoso, 1983: A Test Of Bermuda'S Contingency Plan. Pages 289-291 in [No source information available]. 1985 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bermuda Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Tourism & Recreation
Seelig, W. N. 1984. Salvage and demolition of two navy offshore platforms. in [No source information available]. 1984 Florida; Panama Coastal Defense; Finfish Harvest; Military
Macintyre, I. G., B. Raymond, and R. Stuckenrath. 1983. Recent history of a fringing reef, Bahia Salina del Sur, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. Atoll Research Bulletin 1983 Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Antonius, A. and A. Weiner. 1982. Coral reefs under fire. Marine Ecology 3:255-277. 1982 US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Coastal Defense; Military; Pathogens; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Conti, H., D. G. True, and M. Jansen. 1979. Design Of A Lighweight Portable Single Point Mooring System For U. S. Navy Amphibious Logistic Suport. Pages 131-153 in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Ocean Engineering Division (Proceedings) OED. 1979 Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Coastal Defense; Military
Tausig, W. R. 1978. Nearshore trenching technology development. PORT HUENEME, U.S.A.,U.S. DEPT. NAVY, JUN. 1978. 1978 Review Coastal Defense; Military
[No author name available]. 1976. Propellant Anchors Used For Mooring. INT. DREDGING AND PORT CONSTRUCT., SERIES II 3. 1976 Lab Study Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level
Erchul Ronald, A. and D. G. True. 1975. Installation Of Tanker Moorings Incorporating Large Propellant Embedment Anchors. Marine Technology Society Journal 9:14-22. 1975 Coastal Defense; Military; Water Depth & Sea Level

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Respond to Natural Resource Injuries form Derelict Vessels Semi- permanent/permanent vessels can have a negative impact on the surrounding local environment both due to the effects of shade and from the direct contact with the substrate. Sunken vessels that cannot be seen from the surface may present a danger to navigation. Derelict vessels that do not remain stationary may cause harm in multiple locations before becoming stationary. If fishing gear is still intact, it may cause further biological damage through "ghost fishing� (#283). Early response, creating mooring fields, pump-out stations, and providing support for removing derelict vessels, reduces the impact of these vessels. Also, the removal of intrusive vessels will help contribute to the restoration of reef areas to previous conditions. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Artificial Habitat; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Coral; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Marine Debris; Military; Physical Damage; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Small Boats; Stony Coral; Substrate; Transportation Policies; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Damage Assessment, Documentation & Response: Collaborate with Towing & Salvage Operators in Grounding Notification This option advocates the establishment of rapport between local operators and regulatory agencies. This is achieved through regular meetings and training sessions to emphasize the importance of operator cooperation in regards to vessel groundings. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Collaboration & Partnering; Commercial Fishing Boats; Cruise Ships; Cultural Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Large Ships; Military; Oil & Gas Tankers; Physical Damage; Security & Public Administration Policies; Small Boats; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) Wildlife Management Areas include bird nesting, resting, or feeding areas, turtle nesting beaches, and other sensitive habitats including shallow flats that are important feeding areas for fish. These areas seek to provide protection for endangered/threatened species or their habitats while at the same time providing opportunity for public use. Wildlife Management Areas are achieved through placing and maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; implementing management responsibilities; adjusting existing zone boundaries if needed; evaluating allowable activities within the boundaries and make changes if needed; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; monitoring the effectiveness of current zones; and revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Marine Birds; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation; Wetlands
Marine Zoning: Sanctuary Preservation Areas (SPAs) This is a type of Marine Zoning used by the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). SPAs focus on the protection of shallow, heavily used reefs where conflicts occur between user groups, and where concentrated visitor activity leads to resource degradation. They are designed to enhance the reproductive capabilities of renewable resources, protect areas critical for sustaining and protecting important marine species, and reduce user conflicts in high-use areas. This is accomplished through a prohibition of consumptive activities within these areas. They have been chosen based on the status of important habitat, the ability of a particular area to sustain and protect the habitat, the level of visitor use, and the degree of conflict between consumptive and non-consumptive users. The actual size and location of these zones have been determined by examination of user patterns, aerial photography, and ground-truthing of specific habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Artisanal Fishing; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Educational & Research Opportunities; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Landscape Changes; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Security; Small Boats; Souvenir & Decorative Trade; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage; Water Resources; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Existing Management Areas The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) uses this zoning category to identify areas that are managed by other agencies where restrictions already exist. These zones delineate the existing jurisdictional authority of other agencies (i.e., State parks, aquatic preserves, sanctuaries, and other restricted areas). Management of these areas within the Sanctuary may require additional regulations or restrictions to adequately protect resources. Any additional management measures will be developed and implemented in coordination with the agency having jurisdictional authority. Their function is not to establish another layer of bureaucracy, but to recognize established management areas and, at a minimum, to complement the existing management programs, ensuring cooperation and coordination with other agencies. Existing Management Areas will be maintained through revising GIS and NOAA charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Beaches & Nature Parks; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Decision Support; Designate Protected Species; Designated Uses; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Entertainment & Accommodation Services; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Marine Protected Areas; Permitting & Zoning; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Marine Zoning: Ecological Reserves (ERs) Ecological Reserves set aside areas with minimal human interference. These reserves aim to enhance and protect biodiversity through encompassing large, contiguous habitats. The goal of ecological reserves is to encourage spawning, nurseries, and residence areas that contribute to genetic protection of fish and marine life. Ecological Reserves can be achieved through a variety of methods such as: placing/maintaining buoys along zone boundaries; adjusting boundaries if necessary; evaluating allowable activities within zone boundaries; identifying potential areas that need additional zoning; reviewing the effectiveness of the zoning; and revising NOAA and GIS charts. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Boating Regulations; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Cruise Ships; Decision Support; Designated Uses; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish Harvest; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Invertebrate Harvest; Large Ships; Live Collection; Marine Protected Areas; Oil & Gas Tankers; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Security Policies; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling; Water Transportation
Monitor & Research: Monitor Use Patterns on Artificial and Natural Reefs This management option seeks to provide data for decisions concerning creating new artificial reefs. Use data is important because justification for artificial reefs extends from their ability to shift use pressures (diving, fishing, etc.) from natural reefs. Once an artificial reef is decided on there is much more data to collect and factors to consider when deciding where the artificial reef (#189). NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boating Activities; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Defense; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coral; Cultural Services; Decision Support; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Military; Museums, Amusement Parks, Historical Sites; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Life; Security; Security & Public Administration Policies; Supporting Services; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Transportation; Travel Services & Tour Operators; Valuation; Wetland & Reef Restoration
Regulatory Review and Development: Evaluate Artificial Reef Regulations Discharge/depositing of materials and constructions on the seabed are both prohibited without permits, regulating the construction of new artificial reefs. Likewise, existing artificial reefs are protected through permit requirements for any alternation of the seabed. There are still further considerations for protecting artificial reefs. Artificial reef materials and construction choices are very important and may change based on the specific location and desired impacts. An artificial reef to attract recreational fishing differs from one for recreational divers or shoreline storm protection. Many artificial reefs were formally large ships, oil rigs or other types of waste that have been decommissioned and would be too large and expensive to dismantle on land. In these cases it is important to put restrictions on the sinking process to ensure there won�t be any type of chemical leakage and that the structure is stable on the seabed. (#189) (#190) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007. National Artificial Reef Plan: Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs. US Department of Commerce.

NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Artificial Habitat; Coastal Defense; Contact Uses; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Large Ships; Oil & Gas Industry; Permitting & Zoning; Physical Damage; Recreational Fishing; Solid Waste Disposal; Special Use Permitting; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management; Waterborne Discharges

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
General permit for activities seaward of the coastal construction control line, 62B-34 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2010). To implement the provisions of Section 161.053(19) F. S. providing General Permits for activities performed seaward of the Coastal Construction Control line. Persons wishing to use one or more of the General Permits as set forth in Part II of this rule chapter shall be subject to the notice provisions of subsection 62B-34.030(4) F. A. C. before any activity is conducted as authorized herein.The general conditions provided pursuant to Section 62-B34-0.50, F. A. C. , shall apply to all of the General Permits issued under this rule chapter. Strict compliance with all of the terms, conditions, requirements, limitations, and restrictions applicable to a desired General Permit under this rule chapter is required to qualify for such a permit.

Application to Coral Reefs:The rule requires erosion control BMP. Therefore, sediment from construction will not enter the marine environment and damage coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Civil fines are applicable for work done that was not authorized in the permit.

Comments: 		Florida Departrment of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Beaches & Nature Parks; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Complex Habitat & Resources; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Mangroves; Ports & Harbors; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring
Sovereign submerged lands management, 18-21 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2006). To manage, protect, and enhance sovereignty lands so that the public may continue to enjoy traditional uses, including, but not limited to, navigation, fishing and swimming, public drinking water supply, shellfish harvesting, public recreation, and fish and wildlife propagation and management.

Application to Coral Reefs:Permitting activities on submerged lands owned by Florida will improve water quality which will indirectly protect reef systems.

Legislative Actions:These rules are to implement the administration and management responsibilities of the board and department regarding sovereign submerged lands. Responsibility for environmental permitting of activities and water quality protection on sovereign lands is vested with the Department of Environmental Protection. These rules are considered cumulative.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Aquaculture; Beach & Land Formation; Coastal Defense; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Energy Policy & Development; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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