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ReefLink Database

Calcareous Macroalgae

Calcareous Macroalgae

Calcareous macroalgae are large algae which deposit calcium carbonate to form skeletons.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Anemones & zooanthids are cnidarians very similar to coral, but are not characteristic reef builders. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Calcareous macroalgae are large algae which deposit calcium carbonate to form skeletons. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Coralline algae is a low-growing type of algae on reefs that has calcareous deposits. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Fleshy macroalgae is any large algae which does not deposit calcium carbonate in it's tissues. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Large herbivorous fish are any large bodied fish that primarily feed on algae, such as parrotfish and chubs. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Physical Damage to reef habitat and wetlands can occur from vessel groundings, dredging, trampling, boat movement, anchor drops, trawling, and fishing gear. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Resource use management pertains to responses to regulate or limit contact activities that may directly impact coastal species through harvesting or physical damage. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Small herbivorous fish are small bodied fish species, such as damselfish, tangs, and surgeonfish that primarily feed on algae. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sponges are sessile colonial animals with soft porous bodies supported by a fibrous skeletal framework. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Turf algae is a type of low growing algae in reefs. Zooxanthellae are flagellate protozoa that are golden-brown intracellular endosymbionts of various marine animals and protozoa, especially anthozoans such as the scleractinian corals

CMap Description

Macroalgae and turf algae compete for space with coral, sponges, and other species. Excess nutrients may alter competitive interactions among algae and coral. Many fishes and invertebrates are key grazers, helping to maintain algae and prevent it from overgrowing coral. A number of algal species, including calcareous macroalgae and crustose coralline algae, deposit calcium carbonate during growth, and may contribute to reef structural strength. Crustose coralline algae may help facilitate recruitment of stony coral. Algae are primary producers, and provide some habitat and resources for marine fish and invertebrates, however often not to the same degree as coral reef habitat. As a result, overgrowth of coral reefs by algae will likely result in a loss of ecosystem goods and services. Many of the sectors which benefit from reef ecosystem services also contribute to algal overgrowth through pollution and overfishing. Monitoring, mapping, and scientific research can be used to track the distribution and abundance of algae, and to understand competitive interactions between coral, algae, and other species.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Blanco, FM; Alonso, LC; Sanson, GG; Amargos, FP. 2011. Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical 59:1149-1163. 2011 South & Central America; Cuba; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish
Ceccarelli, DM; Jones, GP; McCook, LJ. 2011. Interactions between herbivorous fish guilds and their influence on algal succession on a coastal coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 399:60-67. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Small Herbivorous Fish
Collado-Vides, L; Mazzei, V; Thyberg, T; Lirman, D. 2011. Spatio-temporal patterns and nutrient status of macroalgae in a heavily managed region of Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA. Botanica Marina 54:377-390. 2011 Florida Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Fricke, A; Titlyanova, TV; Nugues, MM; Bischof, K. 2011. Depth-related variation in epiphytic communities growing on the brown alga Lobophora variegata in a Caribbean coral reef. Coral Reefs 30:967-973. 2011 South & Central America; Australia; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Turf Algae
Gischler, E. 2011. Sedimentary Facies Of Bora Bora, Darwin'S Type Barrier Reef (Society Islands, South Pacific): The Unexpected Occurrence Of Non-Skeletal Grains. Journal of Sedimentary Research 81:1-17. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; India; Cook Islands Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Haas, AF; Nelson, CE; Kelly, LW; Carlson, CA; Rohwer, F; Leichter, JJ; Wyatt, A; Smith, JE. 2011. Effects of Coral Reef Benthic Primary Producers on Dissolved Organic Carbon and Microbial Activity. PLoS One 6. 2011 Australia; Cuba Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Plankton; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Turf Algae
Hedouin, L; Metian, M; Gates, RD. 2011. Ecotoxicological approach for assessing the contamination of a Hawaiian coral reef ecosystem (Honolua Bay, Maui) by metals and a metalloid. Marine Environmental Research 71:149-161. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Larkum, AWD; Salih, A; Kuhl, M. 2011. Rapid Mass Movement of Chloroplasts during Segment Formation of the Calcifying Siphonalean Green Alga, Halimeda macroloba. PLoS One 6. 2011 Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Primary Production; Sediment
Perry, C. T., P. S. Kench, S. G. Smithers, B. Riegl, H. Yamano, and M. J. O'Leary. 2011. Implications of reef ecosystem change for the stability and maintenance of coral reef islands. Global Change Biology 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii Review Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Price, NN; Hamilton, SL; Tootell, JS; Smith, JE. 2011. Species-specific consequences of ocean acidification for the calcareous tropical green algae Halimeda. Marine Ecology Progress Series 440:67-78. 2011 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Palmyra Atoll Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ries, JB. 2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO(2)-induced ocean acidification. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75:4053-4064. 2011 Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Schlagintweit, F. 2011. A false aciculariacean alga and its origin: an example from the Late Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Facies 57:267-273. 2011 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Sinutok, S; Hill, R; Doblin, MA; Wuhrer, R; Ralph, PJ. 2011. Warmer more acidic conditions cause decreased productivity and calcification in subtropical coral reef sediment-dwelling calcifiers. Limnology and Oceanography 56:1200-1212. 2011 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; CO2; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Sediment; Stony Coral
Stokes, MD; Leichter, JJ; Wing, S; Frew, R. 2011. Temperature variability and algal isotopic heterogeneity on a Floridian coral reef. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 32:364-379. 2011 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity
van Tussenbroek, BI; Santos, MGB. 2011. Demography of Halimeda incrassata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in a Caribbean reef lagoon. Marine Biology 158:1461-1471. 2011 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Haas, A. F. and C. Wild. 2010. Composition analysis of organic matter released by cosmopolitan coral reef-associated green algae. Aquatic Biology 10:131-138. 2010 Cuba Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2010. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164:513-531. 2010 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and B. L. Brooks. 2010. The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on algal community development: Artificial mini-reefs on the Belize Barrier Reef sedimentary lagoon. Harmful Algae 9:255-263. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Stanley, S. M., J. B. Ries, and L. A. Hardie. 2010. Increased Production Of Calcite And Slower Growth For The Major Sediment-Producing Alga Halimeda As The Mg/Ca Ratio Of Seawater Is Lowered To A "Calcite Sea" Level. Journal of Sedimentary Research 80:6-16. 2010 Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Primary Production; Sediment
Tribollet, A. D., T. Schils, and P. S. Vroom. 2010. Spatio-temporal variability in macroalgal assemblages of American Samoa. Phycologia 49:574-591. 2010 Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Turf Algae
Wienberg, C., H. Westphal, E. Kwoll, and D. Hebbeln. 2010. An isolated carbonate knoll in the Timor Sea (Sahul Shelf, NW Australia): facies zonation and sediment composition. Facies 56:179-193. 2010 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Wilson, B. 2010. Effect Of Hurricanes On Guilds Of Nearshore Epiphytal Foraminifera, Nevis, West Indies. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 40:327-343. 2010 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Yniguez, A. T., J. W. McManus, and L. Collado-Vides. 2010. Capturing the dynamics in benthic structures: environmental effects on morphology in the macroalgal genera Halimeda and Dictyota. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:17-U40. 2010 Florida Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients
Batista, J. B., R. M. V. Leonel, and M. A. J. Costa. 2009. Population characteristics of Microphrys bicornutus (Brachyura, Mithracidae) on the phytal Halimeda opuntia (Chlorophyta, Halimedaceae), on reef area submitted to human visitation, in Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil. Iheringia Serie Zoologia 99:44-52. 2009 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Salinity; Tourism & Recreation; Trampling
Braga, J. C., A. Vescogni, F. R. Bosellini, and J. Aguirre. 2009. Coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in western and central Mediterranean Messinian reefs. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 275:113-128. 2009 Global; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Spain Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae
Dikou, A., C. Ackerman, C. Banks, A. Dempsey, M. Fox, M. Gins, P. Hester, A. Parnes, S. Roach, J. Rohde, C. Spital, M. Tapleshay, and L. Thomas. 2009. Ecological assessment to detect imminent change in coral reefs of Admiral Cockburn Land and Sea National Park, Turks and Caicos Islands. Marine Ecology-an Evolutionary Perspective 30:425-436. 2009 South & Central America; Turks and Caicos; Caribbean Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation; Turf Algae
Furman, B. and K. L. Heck. 2009. Differential Impacts Of Echinoid Grazers On Coral Recruitment. Bulletin of Marine Science 85:121-132. 2009 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Hanelt, D. and M. Y. Roleda. 2009. UVB radiation may ameliorate photoinhibition in specific shallow-water tropical marine macrophytes. Aquatic Botany 91:12-Jun. 2009 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Light; Primary Production; Seagrasses
Kuffner, I. B., R. Grober-Dunsmore, J. C. Brock, and T. D. Hickey. 2009. Biological community structure on patch reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL, USA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 19-Jan. 2009 Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Physical Variables; Storms & Hurricanes
Lowry, J. K. and L. E. Hughes. 2009. Iciliidae. Zootaxa 453-457. 2009 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae
N'Yeurt, A. D. R. and C. E. Payri. 2009. Four new species of Rhodophyceae from Fiji, Polynesia and Vanuatu, South Pacific. Phycological Research 57:12-24. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Vanuatu; Fiji; Cook Islands Calcareous Macroalgae
N'Yeurt, A. D. R. and C. E. Payri. 2009. Four new species of Rhodophyceae from Fiji, Polynesia and Vanuatu, South Pacific. Phycological Research 57:24-Dec. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Vanuatu; Fiji; Cook Islands Calcareous Macroalgae
Ries, J. B. 2009. Effects of secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca ratio (calcite-aragonite seas) on CaCO3 sediment production by the calcareous algae Halimeda, Penicillus and Udotea- evidence from recent experiments and the geological record. Terra Nova 21:323-339. 2009 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Primary Production; Sediment
Cabioch, G., L. Montaggioni, N. Frank, C. Seard, E. Salle, C. Payri, B. Pelletier, and M. Paterne. 2008. Successive reef depositional events along the Marquesas foreslopes (French Polynesia) since 26 ka. Marine Geology 254:18-34. 2008 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment
Calhoun, R. S. and M. E. Field. 2008. Sand composition and transport history on a fringing coral reef, Molokai, Hawaii. Journal of Coastal Research 24:1151-1160. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment
Cherbadgy, I. I. and L. N. Propp. 2008. Photosynthesis and respiration of a deep-water periphyton community (Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34:301-308. 2008 China Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Primary Production; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Guinotte, J. M. and V. J. Fabry. 2008. Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1134:320-342. 2008 Review Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Ocean Acidity; Seagrasses
Hamad, M. M. 2008. Coralline red algae from the Early Pliocene Shagra formation of Wadi Wizer, Red Sea coast, Egypt, and their implications in biostratigraphy and paleoecology. International Journal on Algae 10:179-208. 2008 Egypt Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Mateo-Cid, L. E., R. Aguilar-Rosas, A. C. Mendoza-Gonzalez, and L. E. Aguilar-Rosas. 2008. Distribution and morphological variation of Amphiroa beauvoisii (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in Mexico [Distribucion y variacion morfologica de Amphiroa beauvoisii (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) en Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79:22-Jul. 2008 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean; Mexico Review Calcareous Macroalgae
Porto, I., C. Granados, J. C. Restrepo, and J. A. Sanchez. 2008. Macroalgal-associated dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium in caribbean reefs. PLoS One 3. 2008 Global; South & Central America; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish
Sirelkhatim, D. A., A. K. Sam, and R. K. Hassona. 2008. Distribution of 226Ra-210Pb-210Po in marine biota and surface sediments of the Red Sea, Sudan. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99:1825-1828. 2008 Sudan Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Molluscs; Seagrasses; Sediment; Stony Coral
Tsuda, R. T., P. S. Vroom, I. A. Abbott, J. R. Fisher, and K. B. Foster. 2008. Additional marine benthic algae from Howland and Baker Islands, Central Pacific. Pacific Science 62:271-290. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Baker Island; Howland Island Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Van Tussenbroek, B. I., M. G. Barba Santos, J. K. Van Dijk, S. N. M. Sanabria Alcaraz, and M. L. Tellez Calderon. 2008. Selective elimination of rooted plants from a tropical seagrass bed in a back-reef lagoon: A hypothesis tested by Hurricane Wilma (2005). Journal of Coastal Research 24:278-281. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes
Vescogni, A., F. R. Bosellini, M. Reuter, and T. C. Brachert. 2008. Vermetid reefs and their use as palaeobathymetric markers: New insights from the Late Miocene of the Mediterranean (Southern Italy, Crete). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 267:89-101. 2008 Index or Indicator; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Williams, E. A., A. Craigie, A. Yeates, and S. M. Degnan. 2008. Articulated coralline algae of the genus Amphiroa are highly effective natural inducers of settlement in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina. Biological Bulletin 215:98-107. 2008 Global Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Plankton
Yniguez, A. T., J. W. McManus, and D. L. DeAngelis. 2008. Allowing macroalgae growth forms to emerge: Use of an agent-based model to understand the growth and spread of macroalgae in Florida coral reefs, with emphasis on Halimeda tuna. Ecological Modelling 216:60-74. 2008 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients
Dragastan, O. N. and H.-G. Herbig. 2007. Halimeda (green siphonous algae) from the Paleogene of (Morocco) - Taxonomy, phylogeny and paleoenvironment. Micropaleontology 53:Jan-72. 2007 Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Substrate
Enpu, G., E. Samankassou, G. Changqing, Z. Yongli, and S. Baoliang. 2007. Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal buildups in south Guizhou, China. Facies 53:615-623. 2007 Australia; Bahamas; China; Java Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients
Hart, D. E. and P. S. Kench. 2007. Carbonate production of an emergent reef platform, Warraber Island, Torres Strait, Australia. Coral Reefs 26:53-68. 2007 Global; Australia Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Hauser, I., W. Oschmann, and E. Gischler. 2007. Modern bivalve shell assemblages on three atolls offshore Belize (Central America, Caribbean Sea). Facies 53:451-478. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Sediment
Kahng, S. E. and C. D. Kelley. 2007. Vertical zonation of megabenthic taxa on a deep photosynthetic reef (50-140 m) in the Au'au Channel, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 26:679-687. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invasive Species; Octocoral
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, B. L. Brooks, and B. E. Lapointe. 2007. Unusual linear arrays of the coral reef macrophyte Halimeda incrassata in the Bahamas. Coral Reefs 26:817-818. 2007 Bahamas Calcareous Macroalgae
Mantyka, C. S. and D. R. Bellwood. 2007. Macroalgal grazing selectivity among herbivorous coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 352:177-185. 2007 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Nordemar, I., G. L. Sjoo, E. Mork, and T. R. McClanahan. 2007. Effects of estimated herbivory on the reproductive potential of four East African algal species - A mechanism behind ecosystem shifts on coral reefs? Hydrobiologia 575:57-68. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Sea Urchins
Preat, A., S. Blockmans, L. Capette, V. Dumoulin, and B. Mamet. 2007. Microfacies of a biohermal lens at the Eifelian. Givetian transition ('Fondry des Chiens', Nismes, southern border of the Dinant Synclinorium) [Microfacies d'une lentille biohermale a la limite Eifelien/Givetien ('Fondry des Chiens', Nismes, bord sud du S. Geologica Belgica 10:25-Mar. 2007 Model Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Rachello-Dolmen, P. G. and D. F. R. Cleary. 2007. Relating coral species traits to environmental conditions in the Jakarta Bay/Pulau Seribu reef system, Indonesia. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73:816-826. 2007 Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral; Salinity; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Rees, S. A., B. N. Opdyke, P. A. Wilson, and T. J. Henstock. 2007. Significance of Halimeda bioherms to the global carbonate budget based on a geological sediment budget for the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 26:177-188. 2007 Global; Australia Model Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; CO2; Sediment
Sanchez-almazo, I. M., J. C. Braga, J. Dinares-turell, J. M. Martin, and B. Spiro. 2007. Palaeoceanographic controls on reef deposition: The Messinian Cariatiz reef (Sorbas Basin, Almeria, SE Spain). Sedimentology 54:637-660. 2007 Spain Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Takayanagi, H., Y. Iryu, T. Yamada, M. Oda, K. Yamamoto, T. Sato, S. Chiyonobu, A. Nishimura, T. Nakazawa, and S. Shiokawa. 2007. Carbonate deposits on submerged seamounts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Island Arc 16:394-419. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Palau Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Plankton
Tribollet, A. D. and P. S. Vroom. 2007. Temporal and spatial comparison of the relative abundance of macroalgae across the Mariana Archipelago between 2003 and 2005. Phycologia 46:187-197. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Turf Algae
Van Tussenbroek, B. I. and J. K. Van Dijk. 2007. Spatial and temporal variability in biomass and production of psammophytic Halimeda incrassata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) in a Caribbean reef lagoon. Journal of Phycology 43:69-77. 2007 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Verbruggen, H., D. S. Littler, and M. M. Littler. 2007. Halimeda pygmaea and Halimeda pumila (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta): Two new dwarf species from fore reef slopes in Fiji and the Bahamas. Phycologia 46:513-520. 2007 Bahamas; Fiji Calcareous Macroalgae
Wilson, B. 2007. Guilds among epiphytal foraminifera on fibrous substrates, Nevis, West Indies. Marine Micropaleontology 63:18-Jan. 2007 South & Central America; Antilles; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Anderson, K., L. Close, R. E. DeWreede, B. J. Lynch, C. Ormond, and M. Walker. 2006. Biomechanical properties and holdfast morphology of coenocytic algae (Halimedales, Chlorophyta) in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 328:155-167. 2006 Panama Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Bosellini, F. R. 2006. Biotic changes and their control on Oligocene-Miocene reefs: A case study from the Apulia Platform margin (southern Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 241:393-409. 2006 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Calcinai, B., C. Cerrano, C. Totti, T. Romagnoli, and G. Bavestrello. 2006. Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia). Invertebrate Biology 125:195-204. 2006 Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Sponges
Culter, J. K., K. B. Ritchie, S. A. Earle, D. E. Guggenheim, R. B. Halley, K. T. Ciembronowicz, A. C. Hine, B. D. Jarrett, S. D. Locker, and W. C. Jaap. 2006. Pulley reef: a deep photosynthetic coral reef on the West Florida Shelf, USA. Coral Reefs 25:228. 2006 Florida Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Stony Coral
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., I. R. Lawler, and E. Gyuris. 2006. Dietary preferences of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on a tropical reef flat. Wildlife Research 33:671-678. 2006 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses
Gimenez Casalduero, F. and C. Muniain. 2006. Photosynthetic activity of the solar-powered lagoon mollusc Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa). Symbiosis 41:151-158. 2006 Model Calcareous Macroalgae; Light; Molluscs; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Gischler, E. 2006. Sedimentation on Rasdhoo and Ari Atolls, Maldives, Indian ocean. Facies 52:341-360. 2006 Indian Ocean; Maldives; India Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Sediment
Herren, L. W., L. J. Walters, and K. S. Beach. 2006. Fragment generation, survival, and attachment of Dictyota spp. at Conch Reef in the Florida Keys, USA. Coral Reefs 25:287-295. 2006 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae
Hewins, M. R. and C. T. Perry. 2006. Bathymetric and environmentally influenced patterns of carbonate sediment accumulation in three contrasting reef settings, Danjugan Island, Philippines. Journal of Coastal Research 22:812-824. 2006 Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Lambo, A. L. and R. F. G. Ormond. 2006. Continued post-bleaching decline and changed benthic community of a Kenyan coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1617-1624. 2006 Global; Kenya Calcareous Macroalgae; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Latypov, YU .Y A. 2006. Changes in the composition and structure of coral communities of Mju and Moon islands, Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32:269-275. 2006 China Index or Indicator Calcareous Macroalgae; Stony Coral; Substrate
Nugues, M. M. and A. M. Szmant. 2006. Coral settlement onto Halimeda opuntia: A fatal attraction to an ephemeral substrate? Coral Reefs 25:585-591. 2006 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Perry, C. T., K. G. Taylor, and P. G. Machent. 2006. Temporal shifts in reef lagoon sediment composition, Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 67:133-144. 2006 Jamaica Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Molluscs; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Senowbari-Daryan, B., M. Link, and I. Isintek. 2006. Calcareous algae from the Triassic (Anisian reef boulders and Norian reef limestones) of Karaburun, western Turkey. Facies 52:129-148. 2006 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Invertebrates
Toller, W. 2006. An investigation of anchor damage to the Frederiksted Reef System: Impacts to substrate, benthic communities, and reef fish assemblages. Disivision of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Frederiksted, USVI. 2006 US Virgin Islands Index or Indicator; GIS & Maps Algae; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Commercial Fishing Boats; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate; Turf Algae
van Assen, E., K. F. Kuiper, N. Barhoun, W. Krijgsman, and F. J. Sierro. 2006. Messinian astrochronology of the Melilla Basin: Stepwise restriction of the Mediterranean-Atlantic connection through Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238:15-31. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Stony Coral
Vroom, P. S. and K. N. Page. 2006. Relative abundance of macroalgae (RAM) on Northwestern Hawaiian Island reefs. Atoll Research Bulletin 533-548. 2006 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae
Webster, J. M., D. A. Clague, J. C. Braga, H. Spalding, W. Renema, C. Kelley, B. Applegate, J. R. Smith, C. K. Paull, J. G. Moore, and D. Potts. 2006. Drowned coralline algal dominated deposits off Lanai, Hawaii; carbonate accretion and vertical tectonics over the last 30 ka. Marine Geology 225:223-246. 2006 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Cruz-Palacios, V. and B. I. Van Tussenbroek. 2005. Simulation of hurricane-like disturbances on a Caribbean seagrass bed. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 324:44-60. 2005 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Gerhard, L. C. and T. A. Cross. 2005. Measurements of the generation and distribution of carbonate sediments of Buck Island channel, St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands, with observations about sediments in fringing lagoons. Atoll Research Bulletin 157-176. 2005 US Virgin Islands Lab Study Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kundal, P. and A. P. Dharashivkar. 2005. Record of rhodoliths from Aramda Reef Member (Late Pleistocene to Holocene) of Chaya Formation, Dwarka-Okha area, Gujarat and their paleoenvironmental significance. Current Science 88:1684-1689. 2005 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae
Michel, J., S. Zengel, L. Cotsapas, J. Dahlin, and J. Hoff. 2005. Scaling of injury to reef flat habitats resulting from removal actions of grounded vessels in Pago Pago, American Samoa. Pages 7487-7494 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 Samoa; American Samoa Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Coastal Defense; Petroleum Spills; Sediment
Montaggioni, L. F. 2005. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation: Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews 71:Jan-75. 2005 US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; India; Pacific Ocean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Schlagintweit, F. 2005. Consinocodium japonicum ENDO, 1961 from the Upper Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria: Not a siphonous green alga, but a coralline sponge. Revue de Paleobiologie 24:533-540. 2005 Japan Calcareous Macroalgae; Sponges
Wright, J. T., S. A. Dworjanyn, C. N. Rogers, P. D. Steinberg, J. E. Williamson, and A. G. B. Poore. 2005. Density-dependent sea urchin grazing: Differential removal of species, changes in community composition and alternative community states. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298:143-156. 2005 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Chittaro, P. M. 2004. Fish-habitat associations across multiple spatial scales. Coral Reefs 23:235-244. 2004 US Virgin Islands Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Seagrasses
Collen, J. D. and D. W. Garton. 2004. Larger foraminifera and sedimentation around Fongafale Island, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Coral Reefs 23:445-454. 2004 Tuvalu Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Molluscs; Sediment
Fourqurean, J. W. and L. M. Rutten. 2004. The impact of Hurricane Georges on soft-bottom, back reef communities: site- and species-specific effects in south Florida seagrass beds. Bulletin of Marine Science 75:239-257. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Hampton, M. A., C. T. Blay, and C. J. Murray. 2004. Carbonate sediment deposits on the reef front around Oahu, Hawaii. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 22:65-102. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Lab Study; GIS & Maps Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kennedy, D. M. and C. D. Woodroffe. 2004. Carbonate sediments of Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs close to the southern limits of reef growth in the southwest Pacific. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 51:847-857. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Mumby, P. J., J. D. Hedley, J. R. M. Chisholm, C. D. Clark, H. Ripley, and J. Jaubert. 2004. The cover of living and dead corals from airborne remote sensing. Coral Reefs 23:171-183. 2004 Field Study & Monitoring; Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Substrate
Nugues, M. M., G. W. Smith, R. J. Van Hooidonk, M. I. Seabra, and R. P. M. Bak. 2004. Algal contact as a trigger for coral disease. Ecology Letters 7:919-923. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Nugues, M. M., L. Delvoye, and R. P. M. Bak. 2004. Coral defence against macroalgae: Differential effects of mesenterial filaments on the green alga Halimeda opuntia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278:103-114. 2004 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Stony Coral
Payri, C. E. and G. Cabioch. 2004. The systematics and significance of coralline red algae in the rhodolith sequence of the Amedee 4 drill core (Southwest New Caledonia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204:187-208. 2004 Australia; New Caledonia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Smith, J. E., C. M. Smith, P. S. Vroom, K. L. Beach, and S. Miller. 2004. Nutrient and growth dynamics of Halimeda tuna on Conch Reef, Florida Keys: Possible influence of internal tides on nutrient status and physiology. Limnology and Oceanography 49:1923-1936. 2004 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Light; Nutrients
Tsai, C.-C., S.-L. Wong, J.-S. Chang, R.-L. Hwang, C.-F. Dai, Y.-C. Yu, Y.-T. Shyu, F. Sheu, and T.-M. Lee. 2004. Macroalgal assemblage structure on a coral reef in Nanwan Bay in southern Taiwan. Botanica Marina 47:439-453. 2004 Taiwan Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae
Webster, J. M., L. Wallace, E. Silver, D. Potts, J. C. Braga, W. Renema, K. Riker-Coleman, and C. Gallup. 2004. Coralgal composition of drowned carbonate platforms in the Huon Gulf, Papua New Guinea; Implications for lowstand reef development and drowning. Marine Geology 204:59-89. 2004 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Papua New Guinea Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Aguilera-Franco, N. 2003. Cenomanian - Coniacian zonation (foraminifers and calcareous algae) in the Guerrero - Morelos basin, southern Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas 20:202-222. 2003 South & Central America; Oman; Mexico Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Echinoderms
Beach, K., L. Walters, H. Borgeas, C. Smith, J. Coyer, and P. Vroom. 2003. The impact of Dictyota spp. on Halimeda populations of Conch Reef, Florida Keys. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 297:141-159. 2003 Florida Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Octocoral; Primary Production; Sponges; Stony Coral
Beach, K., L. Walters, P. Vroom, C. Smith, J. Coyer, and C. Hunter. 2003. Variability in the ecophysiology of Halimeda spp. (Chlorophyta, bryopsidales) on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, USA. Journal of Phycology 39:633-643. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Light; Nutrients; Primary Production
De Paula, A. F., M. A. D. O. Figueiredo, and J. C. Creed. 2003. Structure of the macroalgal community associated with the seagrass Halodule wrightii Ascherson in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil. Botanica Marina 46:413-424. 2003 Cuba Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
Gischler, E. 2003. Holocene lagoonal development in the isolated carbonate platforms off Belize. Sedimentary Geology 159:113-132. 2003 South & Central America; Belize Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Harney, J. N. and C. H. Fletcher III. 2003. A budget of carbonate framework and sediment production, Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Sedimentary Research 73:856-868. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Substrate
Kennedy, D. M. 2003. Surface lagoonal sediments on Lord Howe Island, Tasman Sea. Journal of Coastal Research 19:57-63. 2003 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment
Langdon, C., W. S. Broecker, D. E. Hammond, E. Glenn, K. Fitzsimmons, S. G. Nelson, T.-H. Peng, I. Hajdas, and G. Bonani. 2003. Effect of elevated CO2 on the community metabolism of an experimental coral beef. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17:1-Nov. 2003 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; CO2; Light; Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity
Perry, C. T. 2003. Coral reefs in a high-latitude, siliciclastic barrier island setting: Reef framework and sediment production at Inhaca Island, southern Mozambique. Coral Reefs 22:485-497. 2003 Mozambique Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral
Schuster, F. 2003. Early Miocene corals and associated sediments of the northwestern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 57-81. 2003 Global; Egypt; Iran Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Vroom, P. S., C. M. Smith, J. A. Coyer, L. J. Walters, C. L. Hunter, K. S. Beach, and J. E. Smith. 2003. Field biology of Halimeda tuna (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) across a depth gradient: Comparative growth, survivorship, recruitment, and reproduction. Hydrobiologia 501:149-166. 2003 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients
Bosellini, F. R., A. Russo, and A. Vescogni. 2002. The Messinian reef complex of the Salento Peninsula (southern Italy): Stratigraphy, facies and Paleoenvironmental interpretation. Facies 91-112. 2002 Calcareous Macroalgae
Bulleri, F., I. Bertocci, and F. Micheli. 2002. Interplay of encrusting coralline algae and sea urchins in maintaining alternative habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 243:101-109. 2002 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sea Urchins
Calhoun, R. S., C. H. Fletcher, and J. N. Harney. 2002. A budget of marine and terrigenous sediments, Hanalei Bay, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Sedimentary Geology 150:61-87. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Echinoderms; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Costa Jr., O. S., M. J. Attrill, A. G. Pedrini, and J. C. De-Paula. 2002. Spatial and seasonal distribution of seaweeds on coral reefs from southern Bahia, Brazil. Botanica Marina 45:346-355. 2002 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Turf Algae
Forsythe, G. T. W., R. Wood, and J. A. D. Dickson. 2002. Mass spawning in Ancient reef communities: Evidence from Late Paleozoic phylloid algae. Palaios 17:615-621. 2002 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Kennedy, D. M., C. D. Woodroffe, B. G. Jones, M. E. Dickson, and C. V. G. Phipps. 2002. Carbonate sedimentation on subtropical shelves around Lord Howe Island and Balls Pyramid, Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology 188:333-349. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Kooistra, W. H. C. F., E. G. G. Coppejans, and C. Payri. 2002. Molecular systematics, historical ecology, and phylogeography of Halimeda (Bryopsidales). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24:121-138. 2002 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
McClanahan, T. R., B. A. Cokos, and E. Sala. 2002. Algal growth and species composition under experimental control of herbivory, phosphorus and coral abundance in Glovers Reef, Belize. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:441-451. 2002 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., J. N. Uku, and H. Machano. 2002. Effect of macroalgal reduction on coral-reef fish in the Watamu Marine National Park, Kenya. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:223-231. 2002 Kenya Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Protected Areas; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Walter, D. J., D. N. Lambert, and D. C. Young. 2002. Sediment facies determination using acoustic techniques in a shallow-water carbonate environment, Dry Tortugas, Florida. Marine Geology 182:161-177. 2002 Florida GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Walters, L. J., C. M. Smith, J. A. Coyer, C. L. Hunter, K. S. Beach, and P. S. Vroom. 2002. Asexual propagation in the coral reef macroalga Halimeda (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales): Production, dispersal and attachment of small fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 278:47-65. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Sediment
Aponte, N. E. and D. L. Ballantine. 2001. Depth distribution of algal species on the deep insular fore reef at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 48:2185-2194. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae
Bosellini, F. R., A. Russo, and A. Vescogni. 2001. Messinian reef-building assemblages of the Salento Peninsula (southern Italy): Palaeobathymetric and palaeoclimatic significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175:26-Jul. 2001 Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Stony Coral
Broecker, W. S., C. Langdon, T. Takahashi, and T.-H. Peng. 2001. Factors controlling the rate of CaCO3 precipitation on Great Bahama Bank. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15:589-596. 2001 Bahamas Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Salinity; Sediment
Fong, P., K. Kamer, K. E. Boyer, and K. A. Boyle. 2001. Nutrient content of macroalgae with differing morphologies may indicate sources of nutrients for tropical marine systems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 220:137-152. 2001 Puerto Rico Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment
Hillis, L. W. 2001. The calcareous reef alga Halimeda (Chlorophyta, Byropsidales): A cretaceous genus that diversified in the cenozoic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166:89-100. 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Panama Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Kuffner, I. B. and V. J. Paul. 2001. Effects of nitrate, phosphate and iron on the growth of macroalgae and benthic cyanobacteria from cocos lagoon, guam. Marine Ecology Progress Series 222:63-72. 2001 Guam Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Cyanobacteria; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Substrate
Lirman, D. 2001. Competition between macroalgae and corals: Effects of herbivore exclusion and increased algal biomass on coral survivorship and growth. Coral Reefs 19:392-399. 2001 Florida Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Stony Coral
MacKinnon, L. and B. Jones. 2001. Sedimentological evolution of north sound, grand cayman-a freshwater to marine carbonate succession driven by holocene sea-level rise. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71:568-580. 2001 South & Central America; Bahamas; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Millar, A. J. K. and G. T. Kraft. 2001. Monograph of the green macroalgal genus Rhipilia (Udoteaceae, Halimedales), with a description of R. crassa sp. nov. from Australia and the Philippines. Phycologia 40:21-34. 2001 Australia; Philippines Calcareous Macroalgae
Montgomery, P., M. R. Farr, E. K. Franseen, and R. H. Goldstein. 2001. Constraining controls on carbonate sequences with high-resolution chronostratigraphy: Upper Miocene, Cabo de Gata region, SE Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176:Nov-45. 2001 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Spain Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Nutrients
Sanchez-Almazo, I. M., B. Spiro, J. C. Braga, and J. M. Martin. 2001. Constraints of stable isotope signatures on the depositional palaeoenvironments of upper Miocene reef and temperate carbonates in the Sorbas Basin, SE Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175:153-172. 2001 Spain Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Small, A. M. and W. H. Adey. 2001. Reef corals, zooxanthellae and free-living algae: A microcosm study that demonstrates synergy between calcification and primary production. Ecological Engineering 16:443-457. 2001 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Solandt, J.-L. and A. C. Campbell. 2001. Macroalgal feeding characteristics of the sea urchin diadema Antillarum Philippi at discovery bay, Jamaica. Caribbean Journal of Science 37:227-238. 2001 South & Central America; Jamaica; Caribbean Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Airoldi, L. 2000. Responses of algae with different life histories to temporal and spatial variability of disturbance in subtidal reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 195:81-92. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae
Bassi, D. and J. H. Nebelsick. 2000. Calcareous algae from the Lower Oligocene Gornji Grad beds of northern Slovenia. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 106:99-122. 2000 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Best, M. M. R. and S. M. Kidwell. 2000. Bivalve taphonomy in tropical mixed siliciclastic-carbonate settings. I. Environmental variation in shell condition. Paleobiology 26:80-102. 2000 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Sediment
Best, M. M. R. and S. M. Kidwell. 2000. Bivalve taphonomy in tropical mixed siliciclastic-carbonate settings. II. Effect of bivalve life habits and shell types. Paleobiology 26:103-115. 2000 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Substrate
Calhoun, R. S. and M. E. Field. 2000. Beach and reef-flat sediments along the south shore of Molokai, Hawaii. Pages 163-171 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Harney, J. N., E. E. Grossman, B. M. Richmond, and C. H. Fletcher III. 2000. Age and composition of carbonate shoreface sediments, Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 19:141-154. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hochberg, E. J. and M. J. Atkinson. 2000. Spectral discrimination of coral reef benthic communities. Coral Reefs 19:164-171. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii GIS & Maps; Remote Sensing Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Lidz, B. H. and P. Hallock. 2000. Sedimentary petrology of a declining reef ecosystem, Florida reef tract (U.S.A.). Journal of Coastal Research 16:675-697. 2000 Florida Model; Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Nutrients; Pathogens; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Lirman, D. and P. Biber. 2000. Seasonal dynamics of macroalgal communities of the Northern Florida Reef Tract. Botanica Marina 43:305-314. 2000 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Small Herbivorous Fish
Mitchell, S., S. Khan, R. Maharaj, and E. Robinson. 2000. Carbonate beach sediment composition at a tourist beach, Negril, Jamaica. Pages 204-217 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Jamaica Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Overholtzer, K. L. and P. J. Motta. 2000. Effects of mixed-species foraging groups on the feeding and aggression of juvenile parrotfishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58:345-354. 2000 Florida Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Payri, C. E. 2000. Primary production and calcification of coral reef benthic algae [Production primaire et calcification des algues benthiques en milieu corallien]. Oceanis 26:427-463. 2000 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment; Zooxanthellae
Perry, C. T. 2000. Factors controlling sediment preservation on a north Jamaican fringing reef: A process-based approach to microfacies analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70:633-648. 2000 Jamaica Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Poulicek, M., J.-C. Bussers, and P. Vandewalle. 2000. Functional analysis of bacterial populations associated with Scleractinians [Analyse fonctionnelle des peuplements bacteriens associes aux Scleractiniaires]. Oceanis 26:351-388. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Roger, S., P. Munch, J. J. Cornee, J. P. Saint Martin, G. Feraud, S. Pestrea, G. Conesa, and A. Ben Moussa. 2000. 40Ar/39Ar dating of the pre-evaporitic Messinian marine sequences of the Melilla basin (Morocco): A proposal for some biosedimentary events as isochrons around the Alboran Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 179:101-113. 2000 Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Stony Coral
Rossier, O. and M. Kulbicki. 2000. A comparison of fish assemblages from two types of algal beds and coral reefs in the south-west lagoon of New Caledonia. Cybium 24:26-Mar. 2000 New Caledonia Calcareous Macroalgae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Yamano, H., T. Miyajima, and I. Koike. 2000. Importance of foraminifera for the formation and maintenance of a coral sand cay: Green Island, Australia. Coral Reefs 19:51-58. 2000 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Arthurton, R. S., A. H. Brampton, C. Z. Kaaya, and S. K. Mohamed. 1999. Late quaternary coastal stratigraphy on a platform-fringed tropical coast - A case study from Zanzibar, Tanzania. Journal of Coastal Research 15:635-644. 1999 Tanzania Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bhosale, S. H., T. G. Jagtap, and C. G. Naik. 1999. Antifungal activity of some marine organisms from India, against food spoilage Aspergillus strains. Mycopathologia 147:133-138. 1999 India Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sponges
Clifton, K. E. and L. M. Clifton. 1999. The phenology of sexual reproduction by green algae (Bryopsidales) on Caribbean coral reefs. Journal of Phycology 35:24-34. 1999 South & Central America; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Substrate
Gischler, E. and A. J. Lomando. 1999. Recent sedimentary facies of isolated carbonate platforms, belize-yucatan system Central America. Journal of Sedimentary Research 69:747-763. 1999 South & Central America; Belize; Mexico GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Iryu, Y. and T. Yamada. 1999. Biogeochemical contrasts between mid-Cretaceous carbonate platforms and Cenozoic reefs. Island Arc 8:475-490. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; CO2; Coralline Algae; Sediment
James, N. P., L. B. Collins, Y. Bone, and P. Hallock. 1999. Subtropical carbonates in a temperate realm: Modern sediments on the southwest australian shelf. Journal of Sedimentary Research 69:1297-1321. 1999 Global; Australia; Indian Ocean; India Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sponges
Kendrick, G. A., P. S. Lavery, and J. C. Phillips. 1999. Influence of Ecklonia radiata kelp canopy on structure of macro-algal assemblages in Marmion Lagoon, Western Australia. Hydrobiologia 275-283. 1999 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae
Martin, J. M., J. C. Braga, and I. Sanchez-Almazo. 1999. The Messinian record of the outcropping marginal Alboran Basin deposits: Significance and implications. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 161:543-551. 1999 Spain Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Plankton
Overholtzer, K. L. and P. J. Motta. 1999. Comparative resource use by juvenile parrotfishes in the Florida keys. Marine Ecology Progress Series 177:177-187. 1999 Florida Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Sotka, E. E., M. E. Hay, and J. D. Thomas. 1999. Host-plant specialization by a non-herbivorous amphipod: Advantages for the amphipod and costs for the seaweed. Oecologia 118:471-482. 1999 South & Central America; Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae
Xu, H., F. Cai, Y. Wang, J. Gong, Y. Gou, P. Sun, B. Zhang, and L. Zhou. 1999. Evolution of Miocene organic reefs and functions of algae's reef-making in Xisha Islands. Chinese Science Bulletin 44:1996-2001. 1999 Global; China Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Bassi, D. 1998. Coralline algal facies and their palaeoenvironments in the late Eocene of northern Italy (Calcare di Nago, Trento). Facies 179-202. 1998 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Echinoderms; Substrate
Collado-Vides, L., R. E. Dewreede, and K. L. D. Milligan. 1998. Biomechanical properties of Udotea (Halimedales, Chlorophyta) in a Mexican reef lagoon. Phycologia 37:443-449. 1998 Lab Study Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Hillis, L. W., J. A. Engman, and W. H. C. F. Kooistra. 1998. Morphological and molecular phylogenies of Halimeda (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales) identify three evolutionary lineages. Journal of Phycology 34:669-681. 1998 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Perez-Lorenzo, S., A. Levy-Benshimol, and S. Gomez-Acevedo. 1998. Presence of lectins, tannins and protease inhibitors in Venezuelan marine algae [Presencia de lectinas, taninos e inhibidores de proteasas en algas marinas de las costas Venezolanas]. Acta Cientifica Venezolana 49:144-151. 1998 Venezuela Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Perry, C. T. 1998. Grain susceptibility to the effects of microboring: Implications for the preservation of skeletal carbonates. Sedimentology 45:39-51. 1998 Jamaica Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Stanley, S. M. and L. A. Hardie. 1998. Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144:19-Mar. 1998 Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Plankton; Sediment; Sponges
Fabricius, K. E. 1997. Soft coral abundance on the central Great Barrier Reef: Effects of Acanthaster planci, space availability, and aspects of the physical environment. Coral Reefs 16:159-167. 1997 Australia Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral; Seastars; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Fornos, J. J. and W. M. Ahr. 1997. Temperate carbonates on a modern, low-energy, isolated ramp: The Balearic platform, Spain. Journal of Sedimentary Research 67:364-373. 1997 Europe; Spain Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Sediment
Gattuso, J.-P., C. E. Payri, M. Pichon, B. Delesalle, and M. Frankignoulle. 1997. Primary production, calcification, and air-sea CO2 fluxes of a macroalgal-dominated coral reef community (Moorea, French Polynesia). Journal of Phycology 33:729-738. 1997 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Coralline Algae; Primary Production
Haywick, D. W. and E. M. Mueller. 1997. Sediment retention in encrusting Palythoa spp. - A biological twist to a geological process. Coral Reefs 16:39-46. 1997 Florida Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Kench, P. S. 1997. Contemporary sedimentation in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean: Interpretation using settling velocity analysis. Sedimentary Geology 114:109-130. 1997 Indian Ocean; India Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Martin, J. M., J. C. Braga, and R. Riding. 1997. Late Miocene Halimeda alga-microbial segment reefs in the marginal Mediterranean Sorbas Basin, Spain. Sedimentology 44:441-456. 1997 Spain Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Worms; Sediment
Oliva-Rivera, J. J. and A. De Jesus-Navarrete. 1997. Biomasa fitobentica en corrales de semicultivo del caracol rosado Strombus gigas, en Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 45:791-796. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Snails & Conch
Rao, V. P. and B. G. Wagle. 1997. Geomorphology and surficial geology of the western continental shelf and slope of India: A review. Current Science 73:330-350. 1997 Indian Ocean; India Review; Index or Indicator Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Rodrigues, C. L., S. Caeiro, and S. V. Raikar. 1997. Marine macrophyte communities on the reef flat at Agatti atoll (Lakshadweep, India). Botanica Marina 40:557-568. 1997 India Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sea Urchins
Brachert, T. C., C. Betzler, J. C. Braga, and J. M. Martin. 1996. Record of climatic change in neritic carbonates: Turnover in biogenic associations and depositional modes (Late Miocene, southern Spain). International Journal of Earth Sciences 85:327-337. 1996 Global; Spain Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Coralline Algae; Echinoderms; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Braga, J. C., J. M. Martin, and R. Riding. 1996. Internal structure of segment reefs: Halimeda algal mounds in the Mediterranean Miocene. Geology 24:35-38. 1996 Spain Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Chevillon, C. 1996. Skeletal composition of modern lagoon sediments in New Caledonia: Coral, a minor constituent. Coral Reefs 15:199-207. 1996 New Caledonia Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Sediment
Delaney, M. L., L. J. Linn, and P. J. Davies. 1996. Trace and minor element ratios in Halimeda aragonite from the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 15:181-189. 1996 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Franklin, L. A., G. G. R. Seaton, C. E. Lovelock, and A. W. D. Larkum. 1996. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis on a coral reef. Plant, Cell and Environment 19:825-836. 1996 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Primary Production
Harris, P. T., C. B. Pattiaratchi, J. B. Keene, R. W. Dalrymple, J. V. Gardner, E. K. Baker, A. R. Cole, D. Mitchell, P. Gibbs, and W. W. Schroeder. 1996. Late quaternary deltaic and carbonate sedimentation in the Gulf of Papua foreland basin: Response to sea-level change. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66:801-819. 1996 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Discharges; Primary Production; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Perry, C. T. 1996. The rapid response of reef sediments to changes in community composition: Implications for time averaging and sediment accumulation. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66:459-467. 1996 Jamaica Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Molluscs; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Rogers, R. W. 1996. Spatial, seasonal and secular patterns in the cover of green algae on Heron reef flat, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Botanica Marina 39:415-419. 1996 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae
Shulman, M. J. and D. R. Robertson. 1996. Changes in the coral reefs of San Bias, Caribbean Panama: 1983 to 1990. Coral Reefs 15:231-236. 1996 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Stony Coral
Stachowicz, J. J. and M. E. Hay. 1996. Facultative mutualism between an herbivorous crab and a coralline alga: Advantages of eating noxious seaweeds. Oecologia 105:377-387. 1996 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Light; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Walters, L. J., M. G. Hadfield, and C. M. Smith. 1996. Waterborne chemical compounds in tropical macroalgae: Positive and negative cues for larval settlement. Marine Biology 126:383-393. 1996 Algae; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Invertebrates; Marine Worms
Freile, D., J. D. Milliman, and L. Hillis. 1995. Leeward bank margin halimeda meadows and draperies and their sedimentary importance on the western Great Bahama Bank slope. Coral Reefs 14:27-33. 1995 Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Iryu, Y., T. Nakamori, S. Matsuda, and O. Abe. 1995. Distribution of marine organisms and its geological significance in the modern reef complex of the Ryukyu Islands. Sedimentary Geology 99:243-258. 1995 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Skeletal Coral
Kampfer, S. and J. Ott. 1995. Nutrition and feeding preferences in the Caribbean echinoid Clypeaster rosaceus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Pages 309-314 in Biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters. Proc. 28th European marine biology symposium, Iraklio, Crete, 1993. 1995 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean; Europe Calcareous Macroalgae; Echinoderms; Seagrasses
Kerr, J. N. and V. J. Paul. 1995. Animal-plant defense association: The soft coral Sinularia sp. (Cnidaria, Alcyonacea) protects Halimeda spp. from herbivory. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 186:183-205. 1995 Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral
Maliva, R. G. 1995. Recurrent neomorphic and cement microtextures from different diagenetic environments, Quaternary to Late Neogene carbonates, Great Bahama bank. Sedimentary Geology 97:7-Jan. 1995 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Nakamori, T., Y. Iryu, and T. Yamada. 1995. Development of coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands (southwest Japan, East China Sea) during Pleistocene sea-level change. Sedimentary Geology 99:215-231. 1995 Japan; China Calcareous Macroalgae
Payri, C. E. 1995. Production carbonatee de quelques algues calcifiees sur un recif corallien de Polynesie francaise. Bulletin - Societe Geologique de France 166:77-84. 1995 Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Gischler, E. 1994. Sedimentation on three caribbean atolls: Glovers reef, lighthouse reef and turneffe Islands, belize. Facies 31:243-254. 1994 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Hovland, M., P. F. Croker, and M. Martin. 1994. Fault-associated seabed mounds (carbonate knolls?) off western Ireland and north-west Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology 11:232-246. 1994 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Martin, JO SM . and J. C. Braga. 1994. Messinian events in the Sorbas Basin in southeastern Spain and their implications in the recent history of the Mediterranean. Sedimentary Geology 90:257-268. 1994 Global; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Spain Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Smithers, S. G. 1994. Sediment facies of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands lagoon. Atoll Research Bulletin 1994 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Brachert, T. C., C. Betzler, P. J. Davies, and D. A. Feary. 1993. Climatic change: control of carbonate platform development (Eocene- Miocene, Leg 133, northeastern Australia). Proc., scientific results, ODP, Leg 133, northeast Australian margin 291-300. 1993 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Plankton; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hallock, P. and M. W. Peebles. 1993. Foraminifera with chlorophyte endosymbionts: Habitats of six species in the Florida Keys. Marine Micropaleontology 20:277-292. 1993 Florida; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
Jagtap, T. G. 1993. Studies on littoral and sublittoral macrophytes around the Mauritius coast. Atoll Research Bulletin 1993 Mauritius Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Coppejans, E., H. Beeckman, and M. De Wit. 1992. The seagrass and associated macroalgal vegetation of Gazi Bay (Kenya). Hydrobiologia 247:59-75. 1992 Kenya Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Substrate
Millar, A. J. K. and M. J. Wynne. 1992. Chondria viticulosa sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), a distinctly flattened species from south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 5:421-429. 1992 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae
Paul, V. J. 1992. Activation of chemical defenses in the tropical green algae Halimeda spp. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 160:191-203. 1992 Guam Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Poncet, J. 1992. Virella alveata nov. gen., nov. sp. an Early Devonian green calcareous Alga (Dasycladales) from the Armorican Massif, France [Virella alveata nov. gen., nov. sp.algue verte calcaire (Dasycladales) du Devonien inferieur du Massif Armoricain, France]. Geobios 25:311-314. 1992 France Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae
Roberts, H. H., P. A. Wilson, and A. Lugo-Fernandez. 1992. Biologic and geologic responses to physical processes: examples from modern reef systems of the Caribbean-Atlantic region. Continental Shelf Research 12:809-834. 1992 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Bahamas; Bermuda; Nicaragua; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Aharon, P. 1991. Recorders of reef environment histories: stable isotopes in corals, giant clams, and calcareous algae. Coral Reefs 10:71-90. 1991 Australia; Java Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Sediment; Stony Coral
Colin, P. L. and L. J. Bell. 1991. Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces: Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families. Environmental Biology of Fishes 31:229-260. 1991 Marshall Islands Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Littler, M. M. 1991. Deep-water rhodolith distribution, productivity, and growth history at sites of formation and subsequent degradation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 150:163-182. 1991 Bahamas; Cuba Algae; Boring Sponges; Calcareous Macroalgae; Light; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Primary Production; Sponges
Riding, R., J. M. Martin, and J. C. Braga. 1991. Coral-stromatolite reef framework, Upper Miocene, Almeria, Spain. Sedimentology 38:799-818. 1991 Spain Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral
Harris, P. T., P. J. Davies, and J. F. Marshall. 1990. Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Great Barrier Reef continental shelf and slope east of Townsville, Australia. Marine Geology 94:55-77. 1990 Australia Model Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level
Littler, M. M. and D. S. Littler. 1990. Productivity and nutrient relationships in psammophytic versus epilithic forms of Bryopsidales (Chlorophyta): comparisons based on a short-term physiological assay. Hydrobiologia 49-55. 1990 Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sediment
Deloffre, R., J.-J. Fleury, E. Fourcade, and F. Michaud. 1989. Dasycladales (green algae) from the Palaeocene-Lower Eocene of Mexico [Dasycladales (Algues vertes) du Paleocene-Eocene inferieur du Mexique]. Revue de Micropaleontologie 32:15-Mar. 1989 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Mexico; Europe Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Echinoderms; Sediment
Dix, G. R. 1989. High-energy, inner shelf carbonate facies along a tide-dominated non-rimmed margin, northwestern Australia. Marine Geology 89:347-362. 1989 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sediment
Drew, E. A. and K. M. Abel. 1988. Studies on Halimeda - I. The distribution and species composition of Halimeda meadows throughout the Great Barrier Reef Province. Coral Reefs 6:195-205. 1988 Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment
Drew, E. A. and K. M. Abel. 1988. Studies on Halimeda - II. Reproduction, particularly the seasonality of gametangia formation, in a number of species from the Great Barrier Reef Province. Coral Reefs 6:207-218. 1988 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Calcareous Macroalgae; Discharges
Hay, M. E., V. J. Paul, S. M. Lewis, K. Gustafson, J. Tucker, and R. N. Trindell. 1988. Can tropical seaweeds reduce herbivory by growing at night? Diel patterns of growth, nitrogen content, herbivory, and chemical versus morphological defenses. Oecologia 75:233-245. 1988 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Primary Production; Small Herbivorous Fish
Johns, H. D. and C. H. Moore. 1988. Reef to basin sediment transport using Halimeda as a sediment tracer, Grand Cayman Island, West Indies. Coral Reefs 6:187-193. 1988 Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Mankiewicz, C. 1988. Occurrence and paleocologic significance of Halimeda in late Miocene reefs, southeastern Spain. Coral Reefs 6:271-279. 1988 Spain GIS & Maps Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sediment
Marshall, J. F. and P. J. Davies. 1988. Halimeda bioherms of the northern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 6:139-148. 1988 Australia; Cuba Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment
Morrison, D. 1988. Comparing fish and urchin grazing in shallow and deeper coral reef algal communities. Ecology 69:1367-1382. 1988 Jamaica Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Substrate
Multer, H. G. 1988. Growth rate, ultrastructure and sediment contribution of Halimeda incrassata and Halimeda monile, Nonsuch and Falmouth Bays, Antigua, W.I. Coral Reefs 6:179-186. 1988 Antigua Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Naim, O. 1988. Distributional patterns of mobile fauna associated with Halimeda on the Tiahura coral-reef complex (Moorea, French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 6:237-250. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii Calcareous Macroalgae; Marine Worms
Orme, G. R. and M. S. Salama. 1988. Form and seismic stratigraphy of Halimeda banks in part of the northern Great Barrier Reef Province. Coral Reefs 6:131-137. 1988 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae
Paul, V. J. and K. L. Van Alstyne. 1988. Chemical defense and chemical variation in some tropical Pacific species of Halimeda (Halimedaceae; Chlorophyta). Coral Reefs 6:263-269. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii; Guam Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Calcareous Macroalgae; Small Herbivorous Fish
Payri, C. E. 1988. Halimeda contribution to organic and inorganic production in a Tahitian reef system. Coral Reefs 6:251-262. 1988 Field Study & Monitoring Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Primary Production
Phipps, C. V. G. and H. H. Roberts. 1988. Seismic characteristics and accretion history of Halimeda bioherms on Kalukalukuang Bank, eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs 6:149-159. 1988 Australia; Java; Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Water Depth & Sea Level
Roberts, H. H., P. Aharon, and C. V. Phipps. 1988. Morphology and sedimentology of Halimeda bioherms from the eastern Java Sea (Indonesia). Coral Reefs 6:161-172. 1988 US Pacific & Hawaii; Java; Indonesia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Wolanski, E., E. Drew, K. M. Abel, and J. O'Brien. 1988. Tidal jets, nutrient upwelling and their influence on the productivity of the alga Halimeda in the Ribbon Reefs, Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 26:169-201. 1988 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Calcareous Macroalgae; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hackney, J. M. and P. Hensley. 1987. Use of an enzyme assay to detect glycolate in aquatic systems. Aquatic Botany 27:395-402. 1987 Calcareous Macroalgae
Lapointe, B. E., M. M. Littler, and D. S. Littler. 1987. A comparison of nutrient-limited productivity in macroalgae from a Caribbean barrier reef and from a mangrove ecosystem. Aquatic Botany 28:243-255. 1987 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Nutrients
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and P. R. Taylor. 1987. Animal-plant defense associations: Effects on the distribution and abundance of tropical reef macrophytes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 105:107-121. 1987 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Small Herbivorous Fish
Roberts, H. H. 1987. Modern carbonate-siliciclastic transitions: Humid and arid tropical examples. Sedimentary Geology 50:25-65. 1987 Nicaragua; Java; Indonesia Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Sediment
Colin, P. L. 1986. Benthic community distribution in the Enewetak Atoll lagoon, Marshall Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 38:129-143. 1986 Marshall Islands Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Colin, P. L., D. M. Devaney, L. Hillis-Colinvaux, T. H. Suchanek, and J. T. Harrison III. 1986. Geology and biological zonation of the reef slope, 50-360 m depth at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 38:111-128. 1986 Marshall Islands Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Foster, W. A. and J. E. Treherne. 1986. The ecology and behaviour of a marine insect, Halobates fijiensis (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 86:391-412. 1986 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring; Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Mangroves; Skeletal Coral
Hendler, G. and B. S. Littman. 1986. The ploys of sex: relationships among the mode of reproduction, body size and habitats of coral-reef brittlestars. Coral Reefs 5:31-42. 1986 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Plankton; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Hillis-Colinvaux, L. 1986. Halimeda growth and diversity on the deep fore-reef of Enewetak Atoll. Coral Reefs 5:19-21. 1986 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Stony Coral
Hoskin, C. M., J. K. Reed, and D. H. Mook. 1986. Production and off-bank transport of carbonate sediment, Black Rock, southwest Little Bahama Bank. Marine Geology 73:125-144. 1986 Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Sediment
Littler, M. M., P. R. Taylor, and D. S. Littler. 1986. Plant defense associations in the marine environment. Coral Reefs 5:63-71. 1986 South & Central America; Belize Model Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Small Herbivorous Fish
Bosence, D. W. J. 1985. The 'Coralligene' of the Mediterranean - a Recent analog for Tertiary coralline algal limestones. Paleoalgology: contemporary research and applications 216-225. 1985 France Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges
Lewis, S. M. 1985. Herbivory on coral reefs: algal susceptibility to herbivorous fishes. Oecologia 65:370-375. 1985 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Lidz, B. H., D. M. Robbin, and E. A. Shinn. 1985. Holocene carbonate sedimentary petrology and facies accumulation, Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 36:672-700. 1985 Florida Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Littler, M. M., P. R. Taylor, D. S. Littler, R. H. Sims, and J. N. Norris. 1985. The distribution, abundance and primary productivity of submerged macrophytes in a Belize barrier-reef mangrove system. Atoll Research Bulletin 1985 South & Central America; Belize Index or Indicator Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses
Magathan, E. R. 1985. Devonian reef-associated articulate red algae from western Canada. Paleoalgology: contemporary research and applications 170-178. 1985 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mallik, T. K. 1985. An analysis of problems related to dredging in a coral atoll: Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, Indian Ocean. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 7:151-157. 1985 Indian Ocean; India; Fiji Algae; Beaches & Nature Parks; Calcareous Macroalgae; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Molluscs; Ports & Harbors; Sediment
Scoffin, T. P. and A. W. Tudhope. 1985. Sedimentary environments of the Central Region of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Coral Reefs 4:81-93. 1985 Australia; Cuba Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Bullen, S. B. and D. F. Sibley. 1984. Dolomite selectivity and mimic replacement. Geology 12:655-658. 1984 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae
Hine, A. C. and J. C. Steinmetz. 1984. Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas - A partially drowned carbonate platform. Marine Geology 59. 1984 Bahamas; Cuba Beach & Land Formation; Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Liebezeit, G., L. Bohm, R. Dawson, and G. Wefer. 1984. Estimation of algal carbonate input to marine aragonitic sediments on the basis of xylose content. Marine Geology 54:249-262. 1984 Bermuda Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Untawale, A. G. and T. G. Jagtap. 1984. Marine macrophytes of minicoy (Lakshadweep) coral atoll of the Arabian Sea. Aquatic Botany 19:97-103. 1984 Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Mangroves; Seagrasses
Walter, L. M. and J. W. Morse. 1984. Reactive surface area of skeletal carbonates during dissolution: effect of grain size. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54:1081-1090. 1984 Calcareous Macroalgae
Drew, E. A. 1983. Halimeda biomass, growth rates and sediment generation on reefs in the central great barrier reef province. Coral Reefs 2:101-110. 1983 Australia Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Harbour, J. L. 1983. Porosity evolution of the Pleistocene Mariana Limestone, Orote Peninsula, Guam. Pages 540-557 in Carbonate buildups - a core workshop. SEPM core workshop 4, Dallas, 1983. 1983 Guam Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment
Roberts, H. H. and S. P. Murray. 1983. Controls on reef development and the terrigenous-carbonate interface on a shallow shelf, Nicaragua (Central America). Coral Reefs 2:71-80. 1983 South & Central America; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Caribbean Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate; Salinity; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rutzler, K. and I. G. Macintyre. 1982. The habitat distribution and community structure of the barrier reef complex at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I: structure and communities Sep-45. 1982 South & Central America; Belize Calcareous Macroalgae; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Armstrong, A. K., P. D. Snaveley Jr, and W. O. Addicott. 1980. Porosity evolution of Upper Miocene reefs, Almeria Province, southern Spain. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 64:188-208. 1980 Spain Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Morrissey, J. 1980. Community structure and zonation of microalgae and hermatypic corals on a fringing reef flat of magnetic island (Queensland, Australia). Aquatic Botany 8:91-139. 1980 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate
Bourrouilh-Le Jan, F. G. 1979. (The Rhodolite high energy ( carbonate) platforms and the climatic crisis of the Mio-Pliocene passage in the Pacific area). [Les plates-formes carbonatees de haute energie a Rhodolithes et la crise climatique du passage Mio-Pliocene dans le domaine pacifi. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf- Aquitaine 3:489-495. 1979 US Pacific & Hawaii Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Climate
Mallik, T. K. 1979. Some sedimentological and biological aspects of the Kavaratti and Kalpeni atolls, Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. Marine Geology 29:357-385. 1979 Indian Ocean; India Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Ghose, B. K. 1977. Paleoecology of the cenozoic reefal foraminifers and algae - A brief review. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 22:231-256. 1977 Review Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae
Thorhaug, A. and M. A. Roessler. 1977. Seagrass community dynamics in a subtropical estuarine lagoon. Aquaculture 12:253-277. 1977 Florida Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Seagrasses; Sponges
Mallik, T. K. 1976. Grain-size variation in the Kavaratti lagoon sediments, Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea. Marine Geology 20:57-75. 1976 Florida; India Calcareous Macroalgae; Sediment

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Restoration: Removal of Invasive Algae Benthic organisms on reefs maintain a delicate balance competing for space. In many areas, the competition between coral and algae has fallen out of balance due to confounding factors. Factors such as decreased herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and invasive algae species have allowed faster growing algae to take over many reefs, often growing into smothering mats that cover and kill coral. In Hawaii, there has been some success physically removing invasive algae such as Kappaphycus using underwater vacuums extended down from barges or volunteer events in shallower areas. The Nature Conservancy. 2010.Two Million Pounds of Invasive Algae Removed From Maunalua Bay.

(not cited)

Algae; Aquaculture; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Calcareous Macroalgae; Collaboration & Partnering; Coral; Coralline Algae; Decision Support; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Fleshy Macroalgae; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Large Herbivorous Fish; Octocoral; Reef Habitat; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Zooxanthellae

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics

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