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Bivalves

Bivalves

Bivalves are a class of molluscs known for their hinged shells, including clams, oysters, and scallops.

CMap

Algae are aquatic, photosynthetic plant-like organisms and include calcareous macroalgae, fleshy macroalgae, turf algae, and crustose coralline algae. Aquarium Stock is aquatic life that humans collect for sale to commercial aquariums or individual hobbyists. Arthropods are invertebrates with jointed limbs and segmented bodies, such as lobster, crab, and shrimp. Sand production is the process by which calcified coral skeletons and invertebrate shells break down, forming sand which replenishes beaches. Biocriteria are narrative expressions or numeric values that describe the biological condition (structure and function) of aquatic communities inhabiting waters of a designated aquatic life use. Biological Harvest is the collection of living things from the ecosystem for recreation, consumption, or sale of marine products. Biological monitoring is the use of a biological entity as a detector and its response as a measure to determine environmental conditions. Biological monitoring, mapping, and scientific research are activities to track the condition of populations, communities, and habitat, and to understand the processes, stressors, and ecological interactions that affect that condition. Bivalves are a class of molluscs known for their hinged shells, including clams, oysters, and scallops. A number of reef organisms, including stony coral, calcareous macroalgae, crustose coralline algae, crustaceans, mollusks, and bivalves, deposit calcium carbonate (CaCO3) during growth to form hard skeletons or shells. Carbon storage and cycling is the ability of an ecosystem to utilize, process, and store carbon. Complex habitat and resources reflects the complex architecture of sessile, plant-like organisms, such as octocoral and sponges, which provides shelter and protection for small fish and other invertebrates from predators. Contact Uses, such as biological additions, physical damage, and biological harvesting, are activities in which humans create pressures through direct contact with the ecosystem. Coral is a colonial marine animal consisting of polyps. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Designating protected species is the process of legally establishing a species as threatened, endangered, or of special concern, often requiring that critical habitat must be designated as well and recovery plans implemented. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical marine invertebrates, such as starfish and sea urchins. Ecosystem monitoring and restoration refers to responses to directly alter the condition of the reef ecosystem through restoration or remediation activities, setting limits on degradation through biological criteria or water quality criteria, or improving knowledge through monitoring, mapping, and scientific research. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Finfish and shellfish stock are fish (e.g., groupers and snappers) and invertebrates (e.g., lobster, crab, conch, octopus, squid, and bivalves) that are harvested for human consumption as seafood. Invertebrate Harvesting is the act of collecting marine invertebrates, including sponges, lobsters, and other invertebrates, for seafood or other marine products. An Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a backbone. Invertivorous fish are fish that primarily feed on invertebrates. Landscape Changes are alterations of the natural landscape through human activities, including coastal development, shoreline armoring, impervious surfaces, deforestation, or soil disturbance, which can alter water flow patterns and lead to pollutant runoff into coastal systems. Lobster, Crab, and Shrimp are crustaceans that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Marine products are non-food goods derived from reefs that promote human well-being (e.g, aquarium fish or ornamental resources) and human health (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics). Any worm that lives in a marine environment is considered a marine worm. Microorganisms are microscopic plants or animals, such as cyanobacteria and disease-causing pathogens that live in coral reef ecosystems. Molluscs are marine invertebrates with soft, unsegmented bodies, such as clams, squid, and snails. Octopi and Squid are Mollusks that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Habitat is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the benthic components of the reef ecosystem. Reef Inhabitants are all of the motile components of the reef ecosystem, including fish, invertebrates, marine reptiles and mammals, and are quantified by their abundance, distribution, and condition. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. Sea Urchins are small, spiny echinoderms that can be found in coral reef ecosystems. Seastars are echinoderms that are notable for their five arms that extend from their central body. Snails and Conch are Mollusks that can be found in the coral reef ecosystem. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Wetland and reef restoration are activities to directly improve, reestablish, or repair degraded ecosystems.

CMap Description

Molluscs, such as snails & conch, octopus & squid, and bivalves, fulfill several functions on a coral reef; the most significant being the contribution to the finfish & shellfish stock as a critical provisioning service. Bivalves provide a link in the trophic food web as they are consumed by humans. The calcium carbonate deposition by bivalves ultimately contributes to sand & land production through the processing of other marine organisms. Also, a few bivalve species are important as aquarium stock, and all species are important to cultural services of coral reefs. Socio-economic drivers lead to bivalve removal & mortality through harvesting pressures; also, the survival, growth, and reproduction of bivalves are reduced by disease-causing microorganisms and a disturbed physical & chemical environment. Biological monitoring, mapping, and restoration is needed to identify changes in the abundance and condition of molluscs; and ultimately, determine the appropriate responses to maintain the supply of ecosystem services and ensure the benefits to human health and well-being.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
Burt, J; Bartholomew, A; Sale, PF. 2011. Benthic development on large-scale engineered reefs: A comparison of communities among breakwaters of different age and natural reefs. Ecological Engineering 37:191-198. 2011 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coastal Defense; Coastal Development; Shoreline Protection; Sponges; Turf Algae
DeSantis, MK; Brett, CE. 2011. Late Eifelian (Middle Devonian) biocrises: Timing and signature of the pre-Kacak Bakoven and Stony Hollow Events in eastern North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304:113-135. 2011 Global; India; Europe; Spain; Germany Bivalves
Fablet, R; Pecquerie, L; de Pontual, H; Hoie, H; Millner, R; Mosegaard, H; Kooijman, SALM. 2011. Shedding Light on Fish Otolith Biomineralization Using a Bioenergetic Approach. PLoS One 6. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Climate; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Ocean Acidity
Goto, R; Hamamura, Y; Kato, M. 2011. Morphological and Ecological Adaptation of Basterotia Bivalves (Galeommatoidea: Sportellidae) to Symbiotic Association with Burrowing Echiuran Worms. Zoological Science 28:225-234. 2011 Bivalves; Marine Worms
Kitamura, A; Tada, K; Sakai, S; Yamamoto, N; Ubukata, T; Miyaji, T; Kase, T. 2011. Age and Growth of Glossocardia obesa, a "Large" Bivalve in a Submarine Cave Within a Coral Reef, as Revealed by Oxygen Isotope Analysis. Veliger 51:59-65. 2011 US Pacific & Hawaii; Japan Bivalves
Krause-Nehring, J; Klugel, A; Nehrke, G; Brellochs, B; Brey, T. 2011. Impact of sample pretreatment on the measured element concentrations in the bivalve Arctica islandica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 12. 2011 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition
Montagnon, T; Noutsias, D; Alexopoulou, I; Tofi, M; Vassilikogiannakis, G. 2011. Green oxidations of furans-initiated by molecular oxygen-that give key natural product motifs. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 9:2031-2039. 2011 Bivalves; Substrate
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA. 2011 Aquaculture; Bivalves; Invasive Species; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Irrigation; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pipelines; Salinity; Sediment; Shoreline Protection; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation Policies; Waste Management; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands
Owada, M; Hoeksema, BW. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of Fungiacava eilatensis Goreau et al. 1968, boring into mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae), in relation to other mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Contributions to Zoology 80:169-178. 2011 Indonesia Bivalves; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Sanfilippo, R; Rosso, A; Basso, D; Violanti, D; Di Geronimo, I; Di Geronimo, R; Benzoni, F; Robba, E. 2011. Cobbles colonization pattern from a tsunami-affected coastal area (SW Thailand, Andaman Sea). Facies 57:1-13. 2011 Thailand Algae; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Sanpanich, K. 2011. Marine bivalves occurring on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. ScienceAsia 37:195-204. 2011 Thailand Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Molluscs
Smith, AM; Kregting, L; Fern, S; Fraser, CI. 2011. Sedimentology of a wreck: The Rainbow Warrior revisited. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2412-2419. 2011 Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate
Smith, SDA. 2011. Densities of the endolithic bivalve Lithophaga lessepsiana (Vaillant, 1865) in Pocillopora damicornis, Solitary Islands Marine Park, northern NSW, Australia. Molluscan Research 31:42-46. 2011 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Thabard, M; Gros, O; Hellio, C; Marechal, JP. 2011. Sargassum polyceratium (Phaeophyceae, Fucaceae) surface molecule activity towards fouling organisms and embryonic development of benthic species. Botanica Marina 54:147-157. 2011 Martinique Algae; Bivalves; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Tsubaki, R; Kameda, Y; Kato, M. 2011. Pattern and process of diversification in an ecologically diverse epifaunal bivalve group Pterioidea (Pteriomorphia, Bivalvia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58:97-104. 2011 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Molluscs; Octocoral; Sponges
Wang, Y; Shen, JW; Long, JP. 2011. Ecological-sedimentary zonations and carbonate deposition, Xiaodonghai Reef Flat, Sanya, Hainan Island, China. Science China-earth Sciences 54:359-371. 2011 China Algae; Bivalves; Sediment; Stony Coral
Breves-Ramos, A., A. O. R. Junqueira, H. P. Lavrado, S. H. G. Silva, and M. A. G. Ferreira-Silva. 2010. Population structure of the invasive bivalve Isognomon bicolor on rocky shores of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90:453-459. 2010 Bivalves; Invasive Species; Molluscs
Clavier, J. and L. Chauvaud. 2010. Biodeposit production by Bractechlamys vexillum (bivalve: pectinidae) in a tropical lagoon. Journal of Sea Research 64:231-240. 2010 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; New Caledonia Bivalves; Nutrients; Sediment
Cubero-Leon, E., C. M. Ciocan, E. M. Hill, M. Osada, M. Kishida, N. Itoh, R. Kondo, C. Minier, and J. M. Rotchell. 2010. Estrogens disrupt serotonin receptor and cyclooxygenase mRNA expression in the gonads of mussels (Mytilus edulis). Aquatic Toxicology 98:178-187. 2010 Bivalves; Invertebrates; Molluscs
Dobretsov, S. V., L. Gosselin, and P. Y. Qian. 2010. Effects of solar PAR and UV radiation on tropical biofouling communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 402:31-43. 2010 China Bivalves; Light; Marine Worms; Microorganisms
Harries, P. J. and J. E. Sorauf. 2010. Epi- And Endobionts On And In Free-Living Colonies Of Manicina Areolata (Cnidaria, Scleractinia): A Comparison Of Two Pleistocene Communities From Southern Florida. Palaios 25:400-414. 2010 Florida Bivalves; Marine Worms; Sediment; Substrate
Jensen, S., S. Duperron, N. K. Birkeland, and M. Hovland. 2010. Intracellular Oceanospirillales bacteria inhabit gills of Acesta bivalves. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 74:523-533. 2010 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Norway Bivalves; Finfish Harvest
Kidwell, S. M. and T. A. Rothfus. 2010. The living, the dead, and the expected dead: variation in life span yields little bias of proportional abundances in bivalve death assemblages. Paleobiology 36:615-640. 2010 Global Model Bivalves
Komorita, T., R. Kajihara, H. Tsutsumi, S. Shibanuma, T. Yamada, N. Higaki, and S. Montani. 2010. Reevaluation of the nutrient mineralization process by infaunal bivalves (Ruditapes philippinarum) in a shallow lagoon in Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 383:8-16. 2010 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Bivalves; Nutrients; Plankton; Sediment
Pantos, O. and J. C. Bythell. 2010. A novel reef coral symbiosis. Coral Reefs 29:761-770. 2010 Australia Algae; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Platell, M. E., S. A. Hesp, S. M. Cossington, E. Lek, S. E. Moore, and I. C. Potter. 2010. Influence of selected factors on the dietary compositions of three targeted and co-occurring temperate species of reef fishes: implications for food partitioning. Journal of Fish Biology 76:1255-1276. 2010 Australia Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Pollock, F. J., B. Wilson, W. R. Johnson, P. J. Morris, B. L. Willis, and D. G. Bourne. 2010. Phylogeny of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2:172-178. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; India; Caribbean Bivalves; Pathogens
Slater, M. J. and A. G. Carton. 2010. Sea cucumber habitat differentiation and site retention as determined by intraspecific stable isotope variation. Aquaculture Research 41:e695-e702. 2010 Agriculture; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Echinoderms; Nutrients; Sediment
Vonk, J. A., M. J. A. Christianen, and J. Stapel. 2010. Abundance, edge effect, and seasonality of fauna in mixed-species seagrass meadows in southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Biology Research 6:282-291. 2010 Indonesia Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Seagrasses; Sediment
Ball, A. D., K. J. Purdy, E. A. Glover, and J. D. Taylor. 2009. Ctenidial structure and three bacterial symbiont morphotypes in Anodontia (Euanodontia) ovum (Reeve, 1850) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Bivalvia: Lucinidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 75:175-185. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves
Bray, R. A., A. Waeschenbach, T. H. Cribb, G. D. Weedall, P. Dyal, and D. T. J. Littlewood. 2009. The phylogeny of the Lepocreadioidea (Platyhelminthes, Digenea) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes: Implications for their systematics and evolution. Acta Parasitologica 54:310-329. 2009 Bivalves; Small Herbivorous Fish
Butler, P. G., J. D. Scourse, C. A. Richardson, A. D. Wanamaker Jr., C. L. Bryant, and J. D. Bennell. 2009. Continuous marine radiocarbon reservoir calibration and the 13C Suess effect in the Irish Sea: Results from the first multi-centennial shell-based marine master chronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 279:230-241. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Climate; CO2; Molluscs
Dubois, S., L. Barille, and B. Cognie. 2009. Feeding response of the polychaete Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae) to changes in seston concentration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 376:94-101. 2009 France Algae; Bivalves; Marine Worms
Foster, L. C., N. Allison, A. A. Finch, and C. Andersson. 2009. Strontium distribution in the shell of the aragonite bivalve Arctica islandica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10:Q03003. 2009 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition
Galvan, D. E., F. Botto, A. M. Parma, L. Bandieri, N. Mohamed, and O. O. Iribarne. 2009. Food partitioning and spatial subsidy in shelter-limited fishes inhabiting patchy reefs of Patagonia. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2585-2605. 2009 Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Octopus & Squid; Sea Urchins
Granek, E. F., J. E. Compton, and D. L. Phillips. 2009. Mangrove-exported nutrient incorporation by sessile coral reef invertebrates. Ecosystems 12:462-472. 2009 Panama Model Algae; Bivalves; Mangroves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Nutrients; Plankton; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Hedouin, L., P. Bustamante, C. Churlaud, O. Pringault, R. Fichez, and M. Warnau. 2009. Trends in concentrations of selected metalloid and metals in two bivalves from the coral reefs in the SW lagoon of New Caledonia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72:372-381. 2009 New Caledonia Index or Indicator Bivalves; Mining; Sediment
Itoh, A., T. Arakaki, N. Kabe, M. Yamaguchi, and E. Oura. 2009. Multielement profiling analyses of seawater in coral reef area and the biogeocemical processes of trace metals in bivalve with symbiotic zooxanthellae. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73:A576-A576. 2009 Bivalves; Zooxanthellae
Le Guilloux, E., K. Olu, J. F. Bourillet, B. Savoye, S. P. Iglesias, and M. Sibuet. 2009. First observations of deep-sea coral reefs along the Angola margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:2394-2403. 2009 GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Stony Coral
Leite, T. S., M. Haimovici, and J. Mather. 2009. Octopus insularis (Octopodidae), evidences of a specialized predator and a time-minimizing hunter. Marine Biology 156:2355-2367. 2009 Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid
Levin, L. A., G. F. Mendoza, T. Konotchick, and R. Lee. 2009. Macrobenthos community structure and trophic relationships within active and inactive Pacific hydrothermal sediments. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56:1632-1648. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean; Papua New Guinea Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Primary Production; Sediment
Owada, M. 2009. Organic sheets in the shells of endolithic mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Paleontological Research 13:159-166. 2009 Bivalves
Risk, M. J., B. E. Lapointe, O. A. Sherwood, and B. J. Bedford. 2009. The use of delta N-15 in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:793-802. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment
Risk, M.J., B.E. Lapointe, O.A. Sherwood, B.J. Bedford. 2009. The use of d15N in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:793-802. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment
Sazima, I., A. Carvalho-Filho, J. L. Gasparini, and C. Sazima. 2009. A new species of scaly blenny of the genus Labrisomus (Actinopterygii: Labrisomidae) from the tropical West Atlantic. Zootaxa 62-68. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Slater, M. J. and A. G. Carton. 2009. Effect of sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) grazing on coastal sediments impacted by mussel farm deposition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1123-1129. 2009 Index or Indicator Agriculture; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Remediation; Sediment
Sorauf, J. E. and P. J. Harries. 2009. Rotatory Colonies Of The Corals Siderastrea Radians And Solenastraea Ssp (Cnidaria, Scleractinia), From The Pleistocene Bermont Formation, South Florida, Usa. Palaeontology 52:111-126. 2009 Florida Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral
Sorauf, J. E. and P. J. Harries. 2009. Rotatory colonies of the corals Siderastrea radians and Solenastraea ssp. (cnidaria, scleractinia), from the Pleistocene Bermont formation, South Florida, USA. Palaeontology 52:111-126. 2009 Florida Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral
Titschack, J., U. Radtke, and A. Freiwald. 2009. Dating And Characterization Of Polymorphic Transformation Of Aragonite To Calcite In Pleistocene Bivalves From Rhodes (Greece) By Combined Shell Microstructure, Stable Isotope, And Electron Spin Resonance Study. Journal of Sedimentary Research 79:332-346. 2009 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Todd, P. A., J. H. Lee, and L. M. Chou. 2009. Polymorphism and crypsis in the boring giant clam (Tridacna crocea): potential strategies against visual predators. Hydrobiologia 635:37-43. 2009 US Pacific & Hawaii; Malaysia; Oman Bivalves; Primary Production; Skeletal Coral; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Yahel, G., D. Marie, P. G. Beninger, S. Eckstein, and A. Genin. 2009. In situ evidence for pre-capture qualitative selection in the tropical bivalve Lithophaga simplex. Aquatic Biology 6:235-246. 2009 Cuba Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Microorganisms; Plankton
Zielinski, F. U., A. Pernthaler, S. Duperron, L. Raggi, O. Giere, C. Borowski, and N. Dubilier. 2009. Widespread occurrence of an intranuclear bacterial parasite in vent and seep bathymodiolin mussels. Environmental Microbiology 11:1150-1167. 2009 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Echinoderms; Sponges
Clynick, B. G., C. W. McKindsey, and P. Archambault. 2008. Distribution and productivity of fish and macroinvertebrates in mussel aquaculture sites in the Magdalen islands (Quebec, Canada). Aquaculture 283:203-210. 2008 Index or Indicator Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seagrasses
Courtney, A. J., M. J. Campbell, D. P. Roy, M. L. Tonks, K. E. Chilcott, and P. M. Kyne. 2008. Round scallops and square meshes: A comparison of four codend types on the catch rates of target species and by-catch in the Queensland (Australia) saucer scallop (Amusium balloti) trawl fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research 59:849-864. 2008 Australia Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sponges
Cusack, M. and A. Freer. 2008. Biomineralization: Elemental and organic influence in carbonate systems. Chemical Reviews 108:4433-4454. 2008 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Climate
Hamad, M. M. 2008. Algal biostratigraphy of some Early Miocene sequences, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal on Algae 10:73-102. 2008 Egypt Algae; Bivalves; Plankton; Sediment
Hauser, I., W. Oschmann, and E. Gischler. 2008. Taphonomic signatures on modern Caribbean bivalve shells as indicators of environmental conditions (Beliza, central America). Palaios 23:586-600. 2008 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Index or Indicator Bivalves; Mangroves; Sediment
Idris, M. H., A. Arshad, J. S. Bujang, M. A. Ghaffar, and S. K. Daud. 2008. Morphometric analysis as an application tool to differentiate three local pen shells species. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 31:287-298. 2008 Malaysia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Johannessen, S. C., R. W. Macdonald, B. Burd, and A. van Roodselaar. 2008. Biogeochemical cycling in the Strait of Georgia. Marine Environmental Research 2008 Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Bivalves; Sediment; Sponges
Masse, J.-P. and M. Fenerci-Masse. 2008. Time contrasting palaeobiogeographies among Hauterivian-Lower Aptian rudist bivalves from the Mediterranean Tethys, their climatic control and palaeoecological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 269:54-65. 2008 South & Central America; Caribbean; Europe; France Bivalves
Matsumoto, T., K. Yamano, M. Kitamura, and A. Hara. 2008. Ovarian follicle cells are the site of vitellogenin synthesis in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 149:293-298. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Stony Coral
McConnaughey, T. A. and D. P. Gillikin. 2008. Carbon isotopes in mollusk shell carbonates. Geo-Marine Letters 28:287-299. 2008 Review; Model Algae; Bivalves; CO2; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Mohammed, T. A. and M. H. Yassien. 2008. Bivalve assemblages on living coral species in the northern Red Sea, Egypt. Journal of Shellfish Research 27:1217-1223. 2008 Cuba; Egypt Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Finfish Harvest; Sediment; Stony Coral
Mortensen, P. B., L. Buhl-Mortensen, A. V. Gebruk, and E. M. Krylova. 2008. Occurrence of deep-water corals on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge based on MAR-ECO data. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55:142-152. 2008 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octocoral; Sponges
Morton, J. K., M. E. Platell, and W. Gladstone. 2008. Differences in feeding ecology among three co-occurring species of wrasse (Teleostei: Labridae) on rocky reefs of temperate Australia. Marine Biology 154:577-592. 2008 Australia; Cuba Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Planktivorous Fish; Skeletal Coral; Special Use Permitting
Orphal, C., B. Christophe, M. Emmanuel, V. Pierre, and P. Eric. 2008. Temporal variability of settlement in Carapidae larvae at Rangiroa atoll. Environmental Biology of Fishes 81:277-285. 2008 Bivalves; Echinoderms; Invertebrates; Seastars
Parravicini, V., M. Donato, C. Morri, E. Villa, and C. N. Bianchi. 2008. Date mussel harvesting favours some blennioids. Journal of Fish Biology 73:2371-2379. 2008 Bivalves
Perkol-Finkel, S., G. Zilman, I. Sella, T. Miloh, and Y. Benayahu. 2008. Floating and fixed artificial habitats: Spatial and temporal patterns of benthic communities in a coral reef environment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 77:491-500. 2008 Field Study & Monitoring Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Sponges
Perry, C. T. and L. J. Hepburn. 2008. Syn-depositional alteration of coral reef framework through bioerosion, encrustation and cementation: Taphonomic signatures of reef accretion and reef depositional events. Earth-Science Reviews 86:106-144. 2008 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Cyanobacteria; Fish; Microorganisms; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges; Storms & Hurricanes
Roberts, D. A., E. L. Johnston, and A. G. B. Poore. 2008. Contamination of marine biogenic habitats and effects upon associated epifauna. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1057-1065. 2008 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Seagrasses; Sponges
Scaps, P., V. Denis, and S. Berhimpon. 2008. Comparison of associations between the pectinid bivalve Pedum spondyloideum (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia, Pectinidae) and scleractinian hermatypic corals in the Red Sea and the West Pacific Ocean [Comparaison des associations entre le bivalve pectinide pedum. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 133:43-54. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; Pacific Ocean; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Bivalves; Stony Coral
Sheppard, B. J. and A. C. Phillips. 2008. Perkinsus olseni detected in Vietnamese aquacultured reef clams Tridacna crocea imported to the USA, following a mortality event. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 79:229-235. 2008 Florida; Vietnam Aquaculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Bivalves
Al-Zibdah, M. K., S. A. Damhoureyeh, and M. I. Badran. 2007. Temporal variations in coral reef health at a coastal industrial site on the Gulf of Aqaba Red Sea. Oceanologia 49:565-578. 2007 Algae; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral
Amesbury, J. R. 2007. Mollusk collecting and environmental change during the Prehistoric Period in the Mariana Islands. Coral Reefs 26:947-958. 2007 Guam Bivalves; Mangroves; Molluscs; Snails & Conch
Calcinai, B., C. Cerrano, and G. Bavestrello. 2007. Three new species and one re-description of Aka. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87:1355-1365. 2007 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Caribbean Bivalves; Sponges
Duineveld, G. C. A., M. S. S. Lavaleye, M. J. N. Bergman, H. De Stigter, and F. Mienis. 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:449-467. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Seawater Flow; Tunicates
Glover, E. A. and J. D. Taylor. 2007. Diversity of chemosymbiotic bivalves on coral reefs: Lucinidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) of New Caledonia and Lifou. Zoosystema 29:109-181. 2007 New Caledonia Bivalves; Molluscs; Water Depth & Sea Level
Hauser, I., W. Oschmann, and E. Gischler. 2007. Modern bivalve shell assemblages on three atolls offshore Belize (Central America, Caribbean Sea). Facies 53:451-478. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Mangroves; Sediment
Khristoforova, N. K., V. YA . Kavun, YU .Y A. Latypov, D. D. Tien, E. V. Zhuravel', and N. X. Tuyan. 2007. Heavy metals in mass species of bivalves in Ha Long Bay (South China Sea, Vietnam). Oceanology 47:685-690. 2007 China; Vietnam Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Molluscs
Kitamura, A., M. Hiramoto, T. Kase, N. Yamamoto, M. Amemiya, and S.-I. Ohashi. 2007. Changes in cavernicolous bivalve assemblages and environments within a submarine cave in the Okinawa Islands during the last 5,000 years. Paleontological Research 11:163-182. 2007 Japan Bivalves; Sediment
Leitao, F., M. N. Santos, and C. C. Monteiro. 2007. Contribution of artificial reefs to the diet of the white sea bream (Diplodus sargus). ICES Journal of Marine Science 64:473-478. 2007 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates
Nunn, P. D., T. Ishimura, W. R. Dickinson, K. Katayama, F. Thomas, R. Kumar, S. Matararaba, J. Davidson, and T. Worthy. 2007. The Lapita occupation at Naitabale, Moturiki Island, central Fiji. Asian Perspectives 46:96-132. 2007 Oman; Fiji Bivalves; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish
Perkol-Finkel, S. and Y. Benayahu. 2007. Differential recruitment of benthic communities on neighboring artificial and natural reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 340:25-39. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Octocoral; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates
Platell, M. E., H. P. Ang, S. A. Hesp, and I. C. Potter. 2007. Comparisons between the influences of habitat, body size and season on the dietary composition of the sparid Acanthopagrus latus in a large marine embayment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 72:626-634. 2007 Australia Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves
Powers, M. J., C. H. Peterson, H. C. Summerson, and S. P. Powers. 2007. Macroalgal growth on bivalve aquaculture netting enhances nursery habitat for mobile invertebrates and juvenile fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339:109-122. 2007 Algae; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fishing Sector; Marine Worms; Seagrasses
Raeini, L. L., H. Negarestan, and A. J. Khoee. 2007. An ecological investigation on colonization of fresh water artificial reefs. Journal of Environmental Hydrology 15:9-Jan. 2007 Iran Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ribes, M. and M. J. Atkinson. 2007. Effects of water velocity on picoplankton uptake by coral reef communities. Coral Reefs 26:413-421. 2007 Bivalves; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Plankton; Seawater Flow; Skeletal Coral; Sponges
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2007. Depth-associated patterns in the development of benthic assemblages on artificial substrata deployed on shallow, subtropical reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 345:38-51. 2007 Australia Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Scaps, P. and V. Denis. 2007. Association between the scallop, pedum spondyloideum, (bivalvia: Pteriomorphia: Pectinidae) and scleractinian corals from the Wakatobi marine national park (southeastern Sulawesi, Indonesia). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55:371-380. 2007 Indonesia Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Sediment; Stony Coral
Schembri, P. J., M. Dimech, M. Camilleri, and R. Page. 2007. Living deep-water Lophelia and Madrepora corals in Maltese waters (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48:77-83. 2007 Bivalves; Marine Worms; Snails & Conch
Thomas, J. D. and K. N. Klebba. 2007. New species and host associations of commensal leucothoid amphipods from coral reefs in Florida and Belize (Crustacea:Amphipoda). Zootaxa Jan-44. 2007 South & Central America; Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Belize Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Molluscs; Sponges; Tunicates
Zumholz, K., T. Hansteen, F. Hillion, F. Horreard, and U. Piatkowski. 2007. Elemental distribution in cephalopod statoliths: NanoSIMS provides new insights into nano-scale structure. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17:487-491. 2007 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fish; Octopus & Squid
Altieri, A. H. and J. D. Witman. 2006. Local extinction of a foundation species in a hypoxic estuary: Integrating individuals to ecosystem. Ecology 87:717-730. 2006 Model Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Nutrients; Plankton; Seastars
Bujang, J. S., M. H. Zakaria, and A. Arshad. 2006. Distribution and significance of seagrass ecosystems in Malaysia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 9:203-214. 2006 Malaysia Review Bivalves; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Substrate
Conlan, K. E., G. H. Rau, and R. G. Kvitek. 2006. δ13C and δ15N shifts in benthic invertebrates exposed to sewage from McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:1695-1707. 2006 Index or Indicator Bivalves; Octocoral; Point Source Discharges; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies
Dubois, S., J. A. Commito, F. Olivier, and C. Retiere. 2006. Effects of epibionts on Sabellaria alveolata (L.) biogenic reefs and their associated fauna in the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 68:635-646. 2006 Europe; France Algae; Aquaculture; Bivalves; Marine Worms
Fonseca E., A. C., H. K. Dean, and J. Cortes. 2006. Non-colonial coral macro-borers as indicators of coral reef status in the south Pacific of Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:101-115. 2006 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Costa Rica; Caribbean Index or Indicator Bivalves; Deforestation & Devegetation; Marine Worms; Sediment
Gomez, E. D. and S. S. Mingoa-Licuanan. 2006. Achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in the Philippines. Fisheries Research 80:46-52. 2006 Philippines Aquarium & Pet Trade; Bivalves; Collaboration & Partnering
Langlois, T. J., M. J. Anderson, R. C. Babcock, and S. Kato. 2006. Marine reserves demonstrate trophic interactions across habitats. Oecologia 147:134-140. 2006 Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish
Llewellyn, L., A. Negri, and A. Robertson. 2006. Paralytic shellfish toxins in tropical oceans. Toxin Reviews 25:159-196. 2006 Algae; Arthropods; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid
Masse, J.-P. and M. Fenerci-Masse. 2006. Carbonate production by rudist bivalves. The record of Late Barremian requieniid communities from Provence (SE France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234:239-257. 2006 France Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Munoz, G. and T. H. Cribb. 2006. Parasite communities and diet of Coris Batuensis (Pisces: Labridae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52:191-198. 2006 Australia Bivalves; Fish; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Planktivorous Fish; Snails & Conch
Nielsen, J. K., N.-M. Hanken, J. K. Nielsen, and K. S. Hansen. 2006. Biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the marine Pleistocene of Rhodes, Greece: Scleractinia, Serpulidae, Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletin of Geosciences 81:173-196. 2006 Algae; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs
Norkko, J., J.E. Hewitt, and S.F. Thrush. 2006. Effects of increased sedimentation on the physiology of two estuarine soft-sediment bivalves, Austrovenus stutchburyi and Paphies australis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 333:12-26. 2006 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Bivalves; Sediment
Oigman-Pszczol, S. S. and J. C. Creed. 2006. Distribution and abundance of fauna on living tissues of two Brazilian hermatypic corals (Mussismilia hispida (Verril 1902) and Siderastrea stellata Verril, 1868). Hydrobiologia 563:143-154. 2006 Florida Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Stony Coral; Substrate
Selin, N. I. and YU .Y A. Latypov. 2006. Distribution pattern, population structure, and growth of Septifer bilocularis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on reefs of Southern Vietnam. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32:88-95. 2006 Vietnam Bivalves; Molluscs; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate
Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, J. Laudien, L. Bramanti, N. Fernandez, J.-M. Gili, and W. Arntz. 2006. Diet and seasonal prey capture rates in the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum L.). Marine Biology 149:313-325. 2006 Bivalves; Octocoral; Plankton; Sponges
Zaton, M., L. Marynowski, and G. Bzowska. 2006. Hiatus concretions from the ore-bearing clays of the Cracow-Czestochowa Upland (Polish Jura) [Konkrecje hiatusowe z iłow rudonośnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Czestochowskiej]. Przeglad Geologiczny 54:131-138. 2006 Poland Bivalves; Marine Worms; Sediment
Bott, N. J. and T. H. Cribb. 2005. First report of intramolluscan stages of a gorgoderid digenean from a marine bivalve. Journal of Parasitology 91:838-842. 2005 Australia Bivalves; Molluscs
Dhalin, J. and J. Michel. 2005. Resource response guides. Page 7035 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Marine Birds; Octopus & Squid; Petroleum Spills; Whales & Dolphins
Elsdon, T. S. and B. M. Gillanders. 2005. Strontium incorporation into calcified structures: Separating the effects of ambient water concentration and exposure time. Marine Ecology Progress Series 285:233-243. 2005 Bivalves; Fish
Fablet, R. 2005. Extraction adn interpretation of ring structures in images of biological hard tissues: Application to fish age and growth estimation. Pages 830-833 in Proceedings - International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP. 2005 Bivalves; Fish
Garrity, S. D., S. C. Levings, and K. A. Burns. 2005. Chronic oiling and long-term effects of the 1986 galeta spill on fringing mangroves. Page 1041 in 2005 International Oil Spill Conference, IOSC 2005. 2005 South & Central America; Panama; Caribbean Bivalves; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Point Source Discharges; Seagrasses; Sediment; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hutchings, P., M. Peyrot-Clausade, and A. Osnorno. 2005. Influence of land runoff on rates and agents of bioerosion of coral substrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:438-447. 2005 Australia Algae; Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Langlois, T. J., M. J. Anderson, and R. C. Babcock. 2005. Reef-associated predators influence adjacent soft-sediment communities. Ecology 86:1508-1519. 2005 Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Piscivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Sediment
Lutzen, J. and C. Nielsen. 2005. Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144:261-308. 2005 Indian Ocean; India; Thailand Bivalves; Plankton
Mackie, A. S. Y., P. G. Oliver, T. Darbyshire, K. Mortimer, J. Gerlach, and M. D. Spalding. 2005. Shallow marine benthic invertebrates of the Seychelles Plateau: High diversity in a tropical oligotrophic environment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363:203-228. 2005 Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; China Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment
Parmentier, E. and P. Vandewalle. 2005. Further insight on carapid-holothuroid relationships. Marine Biology 146:455-465. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Invertebrates; Seastars
Rule, M. J. and S. D. A. Smith. 2005. Spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic assemblages to artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 290:67-78. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Worms
Schiaparelli, S., G. Franci, G. Albertelli, and R. Cattaneo-Vietti. 2005. A nondestructive method to evaluate population structure and bioerosion activity of the boring bivalve Gastrochaena dubia. Journal of Coastal Research 21:383-386. 2005 Cuba Bivalves
Toscano, F. and A. Raspini. 2005. Epilithozoan fauna associated with ferromanganese crustgrounds on the continental slope segment between Capri and Li Galli Islands (Bay of Salerno, Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Facies 50:427-441. 2005 Oman Bivalves; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Marine Worms; Sponges
Wildsmith, M. D., I. C. Potter, F. J. Valesini, and M. E. Platell. 2005. Do the assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates in nearshore waters of Western Australia vary among habitat types, zones and seasons? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85:217-232. 2005 Australia Bivalves; Invertebrates; Marine Worms
Yahel, G., D. Marie, and A. Genin. 2005. InEx - A direct in situ method to measure filtration rates, nutrition, and metabolism of active suspension feeders. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 3:46-58. 2005 Bivalves; Discharges; Sponges; Tunicates
Zuschin, M. and P. G. Oliver. 2005. Diversity patterns of bivalves in a coral dominated shallow-water bay in the northern Red Sea - High species richness on a local scale. Marine Biology Research 1:396-410. 2005 Indian Ocean; India Bivalves; Molluscs; Water Depth & Sea Level
Beck, M. W., T. D. Marsh, S. E. Reisewitz, and M. L. Bortman. 2004. New tools for marine conservation: The leasing and ownership of submerged lands. Conservation Biology 18:1214-1223. 2004 Review; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Aquaculture; Bivalves; Seagrasses; Sponges
Chattopadhyay, D. 2004. New record of a coral-mollusca reefal community from the early Tertiary of Kutch, Gujarat. Indian Minerals 58:169-182. 2004 Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs
Goldberg, N., G. Kendrick, and J. Heine. 2004. Highway or country road: Algal recruitment with distance from an island reef. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84:879-882. 2004 Australia Bivalves; Molluscs
Guidetti, P. and F. Boero. 2004. Desertification of Mediterranean rocky reefs caused by date-mussel, Lithophaga lithophaga (Mollusca: Bivalvia), fishery: Effects on adult and juvenile abundance of a temperate fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:978-982. 2004 Bivalves; Fish; Molluscs; Substrate
Kues, B. S. 2004. Marine invertebrate assemblages from the Late Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) Holder Formation, Dry Canyon, Sacramento Mountains, south-central New Mexico. New Mexico Geology 26:43-53. 2004 South & Central America; Mexico Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Molluscs; Sponges
Thompson, F. L., T. Iida, and J. Swings. 2004. Biodiversity of vibrios. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 68:403-431. 2004 Review Algae; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Microorganisms; Octopus & Squid; Pathogens; Plankton; Sponges
Amler, M. R. W. and D. Heidelberger. 2003. Late Famennian gastropoda from south-west England. Palaeontology 46:1151-1211. 2003 England Bivalves; Echinoderms; Molluscs; Sediment
Ben-Haim, Y., F. L. Thompson, C. C. Thompson, M. C. Cnockaert, B. Hoste, J. Swings, and E. Rosenberg. 2003. Vibrio coralliilyticus sp. nov., a temperature-dependent pathogen of the coral Pocillopora damicornis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53:309-315. 2003 Indian Ocean; India Bivalves; Pathogens; Stony Coral
Bramanti, L., G. Magagnini, and G. Santangelo. 2003. Settlement and recruitment: The first stages in the life cycle of two epibenthic suspension feeders (Corallium rubrum and Anomia ephippium). Italian Journal of Zoology 70:175-178. 2003 Bivalves; Substrate
Cantera K., J. R., C. Orozco, E. Londono-Cruz, and G. Toro-Farmer. 2003. Abundance and distribution patterns of infaunal associates and macroborers of the branched coral (Pocillopora damicornis) in Gorgona Island (eastern Tropical Pacific). Bulletin of Marine Science 72:207-219. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Sediment; Sponges; Stony Coral
DeFelice, R. C. and J. D. Parrish. 2003. Importance of benthic prey for fishes in coral reef-associated sediments. Pacific Science 57:359-384. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Sediment; Substrate
Elsdon, T. S. and B. M. Gillanders. 2003. Relationship between water and otolith elemental concentrations in juvenile black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri. Marine Ecology Progress Series 260:263-272. 2003 Lab Study Bivalves; Fish; Molluscs
Fabi, G., C. Solustri, S. Manoukian, A. Spagnolo, and M. Panfili. 2003. Benthic community settled on an artificial reef in the western Adriatic Sea (Italy). Page 812 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 2003 Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Sediment; Substrate
Fursich, F. T. and D. K. Pandey. 2003. Sequence stratigraphic significance of sedimentary cycles and shell concentrations in the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Kachchh, western India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193:285-309. 2003 India Bivalves; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Londono-Cruz, E., J. R. Cantera, G. Toro-Farmer, and C. Orozco. 2003. Internal bioerosion by macroborers in Pocillopora spp. in the tropical eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 265:289-295. 2003 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Stony Coral
Macdonald, I. A. and C. T. Perry. 2003. Biological degradation of coral framework in a turbid lagoon environment, Discovery Bay, north Jamaica. Coral Reefs 22:523-535. 2003 Jamaica Bivalves; Sediment; Sponges
Nogueira, J. M. D. M. 2003. Fauna living in colonies of Mussismilia hispida (Verrill) (Cnidaria: Scleractinia) in four south-eastern Brazil islands. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 46:421-432. 2003 Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sponges; Stony Coral
Olivier, N., P. Hantzpergue, C. Gaillard, B. Pittet, R. R. Leinfelder, D. U. Schmid, and W. Werner. 2003. Microbialite morphology, structure and growth: A model of the Upper Jurassic reefs of the Chay Peninsula (Western France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193:383-404. 2003 France Model Bivalves; Light; Sediment; Substrate
Thomas, F. R. 2003. Shellfish gathering in Kiribati, micronesia: Nutritional microbiological, and toxicological aspects. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 42:91-127. 2003 Micronesia; Kiribati Bivalves; Invertebrates
Angel, D. L., N. Eden, S. Breitstein, A. Yurman, T. Katz, and E. Spanier. 2002. In situ biofiltration: A means to limit the dispersal of effluents from marine finfish cage aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 469:10-Jan. 2002 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sediment; Sponges; Tunicates
Downs, C. A., G. Shigenaka, J. E. Fauth, C. E. Robinson, and A. Huang. 2002. Cellular physiological assessment of bivalves after chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil using a novel molecular diagnostic biotechnology. Environmental Science and Technology 36:2987-2993. 2002 Biotechnology Research & Development; Bivalves
Holmes, M. J. and S. L. M. Teo. 2002. Toxic marine dinoflagellates in Singapore waters that cause seafood poisonings. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 29:829-836. 2002 Review Bivalves; Plankton
Kress, N., M. Tom, and E. Spanier. 2002. The use of coal fly ash in concrete for marine artificial reefs in the southeastern Mediterranean: Compressive strength, sessile biota, and chemical composition. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59. 2002 Algae; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Coal Mining; Marine Worms
Puce, S., C. Cerrano, M. Boyer, C. Ferretti, and G. Bavestrello. 2002. Zanclea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) species from Bunaken Marine Park (Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82:943-954. 2002 Papua New Guinea; Indonesia Algae; Bivalves; Marine Protected Areas
Sainte-Marie, B. and D. Chabot. 2002. Ontogenetic shifts in natural diet during benthic stages of American lobster (Homarus americanus), off the Magdalen Islands. Fishery Bulletin 100:106-116. 2002 Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Plankton
Steuber, T. 2002. Plate tectonic control on the evolution of Cretaceous platform-carbonate production. Geology 30:259-262. 2002 Oman Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Sediment
Todd, J. A., J. B. C. Jackson, K. G. Johnson, H. M. Fortunato, A. Heitz, M. Alvarez, and P. Jung. 2002. The ecology of extinction: Molluscan feeding and faunal turnover in the Caribbean Neogene. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 269:571-577. 2002 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Bivalves; Molluscs; Nutrients
Benhamou, M., S. Elmi, and Y. Almeras. 2001. Age and dynamic context of the multicostate zeilleriids limestones of the Grand Pic de l'Ouarsenis (Algiers-Oran tell, western Algeria) [Âge et contexte dynamique des calcaires à brachiopodes tethysiens (zeilleriides multiplisses) du Grand Pic de l'O. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie de Sciences - Serie IIa: Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 332:717-723. 2001 Bivalves; Sediment
Campana, S. E. and S. R. Thorrold. 2001. Otoliths, increments, and elements: Keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:30-38. 2001 Bivalves; Fish
Carlon, D. B. 2001. Depth-related patterns of coral recruitment and cryptic suspension-feeding invertebrates on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 68:525-541. 2001 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; British Virgin Islands; Caribbean Algae; Bivalves; Coralline Algae; Encrusting Sponges; Sponges; Stony Coral
Castillo, I., C. Lodeiros, M. Nunez, and I. Campos. 2001. Evaluacion in vitro de sustancias antibacterianas producidas por bacterias aisladas de diferentes organismos marinos. Revista de Biologia Tropical 49:1213-1222. 2001 Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Denny, C. M. and D. R. Schiel. 2001. Feeding ecology of the banded wrasse Notolabrus fucicola (Labridae) in southern New Zealand: Prey items, seasonal differences, and ontogenetic variation. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35:925-933. 2001 Australia Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Planktivorous Fish
Frouin, P. and P. Hatchings. 2001. Macrobenthic communities in a tropical lagoon (Tahiti, French Polynesia, central Pacific). Coral Reefs 19:277-285. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Bivalves; Hotel & Food Services; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment
Fursich, F. T., R. Berndt, T. Scheuer, and M. Gahr. 2001. Comparative ecological analysis of Toarcian (Lower Jurassic)benthic faunas from southern France and east-central Spain. Lethaia 34:169-202. 2001 Spain; France Bivalves; Climate; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Substrate
Gardner, J. M. 2001. Mud volcanoes revealed and sampled on the Western Moroccan continental margin. Geophysical Research Letters 28:339-342. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Sediment
Lukoschek, V. and M. I. McCormick. 2001. Ontogeny of diet changes in a tropical benthic carnivorous fish, Parupeneus barberinus (Mullidae): Relationship between foraging behaviour, habitat use, jaw size, and prey selection. Marine Biology 138:1099-1113. 2001 Bivalves; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment
Parnell, P. E. 2001. The distribution of estuarine and oceanic water masses on the southern shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i: Ecological and coastal management implications, and novel methodology. Limnology and Oceanography 46:1468-1485. 2001 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Plankton
Peckmann, J., E. Gischler, W. Oschmann, and J. Reitner. 2001. An Early Carboniferous seep community and hydrocarbon-derived carbonates from the Harz Mountains, Germany. Geology 29:271-274. 2001 Germany Bivalves; Microorganisms
Schwindt, E., A. Bortolus, and O. O. Iribarne. 2001. Invasion of a reef-builder polychaete: Direct and indirect impacts on the native benthic community structure. Biological Invasions 3:137-149. 2001 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Bivalves; Invasive Species; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment
Vannier, J., WA NG Shang Qi, and M. Coen. 2001. Leperditicopid arthropods (Ordovician-Late Devonian): Functional morphology and ecological range. Journal of Paleontology 75:75-95. 2001 China Review Arthropods; Bivalves; Salinity; Special Use Permitting
Zuschin, M., J. Hohenegger, and F. F. Steininger. 2001. Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the northern red sea. Coral Reefs 20:107-116. 2001 Bivalves; Hydrocoral; Molluscs; Nutrients; Physical Damage; Skeletal Coral; Snails & Conch; Stony Coral; Substrate
Accordi, G., G. Boninsegni, and G. Pallini. 2000. Middle Cenomanian (rhotomagense zone, costatus subzone) ammonite assemblage from the carbonate shelf edge sequence of Rocca di Cave (Prenestini Mts., Central Apennines, Italy). Geologica Romana 251-257. 2000 Oman Bivalves
Baillie, B. K., C. A. Belda-Baillie, and T. Maruyama. 2000. Conspecificity and Indo-Pacific distribution of Symbiodinium genotypes (dinophyceae) from giant clams. Journal of Phycology 36:1153-1161. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Japan; Philippines Bivalves; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Zooxanthellae
Baird, A. H. and T. P. Hughes. 2000. Competitive dominance by tabular corals: An experimental analysis of recruitment and survival of understorey assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 251:117-132. 2000 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia Algae; Bivalves; Coralline Algae; Light; Marine Worms; Stony Coral
Boero, F., J. Bouillon, and C. Gravili. 2000. A survey of Zanclea, Halocoryne and Zanclella (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Zancleidae) with description of new species. Italian Journal of Zoology 67:93-124. 2000 Bivalves; Substrate
Fabricius, K. E. and M. Dommisse. 2000. Depletion of suspended particulate matter over coastal reef communities dominated by zooxanthellate soft corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 196:157-167. 2000 Algae; Bivalves; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tunicates; Turf Algae
Glynn, P. W. 2000. El Nino-Southern Oscillation mass mortalities of reef corals: A model of high temperature marine extinctions? Geological Society Special Publication 117-133. 2000 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii Model Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Sea Temperatures; Sponges; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Hall-Spencer, J. M. and P. G. Moore. 2000. Limaria hians (Mollusca: Limacea): A neglected reef-forming keystone species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10:267-277. 2000 United Kingdom Algae; Bivalves; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Sediment
Hills, D. J. and B. Jones. 2000. Peyssonnelid rhodoliths from the late Pleistocene Ironshore formation, Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Palaios 15:212-224. 2000 Algae; Bivalves; Coralline Algae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Marine Worms
McConnaughey, R. A., K. L. Mier, and C. B. Dew. 2000. An examination of chronic trawling effects on soft-bottom benthos of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57:1377-1388. 2000 Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octocoral; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Mitchell, S., S. Khan, R. Maharaj, and E. Robinson. 2000. Carbonate beach sediment composition at a tourist beach, Negril, Jamaica. Pages 204-217 in Carbonate Beaches 2000. 2000 Jamaica Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Penchaszadeh, P. E., C. A. Leon, H. Alvarez, D. Bone, P. Castellano, M. M. Castillo, Y. Diaz, M. P. Garcia, M. Lemus, F. Losada, A. Martin, P. Miloslavich, C. Paredes, D. Perez, M. Sebastiani, D. Stecconi, V. Roa, and A. Villamizar. 2000. Venezuela. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 643-661. 2000 South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Venezuela; Caribbean Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fishing Sector; Mangroves; Molluscs; Nutrients; Primary Production; Salinity; Seagrasses; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Rice, M. A., A. Valliere, and A. Caporelli. 2000. A review of shellfish restoration and management projects in Rhode Island. Journal of Shellfish Research 19:401-408. 2000 Review Aquaculture; Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Docks & Marinas; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Petroleum Spills; Ports & Harbors; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sanders, D. and R. Hofling. 2000. Carbonate deposition in mixed siliclastic-carbonate environments on top of an orogenic wedge (Late Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alp, Austria). Sedimentary Geology 137:127-146. 2000 Beaches & Nature Parks; Bivalves; Storms & Hurricanes; Water Depth & Sea Level
Schwindt, E. and O. O. Iribarne. 2000. Settlement sites, survival and effects on benthos of an introduced reef-building polychaete in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon. Bulletin of Marine Science 67:73-82. 2000 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Sediment; Substrate
Sumi, H. and A. Wada. 2000. Research on providing habitable environment for bivalves by use of artificial reefs. Mer 38:25-Nov. 2000 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Shoreline Protection
T., BA NA SZ AK, A., T. C. LaJeunesse, and R. K. Trench. 2000. The synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAS) by cultured, symbiotic dinoflagellates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 249:219-233. 2000 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Hydrocoral; Light; Octocoral; Stony Coral
Bullard, S. G., N. L. Lindquist, and M. E. Hay. 1999. Susceptibility of invertebrate larvae to predators: How common are post-capture larval defenses? Marine Ecology Progress Series 191:153-161. 1999 Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Plankton; Stony Coral
Carlos, A. A., B. K. Baillie, M. Kawachi, and T. Maruyama. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) isolates from tridacnids (Bivalvia), cardiids (Bivalvia), a sponge (Porifera), a soft coral (Anthozoa), and a free-living strain. Journal of Phycology 35:1054-1062. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Octocoral; Sponges; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Kelly, S., A. B. MacDiarmid, and R. C. Babcock. 1999. Characteristics of spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii, aggregations in exposed reef and sandy areas. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:409-416. 1999 Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Martin, J. M., J. C. Braga, and I. Sanchez-Almazo. 1999. The Messinian record of the outcropping marginal Alboran Basin deposits: Significance and implications. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results 161:543-551. 1999 Spain Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Plankton
Morrison, R. J. and M. R. Naqasima. 1999. Fiji's Great Astrolabe Lagoon: Baseline study and management issues for a pristine marine environment. Ocean and Coastal Management 42:617-636. 1999 Fiji Field Study & Monitoring Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Substrate; Tourism & Recreation
Nishi, E. 1999. Use of annual density banding to estimate longevity of infauna of massive corals. Fisheries Science 65:48-56. 1999 Bivalves; Marine Worms; Stony Coral
Reyes Bonilla, H., T. L. Perez Vivar, and J. T. Ketchum Mejia. 1999. Distribucion geografica y depredacion de Porites lobata (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) en la costa occidental de Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47:273-279. 1999 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Marine Worms; Sponges; Stony Coral
Barnes, D. K. A., A. Corrie, M. Whittington, M. A. Carvalho, and F. Gell. 1998. Coastal shellfish resource use in the Quirimba Archipelago, Mozambique. Journal of Shellfish Research 17:51-58. 1998 Mozambique Bivalves; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
Feinstein, N. and S. D. Cairns. 1998. Learning from the collector: A survey of Azooxanthellate corals affixed by Xenophora (Gastropoda: Xenophoridae), with an analysis and discussion of attachment patterns. Nautilus 112:73-83. 1998 Bivalves; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Fonseca E., A. C. and J. Cortes. 1998. Coral borers of the eastern Pacific: Aspidosiphon (A.) elegans (Sipuncula: Aspidosiphonidae) and Pomatogebia rugosa (Crustacea: Upogebiidae). Pacific Science 52:170-175. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Freiwald, A. 1998. Modern nearshore cold-temperate calcareous sediments in the troms district, northern norway. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68:763-776. 1998 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Atlantic Ocean; Norway Algae; Bivalves; Climate; Coralline Algae; Discharges; Light; Molluscs; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Garcia-Dominguez, F., B. P. Ceballos-Vazquez, M. Villalejo-Fuerte, and M. Arellano-Martinez. 1998. Reproductive cycle of the giant reef clam Periglypta multicostata (Sowerby, 1835) (Pelecypoda: Veneridae) at Isla Espiritu Santo, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 17:1009-1013. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Bivalves
Gardinali, P. R. and T. L. Wade. 1998. Contribution of PAHs, PCBs, and PCDD/PCDFs to the total induction equivalents (ΣIEs) in mollusks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37:27-31. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Bivalves; Molluscs
Garrigue, C., J. Clavier, and C. Chevellon. 1998. Investigations on the soft bottom benthos in a southwest pacific Atoll lagoon (Uvea, New Caledonia). Atoll Research Bulletin 18-Jan. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; Cuba; New Caledonia Bivalves; Sediment; Substrate
Light, J. M. and J. B. Wilson. 1998. Cool-water carbonate deposition on the West Shetland Shelf: A modern distally steepened ramp. Geological Society Special Publication 73-105. 1998 Bivalves; Echinoderms; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Mokady, O., Y. Loya, and B. Lazar. 1998. Ammonium contribution from boring bivalves to their coral host - A mutualistic symbiosis? Marine Ecology Progress Series 169:295-301. 1998 Lab Study Algae; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Wildish, D. J. and G. B. J. Fader. 1998. Pelagic-benthic coupling in the Bay of Fundy. Hydrobiologia 369-380. 1998 GIS & Maps Bivalves; Sediment
Wildish, D. J., G. B. J. Fader, P. Lawton, and A. J. MacDonald. 1998. The acoustic detection and characteristics of sublittoral bivalve reefs in the Bay of Fundy. Continental Shelf Research 18:105-113. 1998 Bivalves
Adjeroud, M. 1997. Long-term changes of epibenthic macrofauna communities in a closed lagoon (Taiaro Atoll, French Polynesia): 1972-1994. Hydrobiologia 356:19-Nov. 1997 Bivalves; Echinoderms; Molluscs
Anderson, T. J. 1997. Habitat selection and shelter use by Octopus tetricus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150:137-148. 1997 Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Octopus & Squid; Sediment
Augustin, D., R. Galzin, P. Legendre, and E. B. Salvat. 1997. Interannual variability of the Tiahura barrier reef communities (Moorea Island, French Polynesia) [Variation interannuelle des peuplements recifaux du recif-barriere de Tiahura (ile de Moorea, Polynesie francaise)]. Oceanologica Acta 20:743-756. 1997 Algae; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Molluscs
Boglio, E. C. and J. S. Lucas. 1997. Impacts of ectoparasitic gastropods on growth, survival, and physiology of juvenile giant clams (Tridacna gigas), including a simulation model of mortality and reduced growth rate. Aquaculture 150:25-43. 1997 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Bivalves; Primary Production
Cox, C., J. H. Hunt, W. G. Lyons, and G. E. Davis. 1997. Nocturnal foraging of the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) on offshore reefs of Florida, USA. Marine and Freshwater Research 48:671-679. 1997 South & Central America; Florida; Caribbean Arthropods; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Seagrasses; Skeletal Coral
Quiroz-Barroso, S. A. and M. D. C. Perrilliat. 1997. Pennsylvanian nuculoids (Bivalvia) from the ixtaltepec formation, Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 71:400-407. 1997 South & Central America; Mexico Bivalves; Invertebrates
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Y. Bone, and R. Moussavi-Harami. 1997. Stable isotope aspects of modern molluscs, brachiopods, and marine cements from cool-water carbonates, Lacepede Shelf, South Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61:207-218. 1997 Australia Algae; Bivalves; Coralline Algae; Molluscs
Zuschin, M. and W. E. Piller. 1997. Bivalve distribution on coral carpets in the Northern Bay of Safaga (Red Sea, Egypt) and its relation to environmental parameters. Facies 183-194. 1997 Egypt Bivalves; Substrate
Chevillon, C. 1996. Skeletal composition of modern lagoon sediments in New Caledonia: Coral, a minor constituent. Coral Reefs 15:199-207. 1996 New Caledonia Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Molluscs; Sediment
Freiwald, A. and J. Schonfeld. 1996. Substrate pitting and boring pattern of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 (foraminifera) in a modem deep-water coral reef mound. Marine Micropaleontology 28:199-207. 1996 Bivalves; Nutrients; Substrate; Water Depth & Sea Level
Gischler, E. 1996. Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous deep-water coral assemblages and sedimentation on a Devonian seamount: Iberg Reef, Harz Mts., Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 123:297-322. 1996 Europe; Germany Bivalves; Echinoderms; Plankton; Sediment; Water Depth & Sea Level
Krueger, D. M., N. Dubilier, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1996. Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the tropical clam Solemya occidentalis (Bivalvia: Protobranchia): Ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis. Marine Biology 126:55-64. 1996 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Bivalves; Sediment
Marin, F., M. Smith, Y. Isa, G. Muyzer, and P. Westbroek. 1996. Evolution Skeletal matrices, muci, and the origin of invertebrate calcification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93:1554-1559. 1996 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Posey, M., W. Lindberg, T. Alphin, and F. Vose. 1996. Influence of storm disturbance on an offshore benthic community. Bulletin of Marine Science 59:523-529. 1996 South & Central America; Florida; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes
Steuber, T. 1996. Stable isotope sclerochronology of rudist bivalves: Growth rates and Late Cretaceous seasonality. Geology 24:315-318. 1996 Bivalves
Lewy, Z. 1995. Hypothetical endosymbiontic zooxanthellae in rudists are not needed to explain their ecological niches and thick shells in comparison with hermatypic corals. Cretaceous Research 16:25-37. 1995 Middle East Algae; Bivalves; Octocoral; Salinity; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Substrate; Zooxanthellae
Risk, M. J., P. W. Sammarco, and E. N. Edinger. 1995. Bioerosion in Acropora across the continental shelf of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 14:79-86. 1995 Australia Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Fish; Marine Worms; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges; Stony Coral
Antsulevich, A. E. 1994. Artificial reefs project for improvement of water quality and environmental enhancement of Neva Bay (St. Petersburg County region). Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1189-1192. 1994 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Invertebrates; Sediment; Substrate
Fursich, F. T., T. J. Palmer, and K. L. Goodyear. 1994. Growth and disintegration of bivalve-dominated patch reefs in the Upper Jurassic of southern England. Palaeontology 37:131-171. 1994 England Algae; Bivalves; Microorganisms; Sediment; Sponges
Iso, S., S. Suizu, and A. Maejima. 1994. The lethal effect of hypertonic solutions and avoidance of marine organisms in relation to discharged brine from a destination plant. Desalination 97:389-399. 1994 Bivalves; Discharges; Fish; Salinity
Posey, M. H. and W. G. Ambrose Jr. 1994. Effects of proximity to an offshore hard-bottom reef on infaunal abundances. Marine Biology 118:745-753. 1994 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Algae; Bivalves; Fish; Invertebrates; Marine Worms
Reaka-Kudla, M. L., D. S. O'Connell, J. D. Regan, and R. I. Wicklund. 1994. Effects of temperature and UV-B on different components of coral reef communities from the Bahamas. Pages 126-131 in Proceedings of the colloquium on global aspects of coral reefs, Miami, 1993. 1994 Global; Bahamas Algae; Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Seastars; Stony Coral
Vose, F. E. and W. G. Nelson. 1994. Gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus Gmelin) feeding from artificial and natural substrate in shallow Atlantic waters of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 55:1316-1323. 1994 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Fish; Invertebrates; Invertivorous Fish; Substrate
Brickner, I., E. Kramarskywinter, O. Mokady, and Y. Loya. 1993. Speciation in the coral boring bivalve Lithophaga purpurea - Evidence from ecological, biochemical and SEM analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 101:139-146. 1993 Bivalves
Kobluk, D. R. and M. A. Lysenko. 1993. Hurricane effects on shallow-water cryptic reef molluscs, Fiji Islands. Journal of Paleontology 67:798-816. 1993 Fiji Bivalves; Molluscs; Skeletal Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Leinfelder, R. R., M. Nose, D. U. Schmid, and W. Werner. 1993. Microbial crusts of the late jurassic: Composition, palaeoecological significance and importance in reef construction. Facies 29:195-229. 1993 Spain; Germany Algae; Bivalves; Climate; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Sponges; Water Depth & Sea Level
Braley, R. D., D. Sutton, S. S. M. Mingoa, and P. C. Southgate. 1992. Passive greenhouse heating, recirculation, and nutrient addition for nursery phase Tridacna gigas: growth boost during winter months. Aquaculture 108:29-50. 1992 Australia Index or Indicator Bivalves; Nutrients; Zooxanthellae
Hurst, U. 1992. Bivalve fauna from the sponge reef at Biburg, Upper Oxfordian, southern Franconian Alb [Die Bivalvenfauna der Schwammkalke von Biburg (Oberoxford, Sudliche Frankenalb) Pteriomorphia III]. Mitteilungen - Bayerischen Staatssammlung fur Palaontologie und Historische Geologie 32:69-86. 1992 Bivalves; Sponges
Hutchings, P. A., W. E. Kiene, R. B. Cunningham, and C. Donnelly. 1992. Spatial and temporal patterns of non-colonial boring organisms (polychaetes, sipunculans and bivalve molluscs) in Porites at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 11:23-31. 1992 Australia Bivalves; Marine Worms; Molluscs; Stony Coral; Substrate
Jensen, P. 1992. \Bubbling reefs' in the Kattegat: submarine landscapes of carbonate- cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps". Marine Ecology Progress Series 83:103-112. 1992 Algae; Bivalves; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Sediment; Sponges
Klumpp, D. W. 1992. Nutrition of the giant clam Tridacna gigas (L.) I. Contribution of filter feeding and photosynthates to respiration and growth. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155:105-122. 1992 Australia Bivalves; Nutrients
MacIsaac, H. J., G. Sprules, O. E. Johannson, and J. H. Leach. 1992. Filtering impacts of larval and sessile zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in western Lake Erie. Oecologia 92:30-39. 1992 Lab Study Bivalves; Plankton
Mokady, O. 1992. Settlement and metamorphosis specificity of Lithophaga simplex Iredale (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on Red Sea corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 162:243-251. 1992 Index or Indicator Bivalves
Peyrot-Clausade, M., P. Hutchings, and G. Richard. 1992. Temporal variations of macroborers in massive Porites lobata on Moorea, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs 11:161-166. 1992 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Corallivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Sakashita, H. 1992. Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish, Diademichthys lineatus, and its dependence on host sea urchin. Environmental Biology of Fishes 34:95-101. 1992 Bivalves; Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sea Urchins
Bryan, J. R. and P. F. Huddlestun. 1991. Correlation and age of the Bridgeboro Limestone, a coralgal limestone from southwestern Georgia. Journal of Paleontology 65:864-868. 1991 Florida Bivalves
Kvitek, R. G. 1991. Paralytic shellfish toxins by bivalves as a defense against siphon-nipping fish. Marine Biology 111:369-374. 1991 Bivalves
Latypov, Y. Y. 1991. Pioneer settlements of reef-building corals on piles of oil platforms in the South China Sea. Biologiya Morya (Vladivostok) 3:93-99. 1991 China Bivalves; Oil & Gas Rigs; Stony Coral
Lazar, B. and Y. Loya. 1991. Bioerosion of coral reefs - a chemical approach. Limnology and Oceanography 36:377-383. 1991 Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition
Macdiarmid, A. B. 1991. Seasonal changes in depth distribution, sex ratio and size frequency of spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii on a coastal reef in northern New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 70:129-141. 1991 Bivalves; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp
Mokady, O. 1991. Coral host specificity in settlement and metamorphosis of the date mussel Lithophactsless lesspsians (Vaillant, 1865). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 146:205-216. 1991 Lab Study Bivalves
Hay, M. E., J. E. Duffy, and W. Fenical. 1990. Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod: an herbivore in plant's clothing. Ecology 71:733-743. 1990 Bivalves; Fleshy Macroalgae; Textiles & Apparel
James, N. P. and P. W. Choquette. 1990. Limestones - the sea-floor diagenetic environment. Pages 13-31 Diagenesis. 1990 Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Sediment; Sponges
Kleemann, K. 1990. Coral associations, biocorrosion, and space competition in Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin) (Pectinacea, Bivalvia). Marine Ecology 11:77-94. 1990 Bivalves; Stony Coral
Chaix, C. 1989. The Pliocene scleractinian corals of Normandy [Les Scleractiniaires du Pliocene de Normandie]. Bulletin - Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Section C 11:13-Mar. 1989 Europe Bivalves
Kobayashi, J. 1989. Pharmacologically active metabolites from symbiotic microalgae in Okinawan marine invertebrates. Journal of Natural Products 52:225-238. 1989 Algae; Bivalves
Romanek, C. S. and E. L. Grossman. 1989. Stable isotope profiles of Tridacna maxima as environmental indicators. Palaios 4:402-413. 1989 US Pacific & Hawaii Index or Indicator Bivalves
Pleydell, S. M. and B. Jones. 1988. Boring of various faunal elements in the Oligocene- Miocene Bluff Formation of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Journal of Paleontology 62:348-367. 1988 Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Sponges
Scott, P. J. B. and M. J. Risk. 1988. The effect of Lithophaga (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) boreholes on the strength of the coral Porites lobata. Coral Reefs 7:145-151. 1988 Costa Rica Bivalves; Stony Coral
Scott, P. J. B., K. A. Moser, and M. J. Risk. 1988. Bioerosion of concrete and limestone by marine organisms: A 13 year experiment from Jamaica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:219-222. 1988 Global; Jamaica Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Nutrients; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Tomczykowa, E. 1988. Silurian and Lower Devonian biostratigraphy and palaeoecology in Poland. Biuletyn - Instytutu Geologicznego 359:21-41. 1988 Poland Bivalves; Sediment
Reed, J. K. and P. M. Mikkelsen. 1987. The molluscan community associated with the scleractinian coral Oculina varicosa. Bulletin of Marine Science 40:99-131. 1987 Bivalves; Light; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Schmitt, R. J. 1987. Indirect interactions between prey: apparent competition, predator aggregation, and habit segregation. Ecology 68:1887-1897. 1987 Bivalves; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Octopus & Squid; Snails & Conch
Scott, P. J. B. 1987. Associations between corals and macro-infaunal invertebrate in Jamaica, with a list of Caribbean and Atlantic coral associates. Bulletin of Marine Science 40:271-286. 1987 South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Jamaica; Caribbean Bivalves; Marine Worms; Stony Coral
Sebens, K. P. 1987. The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 371-407. 1987 Review Anemones & Zooanthids; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Seawater Flow
Bosence, D. W. J. 1985. The 'Coralligene' of the Mediterranean - a Recent analog for Tertiary coralline algal limestones. Paleoalgology: contemporary research and applications 216-225. 1985 France Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges
Driessen Paul, K. 1985. Oil Platforms As Reefs: Oil And Fish Can Mix. Pages 1417-1438 in Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. 1985 South & Central America; Mexico Artificial Habitat; Bivalves; Fish; Oil & Gas Rigs; Substrate
Farrow, G. E. and G. P. Durant. 1985. Carbonate-basaltic sediments from Cobb Seamount, Northeast Pacific: Zonation, bioerosion and petrology. Marine Geology 65:73-102. 1985 US Pacific & Hawaii Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Echinoderms; Hydrocoral; Marine Worms; Octocoral; Plankton; Sediment
Shick, J. M. and J. A. Dykens. 1985. Oxygen detoxification in algal-invertebrate symbioses from the Great Barrier Reef. Oecologia 66:33-41. 1985 Australia Bivalves; Invertebrates; Light; Molluscs
Choi, D. R. 1984. Ecological succession of reef cavity-dwellers ( coelobites) in coral rubble. Bulletin of Marine Science 35:72-79. 1984 Florida Bivalves; Marine Worms; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Tunicates
Jones, G. P. 1984. The influence of habitat and behavioural interactions on the local distribution of the wrasse, Pseudolabrus celidotus. Environmental Biology of Fishes 10:43-57. 1984 Algae; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Fish; Planktivorous Fish
Nelson, C. S. and G. E. Hancock. 1984. Composition and origin of temperate skeletal carbonate sediments on South Maria Ridge, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 18:221-239. 1984 Algae; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges; Substrate
Sheppard, A. L. S. 1984. The molluscan fauna of Chagos (Indian Ocean) and an analysis of its broad distribution patterns. Coral Reefs 3:43-50. 1984 Indian Ocean; Chagos Archipelago; India Bivalves; Molluscs; Substrate
Harris, P. M. and P. D. Crevello. 1983. Upper Jurassic Smackover reefs - an example from Walker Creek field, Arkansas. Pages 366-380 in Carbonate buildups - a core workshop. SEPM core workshop 4, Dallas, 1983. 1983 Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Bivalves; Sponges
Khristoforova, N. K., L. N. Cham, and L. M. Maslova. 1983. Content of heavy metals in the bivalve mollusk Tridacna crocea from the South China Sea. Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 9:338-344. 1983 China; Vietnam Bivalves; Molluscs
Levings, C. D., R. E. Foreman, and V. J. Tunnicliffe. 1983. Review of the benthos of the Strait of Georgia and contiguous fjords. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1120-1141. 1983 Review Algae; Bivalves; Echinoderms; Fish; Plankton; Sea Urchins; Sponges; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Russell, B. C. 1983. The food and feeding habits of rocky reef fish of north-eastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 17:121-145. 1983 Bivalves; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Worms; Small Herbivorous Fish; Sponges
Blondeau, A. 1982. (The upper Lutetian of Pierre-Aigue near Saint-Aignan-Grand-Lieu, Loire-Atlantic, France). [Le Lutetien superieur de Pierre-Aigue pres de Saint-Aignan-Grand- Lieu (Loire-Atlantique).]. Pages 115-143 Bulletin, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Section I. 1982 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Europe; England; France Bivalves; Climate
Brown, B. E. and M. C. Holley. 1982. Metal levels associated with tin dredging and smelting and their effect upon intertidal reef flats at ko phuket, Thailand. Coral Reefs 1:131-137. 1982 Thailand Bivalves; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Molluscs; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Cetenacci, V., R. Matteucci, and F. Schiavinotto. 1982. (The transitional area at the base of the 'Calcari a Briozoi e Litotamni' in the central Maiella Group). [La superficie di trasgressione alla base dei 'Calcari a Briozoi e Litotamni' nella Maiella meridionale.]. Geologica Romana 21:559-575. 1982 Algae; Bivalves; Boring Sponges; Marine Worms; Sediment; Sponges
Savazzi, E. 1982. Commensalism between a boring mytilid bivalve and a soft bottom coral in the Upper Eocene of northern Italy. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 56:165-175. 1982 Bivalves; Sediment
Highsmith, R. C. 1980. Burrowing by the bivalve mollusc Lithophaga curta in the living reef coral Montipora berryi and a hypothesis of reciprocal larval recruitment. Marine Biology 56:155-162. 1980 Bivalves; Molluscs; Substrate
Highsmith, R. C. 1980. Geographic patterns of coral bioerosion: A productivity hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 46:177-196. 1980 Global; US Pacific & Hawaii; Indian Ocean; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India Bivalves; Plankton; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes
Mallik, T. K. 1979. Some sedimentological and biological aspects of the Kavaratti and Kalpeni atolls, Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. Marine Geology 29:357-385. 1979 Indian Ocean; India Algae; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Sediment
Taylor, P. D. 1979. Palaeoecology of the encrusting epifauna of some British jurassic bivalves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 28:241-262. 1979 Bivalves; Marine Worms; Sponges; Substrate
Hamner, W. M. 1978. Intraspecific competition in Tridacna crocea, a burrowing bivalve. Oecologia 34:267-281. 1978 Australia Bivalves
Stearn, C W. and T. P. Scoffin. 1977. Carbonate budget of a fringing reef, Barbados. Pages 471-476 in Third International Coral Reef Symposium. Miami, FL. 1977 Algae; Bivalves; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Sea Urchins; Skeletal Coral; Sponges; Substrate
Appukuttan, K. K. 1972. Coral-boring bivalves of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Pages 379-98 in C. Mukundan and C. S. G. Pillai, editors. Proceedings of the Sym Corals Coral Reefs. Marine Biological Ass'n of India, Cochin. 1972 Bivalves
Fankboner, P. V. 1971. Self righting by tridacnid clams. Nature 230:579-580. 1971 Bivalves; Skeletal Coral; Substrate
Johannessen, S. C., R. W. Macdonald, B. Burd, and A. van Roodselaar. Biogeochemical cycling in the Strait of Georgia. Marine Environmental Research Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Bivalves; Sediment; Sponges
Le Guilloux, E., K. Olu, J. F. Bourillet, B. Savoye, S. P. Iglesias, and M. Sibuet. First observations of deep-sea coral reefs along the Angola margin. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography GIS & Maps Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fish; Sediment; Stony Coral
Risk, M. J., B. E. Lapointe, O. A. Sherwood, and B. J. Bedford. The use of δ 15N in assessing sewage stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Bivalves; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment
Sera fy, D. K., D. J. Hartzband, and M. Bowen. Aquatic disposal field investigations Eatons Neck disposal site Long Island Sound. !Appendix C: predisposal baseline conditions of benthic assemblages. in [No source information available]. Field Study & Monitoring Bivalves; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Sediment

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Bivalve Aquaculture Biofouling Control These management options reduce, clean or remove biofouling organisms and other waste from bivalve production areas while minimizing environmental risk. Aquaculture shellfish production requires adequate food availability and water of dependable quantity and quality. Aquaculture operations and gear must have a minimal adverse impact on the surrounding water, plant, animal and human resources. Biofouling is detrimental to shellfish production, increasing exposure to pathogens, reducing the available food stuffs, and increasing organic loading. Only environmentally appropriate biofoul control methods should be used, and fouling organisms and algae should be disposed of appropriately to avoid local degradation. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. Conservation Practice Standard: Bivalve Aquaculture Gear and Biofouling Control. CODE 400, USDA.

Algae; Aquaculture; Arthropods; Artificial Habitat; Biological Addition; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Domestic Animal Waste; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Improved Technology; Invertebrate Harvest; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Octopus & Squid; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Snails & Conch; Supplemental Feeding
Monitor & Research: Biological Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of biological resources. Data that could be collected on coral reef communities includes but is not limited to species abundance and density, biodiversity, benthic cover, coral condition, growth, recruitment, predation, and grazing. Mangroves and seagrasses should also be monitored. With adequate baseline data, changes in community structure and biocriteria can be identified and restoration or protection efforts can be taken. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Apex Fish Predators; Aquaculture; Aquarium Stock; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biocriteria; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Bivalves; Calcareous Macroalgae; Contact Uses; Coral; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Invertebrates; Large Herbivorous Fish; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Birds; Marine Products; Marine Vertebrates; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Octocoral; Octopus & Squid; Ornamental Jewelry & Art; Pathogens; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Physical Damage; Primary Production; Provisioning Services; Resource Use Management; Sea Turtles; Sea Urchins; Seagrasses; Seastars; Skeletal Coral; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tunicates; Wetlands; Whales & Dolphins
Resource Use Management: Seasonal Fisheries and Harvesting Finfish and shellfish stocks may be more or less susceptible to fishing pressures during certain times of the year. This may be due to seasonality of recruitment and/or changes in food/predation pressures. If fishing restrictions may be more successful if this seasonality is taken into consideration and fishing pressure adjusted accordingly. Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biochemical & Genetic Resources; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Corallivorous Fish; Decision Support; Echinoderms; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Permitting & Zoning; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Small Herbivorous Fish; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Resource Use Management: Fisheries Catch Quotas Quotas designate the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) allocated to an operating unit such as a country, a vessel, a company or an individual fisherman (individual quota) depending on the system of allocation. Quotas may or may not be transferable, inheritable, and tradable. While generally used to allocate total allowable catch, quotas could be used also to allocate fishing effort or biomass. Seas At Risk. 2009. Moving Towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe Policy Hurdles & Actions.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Apex Fish Predators; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Commercial Fishing Boats; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fisheries & Hunting Policies; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Fishing Sector; Food & Raw Materials; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertivorous Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Live Collection; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Products; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Piscivorous Fish; Planktivorous Fish; Provisioning Services; Recreational Fishing; Snails & Conch; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Chapter 1: Wildlife including protected areas, 12 Virgin Islands Code. Regulates hunting, including for migratory birds, wildlife restoration, establishes and regulates wildlife and marine sactuaries and game preserves.

Application to Coral Reefs:The coral reefs of the US Virgin Islands are within the boundaries off the marine sanctuaries and therefore have the same protection that marine sanctuaries have. Special licenses are required for scientific investigation and for collectors. In wildlife and marine sanctuaries, except under proper permit, taking or posessing any bird, fish, or other wildlife is illegal. Discharge of a firearm or release of arrows (spearfishing) in wildlife or marine sanctuaries is illegal. No form of waste can be thrown, placed or deposited in a wildlife or marine sanctuary.

Legislative Actions:The Commissioner or any USVI resident can commence a civil action. Civil penalties for violators are not to exceed $50,000 per day. Any knowingly or negligently discharging polluants can be crimimnally punished with a fine of not less than $5,000 nor more

Comments:Commissioner of Planning and Natural Resources can designate and establish wildlife and marine sanctuaries, and accept monitary and animal donations from the United States. 		US Virgin Islands, Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US Virgin Islands 		Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Arthropods; Bivalves; Complex Habitat & Resources; Educational & Research Opportunities; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fish; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Marine Vertebrates; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Inhabitants; Reef Life; Resource Use Management; Seagrasses; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Wetlands
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, as amended, 16 United States Code § 742. Established a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife.

Application to Coral Reefs:

Legislative Actions:

Comments:The 1998 amendments promoted voluteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife refuges. 		US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Bivalves; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Economic Markets & Policies; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Funding & Donations; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Political Pressure; Public Administration; Recreational Fishing; Resource Use Management; Snails & Conch; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Regulations, Federal Register § Volume 66, Number 11 (2001). NOAA established the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (a no-take zone) in the Tortugas region (Tortugas or region) of the Florida Keys to protect significant coral resources and to protect an area that serves as a source of biodiversity for the Sanctuary as well as for the southwest shelf of Florida. Establishment of the Reserve included expansion of the Sanctuary boundary to ensure that the Reserve protects sensitive coral habitats lying outside the existing boundary of the Sanctuary.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Regulation protects significant coral resources and many marine species by providing a no-take zone.

Legislative Actions:The regulation increased the no-take zones to 24 areas. Fishing is prohibited in Tortugas north for areas that are within State waters. Diving is prohibited in Tortugas south.

Comments: 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biological Harvest; Bivalves; Boating Activities; Commercial Fisheries; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Invertebrate Harvest; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Molluscs; Octopus & Squid; Recreational Fishing; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sea Urchins; Seastars; Snails & Conch; Sponges; Stony Coral; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage

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