Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Kurt Riitters, Southern Appalachian Field Laboratory, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 1998 Title: LPT81-9 Edition: 1 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Norris TN Publisher: Tennessee Valley Authority Description: Abstract: This dataset is a grid map that portrays "landscape pattern types" (LPT's), defined by the relative proportions (area percent) of a defined landscape which has agriculture, urban, and forest land cover types. LPT's were calculated at 590.49 ha scale (that is, within square analysis windows of size 590.49 ha) for the United States Standard Federal Region III (SFR 3) at 270 meter resolution. The dataset was created by applying a spatial filter to a published map of land cover known as " U.S. Federal Region III Land Cover Data Set", which was obtained from the Multi- Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The spatial filter computed LPT's within 590.49 ha (81 x 81 pixel) windows from the proportions of land cover types within a window, using the relative proportions to assign a categorical LPT value [1-19] to the pixel at the center location in each window. The resulting surface map was then processed via a majority- rule filter in 9x9 windows (270x270 meters) to reduce the resolution (grain size) to about 7 hectares. Each pixel on the 30-meter map (before reducing the resolution) is the LPT for the 590.49 ha window surrounding the same pixel on the original land cover map. Each pixel on the 270-meter map (after reducing the resolution) is the most common LPT for the pixels in a given 270x270 meter region. Purpose: These data were created as part of a regional assessment of landscape conditions in the mid-Atlantic region (SFR 3) (Jones et al., 1997). The map of LPT's was intended to provide contextual information about different combinations of land use and land cover over the region, based on digital land cover maps derived from remote sensing (TM) and produced by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. The LPT map portrays a type of landscape context defined by the relative areas of the landscape with forest, urban, and agriculture land cover. Other maps in this collection consider other indicators of pattern and additional scales. The reduced-resolution map described here was produced mainly for display purposes. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1991 Ending_Date: 1993 Currentness_Reference: Dates of satellite imagery. Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -84 degrees West East_Bounding_Coordinate: -74 degrees West North_Bounding_Coordinate: 43 degrees North South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36 degrees North Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: pattern Theme_Keyword: landcover Theme_Keyword: agriculture Theme_Keyword: urban Theme_Keyword: forest Theme_Keyword: landscape pattern type Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: Standard Federal Region III Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: None Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Bruce Jones Contact_Person: Contact_Organization: EPA Landscape Ecology Division Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Box 93478 City: Las Vegas State_or_Province: Nevada Postal_Code: 89193-3478 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jones.bruce@epamail.epa.gov Data_Set_Credit: The basic data from which this map was derived were provided by the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. Native_Data_Set_Environment: These data are presently stored in ARC/INFO GRID format. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: LPT's are based on area proportions of three land cover types (see Process_Step sections; Riitters and Wickham 1996; Jones et al. 1997). A statistical rule of thumb is that 50 observations are needed in order to accurately estimate a proportion. The analysis window was 81x81 pixels in size, which corresponds to a potential maximum of 6561 pixels (less missing values). This index is one of several which could have been used to quantify 'context', for a discussion of relative strengths and weaknesses please consult a standard textbook on landscape ecology or image processing. Like other indices, this index is best interpreted as a relative value, in comparison to other pixels on the same map. Comparisons with other maps prepared from different data sources or at different scale are tenuous. Logical_Consistency_Report: All cell values are in the range [1, 19]. Missing values were assigned to cells which were labeled as water, wetland, or barren on the MRLC land cover map, or which occur outside the boundary of SFR III (as defined by the MRLC land cover map). Completeness_Report: Every cell in the original land cover map has a non-zero byte value representing the LPT, unless the cell was labeled as water, wetland, or barren in the land cover map. In the latter instances, the cell was assigned a 'missing' data value. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The positional accuracy of the LPT map is the same as the positional accuracy of the land cover map from which the area density map was derived. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Publication_Date: Title: Edition: Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Federal Region III Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD, USA Publisher: Hughes-STX Corporation U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), EROS Data Center Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1991 Ending_Date: 1993 Source_Currentness_Reference: Dates of satellite imagery. Source_Citation_Abbreviation: MRLC-R3V1 Source_Contribution: Land cover map Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Other_Citation_Details: Riitters, Kurt H., and Wickham, James D. 1996. A Landscape Atlas of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Env. Res. Center, Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris TN. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Other_Citation_Details: Jones, K.B., Riitters, K.H., Wickham, J.D., Tankersley, R.D., O'Neill, R.V., Chaloud, D.J., Smith, E.R., and Neale, A.C. 1997. An Ecological Assessment of the United States Mid-Atlantic Region: A Landscape Atlas. EPA/600/R97/130, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Other_Citation_Details: Wickham, J.D., and Norton, D. 1994. Mapping and analyzing landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology 9:7-23. Process_Step: Process_Description: Derivation of LPT's from land cover. Land cover data (MRLC-R3V1) obtained from EROS Data Center in Arc Grid format. Individual pixels were re-classified into forest (F), developed (D), and agriculture (A) classes by using the following scheme: Original MRLC class Re- class ---------------------------- ------------------------------- 1 - water Missing 2 - low intensity developed D 3 - high intensity developed D 4 - hay/pasture/grass A 5 - row crops A 6 - probable row crops A 7 - conifer forest F 8 - mixed forest F 9 - deciduous forest F 10 - woody wetland Missing 11 - emergent wetland Missing 12 - bare; quarries Missing 13 - bare; coal mines Missing 14 - bare; beach areas Missing 15 - bare; transitional Missing Land cover data exported to ascii format using the ARC/INFO command GRIDASCII, and format converted to an in-house format using an in-house software tool named ASC2TVA.C. The map was then subdivided into sixteen (16) overlapping rectangles for further processing using an in-house software tool named SPLITTER.C. The rectangles overlapped in order to avoid artifacts near image boundaries during the spatial filtering operations. Each of the 16 sub-rectangles were then processed via spatial filtering to estimate the LPT as described below. The spatial filtering program is an in-house software tool named SPATCONV.C. Each of the 16 sub-rectangles were then processed via spatial filtering to find the majority LPT in 9x9 pixel windows. Ties went to the lowest-numbered LPT. The spatial filtering program is an in-house software tool named SPATCONV.C. After spatial filtering, the map of LPT values was reconstructed by reversing the steps, including reassembling the 16 sub-rectangles into a single image (via an in-house software tool named LUMPER.C, which removed the overlapping parts of rectangles), converting the format to ascii (using the in-house software tool named TVA2ASC.C), and finally bringing it back into ARC/INFO using their command ASCIIGRID. Note: The georeferencing did not change as a result of reformatting, exporting/importing, or the first spatial filtering. The majority-rule filtering, which included a change in resolution, introduced a probable registration error of less than 270 meters for the region. This was not considered important since the purpose of this map was for contextual information and display only. (Use the other version, LPT81-1, if this is a concern.) Spatial filtering proceeded as follows. A 590.49 ha (81 x 81 pixels) quadrat was centered on each pixel of the original land cover map. The numbers of "F" , "A", and "D" pixels were then tabulated for the non-missing pixels in the window. The LPT was then computed by the following rule: Let F, D, and A be the proportions of forest, developed, and agriculture respectively, in a given window (excluding 'missing' pixels). Assign 'missing' value if the total area of A, D, and F is less than 1/4 of the quadrat. Otherwise, define LPT by the following algorithm: if F >= 0.6 if D > A if A >= 0.1 then LPT = 15 break else if D >= 0.1 then LPT = 9 break else if D >= 0.1 then LPT = 14 break else if A >= 0.1 then LPT = 8 break else LPT = 3 break else if A >= 0.6 if D > F if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 10 break else if D >= 0.1 then LPT = 4 break else if D >= 0.1 then LPT = 11 break else if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 5 break else LPT = 1 break else if D >= 0.6 if F > A if A >= 0.1 then LPT = 13 break else if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 6 break else if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 12 break else if A >= 0.1 then LPT = 7 break else LPT = 2 break else if A >= 0.1 if D >= 0.1 if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 19 break else LPT = 16 break else if F >= 0.1 then LPT = 17 break else LPT = 18 break /* fall-through, set to missing*/ LPT = 0 break Note the algorithm assigns LPT's by looking at the proportions of A, F, and D in relation to the breakpoints of 60% and 10%. The calculated values were stored at 30-meter spatial resolution. Thus, a pixel value in the new map represents the LPT of the surrounding 590.49 ha in the original land cover map. Pixels representing water, wetlands, and barren were not included, and a missing value was assigned if the quadrat was centered on a water, wetland, or barren pixel. The majority-rule filtered version was stored at 270 meter resolution. A pixel in the majority-rule filtered version was assigned a missing value if, on the original LPT map, the upper-left corner pixel was a missing value according to the description above. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: MRLC-R3V1 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: LPT81-9 Process_Date: 1996 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: Column_Count: Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Lambert_Azimuthal Lambert_Azimuthal: Radius of Sphere of Reference: 6370997 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -100 0 0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 45 0 0 False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: Ordinate_Resolution: Planar_Distance_Units: meters Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: LPT81-9.VAT Entity_Type_Definition: Value attribute table of LPT81-9 grid cells Entity_Type_Definition_Source: ARC/INFO Attribute: Attribute_Label: VALUE Attribute_Definition: Byte value representation of LPT Attribute_Definition_Source: software computed Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Maximum: 19 (integer) Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 (integer) Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: None planned Attribute: Attribute_Label: COUNT Attribute_Definition: Number of grid cells with indicated VALUE Attribute_Definition_Source: software computed Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: positive integer Range_Domain_Maximum: positive integer Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: None planned Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The value attribute table associated with this raster: DATAFILE NAME: LPT81-9.VAT 2 ITEMS: STARTING IN POSITION 1 COL ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME INDEXED 01 VALUE 4 10 B - - Indexed 05 COUNT 4 10 B - - - Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Not available Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Bruce Jones Contact_Organization: EPA Landscape Ecology Division Contact_Address: Address_Type: Address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Box 93478 City: Las Vegas State_or_Province: Nevada Postal_Code: 89193-3478 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jones.bruce@epamail.epa.gov Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 19980901 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Kurt Riitters Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey- Biological Resources Division Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address:NCSU Forestry Dept Address: 3024-C Biltmore Hall City: Raleigh State_or_Province: NC Postal_Code: 27695 Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608 Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None