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ReefLink Database

Applied Chemicals

Applied Chemicals

Applied chemicals are chemicals applied to lands, vehicles, buildings, or during manufacturing for a variety of purposes, including maintaining pests, improving soil quality, or cleaning surfaces. Applied chemicals include fertilizers and pesticides, cleaners and solvents, and sunscreen.

CMap

The Agriculture Sector includes both animal and crop production. Agriculture, aquaculture and forestry policies regulate and control agriculture, aquaculture and forestry. Applied chemicals are chemicals applied to lands, vehicles, buildings, or during manufacturing for a variety of purposes, including maintaining pests, improving soil quality, or cleaning surfaces. Chemical use regulations are policies to control the production, distribution, and use of potentially toxic chemicals. Cleaners and solvents are used to remove oil, grease, and other contaminants during industrial or household cleaning. Cultural services are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, recreational opportunities, aesthetic experiences, sense of place, and educational and research opportunities. Culture sectors contribute to the social, emotional, and intellectual well-being of the community. Discharge limitations are responses to regulate and control the discharge of pollutants and the use of chemicals. Discharges are the intentional or unintentional distribution of chemicals, debris, or other pollution, into the environment as a consequence of human activities. Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems . Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. Fertilizer & pesticide use is the application of chemicals designed to improve the nutrient quality of soil to promote plant growth, or to control weeds and pest species. The Food and Raw Materials sector includes groups that harvest natural resources from the earth, including agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and the oil and gas industry. Infrastructural sectors provide the physical, organizational, and technical support for the economy to function, including construction, utilities, transportation, finance, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, and technical services. Household and Landscaping Services are subsectors that provide for the maintenance of homes, buildings, and urban landscapes. Industries in the Manufacturing and Trade subsector produce and sell food, beverage, tobacco, wood, plastics, chemical products, metals, electronics, and machinery products, in both wholesale and retail trade. Manufacturing and trade regulations are laws and policies enacted to control production, distribution, and sale of goods and services. Non-point source controls are designed to monitor, regulate, and limit pollution from non-point sources, such as urban runoff, agricultural runoff, domestic animals, road construction, timber harvests, boats, and septic systems. Non-point source pollution is runoff from diffuse sources that is caused by rainwater moving over and through the ground, carrying pollutants with it and depositing them in coastal waters. Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants and animals for growth and primarily include nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as minor nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, or zinc. The Reef Ecosystem includes a suite of abiotic variables that form the physical and chemical environment. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment. Provisioning services are the products or ecosystem goods obtained from ecosystems, including seafood, genetic and biochemical resources, pharmaceuticals, ornamental resources, and water resources. Public Administration includes government institutions that administer, oversee, and manage governmental programs. The state of the Reef Ecosystem is the condition, in terms of quantity and quality, of the abiotic and biotic components including physical, chemical, and biological variables. Reef Life is the abundance, distribution, and condition of the biological components of the coral reef ecosystem. Regulating Services are benefits obtained from ecosystem processes that regulate the environment, including erosion regulation, natural hazard regulation, and climate regulation. Responses are actions taken by groups or individuals in society and government to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in Ecosystem Services or their perceived value. The Security Sector provides security to the country and its people effectively and under democratic principles. Shelter includes sectors that provide for the comfort and protection of humans in relation to their living spaces. Socio-Economic Drivers include the sectors that fulfill human needs for Food & Raw Materials, Water, Shelter, Health, Culture, and Security, and the Infrastructure that supports the sectors. Sunscreen is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin exposed to sunlight and thus helps protect against sunburn.. Supporting services are ecological processes that indirectly benefit humans by maintaining a functional ecosystem for the production of other ecosystem goods and services. Tourism & Recreation sectors operate facilities and provide services for the varied cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of residents and tourists. Toxics are chemical pollutants that are poisonous, carcinogenic, or otherwise directly harmful to humans, plants, or animals. The Transportation Sector involves comprises all modes of transportation (Aviation, Maritime, Mass Transit, Highway, Freight Rail, and Pipeline) The Transportation Systems Sector is segmented into six key subsectors, or modes, which operate independently within both a regulated and non-regulated environment, yet are also highly interdependent. Transportation management includes policies, regulations, and zoning designed to control the distribution and intensity of transportation networks, including roads and shipping channels, and vehicles, including cars, boats, and ships. Waterborne discharges include direct and indirect discharges of pollutants into the aquatic environment, including chemicals, nutrients, sediment, and pathogens.

CMap Description

A number of socio-economic sectors create pressures on the reef environment through application of chemicals. Agriculture, public health departments, golf course maintenance, and household residents apply chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides that may lead to chemical and nutrient run-off into coastal waters during rain events. Application of cleaners and solvents during product manufacturing, or in harbors to clean ships and boats, can also runoff into coastal waters. Even suntan oil use by recreational swimmers has been raised as a potential contaminant that can enter the reef ecosystem. Nutrients and chemicals can affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of reef species. Many of the same socio-economic sectors that create pollution benefit indirectly from goods and services provided by the reef, which provides recreational opportunities and contributes to the cultural identity of the local community and drives coastal development. Non-point source controls can set limitations on the quantity and frequency of chemical applications. Regulation of chemical use, including registration, labeling, and evaluation of risk, can be used to identify potentially toxic chemicals. Agricultural practices and educational outreach can be implemented to reduce the over application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Citations

Citation Year Study Location Study Type Database Topics
2011. Nonpoint Source Management Program 2010 Annual Report. Document # DEPLW-1205, Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, (Maine, USA). 2011 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Forestry; Housing; Impervious Surfaces; Microorganisms; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Boehm, AB; Yamahara, KM; Walters, SP; Layton, BA; Keymer, DP; Thompson, RS; Knee, KL; Rosener, M. 2011. Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, Soluble Reactive Phosphorous, and Microbial Pollutant Loading from Tropical Rural Watersheds in Hawai'i to the Coastal Ocean During Non-Storm Conditions. Estuaries and Coasts 34:925-936. 2011 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Brodie, JE; Devlin, M; Haynes, D; Waterhouse, J. 2011. Assessment of the eutrophication status of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Australia). Biogeochemistry 106:281-302. 2011 Australia; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Nutrients; Octocoral; Plankton; Seagrasses; Seastars; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Elfman, L; Tooke, NE; Patring, JDM. 2011. Detection of pesticides used in rice cultivation in streams on the island of Leyte in the Philippines. Agricultural Water Management 101:81-87. 2011 Global; Southeast Asia; Philippines Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Hutchinson, JT; Langeland, KA; Meisenburg, M. 2011. Field Trials for Herbicide Control of Coral Ardisia (Ardisia crenata) in Natural Areas of North-Central Florida. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4:234-238. 2011 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Invasive Species
Lamb, JB; Willis, BL. 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology 25:1044-1052. 2011 Australia Collaboration & Partnering; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Negri, AP; Flores, F; Rothig, T; Uthicke, S. 2011. Herbicides increase the vulnerability of corals to rising sea surface temperature. Limnology and Oceanography 56:471-485. 2011 Global Model Agriculture; Algae; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Coralline Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Ocean Acidity; Primary Production; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Peng, SE; Chen, WNU; Chen, HK; Lu, CY; Mayfield, AB; Fang, LS; Chen, CS. 2011. Lipid bodies in coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis: Proteomic and ultrastructural studies. Proteomics 11:3540-3555. 2011 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Roche, H; Salvat, B; Ramade, F. 2011. Assessment Of The Pesticides Pollution Of Coral Reefs Communities From French Polynesia. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 66:3-10. 2011 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment
Toropova, AP; ToRopov, AA; Benfenati, E; Gini, G; Leszczynska, D; Leszczynski, J. 2011. Rapid Communication CORAL: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Models for Estimating Toxicity of Organic Compounds in Rats. Journal of Computational Chemistry 32:2727-2733. 2011 Global Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Whitall, D. R., B. M. Costa, L. J. Bauer, A. Dieppa, and S. D. Hile, editors. 2011. A Baseline Assessment of the Ecological Resources of Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 133, NOAA, Silver Spring, (MD, USA). 2011 Puerto Rico Field Study & Monitoring; Model; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Debris; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Baker, D. M., K. L. Webster, and K. Kim. 2010. Caribbean octocorals record changing carbon and nitrogen sources from 1862 to 2005. Global Change Biology 16:2701-2710. 2010 Global; South & Central America; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Caribbean Model; Index or Indicator Agriculture; CO2; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Octocoral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Blanco, A. C., K. Nadaoka, T. Yamamoto, and K. Kinjo. 2010. Dynamic evolution of nutrient discharge under stormflow and baseflow conditions in a coastal agricultural watershed in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan. Hydrological Processes 24:2601-2616. 2010 Japan Field Study & Monitoring; GIS & Maps Agriculture; Algae; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Brodie, J., T. Schroeder, K. Rohde, J. Faithful, B. Masters, A. Dekker, V. Brando, and M. Maughan. 2010. Dispersal of suspended sediments and nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon during river-discharge events: conclusions from satellite remote sensing and concurrent flood-plume sampling. Marine and Freshwater Research 61:651-664. 2010 Australia Remote Sensing Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. 2010. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan: 2009 System Status Report. 2010 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Algae; Apex Fish Predators; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Dailer, M. L., R. S. Knox, J. E. Smith, M. Napier, and C. M. Smith. 2010. Using delta N-15 values in algal tissue to map locations and potential sources of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on the island of Maui, Hawai'i, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:655-671. 2010 GIS & Maps Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Wastewater Discharge
Jones, R. 2010. Environmental contamination associated with a marine landfill ('seafill') beside a coral reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1993-2006. 2010 Bermuda Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, and B. L. Brooks. 2010. The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on algal community development: Artificial mini-reefs on the Belize Barrier Reef sedimentary lagoon. Harmful Algae 9:255-263. 2010 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Skeletal Coral; Stony Coral
Magnusson, M., K. Heimann, P. Quayle, and A. P. Negri. 2010. Additive toxicity of herbicide mixtures and comparative sensitivity of tropical benthic microalgae. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1978-1987. 2010 Australia Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production
Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). CODE 595. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture. 2010 Field Study & Monitoring Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff
Olsen, Y. S. and I. Valiela. 2010. Effect of Sediment Nutrient Enrichment and Grazing on Turtle Grass Thalassia testudinum in Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. Estuaries and Coasts 33:769-783. 2010 Puerto Rico Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Small Herbivorous Fish
Scott, C., S. E. Lewis, R. Milla, M. C. Taylor, A. J. W. Rodgers, G. Dumsday, J. E. Brodie, J. G. Oakeshott, and R. J. Russell. 2010. A free-enzyme catalyst for the bioremediation of environmental atrazine contamination. Journal of Environmental Management 91:2075-2078. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Remediation
Shaw, M., M. J. Furnas, K. Fabricius, D. Haynes, S. Carter, G. Eaglesham, and J. F. Mueller. 2010. Monitoring pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:113-122. 2010 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Starcevic, A., W. C. Dunlap, J. Cullum, J. M. Shick, D. Hranueli, and P. F. Long. 2010. Gene Expression in the Scleractinian Acropora microphthalma Exposed to High Solar Irradiance Reveals Elements of Photoprotection and Coral Bleaching. PLoS One 5:e13975. 2010 Algae; Light; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use
Bainbridge, Z. T., J. E. Brodie, J. W. Faithful, D. A. Sydes, and S. E. Lewis. 2009. Identifying the land-based sources of suspended sediments, nutrients and pesticides discharged to the Great Barrier Reef from the Tully-Murray Basin, Queensland, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1081-1090. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Brodie, J., S. Lewis, Z. Bainbridge, A. Mitchell, J. Waterhouse, and F. Kroon. 2009. Target setting for pollutant discharge management of rivers in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1141-1149. 2009 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Cantin, N. E., M. J. H. Van Oppen, B. L. Willis, J. C. Mieog, and A. P. Negri. 2009. Juvenile corals can acquire more carbon from high-performance algal symbionts. Coral Reefs 28:405-414. 2009 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Jayaraju, N., B. C. S. R. Reddy, and K. R. Reddy. 2009. Heavy Metal Pollution in Reef Corals of Tuticorin Coast, Southeast Coast of India. Soil & Sediment Contamination 18:445-454. 2009 India Agriculture; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Lewis, S. E., J. E. Brodie, Z. T. Bainbridge, K. W. Rohde, A. M. Davis, B. L. Masters, M. Maughan, M. J. Devlin, J. F. Mueller, and B. Schaffelke. 2009. Herbicides: A new threat to the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Pollution 157:2470-2484. 2009 Australia Agriculture; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Maughan, M. and J. Brodie. 2009. Reef exposure to river-borne contaminants: a spatial model. Marine and Freshwater Research 60:1132-1140. 2009 Australia; Europe Model; GIS & Maps Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. 2009. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 84:331-336. 2009 Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Negri, A. P., R. M. Soo, F. Flores, and N. S. Webster. 2009. Bacillus Insecticides are not Acutely Harmful to Corals and Sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 381:157-165. 2009 Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sponges; Stony Coral
Ramos, R., R. Cipriani, H. M. Guzman, and E. Garcia. 2009. Chronology of mercury enrichment factors in reef corals from western Venezuela. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:222-229. 2009 Venezuela Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Stony Coral; Toxics
Rushdi, A. I., T. A. T. A. Kassim, and B. R. T. Simoneit. 2009. Organic tracers in sediments from the coastal zone of Ras Abu el-Darag, Gulf of Suez. Environmental Geology 58:1675-1687. 2009 Index or Indicator Cleaner & Solvent Use; Sediment
Shaw, M., A. Negri, K. Fabricius, and J. F. Mueller. 2009. Predicting water toxicity: Pairing passive sampling with bioassays on the Great Barrier Reef. Aquatic Toxicology 95:108-116. 2009 Australia Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Primary Production; Sea Urchins; Stony Coral
Sheikh, M. A., H. Fujimura, T. Miyagi, Y. Uechi, T. Yokota, S. Yasumura, and T. Oomori. 2009. Detection and ecological threats of PSII herbicide diuron on coral reefs around the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58:1922-1926. 2009 Japan Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Amorocho, D. F. and R. D. Reina. 2008. Intake passage time, digesta composition and digestibility in East Pacific green turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) at Gorgona National Park, Colombian Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 360:117-124. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Cleaner & Solvent Use; Mangroves; Sea Turtles
Bouchon, C., P. Portillo, M. Louis, F. Mazeas, and Y. Bouchon-Navaro. 2008. Recent evolution of the coral reefs of Guadeloupe and Saint- Barthelemy Islands [evolution recente des recifs coralliens des îles de la Guadeloupe et de Saint-Barthelemy]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 63:45-65. 2008 Antilles Field Study & Monitoring Chemical Use Regulations; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Landuse Management; Nutrients; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Wastewater Discharge
Danovaro, R., L. Bongiorni, C. Corinaldesi, D. Giovannelli, E. Damiani, P. Astolfi, L. Greci, and A. Pusceddu. 2008. Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections. Environmental Health Perspectives 116:441-447. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); India; Pacific Ocean Lab Study Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Zooxanthellae
Eckes, M. J., U. E. Siebeck, S. Dove, and A. S. Grutter. 2008. Ultraviolet sunscreens in reef fish mucus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353:203-211. 2008 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Light; Sunscreen Use
Greenslade, P. 2008. Climate variability, biological control and an insect pest outbreak on Australia's Coral Sea islets: Lessons for invertebrate conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 12:333-342. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Australia; Indian Ocean; Seychelles; India; Samoa; Palmyra Atoll Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Birds; Nutrients
Imo, S. T., M. A. Sheikh, K. Sawano, H. Fujimura, and T. Oomori. 2008. Distribution and possible impacts of toxic organic pollutants on coral reef ecosystems around Okinawa Island, Japan. Pacific Science 62:317-326. 2008 Oman; Japan Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jupiter, S., G. Roff, G. Marion, M. Henderson, V. Schrameyer, M. McCulloch, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2008. Linkages between coral assemblages and coral proxies of terrestrial exposure along a cross-shelf gradient on the southern Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 27:887-903. 2008 Australia Agriculture; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kitada, Y., H. Kawahata, A. Suzuki, and T. Oomori. 2008. Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs. Chemosphere 71:2082-2090. 2008 Japan Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Runoff; Ports & Harbors; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kostromytska, O. S. and E. A. Buss. 2008. Seasonal phenology and management of Tomarus Subtropicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in St. Augustinegrass. Journal of Economic Entomology 101:1847-1855. 2008 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Worms; Pathogens
Magnusson, M., K. Heimann, and A. P. Negri. 2008. Comparative effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of tropical estuarine microalgae. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1545-1552. 2008 Australia Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production
Rushdi, A. I., T. A. T. A. Kassim, and B. R. T. Simoneit. 2008. Organic tracers in sediments from the coastal zone of Ras Abu el-Darag, Gulf of Suez. Environmental Geology 13-Jan. 2008 Index or Indicator Cleaner & Solvent Use; Sediment
Shaw, C. M., P. K. S. Lam, and J. F. Mueller. 2008. Photosystem II herbicide pollution in Hong Kong and its potential photosynthetic effects on corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57:473-478. 2008 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Slattery, M. and V. J. Paul. 2008. Indirect effects of bleaching on predator deterrence in the tropical Pacific soft coral Sinularia maxima. Marine Ecology Progress Series 354:169-179. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii Field Study & Monitoring Fish; Invertivorous Fish; Octocoral; Sunscreen Use; Zooxanthellae
Tibbetts, J. 2008. Bleached, but not by the sun: sunscreen linked to coral damage. Environmental Health Perspectives 116. 2008 Sunscreen Use
Timmons, C. L. and D. W. Hess. 2008. Photoresist and Fluorocarbon Postplasma Etch Residue Removal Using Electrochemically Generated Radical Anions. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 155. 2008 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Manufacturing & Trade
Wang, D., X. Miao, and Q. X. Li. 2008. Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in coral (Porites evermanni) samples using accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54:211-218. 2008 US Pacific & Hawaii; Pacific Ocean Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral; Waterborne Discharges
[No author name available]. 2007. Metaflumizone: a novel insecticide for application in animal health. Proceedings of the Fort Dodge Animal Health Global Roundtable, October 2006, Coral Gables, Florida, USA and the symposium of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Paras. Pages 175-281 in Veterinary parasitology. 2007 Global; Florida Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Cantin, N. E., A. P. Negri, and B. L. Willis. 2007. Photoinhibition from chronic herbicide exposure reduces reproductive output of reef-building corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344:81-93. 2007 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Derse, E., K. L. Knee, S. D. Wankel, C. Kendall, C. J. Berg Jr., and A. Paytan. 2007. Identifying sources of nitrogen to Hanalei Bay, Kauai, utilizing the nitrogen isotope signature of macroalgae. Environmental Science and Technology 41:5217-5223. 2007 Algae; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Downs, C. and A. Downs. 2007. Preliminary examination of short-term cellular toxicological responses of the coral Madracis mirabilis to acute Irgarol 1051 exposure. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52:47-57. 2007 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Guitart, C., A. Sheppard, T. Frickers, A. R. G. Price, and J. W. Readman. 2007. Negligible risks to corals from antifouling booster biocides and triazine herbicides in coastal waters of the Chagos Archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:226-232. 2007 Chagos Archipelago Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Haynes, D., J. Brodie, J. Waterhouse, Z. Bainbridge, D. Bass, and B. Hart. 2007. Assessment of the water quality and ecosystem health of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): Conceptual models. Environmental Management 40:993-1003. 2007 Global; Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Henriksen, H. J., P. Rasmussen, G. Brandt, D. von Bulow, and F. V. Jensen. 2007. Public participation modelling using Bayesian Networks in management of groundwater contamination. Environmental Modelling & Software 22:1101-1113. 2007 Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Chemical Use Regulations; Decision Support; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Lapointe, B. E. and B. J. Bedford. 2007. Drift rhodophyte blooms emerge in Lee County, Florida, USA: Evidence of escalating coastal eutrophication. Harmful Algae 6:421-437. 2007 Global; Florida Agriculture; Algae; Artificial Habitat; Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Markey, K. L., A. H. Baird, C. Humphrey, and A. P. Negri. 2007. Insecticides and a fungicide affect multiple coral life stages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 330:127-137. 2007 Global Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
McClanahan, T. R., M. Carreiro-Silva, and M. DiLorenzo. 2007. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorous, and their interaction on coral reef algal succession in Glover's Reef, Belize. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54:1947-1957. 2007 South & Central America; Belize; Caribbean Algae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Turf Algae
Novotny, V. 2007. Diffuse pollution from agriculture: Ecological sustainability or food production or both. Pages 52-59 Water 21. 2007 Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waterborne Discharges
Oren, A. and N. Gunde-Cimerman. 2007. Mycosporines and mycosporine-like amino acids: UV protectants or multipurpose secondary metabolites? FEMS Microbiology Letters 269:10-Jan. 2007 Europe Review Algae; Cyanobacteria; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Sunscreen Use
Pait, A. S., D. R. Whitall, C. F. G. Jeffrey, C. Caldow, A. L. Mason, J. D. Christensen, M. E. Monaco, and J. Ramirez. 2007. An Assessment of Chemical Contaminants in the Marine Sediments of Southwest Puerto Rico. NOAA/NOS/Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, MD. 2007 Puerto Rico Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics
Sabdono, A., S. Kang, H.-G. Hur, H.-P. Grossart, M. Simon, and O. K. Radjasa. 2007. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations in coral tissues of Indonesian coastal waters. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10:1926-1929. 2007 Java; Indonesia Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Skeletal Coral
Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. 2007. Short and long term toxicity of crude oil and oil dispersants to two representative coral species. Environmental Science and Technology 41:5571-5574. 2007 US Pacific & Hawaii; Egypt Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cleaner & Solvent Use; Petroleum Spills; Stony Coral
Simpson, B. W. 2007. Lessons for achieving effective management from field research on agrochemicals. Pages 338-359 in ACS Symposium Series. 2007 Australia; Mauritius Field Study & Monitoring Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Watanabe, T., Y. Utsunomiya, and I. Yuyama. 2007. Long-term laboratory culture of symbiotic coral juveniles and their use in eco-toxicological study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 352:177-186. 2007 Lab Study; Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Zamzow, J. P. 2007. Ultraviolet-absorbing compounds in the mucus of shallow-dwelling tropical reef fishes correlate with environmental water clarity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 343:263-271. 2007 South & Central America; Panama; Iran; Caribbean Fish; Light; Sunscreen Use; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Baisre, J. A. and Z. Arboleya. 2006. Going against the flow: Effects of river damming in Cuban fisheries. Fisheries Research 81:283-292. 2006 Cuba Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Carbery, K., R. Owen, T. Frickers, E. Otero, and J. Readman. 2006. Contamination of Caribbean coastal waters by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52:635-644. 2006 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico; Caribbean Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Primary Production
Cervino, J. M., K. Winiarski-Cervino, S. W. Polson, T. Goreau, and G. W. Smith. 2006. Identification of bacteria associated with a disease affecting the marine sponge Ianthella basta in New Britian, Papua New Guinea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 324:139-150. 2006 Papua New Guinea; Britain Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Sponges
Downs, C. A., J. E. Fauth, D. Wetzel, P. Hallock, J. F. Halas, J. C. Halas, R. Curry, and C. M. Woodley. 2006. Investigating coral reef degradation at Alina's Reef in the Florida Keys: Cellular physiology of white grunt (Haemulon plumieri) as a biological indicator. Environmental Forensics 7:15-32. 2006 Florida Index or Indicator Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Pathogens
Garrison, V. H., W. T. Foreman, S. Genualdi, D. W. Griffin, C. A. Kellogg, M. S. Majewski, A. Mohammed, A. Ramsubhag, E. A. Shinn, S. L. Simonich, and G. W. Smith. 2006. Saharan dust - A carrier of persistent organic pollutants, metals and microbes to the Caribbean? Revista de Biologia Tropical 54:21-Sep. 2006 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Trinidad; Tobago; Caribbean Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Schools & Colleges
Hyland, J., C. Cooksey, W. L. Balthis, M. Fulton, D. Bearden, G. McFall, and M. Kendall. 2006. The soft-bottom macrobenthos of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary and nearby shelf waters off the coast of Georgia, USA. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 330:307-326. 2006 US East Coast (NC, SC, GA) Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Sediment; Toxics
Lewis, J. B. 2006. Biology and Ecology of the Hydrocoral Millepora on Coral Reefs. Advances in Marine Biology 50:Jan-55. 2006 Algae; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Corallivorous Fish; Fish; Hydrocoral; Invasive Species; Marine Worms; Microorganisms; Molluscs; Pathogens; Petroleum Spills; Plankton; Stony Coral; Storms & Hurricanes; Zooxanthellae
Littler, M. M., D. S. Littler, B. L. Brooks, and B. E. Lapointe. 2006. Nutrient manipulation methods for coral reef studies: A critical review and experimental field data. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 336:242-253. 2006 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Coralline Algae; Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Ramade, F. and H. Roche. 2006. Pollutant effects on coral reefs ecosystems [Effets des polluants sur les ecosystemes recifaux]. Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie) 61:Mar-33. 2006 Global Algae; Complex Habitat & Resources; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Primary Production; Sediment; Stony Coral; Zooxanthellae
Sommaruga, R., K. Whitehead, J. M. Shick, and C. S. Lobban. 2006. Mycosporine-like Amino Acids in the Zooxanthella-Ciliate Symbiosis Maristentor dinoferus. Protist 157:185-191. 2006 Light; Sunscreen Use
Stewart, L. K., P. B. Charlesworth, K. L. Bristow, and P. J. Thorburn. 2006. Estimating deep drainage and nitrate leaching from the root zone under sugarcane using APSIM-SWIM. Agricultural Water Management 81:315-334. 2006 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Underwood, J. N., P. B. Souter, E. R. Ballment, A. H. Lutz, and M. J. H. Van Oppen. 2006. Development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers from herbicide-bleached tissues of the brooding pocilloporid coral Seriatopora hystrix. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:176-178. 2006 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Voss, J. D. and L. L. Richardson. 2006. Nutrient enrichment enhances black band disease progression in corals. Coral Reefs 25:569-576. 2006 Lab Study Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
Watanabe, T., I. Yuyama, and S. Yasumura. 2006. Toxicological effects of biocides on symbiotic and aposymbiotic juveniles of the hermatypic coral Acropora tenuis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339:177-188. 2006 Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Ports & Harbors; Stony Coral
Baruch, R., N. Avishai, and C. Rabinowitz. 2005. UV incites diverse levels of DNA breaks in different cellular compartments of a branching coral species. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:843-848. 2005 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Stony Coral
Bell, A.M., N.C. Duke. 2005. Effects of Photosystem II inhibiting herbicides on mangroves--preliminary toxicology trials. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:297-307. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves
Bocquene, G. and A. Franco. 2005. Pesticide contamination of the coastline of Martinique. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:612-619. 2005 South & Central America; Martinique; Caribbean; France Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Broeg, K., H.v. Westernhagen, S. Zander, W. Korting, A. Koehler. 2005. The ��bioeffect assessment index�� (BAI) A concept for the quantification of effects of marine pollution by an integrated biomarker approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2005 Europe Index or Indicator Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Waterborne Discharges
Carreiro-Silva, M., T. R. McClanahan, and W. E. Kiene. 2005. The role of inorganic nutrients and herbivory in controlling microbioerosion of carbonate substratum. Coral Reefs 24:214-221. 2005 South & Central America; Belize Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients
Davies, S. L., J. M. Virgona, M. H. McCallum, A. D. Swan, and M. B. Peoples. 2005. Effectiveness of grazing and herbicide treatments for lucerne removal before cropping in southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45:1147-1155. 2005 Australia Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Delgado, G. A., R. A. Glazer and D. Wetzel. 2005. The Effects of Water Quality on Embryogenesis and Larval Development of Queen Conch: Implications for Recruitment to and Coastal Development of the Florida Keys. South Florida Water Management District #OT050676. 2005 Florida Coastal Development; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Snails & Conch
Devlin, M.J., J. Brodie. 2005. Terrestrial discharge into the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon: nutrient behavior in coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:9-22. 2005 Australia; Europe GIS & Maps Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Duke, N. C., A. M. Bell, D. K. Pederson, C. M. Roelfsema, and S. B. Nash. 2005. Herbicides implicated as the cause of severe mangrove dieback in the Mackay region, NE Australia: Consequences for marine plant habitats of the GBR World Heritage Area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:308-324. 2005 Australia Review Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Grottoli, A. G., L. J. Rodrigues, K. A. Matthews, J. E. Palardy, and O. T. Gibb. 2005. Pre-treatment effects on coral skeletal θ13C and θ18O. Chemical Geology 221:225-242. 2005 Model Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Cleaner & Solvent Use
Hallock, P. 2005. Global change and modern coral reefs: New opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes. Sedimentary Geology 175:19-33. 2005 Global Calcium Carbonate Deposition; CO2; Cyanobacteria; Finfish Harvest; Light; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Pathogens; Sediment; Sunscreen Use; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Jinn, T.-R., S.-S. Kao, J. T. C. Tzen, and T.-Y. Wu. 2005. Coral red fluorescence protein as genetic modified baculovirus tracer. Journal of Biotechnology 119:255-259. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Jones, R. 2005. The ecotoxicological effects of Photosystem II herbicides on corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:495-506. 2005 Review Agriculture; Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production
Keating, J., K. MacIntyre, C. M. Mbogo, J. I. Githure, and J. C. Beier. 2005. Self-reported malaria and mosquito avoidance in relation to household risk factors in a Kenyan coastal city. Journal of Biosocial Science 37:761-771. 2005 Kenya Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Housing
Marion, G. S., R. B. Dunbar, D. A. Mucciarone, J. N. Kremer, J. S. Lansing, and A. Arthawiguna. 2005. Coral skeletal δ15N reveals isotopic traces of an agricultural revolution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:931-944. 2005 Indonesia Agriculture; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Stony Coral; Wastewater Discharge
McClanahan, T. R., R. S. Steneck, D. Pietri, B. Cokos, and S. Jones. 2005. Interaction between inorganic nutrients and organic matter in controlling coral reef communities in Glovers Reef Belize. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:566-575. 2005 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Coralline Algae; Corallivorous Fish; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral; Turf Algae
McMahon, K., S. B. Nash, G. Eaglesham, J. F. Muller, N. C. Duke, and S. Winderlich. 2005. Herbicide contamination and the potential impact to seagrass meadows in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:325-334. 2005 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mitchell, C., J. Brodie, and I. White. 2005. Sediments, nutrients and pesticide residues in event flow conditions in streams of the Mackay Whitsunday Region, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:23-36. 2005 Australia Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Morgan, M. B., S. E. Edge, and T. W. Snell. 2005. Profiling differential gene expression of corals along a transect of waters adjacent to the Bermuda municipal dump. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:524-533. 2005 Bermuda Lab Study Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Point Source Discharges; Salinity; Sediment
Nash, S. M. B., K. McMahon, G. Eaglesham, and J. F. Muller. 2005. Application of a novel phytotoxicity assay for the detection of herbicides in Hervey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:351-360. 2005 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Negri, A., C. Vollhardt, C. Humphrey, A. Heyward, R. Jones, G. Eaglesham, and K. Fabricius. 2005. Effects of the herbicide diuron on the early life history stages of coral. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:370-383. 2005 Lab Study Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Rayment, G. E. 2005. Northeast Australian experience in minimizing environmental harm from waste recycling and potential pollutants of soil and water. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36:121-131. 2005 Australia Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Special Use Permitting; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Schaffelke, B., J. Mellors, and N. C. Duke. 2005. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: Responses of mangrove, seagrass and macroalgal communities. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:279-296. 2005 Australia Algae; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Shaw, M. and J. F. Muller. 2005. Preliminary evaluation of the occurrence of herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using passive samplers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:876-881. 2005 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shick, J. M., C. Ferrier-Pages, R. Grover, and D. Allemand. 2005. Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295:135-156. 2005 Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use; Zooxanthellae
Smith, J. E., J. W. Runcie, and C. M. Smith. 2005. Characterization of a large-scale ephemeral bloom of the green alga Cladophora sericea on the coral reefs of West Maui, Hawai'i. Marine Ecology Progress Series 302:77-91. 2005 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Waycott, M., B. J. Longstaff, and J. Mellors. 2005. Seagrass population dynamics and water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: A review and future research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51:343-350. 2005 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fishing Sector; Nutrients; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Toxics
Dalyell, T. 2004. Westminster diary. New Scientist 181:49. 2004 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish
Davara, F. and A. De La Cruz. 2004. Dust storm monitoring: Effects on the environment, human health and potential security conflicts. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5574:361-371. 2004 Global; South & Central America; US Pacific & Hawaii; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Pacific Ocean; Japan; Caribbean; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Storms & Hurricanes
Fabricius, K. E. and G. De'ath. 2004. Identifying ecological change and its causes: A case study on coral reefs. Ecological Applications 14:1448-1465. 2004 Australia Model Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Octocoral; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Gardinali, P. R., M. D. Plasencia, and C. Maxey. 2004. Occurrence and transport of Irgarol 1051 and its major metabolite in coastal waters from South Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:1072-1083. 2004 Florida Model Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., L. Muscatine, C. Goiran, D. Siggaard, and G. Marion. 2004. Nutrient-induced perturbations to δ13C and δ15N in symbiotic dinoflagellates and their coral hosts. Marine Ecology Progress Series 280:105-114. 2004 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Jameson, S. C., R. A. Kelty. 2004. A review of indicators of land-based pollution stress on coral reefs. Honolulu, HI. 2004 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Sediment; Special Use Permitting
Jones, R. J. 2004. Testing the 'photoinhibition' model of coral bleaching using chemical inhibitors. Marine Ecology Progress Series 284:133-145. 2004 Model Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Nemr, A. E., A. El-Sikaily, A. Khaled, T. O. Said, and A. M. A. Abd-Allah. 2004. Chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the coral reef skeleton of the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 72:119-1202. 2004 Egypt Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Rajakrishna Kumar, G., C. R. K. Reddy, M. Ganesan, S. Thiruppathi, S. Dipakkore, K. Eswaran, P. V. Subba Rao, and B. Jha. 2004. Tissue culture and regeneration of thallus from callus of Gelidiella acerosa (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 43:596-602. 2004 Cuba Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Cleaner & Solvent Use
Salih, A., A. Larkum, T. Cronin, J. Wiedenmann, R. Szymczak, and G. Cox. 2004. Biological properties of coral GFP-type proteins provide clues for engineering novel optical probes and biosensors. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 5329:61-72. 2004 Australia Sunscreen Use
Timmons, C. L. and D. W. Hess. 2004. Fluorocarbon post-plasma etch residue cleaning with naphthalenide radical amons. Pages 275-282 in Proceedings - Electrochemical Society. 2004 Model Cleaner & Solvent Use
Tsang, C. F., C. K. Chang, Y. J. Su, H. Y. Li, L. Y. Wong, W. H. Li, and M. L. Koh. 2004. Improved dense via yields of Cu/CVD low k Coral™ dual damascene metallization at post Cu cap etch wet clean. Microelectronic Engineering 75:433-442. 2004 Cleaner & Solvent Use
Yakovleva, I. and M. Hidaka. 2004. Diel fluctuations of mycosporine-like amino acids in shallow-water scleractinian corals. Marine Biology 145:863-873. 2004 Japan Algae; Light; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use
Banerjee, S., A. Via, S. Joshi, and J. Eklund. 2003. Aqueous cryogenically enhanced post copper CMP cleaning. Pages 329-336 in Proceedings - Electrochemical Society. 2003 Cleaner & Solvent Use; CO2
Bartosh, K., E. Brown, S. Naghshineh, D. Peters, and E. Walker. 2003. Low carbon contamination and water mark free post-CMP cleaning of hydrophobic osg dielectrics. Pages 305-311 in Proceedings - Electrochemical Society. 2003 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Cleaner & Solvent Use
Despinoy, M., A. Minghelli-Roman, A. Begue, M. Petit, J. Coudray, and A. Barcelo. 2003. Airborne CASI imagery for bathymetric study in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Pages 2368-2370 in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). 2003 Indian Ocean; Reunion; India Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator; Remote Sensing Agriculture; Algae; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light
Finkl, C. W. and R. H. Charlier. 2003. Sustainability of Subtropical Coastal Zones in Southeastern Florida: Challenges for Urbanized Coastal Environments Threatened by Development, Pollution, Water Supply, and Storm Hazards. Journal of Coastal Research 19:934-943. 2003 Florida; US East Coast (NC, SC, GA); Cuba Model Agriculture; Banks, Credit, & Securities; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Remediation; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Water; Wetlands
Hashimoto, N., S. Fujiwara, K. Watanabe, K. Iguchi, and M. Tsuzuki. 2003. Localization of clavulones, prostanoids with antitumor activity, within the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia viridis (Alcyonacea, Clavulariidae): Preparation of a high-purity Symbiodinium fraction using a protease and a detergent. Lipids 38:991-997. 2003 Field Study & Monitoring Cleaner & Solvent Use; Octocoral
Jones, R. J. and A. P. Kerswell. 2003. Phytotoxicity of Photosystem II (PSII) herbicides to coral. Marine Ecology Progress Series 261:149-159. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Stony Coral
Jones, R. J., J. Muller, D. Haynes, and U. Schreiber. 2003. Effects of herbicides diuron and atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 251:153-167. 2003 Australia Agriculture; Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Salinity; Stony Coral
Lemmens, S. 2003. Periphyton collectors as a tool to measure environmental performance of ocean outlets. Water Science and Technology 47:125-131. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring; Model; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Artificial Habitat; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Chemical Use Regulations; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms; Nutrients; Primary Production; Seagrasses; Wastewater Discharge
Maruyama, T., E. Hirose, and M. Ishikura. 2003. Ultraviolet-light-absorbing tunic cells in didemnid ascidians hosting a symbiotic photo-oxygenic prokaryote, Prochloron. Biological Bulletin 204:109-113. 2003 Light; Sunscreen Use
Ngatunga, E. L., S. Dondeyne, and J. A. Deckers. 2003. Is sulphur acidifying cashew soils of South Eastern Tanzania? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95:179-184. 2003 Tanzania Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Pathogens
Owen, R., A. Knap, N. Ostrander, and K. Carbery. 2003. Comparative acute toxicity of herbicides to photosynthesis of coral zooxanthellae. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70:541-548. 2003 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Zooxanthellae
Raberg, S., M. Nystrom, M. Eros, P. Plantman. 2003. Impact of the Herbicides 2, 4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites Cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Primary Production; Stony Coral
Raberg, S., Nystrom, M., Eros, M., Plantman, P. 2003. Impact of the herbicides 2,4-D and diuron on the metabolism of the coral Porites cylindrica. Marine Environmental Research 56:503-514. 2003 Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Rayment, G. E. 2003. Water quality in sugar catchments of Queensland. Water Science and Technology 48:35-47. 2003 Australia Review; Index or Indicator Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Sunshine, S. 2003. Surfing injuries. Current sports medicine reports2:136-141. 2003 Sunscreen Use
Tamboli, D., G. Banerjee, M. Waddell, J. Listebarger, Q. Arefeen, and S. Hymes. 2003. Post-CMP challenges for Cu-Low K integration. Pages 18-Oct in Proceedings - Electrochemical Society. 2003 Cleaner & Solvent Use
Thorburn, P. J., J. S. Biggs, K. L. Weier, and B. A. Keating. 2003. Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 94:49-58. 2003 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Drinking Water Supply; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Belliveau, S. A. and V. J. Paul. 2002. Effects of herbivory and nutrients on the early colonization of crustose coralline and fleshy algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 232:105-114. 2002 Guam Algae; Coralline Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fleshy Macroalgae; Nutrients; Sediment
Griffin, D. W., C. A. Kellog, V. H. Garrison, and E. A. Shinn. 2002. The global transport of dust. American Scientist 90:230-238. 2002 Global Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms
Jackson, C. Rhett; Kolka, Randy. 2002. Forestry Best Management Practices And Their Effectiveness. in Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2002 Chemical Use Regulations; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Forestry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Surface & Groundwater Flow
McClanahan, T. R., B. A. Cokos, and E. Sala. 2002. Algal growth and species composition under experimental control of herbivory, phosphorus and coral abundance in Glovers Reef, Belize. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:441-451. 2002 South & Central America; Belize Algae; Calcareous Macroalgae; Corallivorous Fish; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Fleshy Macroalgae; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Small Herbivorous Fish; Stony Coral
Morgan, M. B. and T. W. Snell. 2002. Characterizing stress gene expression in reef-building corals exposed to the mosquitoside dibrom. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:1206-1218. 2002 Florida Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Owen, R., A. Knap, M. Toaspern, and K. Carbery. 2002. Inhibition of coral photosynthesis by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:623-632. 2002 Florida; US Virgin Islands; Cuba; Bermuda Algae; Docks & Marinas; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Primary Production; Special Use Permitting; Zooxanthellae
Shick, J. M. and W. C. Dunlap. 2002. Mycosporine-like amino acids and related gadusols: Biosynthesis, accumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. Annual Review of Physiology 64:223-262. 2002 Review Algae; Light; Microorganisms; Special Use Permitting; Sunscreen Use
Trautman, D. A., R. Hinde, L. Cole, A. Grant, and R. Quinnell. 2002. Visualisation of the symbiosome membrane surrounding cnidarian algal cells. Symbiosis 32:133-145. 2002 Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Cleaner & Solvent Use
US Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution & Using Resources Wisely. 4204M, US EPA. 2002 Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Housing; Landscaping & Household Services; Textiles & Apparel
[No author name available]. 2001. Corals wear fluorescent sunscreen. Photonics Spectra 35:40. 2001 Sunscreen Use
Brodie, J., C. Christie, M. Devlin, D. Haynes, S. Morris, M. Ramsay, J. Waterhouse, and H. Yorkston. 2001. Catchment management and the Great Barrier Reef. Water Science and Technology 43:203-211. 2001 Australia Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Connelly, D. P., J. W. Readman, A. H. Knaps, and J. Davies. 2001. Contamination of the coastal waters of Bermuda by organotins and the triazine herbicide Irgarol 1051. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:409-414. 2001 Bermuda Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Goldberg, W. M. 2001. Acid polysaccharides in the skeletal matrix and calicoblastic epithelium of the stony coral Mycetophyllia reesi. Tissue and Cell 33:376-387. 2001 Algae; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Stony Coral
Harborne, A. R., D. C. Afzal, and M. J. Andrews. 2001. Honduras: Caribbean Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:1221-1235. 2001 South & Central America; Belize; Honduras; Caribbean; Mexico Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Funding & Donations; Funding & Incentives; Infrastructure; Mangroves; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Special Use Permitting; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation; Waste Management Policies; Wetlands
Kimmig, B., W. Werner, and T. Aigner. 2001. Highly pure limestone in the Upper Jurassic of the Swabian Jura: Composition, distribution, applications [Hochreine Kalksteine im Oberjura der Schwabischen Alb - Zusammensetzung, Verbreitung, Einsatzmoglichkeiten]. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Geologie 47:101-108. 2001 Germany GIS & Maps Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sponges
Robinson, K. 2001. Corals use fluorescent pigments as sunscreen. Biophotonics International 8:40. 2001 Sunscreen Use
Rutherford, A. W. and A. Krieger-Liszkay. 2001. Herbicide-induced oxidative stress in photosystem II. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:648-653. 2001 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Tricklebank, K. A. 2001. Histological alterations in fish from Sydney reefs: Possible biomarkers for environmental effects? Biomarkers 6:26-32. 2001 Field Study & Monitoring; Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Brown, B. E. 2000. Significance of pollution in eliciting the 'bleaching' response in symbiotic cnidarians. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 13:392-415. 2000 Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Algae; Anemones & Zooanthids; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment; Stony Coral; Water Depth & Sea Level
Cavanagh, J. E., K. A. Burns, G. J. Brunskill, D. A. J. Ryan, and J. T. Ahokas. 2000. Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 1A in Pikey Bream (Acanthopagrus berda) collected from agricultural and urban catchments in Far North Queensland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:377-384. 2000 Australia Index or Indicator Agriculture; Boating Activities; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Non-point Source Runoff; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Haynes, D. and J. E. Johnson. 2000. Organochlorine, heavy metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutant concentrations in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:267-278. 2000 Australia Review; Field Study & Monitoring; Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharges; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Haynes, D. and K. Michalek-Wagner. 2000. Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: Past perspectives, current issues and new research directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:428-434. 2000 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landuse Management; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics
Haynes, D., J. Muller, and S. Carter. 2000. Pesticide and herbicide residues in sediments and seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:279-287. 2000 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Seagrasses; Sediment
Jacinto, G. S., P. M. Alino, C. L. Villanoy, L. Talaue-McManus, and E. D. Gomez. 2000. The Philippines. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 405-423. 2000 Philippines Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Mangroves; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Jeng, W.-L., C.-F. Dai, and K.-L. Fan. 2000. Taiwan Strait. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 499-512. 2000 China; Taiwan Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Environmental Education & Outreach; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Non-point Source Runoff; Seawater Flow; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wastewater Discharge; Water Depth & Sea Level; Wetlands
Johnson, A. K. L. and S. P. Ebert. 2000. Quantifying inputs of pesticides to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - A case study in the Herbert River catchment of North-East Queensland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41:302-309. 2000 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Landscape Changes; Marine Protected Areas; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Kiflawi, M. 2000. Adaptive gamete allocation when fertilization is external and sperm competition is absent: Optimization models and evaluation using coral reef fish. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2:1045-1065. 2000 Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Newman, D. J., G. M. Cragg, and K. M. Snader. 2000. The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Natural Product Reports 17:215-234. 2000 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Textiles & Apparel
Nhan, D. D., N. X. Duc, D. H. Duong, N. T. Tiep, and B. C. Que. 2000. Vietnam and adjacent Bien Dong (South China Sea). Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 561-568. 2000 China; Vietnam Agriculture; Algae; Aquaculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Plankton; Salinity
Rajasuriya, A. and A. Premaratne. 2000. Sri Lanka. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 175-187. 2000 Indian Ocean; Cuba; Sri Lanka; India Agriculture; Aquarium & Pet Trade; Aquarium Stock; Chemical Use Regulations; Climate; Discharges; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Echinoderms; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Hotel & Food Services; Infrastructure; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Wetlands
Richardson, B. J., P. K. S. Lam, and R. S. S. Wu. 2000. Hong Kong. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 2 535-547. 2000 China Beaches & Nature Parks; Discharges; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Land & Air Transportation; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Salinity; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge
Tricklebank, K. A. 2000. Effects of organochlorines on the ultrastructure of the liver of the damselfish Parma microlepis from reefs in New South Wales, Australia. Marine Biology 136:337-348. 2000 Australia Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Small Herbivorous Fish
Vazquez, F., R. Rangel, A. M. Quintero-Marmol, J. Fernandez, E. Aguayo, A. Palacio, and V. K. Sharma. 2000. Southern Gulf of Mexico. Seas at the millennium - an environmental evaluation - Volume 1 467-482. 2000 South & Central America; Mexico Banks, Credit, & Securities; Climate; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Mangroves; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Wetlands
Barrie Pnrock, A. 1999. Coral reefs and environmental change: Adaptation to what? American Zoologist 39:29-Oct. 1999 Global Climate; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Nutrients; Salinity; Storms & Hurricanes; Tourism & Recreation
Cavanagh, J. E., K. A. Burns, G. J. Brunskill, and R. J. Coventry. 1999. Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and sediments of the Herbert and Burdekin River Regions, North Queensland - Implications for contamination of the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39:367-375. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Chandrasena, N. and R. Sim. 1999. Managing entrenched weed problems in botany wetlands - An urban stormwater basin in Sydney. Pages 313-319 in Water Supply. 1999 Chemical Use Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Solid Waste Disposal; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Valuation; Water; Wetlands
Day, J. G., E. E. Benson, and R. A. Fleck. 1999. In vitro culture and conservation of microalgae: Applications for aquaculture, biotechnology and environmental research. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 35:127-136. 1999 Review; Index or Indicator Algae; Aquaculture; Biotechnology Research & Development; Cyanobacteria; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Microorganisms
Dunlap, W. C. 1999. Sunscreens, oxidative stress and antioxidant functions in marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef. Redox Report 4:304-306. 1999 Australia Microorganisms; Pathogens; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use
Glenn, E. P., D. Moore, M. Akutagawa, A. Himler, T. Walsh, and S. G. Nelson. 1999. Correlation between Gracilaria parvispora (Rhodophyta) biomass production and water quality factors on a tropical reef in Hawaii. Aquaculture 178:323-331. 1999 US Pacific & Hawaii Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Salinity
Hall, L. W., J. M. Giddings, K. R. Solomon, and R. Balcomb. 1999. An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 29:367-437. 1999 Europe Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Boating Regulations; Chemical Use Regulations; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Invertebrates; Nutrients; Primary Production; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation
Lee Long, W. J., R. G. Coles, and L. J. McKenzie. 1999. Issues for seagrass conservation management in Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 5:321-328. 1999 Australia Field Study & Monitoring Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Commercial Fisheries; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fishing Sector; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Marine Protected Areas; Nutrients; Permitting & Zoning; Petroleum Spills; Sea Turtles; Seagrasses; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Scarlett, A., P. Donkin, T. W. Fileman, and R. J. Morris. 1999. Occurrence of the antifouling herbicide, Irgarol 1051, within coastal-water seagrasses from Queensland, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38:687-691. 1999 Australia; Europe Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Marine Protected Areas; Seagrasses
Shick, J. M., S. Romaine-Lioud, C. Ferrier-Pages, and J.-P. Gattuso. 1999. Ultraviolet-B radiation stimulates shikimate pathway-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids in the coral Stylophora pistillata despite decreases in its population of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Limnology and Oceanography 44:1667-1682. 1999 Light; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use; Zooxanthellae
Volkman, J. K. 1999. Australasian research on marine natural products: Chemistry, bioactivity and ecology. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:761-779. 1999 Australia Review Algae; Fish; Microorganisms; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Sponges; Sunscreen Use
Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8:559-568. 1998 Review Agriculture; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation
Dunlap, W. C., B. E. Chalker, W. M. Bandaranayake, and J. J. Wu Won. 1998. Nature's sunscreen from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Pages 41-51 in International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 1998 Australia Light; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources; Stony Coral; Sunscreen Use
Duwig, C., T. Becquer, B. E. Clothier, and M. Vauclin. 1998. Nitrate leaching through oxisols of the Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia) under intensified agricultural practices. Geoderma 84:29-43. 1998 US Pacific & Hawaii; New Caledonia Agriculture; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Storms & Hurricanes; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Ketterer, M. E. and C. J. Khourey. 1998. High-precision determination of 234U/238U activity ratios in natural waters and carbonates by ICPMS. ASTM Special Technical Publication 1344:120-136. 1998 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Nieland, D. L., C. A. Wilson, and J. W. Fleeger. 1998. Preliminary evaluation of the use of phosphogypsum for reef substrate in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 16:54-63. 1998 South & Central America; Mexico Lab Study; Index or Indicator Artificial Habitat; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hotel & Food Services; Invertebrates; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Substrate
Pierce, R. H. 1998. Effects of Mosquito Control Measures on Non-Target Organisms in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report 609. 1998 Florida Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Takeuchi, M. and M. Komada. 1998. Phosphorus removal from hoggery sewage using natural calcium carbonate. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 32:23-30. 1998 Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Chemical Use Regulations; CO2; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Te, F. T. 1998. Preliminary investigations into the effects of Dursban® insecticide on Pocillopora damicornis (Scleractinia: Cnidaria). Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering 4:189-199. 1998 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Hunter, D. J., L. G. G. Yapa, and N. V. Hue. 1997. Effects of green manure and coral lime on corn growth and chemical properties of an acid Oxisol in Western Samoa. Biology and Fertility of Soils 24:266-273. 1997 Samoa Agriculture; Domestic Animal Waste; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients
J. R. Maxted, S. B. Weisberg, J. C. Chaillou, R. A. Eskin, F. W. Kutz. 1997. The Ecological Condition of Dead-End Canals of the Delaware and Maryland Coastal Bays. Estuaries 20:319-327. 1997 Boating Activities; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Housing; Invertebrates; Marine Worms; Sediment
Meehan, W. J. and G. K. Ostrander. 1997. Coral bleaching: A potential biomarker of environmental stress. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 50:529-552. 1997 Review; Field Study & Monitoring Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Salinity; Sediment
Peters, E.C., N.J. Gassman, J.C. Firman, R.H. Richmonds, E.A. Power. 1997. Ecotoxicology of Tropical Marine Ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:12-40. 1997 Field Study & Monitoring; Index or Indicator Agriculture; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mangroves; Petroleum Spills; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics
Ritchie, R. J., A. J. Grant, K. Eltringham, and R. Hinde. 1997. Clotrimazole, a model compound for the host release factor of the coral Plesiastrea versipora. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24:283-290. 1997 Cuba Model Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Invertebrates; Primary Production
Robison, W. L., K. T. Bogen, and C. L. Conrado. 1997. An updated dose assessment for resettlement options at Bikini Atoll - A U.S. nuclear test site. Health Physics 73:100-114. 1997 Marshall Islands; Europe Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Housing; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Borg, L. E. and J. L. Banner. 1996. Neodymium and strontium isotopic constraints on soil sources in Barbados, West Indies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60:4193-4206. 1996 Antilles Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment
Carte, B. K. 1996. Biomedical Potential of Marine Natural Products. Bioscience 46:271-286. 1996 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Invertebrates; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics; Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Sources
Coultas, C. L., T. J. Post, J. B. Jones Jr., and Y. P. Hsieh. 1996. Use of velvet bean to improve soil fertility and weed control in corn production in Northern Belize. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 27:2171-2196. 1996 South & Central America; Belize Index or Indicator Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients
Derr, J. F., R. S. Chandran, and W. D. Ward. 1996. Preemergence and postemergence yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) control with MON 12000 in nursery crops. Weed Technology 10:95-99. 1996 Japan Field Study & Monitoring Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Hicklenton, P. R. and K. G. Cairns. 1996. Plant water relations and mineral nutrition of containerized nursery plants in relation to irrigation method. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76:155-160. 1996 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Nutrients
Shapiro, D. Y. and L.-A. Giraldeau. 1996. Mating tactics in external fertilizers when sperm is limited. Behavioral Ecology 7:19-23. 1996 Model Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Strupi Suput, J., T. Turk, P. Macek, and D. Suput. 1996. Pseudozoanthoxantin-like compound from Parazoanthus axinellae Adriaticus inhibits acetylcholinesterase. in Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology. 1996 Europe Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Tamashiro, M., J. K. Grace, and R. T. Yamamoto. 1996. Insecticidal and behavioral activity of etofenprox against the formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 28:53-66. 1996 Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Substrate
Buckingham, S. D., M. I. Balk, S. C. R. Lunimis, P. Jewess, and D. B. Sattelle. 1995. Actions of nitromethylenes on an α-bungarotoxin-sensitive neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Neuropharmacology 34:591-597. 1995 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Glynn, P. W., D. G. Rumbold, S. C. Snedaker. 1995. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Marine Sediment and Biota from the Northern Florida Reef Tract. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:397-402. 1995 Florida Field Study & Monitoring; Lab Study Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Sediment; Sponges
Oleinikova, G. K., L. S. Shevchenko, T. A. Kuznetsova, and V. V. Mikhailov. 1995. A novel iturin fungicide from a marine isolate of Bacillus subtilis. Isolation, physicochemical and biochemical properties, identification. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya 40:19-21. 1995 China; Vietnam Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Octocoral
Avsar, N., D. Basso, S. Spezzaferri, H. Koral, and V. Yanko. 1994. Cruise AVI-II 93: Preliminary data from the Iskenderun Bay (Turkey) [Crociera AVI-II 93: Dati preliminari dalla Baia di Iskenderun (Turchia)]. Rendiconti Lincei 5:233-245. 1994 Field Study & Monitoring Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Shinn, E. A., R. S. Reese, and C. D. Reich. 1994. Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys. 1994 Florida Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Salinity; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Abeykoon, A. T. 1993. Population, environment and sustainable development. Sri Lanka journal of social sciences 16:57-64. 1993 Sri Lanka Agriculture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Mining Policies
Readman, J. W., L. L. W. Kwong, D. Grondin, J. Bartocci, J.-P. Villeneuve, and L. D. Mee. 1993. Coastal water contamination from a triazine herbicide used in antifouling paints. Environmental Science and Technology 27:1940-1942. 1993 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Brodie, J. E. 1992. Enhancement of larval and juvenile survival and recruitment in Acanthaster planci from the effects of terrestrial runoff: a review. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:539-554. 1992 Australia Review Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Plankton; Salinity; Seastars
Guzman, H. M. and C. E. Jimenez. 1992. Contamination of coral reefs by heavy metals along the Caribbean coast of Central America (Costa Rica and Panama). Marine Pollution Bulletin 24:554-561. 1992 South & Central America; Costa Rica; Panama; Caribbean Agriculture; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Petroleum Spills; Sediment; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Keating, D. 1992. Study: pesticides from other countries are polluting Keys. Underwater U.S.A13a. 1992 Florida Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Te, F. T. 1992. The effects of Dursban insecticide on Pocillopora damicornis (Cnidaria Scleractinia). University of Guam, Guam. 1992 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Acevedo, R. 1991. Preliminary observations on effects of pesticides carbaryl, naphthol, and chlorpyrifos on planulae of the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Pacific Science 45:287-289. 1991 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Stony Coral
Hawker, D. W., and D. W. Connell. 1991. Standards and criteria for pollution control in coral reef areas. Pages 169-188 Pollution in Tropical Aquatic Systems. CRC, Boca Raton, FL. 1991 Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Salinity; Sediment
Humphery-Smith, I., Y. H. Thong, D. Moorhouse, C. Creevey, M. Gauci, and B. Stone. 1991. Reactions to argasid tick bites by island residents on the Great Barrier Reef. Medical Journal of Australia 155:181-186. 1991 Australia Arthropods; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Light; Marine Birds
Muzik, K. 1991. Coral grief. Technology Review 94:60-67. 1991 Global Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Non-point Source Runoff; Petroleum Spills; Sea Temperatures; Tourism & Recreation
Paw, J. N. and T.-E. Chua. 1991. Managing coastal resources in Cilacap, Indonesia, and Lingayen Gulf, Philippines - an ASEAN initiative. Marine Pollution Bulletin 23:779-783. 1991 Java; Indonesia; Philippines Agriculture; Aquaculture; Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Fish; Fishing Sector; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Mangroves; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Trawling & Fishing Gear Damage
Sullivan, P. K. and V. Dayananda. 1991. Engineering management considerations in coastal development. Page 1430 in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1991 Decision Support Frameworks & Tools Beaches & Nature Parks; Chemical Use Regulations; Coastal Development; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients
Williams, S. L. 1990. Experimental studies of Caribbean seagrass bed development. Ecological Monographs 60:449-469. 1990 South & Central America; US Virgin Islands; Caribbean Model Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Seagrasses; Sediment
Glynn, P. W., A. M. Szmant, E. F. Corcoran, and S. V. Cofer-Shabica. 1989. Conditions of coral reef cnidarians from the Northern Florida Reef tract: Pesticides, heavy metals, and histopathological examination. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20:568-576. 1989 Florida Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1988. A method for determining the surface area of corals. Coral Reefs 7:113-116. 1988 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Stony Coral
Kuhlmann, D. H. H. 1988. The sensitivity of coral reefs to environmental pollution. Ambio 17:13-21. 1988 Japan Agriculture; Algae; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrients; Stony Coral
Samson, G. and R. Popovic. 1988. Use of algal fluorescence for determination of phytotoxicity of heavy metals and presticides as environmental polluntants. Ecotoxicity and Environmental Safety 16:272-278. 1988 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Toxics
Russell Gary, M., MA RK Stewart, and L. Higer Aaron. 1987. Examples Of Landfill-Generated Plumes In Low-Relief Areas, Southeast Florida. Water Resources Bulletin 23:863-866. 1987 Florida Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Irrigation; Non-point Source Runoff; Solid Waste Disposal
Glynn, P., L. S. Howard, E. Corcoran, and A. D. Freay. 1986. Preliminary investigations into the occurrence and toxicity of commercial herbicide formulations in reef building corals. Pages 473-485 in Paul L. Jokeiel;Robert H. Richmond;Rebecca A. Rogers, editor. Coral Reef Population Biology. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Technical Report, Coconut Island, Hawaii. 1986 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Glynn, P. W., L. S. Howard, E. Corcoran, and A. D. Freay. 1984. The occurrence and toxicity of herbicides in reef building corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 15:370-374. 1984 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Rice, L. G. 1984. Rapid separation of pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with 3-μm columns. Journal of Chromatography 0:523-526. 1984 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Glynn, P. W. 1983. Extensive 'bleaching' and death of reef corals on the Pacific coast of Panama. Environmental Conservation 10:149-154. 1983 US Pacific & Hawaii; Costa Rica; Panama; Pacific Ocean Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrocoral; Stony Coral; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Zooxanthellae
Curry-Lindahl, K. 1982. A tale of mismanagement at sea. ORYX 16:415-420. 1982 Agriculture; Chemical Use Regulations; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Olafson, R. W. 1978. Effect of agricultural activity on levels of organochlorine pesticides in hard corals, fish and molluscs from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Environmental Research 1:87-107. 1978 Australia Agriculture; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Molluscs; Stony Coral
Hofmann, W. 1977. Waste Disposal In The Rubber Industry [Abfallbeseitigung In Der Gummiindustrie]. VERFAHRENSTECHNIK 11:28-34. 1977 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Road Construction & Maintenance
Coppage, D. L. and T. E. Braidech. 1976. River pollution by anticholinesterase agents. Water Research 10:19-24. 1976 Index or Indicator Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Elgershuizen, J. H. B. W. and H. A. M. De Kruijf. 1976. Toxicity of crude oils and dispersant to the stony coral Madracis mirabilis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7:22-25. 1976 Cleaner & Solvent Use; Petroleum Spills; Stony Coral
Hofmann, W. 1975. Some problems relating to the removal of rubber wastes [EINIGE PROBLEME BEI DER BESEITIGUNG VON GUMMIABFALLEN]. GUMMI ASBEST KUNSTSTOFFE 28:38-39. 1975 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Road Construction & Maintenance
Mallet, V. and G. L. Brun. 1974. A rapid and reliable in situ spectrophotofluorometric method for the analysis of Co Ral and Bayrusil in lake and sewage water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12:739-744. 1974 Fertilizer & Pesticide Use
Johannes, R. E. 1972. Coral Reefs And Pollution [Marine Pollution And Sea Life]. Pages 364-375 FISHING NEWS LTD., SURREY. 1972 Review Algae; Chemical Use Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish Harvest; Landuse Management; Salinity; Seastars; Sediment; Waterborne Discharges
O'Sullivan, A. J. and A. J. Richardson. 1967. The Torrey Canyon disaster and intertidal marine life. Nature 214:448-542. 1967 Cleaner & Solvent Use
Lewis, S. E., J. E. Brodie, Z. T. Bainbridge, K. W. Rohde, A. M. Davis, B. L. Masters, M. Maughan, M. J. Devlin, J. F. Mueller, and B. Schaffelke. Herbicides: A new threat to the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Pollution Australia Agriculture; Climate; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Runoff; Seagrasses; Surface & Groundwater Flow
Mork, E., G. L. Sjoo, N. Kautsky, and T. R. McClanahan. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal community structure on a Kenyan reef. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Kenya Algae; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Fish; Large Herbivorous Fish; Nutrients; Sea Urchins; Small Herbivorous Fish; Special Use Permitting
Skinner, R. H. and W. C. Jaap. Trace Metals and Pesticides in Sediments and Organisms in John Penekamp coral Reef State Park and Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary. Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Sediment

Management Options

Management Option Description Sources Database Topics
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Change Agricultural Cover Crop Practices Cover crop outreach entails changing agricultural practices in an area to leave vegetation and cover on the soil while growing other crops (e.g. Coffee). Agricultural practices that encourage leaving soil bare are extremely susceptible to erosion (e.g. sun grown Coffee). Cover crop methods and shade-grown crops (e.g. shade-grown Coffee) would reduce the large amount of sediment that is eroding, particularly from high elevations, and ultimately will reduce the amount of sediment that reaches the coral reefs. Options to encourage transition to cover crop practices include outreach to raise awareness of benefits and cost share programs to help farmers with the burden of the extra expense. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Conservation Cover. CODE 327. US Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Funding & Donations; Landscape Changes; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Responses; Sediment
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Contour Farming Contour Farming involves sloping land in such a way that field preparation, planting and cultivating are done on the contour. This includes following established grades of terraces or diversions. During heavy rains the crop rows formed slow water runoff reducing erosion and water runoff of non-point source pollutants such as agricultural herbicides and fertilizers. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Landscape Changes; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Agriculture & Aquaculture: Fertilizer Application Management This agricultural best management practice involves the development, implementation and periodic update of nutrient management plans. Nutrient management plans are used to efficiently apply nutrients at appropriate rates so as to still achieve desired crop yields. There are several important measures and considerations that must be taken before developing the nutrient plan. Farm and field maps, yield expectations, nutrient resources, and geologic field limitations are all important. Some crops fix nitrogen, such as legumes, and have a nitrogen credit that must be factored. Field limitations include shallow aquifers, nearby surface water, sinkholes, and highly erodible soils. If the nutrients to be applied aren�t commercial they must be assessed to determine the nutrient value and the rate of availability of the nutrients. The nutrient plan�s timing and application methods should use the limiting nutrient concept and avoid applications to frozen soil and during periods of leaching or runoff. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Jokela, Bill, Peter Kleinman, John Peters, and Ann Wolf,. 2011. Manure Spreader Calibration & Manure Testing.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Landscape Changes; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Waterborne Discharges
Chemical Discharge Controls: Integrated pest Management Modify mosquito control programs/regulations The results of pesticide research program can be used to modify the existing mosquito control program as necessary. (312) NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructure; Non-point Source Controls; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Pressures; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Water
Chemical Discharge Controls: Research impacts and alternatives This plan involves researching the impacts of current spraying practices on sanctuary resources and indentifying alternative means of mosquito control. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Infrastructure; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Pressures; Responses; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Socio-Economic Drivers; Utilities; Water
Data Management & Decision Tools: Research and Model Causal Linkage Between Pollutants and Ecological Impact This involves conducting research to identify and document causal linkages between discharge water pollutants and specific, quantifiable ecological problems. The natural environment naturally assimilates some pollutants, but has thresholds for this type of contaminant processing. Different hydrology, biology and spatial/temporal factors are all going to play a roll in the linkage between pollutants and ecological problems, meaning modeling and risk assessment can be beneficial. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Reef Inhabitants; Regulating Services; Sewage Treatment; Stormwater Management; Sunscreen Use; Supporting Services; Toxics; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Discharge Controls: Survey and Manage Household Chemical Use This management option targets household indoor and outdoor chemical use (pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, cleaners, detergents, solvents, etc). Though these chemicals are typically used in small amounts, many make their way into the watershed because of improper use. Before designing a plan to manage these chemicals, data must be gathered from the local community through surveys. An ideal survey would gather information on what chemicals are being used, how they are used, and how they are disposed of. Enforcing proper use and disposal is very difficult, making a strong education program in response to findings from the study essential. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Culture; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Housing; Improved Technology; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Controls; Shelter; Textiles & Apparel; Toxics
Environmental Education: Deliver Non-Enforcement Resource Eductaion at the Resource Site Voluntary compliance (#50) is the most desirable form of site protection. Lack of compliance often occurs unintentionally, due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. Law enforcement plays a role by ensuring rules are appropriately followed, but often the preventative component of this enforcement becomes secondary, especially on high use days/areas. Volunteers can assist by answering questions and talking to people recreating about the reef, reef resources, and how to appropriately recreate. Volunteers can watch to ensure people are acting appropriately, that boaters do not go too close to shallow reefs, and that groundings do not occur. Programs such as Team OCEAN have contributed over 15,000 hours to such activities. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Beaches & Nature Parks; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Collaboration & Partnering; Cultural Policies; Culture; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Education & Information; Environmental Education & Outreach; Finfish Harvest; Invertebrate Harvest; Marine Debris; Recreational Fishing; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Social Organizations; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Trampling
Forestry Policy: Forest Chemical Management Pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used in forestry to reduce mortality of desired trees, improve forest production, and ease harvest/extraction. The rate of application is typically very low, but given the overall area covered, pesticides can still accumulate within watersheds. Some forest management chemical use considerations to reduce nonpoint source pollution impacts include: Develop an effective spill contingency plan to contain spills, and immediately report accidental spills into surface waters to the appropriate State agency. Prior to application, inspect the mixing and loading process and the calibration of equipment, and identify the appropriate weather conditions, the spray area, and buffer areas for surface waters. Buffer areas for surface waters are especially important for aerial applications. Carefully prescribe the type and amount of pesticides appropriate for the insect, fungus, or herbaceous species. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Forestry; Non-point Source Controls; Nutrients; Provisioning Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Water Resources; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Forestry Policy: Forestry Management Planning There are many aspects to properly managing forestry sites to reduce point source and non-point source pollutants. Forestry activities can degrade water quality with several types of pollutants and impacts, including: sediment, nutrients, forest chemicals like pesticides, organic debris from tree litter, increased water temperature and increased streamflow. The Forestry management plan and practices include, but are not limited to: pre-harvest planning, road construction and use, prescribed burning and fire management, brush management, timber harvest, regeneration, and application of forest chemicals. Wetlands Forest Management has additional best practices. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures For Sources Of Nonpoint Pollution In Coastal Waters. EPA/840/B-92/002, US EPA, Washington, DC.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Biological Harvest; Chemical Use Regulations; Civil Engineering & Construction; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Manufacturing & Trade; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Regulating Services; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Landuse Management: Household Landscaping Best Management Practices Homeowners manipulate the visible features of the land surrounding their home through landscaping. This includes flora, fauna, and terrain. Best Management Practices (BMPs) for landscaping include selection of indigenous flora and fauna, landscape irrigation (sprinkler systems etc), stormwater runoff BMPs, reducing water use, integrated pest management, composting, and incorporation of permeable surfaces. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Addition; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Discharge Limitations; Environmental Education & Outreach; Escape & Release of Non-natives; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Impervious Surfaces; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrients; Sediment; Shelter; Supplemental Feeding; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Water Quality Status and Trends Monitoring This activity produces long-term, comprehensive information on sanctuary-wide status and trends of water quality parameters. Parameters that should be measured include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, relative fluorescence, light attenuation, nutrients, chlorophyll, and alkaline phosphatase activity. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Atmospheric Emissions; Calcium Carbonate Deposition; Carbon Storage & Cycling; Chemical Variables; Climate; Climate Regulation; CO2; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Light; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Ocean Acidity; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Variables; Regulating Services; Salinity; Sea Temperatures; Sediment; Supporting Services; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Historical Hydrology This activity involves a historical assessment of the hydrology of the surrounding water area around the sanctuary as it has affected water quality and biological communities within the sanctuary. It will clarify the role of freshwater inflows and water quality from local freshwater bodies. Also, this activity will examine the effects of structural modification and changes in quality, quantity, timing and distribution of freshwater releases from existing structures and will examine land-based practices affecting the water quality of runoff. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Physical Variables; Salinity; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges
Monitor & Research: Research Queen Conch Reproduction and Restoration Inshore Queen Conch may be experiencing reproductive failure. Research on various snails in other parts of the world has shown that snails are susceptible to endocrine disruption caused by various anthropogenic contaminants. This activity will determine the cause of reproductive failure, possibly by endocrine disruption, of queen conch in reef areas. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Accidental & Illegal Harvest; Applied Chemicals; Artisanal Fishing; Biological Harvest; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Commercial Fisheries; Designate Protected Species; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fishing Sector; Invertebrates; Molluscs; Recreational Fishing; Reef Inhabitants; Snails & Conch; Waterborne Discharges
Researching Other Pollutants and Water Quality Issues: Estimate other pollutant loadings This activity involves documenting the locations and magnitude of pollution impact other than wastewater. Sources can be from inside and outside of the Sanctuary. Pollutants can include hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and pesticides. Water Quality standards (#22) Waste water (#21) NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical & Chemical Environment; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pressures; Responses; Toxics; Waterborne Discharges
Restoration: Beach Renourishment and Nourishment Beaches are subject to natural accretion and erosion. Tourism is often best supported by wide, accessible, public sandy beaches. Beaches can be restored to counteract natural erosion by transporting large quantities of sand onto the beach. This sand often comes from nearby dredging. Caution should be used when restoring long sections of beaches, as often the area above the mean high tide line is littoral, or privately owned, and restoration of these beaches can impact these property rights, see "Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (2010) U.S. Supreme Court decision." Beach protection or nourishment offers an alternative to this often expensive and abrupt type of renourishment, nourishment involves practices which encourage coastal accretion and discourage erosional forces. See "Florida's Beach and Shore Preservation Act" for some restrictions on this. NOAA Coastal Services Center. Beach Nourishment: A Guide for Local Government Officials. Coastal Services Center Accessed 6/17/2011.

Beach & Land Formation; Beaches & Nature Parks; Culture; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Recreational Opportunities; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Sunscreen Use; Tourism & Recreation
Restoration: Environmental Remediation Environmental Remediation is a type of restoration that's focus ranges from Brownfields to Oil Spills to Hazardous Waste Sites. These restoration activities aim to restore the site to a previous condition, or to a condition that is not a threat to human health or other forms of life. Several standards can be used to determine when remediation is necessary and to what extent the environment should be restores. Biocriteria can be used to determine the degree of degradation to biological components of the site. Often it is the presence of a particular pollutant in the soil, water or air, which is above acceptable limits and will not degrade fast enough over a short period of time and therefore must be removed. Physical and chemical water quality criteria can be used to set maximum acceptable limits of water quality parameters. Air quality criteria can be used to set acceptable maximum and minimum air standards for remediation. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 2005. Contaminated Sediment Remediation Guidance for Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA-540-R-05-012, US Environmental Protection Agency.

Environment Protection Authority. EPA Guidelines for Environmental management of on-site remediation. Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, Australia.

Applied Chemicals; Biocriteria; City Planning; Decision Support; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Health; Health Policies; Landuse Management; Littering; Manufacturing & Trade; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Military; Mining; Mining Policies; Mitigation; Monetary Valuation; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Industry; Oil & Gas Rigs; Oil & Gas Tankers; Petroleum Spills; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point Source Discharges; Public Administration; Remediation; Security; Solid Waste Disposal; Supporting Services; Toxics; Valuation; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Stormwater BMPs: Rainwater Collection Systems Creating a rainwater collection system (either through policy change or the initiative of homeowners) would help in many ways. These systems would utilize water in an efficient manner. It would reduce the pressure of water as a finite resource. Water would be collected and utilized before it reaches the ground. Once rain falls to the ground, it picks up nutrients, chemicals, and pathogens on the ground and transports them in the form of runoff. Eventually this contaminated stormwater runoff enters water resources through the drainage basin. Collecting a considerable amount of water would prevent contamination of that water, and allow for it to be usable. Also, it would reduce the amount of water that is lost when it is contaminated as runoff. An overall reduced amount of stormwater runoff would reduce the amount of contaminants that would harm corals. Center for Watershed Protection. 2008. Guanica Bay watershed management plan.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Cisterns used for water harvesting. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/18/2011.

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shelter; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Utilities Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Stormwater Pollution Reduction Through Instituting Preventitive Best Management Practices This method focuses on reducing the amount of harmful contaminants in stormwater runoff by establishing Best Management Practices that prevent the generation of the pollutant to begin with. These BMPs include educational programs, infrastructure improvements and agricultural BMPs. Examples of educational programs would be programs that educate the public on the importance of, and how to avoid depositing hazardous wastes, such as oil, into storm drains, or how to use landscape management controls to limit the chemical and debris that from enter stormwater runoff from their personal lawns. Infrastructure improvement could include the use of alternative turnarounds and street cleaning. Agricultural practices such as roofs and covers for pesticides and equipment, or use of bedding are both preventative stormwater practices. Some additional specific practices include: controlling fertilizer application, properly using and disposing of fertilizers, pesticides, motor oil, and other harmful chemicals, debris removal, exposure reduction, minimization of pollutants, parking lot cleaning, stormwater catch basin insert, eliminate curbs and gutters, green parking, green roofs, street design and patterns, bedding. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

US EPA. Alternative Turnarounds. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Eliminate Curbs and Gutters. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Parking. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Green Roofs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Street Design and Patterns. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Irrigation Association. 2010. Turf and Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices.

Agriculture; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Construction Codes & Projects; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Environmental Education & Outreach; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Forestry; Housing; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Mining; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Industry; Road Construction & Maintenance; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Solid Waste Disposal; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Supporting Services; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Structural Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of engineering structures that trap or filter impurities out of runoff water. These include but are not limited to, using swales, filter strips, oil/water separators, oil/grit separators, and sand filters. Often structural retrofitting is coupled with biological filters/controls to direct water as desired and to fully reap the benefits of both systems. Structural filters are often incorporated into retention/detention and infiltration systems as well. One disadvantage of structural filters is that they are often higher maintenance as sand and chambers fill and clog with pollutants over time. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Compost Filter System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Median Strip Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Montgomery County Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Off-Line Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Oil/Water Separators. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Organic Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Peat Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Perimeter Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pocket Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Rockville Water Quality Inlet. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Sediment Basin (Water Quality Enhancement). Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Side-by-Side Infiltration Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Surface Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Sand Filter. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Underground Trench with Oil/Grit Chamber. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Under-the-Swale Infiltration Trench. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Water Quality Volume (WQV) Storage Tank. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

US EPA. EPA Filtration BMPs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Manufactured Products for Stormwater Inlets. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

US EPA. Alum Injection. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Stormwater Runoff Controls. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2005. Solid/liquid Waste Separation Facility. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Structural Stormwater Infiltration This management option attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of engineering structures that control the volume of surface water, facilitating faster absorption of the stormwater into the ground. Often these structures are able to infiltrate larger amounts of water faster while reducing exposure to surface sediments and pollutants. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Combined Infiltration/Detention Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Poresky, A., Clary, J., Strecker, E., and Earles, A. 2011. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Technical Summary: Volume Reduction. Geosyntec Consultants.

US EPA. EPA Infiltration BMPs. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Menu of BMPs Accessed 3/25/2011.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Structural Stormwater Retention/Detention This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of engineering structures that retain runoff water for further treatment or controlled release. Water collection can be selective, targeting the first flush of water, which is typically the most polluted. Water retention has the additional benefit of later release at a place and time when the water is needed (e.g. for irrigation). Rainwater Collection Systems (#11) can be an important water resource in areas where freshwater is limited. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Combined Infiltration/Detention Basin. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Detention Devices for Dry/Wet Ponds. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Extended Detention Ponds. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Poresky, A., Clary, J., Strecker, E., and Earles, A. 2011. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Technical Summary: Volume Reduction. Geosyntec Consultants.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Stormwater Runoff Controls. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2008. Water and Sediment Control Basin. CODE 638. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Water Volume Management. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/25/2011.

Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Coastal Development; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Hydrologic Management; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Physical Variables; Point Source Discharges; Sediment; Shoreline Armoring; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Retention/Detention This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementation of natural structures that retain runoff water for further treatment or controlled release. These structures are typically characterized as retention ponds and incorporate natural vegetation such as grass. These ponds may be dry, or may drain into nearby wetlands. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Dry Extended Detention Ponds. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Poresky, A., Clary, J., Strecker, E., and Earles, A. 2011. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database. Technical Summary: Volume Reduction. Geosyntec Consultants.

Applied Chemicals; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Hydrologic Management; Infrastructural Policies; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Stormwater BMPs: Biological Stormwater Filtration This method attempts to reduce the negative impacts of stormwater runoff through implementing engineering techniques that allow natural processes and plants to act as filters. Such techniques would include using grass parking and turf covered swales. Many of these techniques, such as reversed elevations for planted areas in parking lots, can demonstrate benefits both as natural filters and for the vegetation that are used since it eliminates the need to water them with irrigation systems. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2011. National Handbook of Conservation Practices. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Basic Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Bioretention System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Constructed Wetland. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Filter Strips. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Reversed Elevations System for Parking Lots and Planting Areas. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Riparian Forest Buffer. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Roadway Landscape Treatment System. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Biofiltration Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Pond Design. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wet Swale. Urban BMP's - Water Runoff Management Accessed 3/23/2011.

Water Environment Research Foundation, American Society of Civil Engineers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Highway Administration, American Public Works Association, editor. 2008. Overview of Performance by BMP Category and Common Pollutant Type. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database [1999-2008].

Leisenring, M., Clary, J., Stephenson, J., and Hobson, P. 2010. International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database Pollutant Category Summary: Nutrients. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.

Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Climate; Construction Codes & Projects; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Golf Course Operations; Impervious Surfaces; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscape Conservation & Restoration; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Primary Production; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Storms & Hurricanes; Stormwater Management; Substrate; Supporting Services; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Toxics; Utilities; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Waterborne Discharges
Water Quality Management: Refine Pest Spraying Program This strategy aims to reduce the amount of pesticides that could potentially enter the water from spraying for pests such as mosquitoes. A site-specific combination of pest prevention, pest avoidance, pest monitoring, and pest suppression strategies (PAMs) should be used. Aerial spraying is often used only when the mosquito concentration reaches a specific threshold. The mosquito spraying strategy would review the aerial spraying threshold to see if it could be raised, to reduce frequency of use. Refining spraying technologies would be advocated to see if newer techniques/technologies would possibly reduce the amount of pesticides released over water. For identified water quality concerns related to pesticide leaching, solution runoff and adsorbed runoff, the current version of the USDA-NRCS WIN-PST program should be used to evaluate potential risks to humans and/or fish, as appropriate, for each pesticide to be used. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). CODE 595. U.S. Depatrment of Agriculture.

Agriculture; Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Chemical Use Regulations; Chemical Variables; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Food & Energy Policies; Food & Raw Materials; Landscaping & Household Services; Non-point Source Controls; Sectors Filling Human Needs; Security & Public Administration Policies; Shelter; Toxics
Waterway Management: Manage Canal Water Quality This management option addresses water quality issues that may arise from nearshore, confined areas, specifically dead-end canals. This management response does not focus on wastewater discharges into canals, but instead on the hydrologic structure and orientation of the canal itself. Physical problems with canal orientation can lead to such problems as low flushing and build-up of weed wrack. This is a problem because the build-up of weed wrack consumes oxygen and releases nutrients as it decays. When combined with low flushing and circulation, dead end canals have decreased oxygen concentrations, accelerated eutrophication, and accumulate organic materials, pollutants and sediment. To improve the current canal system, management can inventory and map canals to identify high risk hotspots and candidates for future canal restoration projects. Canals are typically constructed to best suit the water access needs of local homes and businesses. Preventing high risk canals from being constructed, or placing certain requirements on their construction through permitting is one way to reduce future problem spots. Some design strategies include: Construct non-linear canals without right-angles and flared inlets oriented to prevailing winds. Instead of dead-ends, canals should include a flow through water exchange system or install mechanical pumps. Canals should be as wide as possible in relation to depth and length. Canal depth should be uniform or progressively shallower away from the parent waterbody, with sloping banks (eliminate requirements for navigable depths to shoreline). Some canal improvement strategies include: Implement weed gates, air curtains, and aeration systems. Direct all stormwater and effluent away from canal systems. Reduce bulkheading and restore native vegetative buffers (#1). Promote diversity of substrates and habitats. NOAA Marine Sanctuary Program. 2007. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary revised management plan. National Ocean Service, Key West, FL.

Applied Chemicals; Biological Monitoring & Restoration; Boat Movement; Boating Activities; Building & Home Construction; Chemical Variables; City Planning; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Coastal Engineering; Construction Codes & Projects; Decision Support; Deforestation & Devegetation; Discharge Limitations; Discharges; Ditching & Soil Disturbance; Docks & Marinas; Ecosystem Monitoring & Restoration; Environmental Monitoring & Restoration; Fishing Sector; Food & Energy Policies; Hydrologic Management; Improved Technology; Infrastructural Policies; Infrastructure; Land-Based Civil Engineering; Landscape Changes; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Physical Damage; Physical Variables; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Provisioning Services; Regulating Services; Seawater Flow; Shoreline Armoring; Shoreline Protection; Small Boats; Surface & Groundwater Flow; Tourism & Recreation; Transportation; Transportation Policies; Utilities; Utility Policies; Waste Management; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Water; Water Depth & Sea Level; Water Resources; Water Transportation; Waterborne Discharges; Wetland & Reef Restoration; Wetlands

Laws

Legal Citation Purpose of Law Management Organization Database Topics
Administrative fines for damaging State Lands of products thereof, 18-14 Florida Administrative Code. 18-14.003 Violations. It shall be a violation of this rule for any person or the agent of any person to knowingly refuse to comply with any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., willfully violate any provision of Chapter 253, F.S., or to willfully damage state land (the ownership or boundaries of which have been established by the state) or products thereof, by doing any of the following: (1) Fill, excavate, or dredge, including prop dredging in a manner which produces a defined channel, on state land without the lease, license, easement or other form of consent required by the Board. (2) Remove, in violation of state or federal law, any product from state land without written approval or specific exemption from the Board or Department. (3) Discharge contaminants, wastes, effluents, sewage or any other pollutant as defined in Chapter 376 or Chapter 403, F.S., on, under or over state land; when such discharge is in violation of Chapter 403 or conditions of a permit issued pursuant to that chapter, or conditions of a lease or easement issued pursuant to Chapter 253, F.S. - 37 (4) Maintain, place or build permanent or temporary structures, including, but not limited to, additions to existing structures; all structures whose use is not water-dependent; sanitary septic systems; fences, docks and pilings; houses; oil rigs; and utility installations on or over state land without consent or authority from the Board or Department. (5) Place garbage, refuse, or debris on or over state land without approval by the Board or Department. (6) Any other willful act that causes damage to state land, or products thereof, when such activity occurs without the required approval by the Board or Department.

Application to Coral Reefs:Controlling and limiting excavation and dredging, as well as discharge of contaminants, wastes, sewage, and other pollutants will assist in keeping sediment and pollutants from reaching the coral reefs and causing degradation of reef organisms..

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Administrative Fines for Damaging State Lands or Products Thereof 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Coastal Engineering; Commercial Fisheries; Construction Codes & Projects; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Petroleum Spills; Recreational Opportunities; Resource Use Management; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Substrate; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Delegation of the Environmental Resource Program to Local Governments, 62-344 Florida Administrative Code. (1) This chapter guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments in accordance with the provisions of Sections 373.103(8) and 373.441, F.S. This chapter also constitutes the Department�s authorization, in accordance with Section 373.103(8), F.S., for delegations of the environmental resource permit program from the water management districts to local governments provided that the procedures for delegation contained in this chapter are followed by the Districts. Delegations from the Department and Districts shall be for the respective environmental resource permit program responsibilities of the Department and the Suwannee River, St. Johns River, Southwest Florida and South Florida Water Management Districts, as set forth in operating agreements listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C. Delegation agreements between the Department and local governments shall be listed in Chapter 62-113, F.A.C., and delegation agreements between the Districts and local governments shall be listed in Chapters 40B-1, 40C-1, 40D-1, and 40E-1, F.A.C. (2) Nothing in this chapter shall preclude the Department, Districts, and local governments from entering into contracts or interagency agreements as provided by law. (3) Except as specifically provided in this chapter, nothing herein shall prevent a local government from adopting and implementing an environmental regulatory program pursuant to its own authority. (4) It is an objective of the Department and Districts to protect the functions of entire ecological systems, as defined and developed in the programs, rules and plans of the Department and water management districts. It is the intent of the Department and Districts that any local government receiving delegation of all or a portion of the environmental resource program carry out that program in a manner consistent with this objective. This paragraph shall not be construed or applied as additional permitting criteria beyond those adopted by the reviewing agency or the local government.

Application to Coral Reefs:In theory, delegating stormwater pond construction and wetland functional determinations, as well as most otrher issues related to stormwater and wetlands, to local government will produce more efficient permitting and oversight. Therefore, treated water that is discharged and reaches any ecosystem should contain less contamination than the same water if it had not treated.

Legislative Actions:

Comments:Guides the participation of counties, municipalities and local pollution control programs in an efficient, streamlined permitting system by setting forth the procedures and requirements for delegations of all or a part of the environmental resource permit program from the Department and water management districts to local governments 		Florida State Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Construction Codes & Projects; Manufacturing & Trade; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge
Estuaries Protection Act of 1968, 16 United States Code §§ 1221-1226. Authorizes the Secretary of Interior in cooperation with other federal agencies and the states, to study and inventory estuaries of the united states, including land and water of the Great Lakes, and to determine whether such areas should be acquired for protection. The Secretary is also requied to encourage state and local governments to consider the importance of estuaries in their planning activities relative to federal natural resources grants.

Application to Coral Reefs:Established the congressional policy on the values of wetlands and the need to conserve their natural resources. Protection of wetlands provide coral reefs with an indirect benefit as the wetland serves the functions of nutrient removal and sediment containment

Legislative Actions:

Comments: 		Secretary of Interior in conjunction with other federal agencies and States

Jurisdiction:
United States 		Building & Home Construction; Collaboration & Partnering; Discharges; Docks & Marinas; Environmental Education & Outreach; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Hydrologic Management; Landscape Changes; Mangroves; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Opportunities; Seagrasses; Waterborne Discharges; Wetlands
Identification of impaired surface waters, 62-303 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2002). The Chapter established a methodology to identify surface waters of the state that will be included on the state's planning list of waters that will be assessed pursuant to subsections 403.067(2) and (3), Florida Statutes. It also establishes a methodology to identify impaired waters based on representative data that will be included on the state's verified list of impaired waters, for which the Department will calculate Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDLs), pursuant to subsection 403.067(4), F.S., and which will be submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to paragraph 303(d)(1) of the Clean Water Act (CWA).

Application to Coral Reefs:By regulating the amount of pollutants that will be allowed to be discharged into major waterbodies of the state, the amount of pollutants reaching estuarine and then marine environments, and eventually coral reefs, will assist in protecting the reefs and other habitats.

Legislative Actions:The planning list of impaired water bodies has been completed. Data on each water bodies has been collected. DEP is in the process of calculating TMDLs for each water body.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Construction Codes & Projects; Corporate Responses; Designated Uses; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Forestry; Irrigation; Landscaping & Household Services; Landuse Management; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Microorganisms; Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Oil & Gas Research & Exploration; Point Source Discharges; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products
Proposed Coral Reef Conservation Act Amendments of 2005, 2007 and 2009,. To preserve, sustain, and restore the condition of coral reef ecosystems, to promote the wise management and sustainable use of coral reef ecosystems, to benefit local communities and the Nation, to develop sound scientific information on the condition of coral reef ecosystems and threats to the ecosystems, to assist in the preservation of coral reefs by supporting and financing conservation programs including local and non-governmental programs, establish a formal mechanism for collecting and allocating monetary donations from the private sector to be used for coral reef conservation projects

Application to Coral Reefs:When passed, the Amendments, among other issues, would reauthorize the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 and authorize appropriations through fiscal 2012 for the coral reef conservation program and community- based planning grants. Will authorize activities designed to minimize the likelihood of vessel impacts or other physical dammage to coral reefs, including activities to identify certain at-risk coral reefs. Promote international cooperation, codify the US Coral Reef Task Force.

Legislative Actions:Provided funding for matching grants, encouraged education and outreach, encouaged cooperative conservation and management through partnerships with other federal, state, regional and local partners including citizen groups.

Comments:The amendments would not add regulations to the Act. 		National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Jurisdiction:
US Coral Reefs 		Anchoring & Vessel Grounding; Ballast Discharge; Boat Movement; CO2; Coral; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Educational & Research Opportunities; Existence Value & Sense of Place; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Recreational Opportunities; Reef Habitat; Reef Inhabitants; Sediment; Tourism & Recreation; Water Transportation
Surface water quality standards, 62-302 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (2008). The Chapter establishes the minimum concentrations of contamination that are allowable to protect the designated uses of a waterbody. Designated uses include public drinking water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, agricultural, recreation, industrial, and navigation.

Application to Coral Reefs:Protecting surface waters by limiting the concentration of pollutants that can be present will control the concentrations of those pollutants that will reach estuarine and marine environments, thus protecting the associated ecosystems, including coral reefs.

Legislative Actions:Penalties are not presented in the Rule. Specific requirements and penalties are addrressed in individual permits. The Rule relies heavily on biocriteria including acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index. Section 400 presents the classes of Florida waters; Class I potable water supplies, Class II shellfish propagation or harvesting, Class III recreation, propagation and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced population of fish and wildlife, Class IV agricultural water supplies, Class V navigation, utility and industrial use.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
State Coastal Waters; US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Biocriteria; Biological Monitoring, Mapping, & Scientific Research; Civil Engineering & Construction; Coastal Development; Commercial Fisheries; Complex Habitat & Resources; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Deforestation & Devegetation; Designate Protected Species; Discharge Limitations; Dive, Snorkeling, & Swimming Tourism; Docks & Marinas; Dredging Regulations; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Drinking Water Supply; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Fishing & Harvesting Management; Impervious Surfaces; Invertebrates; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Molluscs; Non-point Source Controls; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Pipelines; Point & Mobile Source Controls; Point Source Discharges; Ports & Harbors; Recreational Fishing; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Shoreline Armoring; Small Boats; Tourism & Recreation Policies; Toxics; Waste Management Policies
Water quality based effluent limitations, 62-650 Florida Administrative Code Annotated (1996). To implement the provisions of Section 403.051, 403.085 through 403.088 concerning the development of effluent limitations for wastewater facilities.

Application to Coral Reefs:The Florida Air and Water Pollution Act establishes that no wastes are to be discharged to any waters of the state without first being given the degree of treatment necessay to protect the beneficial uses of such water. Requiring treatment of industrial and domestic waste water indirectly protects adjoining ecosystem, such as reefs, by limiting the pollutant that reach these other systems.

Legislative Actions:The Department shall not issue a permit for a discharge to waters of the state, unless the Department has established an efflent limit for those pollutants in the discharge that are present in quantities or concentrations which can be reasonably expected to cause or contribute, directly or indirectly, to a violation of any water quality standard established in rule 62-302. The effluent limit may be a technology based effluent limit (TBEL), a water quality based effluent limit (WQBEL) determined by a Level 1 process, or where applicable, a WQBEL determined by a Level 2 process.

Comments: 		Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Jurisdiction:
US State Waters; Designated Marine Areas 		Agriculture, Aquaculture, & Forestry Policies; Applied Chemicals; Building & Home Construction; Cleaner & Solvent Use; Coal Mining; Construction Codes & Projects; Dam Construction & Maintenance; Domestic Animal Waste; Dredging, Draining, & Filling; Fertilizer & Pesticide Use; Finfish & Shellfish Stock; Fish; Food, Beverage, & Tobacco Products; Irrigation; Landuse Management; Lobster, Crab, & Shrimp; Metals, Electronics, & Machinery Products; Mineral, Rock, & Metal Mining; Non-point Source Runoff; Nutrient & Contaminant Processing; Nutrients; Physical & Chemical Water Quality Criteria; Point Source Discharges; Road Construction & Maintenance; Sediment; Sewage Treatment; Solid Waste Disposal; Utility Line Construction & Maintenance; Waste Management Policies; Wastewater Discharge; Waterborne Discharges; Wholesale & Retail Trade; Wood, Plastics, & Chemical Products

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