Skip common site navigation and headers
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Great Lakes Ecosystems
Begin Hierarchical Links EPA Home > Great Lakes EcosystemsUpland Ecosystems > Oak Savanna Conferences (1995) > Call to Action > Literature Cited
GL Basin Ecosystem
GL Biological Diversity
Green Landscaping
Aquatic Ecosystems
Wetland
Shorelands
Upland Ecosystem
Ecosystem Funding

 

1995 Midwest Oak Savanna and Woodland Ecosystems Conferences

MIDWEST OAK ECOSYSTEMS RECOVERY PLAN: A CALL TO ACTION

Literature Cited

 


Abrams, M.D. 1986. Historical development of gallery forests in northeast Kansas. Vegetation 65:29-37. 

Abrams, M.D. 1988. Effects of prescribed fire on woody vegetation in a gallery forest understory in northeastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 91:63-70. 

Abrams, M.D. 1990. Adaptations and responses to drought in Quercus species of North America. Tree Physiology 7:227-238. 

Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience 42(5):346-353. 

Agriculture Ecosystems Research Project. No date. Rotational grazing and wildlife (Pamphlet). University of Wisconsin Agronomy Department. Madison, Wisconsin. 

Alverson, W.S., W. Kuhlmann, and D.M. Waller. 1994. Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and Public Policy. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 300 pp. 

Apfelbaum, S.I. and A.W. Haney. 1991. Management of degraded oak savanna remnants in the upper Midwest: preliminary results from three years of study. In, G.V. Burger, J.E. Ebinger, and G.S. Wilhelm (eds.), Proceedings of the Oak Woods Management Workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. Pp 81-90. 

Anderson, M., W. Buck, K. Holland, S. Packard, and G. Rajsky (eds.) 1993. Ecosystem Recovery Plan. Unpublished Preconference Draft, Oak Savanna Working Sessions and Conference, Chicago, Illinois. 

Anderson, R.C. 1982. An evolutionary model summarizing the roles of fire, climate, and grazing animals in the origin and maintenance of grasslands. In, J. Estes, R. Tyrl, and J. Brunken (eds.), Grasses and Grasslands: systematics and ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Pp. 297-308. 

Anderson, R.C. 1983. The eastern Prairie-Forest Transition--an overview. In, Proceedings of the Eighth North American Prairie Conference. Pp. 86-92. 

Anderson, R.C. 1991. Presettlement forests of Illinois. In, Proceedings of Oak Woods Management Workship. Pp. 9-19. 

Anderson, R.C., and M.R. Anderson. 1975. The presettlement vegetation of Williamson County, Illinois. Castanea 40:345-363. 

Anderson, R.C., and L. Brown. 1983. Comparative effects of fire on trees in a Midwestern savanna and adjacent fores. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 110:87-90. 

Anderson, R.C., and L.E. Brown. 1986. Stability and instability in plant communities following fire. American Journal of Botany 73(3):364-368. 

Apfelbaum, S.I. and A.W. Haney. 1991. Management of degraded oak savannah remnants in the upper Midwest: Preliminary results from three years of study. In, G.V. Burger, J.E. Ebinger, and G.S. Wilhelm (eds.), Proceedings of the Oak Woods Managment Workshop. Eastern Illinois Univeristy, Charleston. 

Auclair, A.N., and F.G. Goff. 1971. Diversity relations in upland forest in the western Great Lakes area. American Naturalist 105:499-528. 

Axelrod, A.N., and F.D. Irving. 1982. Effects of prescribed fire on American hazel at the Cedar Creek Natural Area in Minnesota. Restoration & Management Notes 1(2):14. 

Bacone, J.A. 1981. Effects of fire on savanna vegetation (Indiana). Restoration & Management Notes 1(1):10. 

Barry, A.T. and R.A. Spicer. 1987. The Evolution and Palaeobiology of Land Plants. Croom Helm, London. 309. pp. 

Benjamin, P.K., R.C. Anderson, and A.E. Liberty. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal ecology of little bluestem across a prairie-forest gradient. Canadian Journal of Botany 67:2678-2685. 

Bleser, C. and M.K. Leach. 1994. Protecting the Karner blue butterfly in Wisconsin: Shifting focus form individuals to populations and processess. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on barrens and savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 139-142. 

Blockstein, D.E., and H.B. Tordoff. 1985. Gone forever: a contemporary look at the extinction of the passenger pigeon. American Birds 39:845-851. 

Botts, P., A. Haney, K. Holland, S. Packard (eds.) 1994. Midwest Oak Ecosystems Recovery Plan (Draft September 1994). A published report of the Nature Conservancy, Illinois Field Office, Chicago, Illinois. 

Bowles, M.L., T. Bell, and M. DeMauro. 1994. Report on the reintroduction of American hazelnut at Hickory Creek Barrens. Unpublished report to the Forest Preserve District of Will County, Illinois. 10 pp. 

Bowles, M.L., M.D. Hutchison, and J.L McBride. 1994. Landscape pattern and structure of oak savanna, woodland, and barrens in northeastern Illinois at the time of European settlement. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on barrens and savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 65-73. 

Bowles, M.L., and J.L. McBride. 1994. Presettlement barrens in the glaciated prairie region of Illinois. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on barrens and savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 75-83. 

Boyle, T.J.B. 1994. Biodiversity, temperate ecosystems, and global change: Introduction to the NATO Advanced Reserach Workshop. In, T.J.B. Boyle and C.E.B. Boyle (eds.), Biodiversity, Temperate Ecosystems, and Global Change. NATO ASI Series Vol. I(20). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 1-7. 

Bragg, T. and L. Hulbert. 1976. Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. Journal of Range Management 27:19-24. 

Bray, J.R. 1955. The savanna vegetation of Wisconsin and an application of the concepts order and complexity to the field of ecology. Ph.D. Thesis (Botany). University of Wisconsin, Madison. 174 pp. 

Bray, J.R. 1958. The distribution of savanna species in relation to light intensity. Canadian Journal of Botany 36:671-681. 

Bray, J.R. 1960a. The composition of savanna vegetation in Wisconsin. Ecology 41:721-732. 

Bray, J.R. 1960b. The chlorophyll content of some native and managed plant communities in central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Botany. 38:313-333. 

Bronny, C. 1989. One-two punch: grazing history and the recovery potential of oak savanna. Restoration and Management Notes 7(2):82. 

Christensen, N.L. 1977. Changes in structure, pattern, and diversity associated with climax forest maturation in Piedmont, North Carolina. American Midland Naturalist 97:176-188. 

Clark, J.S. 1988. Effects of climate change on fire regimes in northwest Minnesota. Nature 334:233-234. 

Clewell, A.F. 1989. Observations corroborate savanna community concept. Restoration and Management Notes 7(2):82. 

Cole, K.L. and R.S. Taylor. 1995. Past and current trends of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed through multiple-scale history. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:399-410. 

Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302-1309. 

Cottam, G. 1949. The phytosociology of an oak woods in south-western Wisconsin. Ecology 30:271-287. 

Crow, T.R., W.C. Johnson and C.S. Adkisson. Fire and recruitment of Quercus in a postagricultural field. American Midland Naturalist 131(1):84-97. 

Curtis, J.T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 

Cutter, B.E. and R.P. Guyette. 1994. Fire frequency on an oak-hickory ridgetop in the Missouri Ozarks. American Midland Naturalist 132:393-398. 

Daubenmire, R. 1968. Ecology of fire in grasslands. Advances in Ecological Research. 5:209-266. 

Davis, M.B. 1985. Historical considerations. 1. History of the vegetation on the Mirror Lake Watershed. In, G.E. Likens (ed.), An Ecosystem Approach to Aquatic Ecology: Mirror Lake and its Environment. Springer-Verlag. Pp. 53-65. 

Dyksterhuis, E.J. 1957. The savannah concept and its use. Ecology 38:435-442. 

Faber-Langendoen, D. 1994. A proposed classification for savannas and woodlands in the Midwest. In, Botts, P., A. Haney, K. Holland, S. Packard (eds.), Midwest Oak Ecosystems Recovery Plan (Draft September 1994). A published report of the Nature Conservancy, Illinois Field Office, Chicago, Illinois. Attachment 2. Pp. 65-74. 

Fralish, J.S., R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.). 1994. Proceedings of the North American Conference on barrens and savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. 

Fry, C.H. 1983. Birds in savanna ecosystems. In, F. BourliPre (ed.), Ecosystems of the World 13: Tropical Savannas. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Pp. 337-357. 

Givnish, T.J. 1993. What are the principal scientific issues regarding the nature of Midwestern oak savannas? Unpublished paper given at the Oak Savanna Conference, February 20, 1993, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. 

Givnish, T.J., E.W. Menges, and D.F. Schweitzer. 1988. Minimum-area requirements for long-term conservation of the Albany Pine Bush and the Karner blue butterfly. Published report to Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. and the City of Albany, New York. 120 pp. (available from first author at Botany Dept., U.W.-Madison.) 

Gleason, H.A. 1913. The relation of forest distribution and prairie fires in the middle west. Torreya 13:173-181. 

Gleason, H.A. 1922. The vegetational history of the middle west. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 12:39-86. 

Gonzolez Villarreal, L.M. 1986. Contribucion al conocimiento del genero Quercus (Fagaceae) en el estado de Jalisco. Instituto de Botanica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. 240 pp. 

Grimm, E.C. 1984. Fire and other factors controlling the big woods vegetation of Minnesota in the mid-nineteenth century. Ecological Monographs 53:291-311. 

Grossman, D.H., K.L. Goodin, and C.L. Reuss. 1994. Rare Plant Communities of the Conterminous United States: An Initial Survey. Report prepared for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service by The Nature Conservancy. 

Guyette, R.P. and B.E. Cutter. 1991. Tree-ring analysis of fire history of a post oak savanna in the Missouri Ozark. Natural Areas Journal 11:93-99. 

Guyette, R.P and E.A. McGinnes, Jr. 1982. Fire history of an Ozark glade in Missouri. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 16:85-93. 

Haney, A. and S.I. Apfelbaum. 1990. Structure and dynamics of Midwest oak savannas. In, J.M. Seeney (ed.), Management of Dynamic Ecosystems. North Central Section, The Wildlife Society, West Lafayette, Indiana. 

Haney, A. and S.I Apfelbaum. 1994. Measuring changes in oak savannas: a review and recommendations for a monitoring protocol. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 253-257. 

Hay, B. 1995. Herptiles of Wisconsin's pine barrens. In, Borgerding, E.A., G.A. Bartelt, and W.M. McCown (eds.) The future of pine barrens in northwest Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PUBL-RS-913-94. Pp. 13-16. 

Henderson, N.R. and J.N. Long. 1984. A comparison of stand structure and fire history in two black oak woodlands in northwestern Indiana. Botanical Gazette 145:492-496. 

Henderson, R. 1983. Fire tolerance of black cherry and black oak saplings in a savanna (Wisconsin). Restoration and Management Notes 1(4):17. 

Henderson, R. 1995. Oak savanna communities. In, Wisconsin's Biodiversity as a Management Issue. A Report to Department of Natural Resources Managers. Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. Pp. 88-96. 

Herkert, H.R. 1994. Breeding birds of the Midwestern grassland-forest transition zone: who were they and where are they now? In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 151-154. 

Hey, D.L. and N.S. Philippi. 1995. Flood reduction through wetland restoration: the Upper Mississippi River Basin as a case history (Commentary). Restoration Ecology 3(1):4-17. 

Hole, F.D. 1976. Soils of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.223 pp. 

Host, G.E., K.S. Pregitzer, D.W. Ramm, J.B. Hart, and D.T. Cleland. 1987. Landform-mediated differences in successional pathways among upland forest ecosystems in Northwestern Lower Michigan. Forest Science 33:445-457. 

Howell, E. 1988. The role of restoration in conservation biology. Endangered Species Update. 5(3&4):1-4. 

Howell, E.A. and W.R. Jordan III. 1991. Tallgrass prairie restoration in the North American Midwest. In, I.F. Spellerberg, F.B. Goldsmith, and M.G. Morris (eds.) The Scientific Management of Temperate Communities for Conservation. The 31st Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Southhampton. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 395-414. 

Hubner, S. and M.K. Leach. In Press. A lost species reappears following burning. Restoration & Management Notes 

Hulbert, L.C. Causes of fire effects in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 69:46-58. 

Huston, M.A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101. 

Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K. 681 pp. 

Iffrig, G., and P.W. Nelson. 1983. Savanna stewardship in Missouri state parks. Missouri Prairie Journal 5(1-2):3-12. 

Irving, F.D. 1981. Fire in savanna restoration: a 17-year record (Minnesota). Restoration and Management Notes 1(1):9. 

Jordan, W.R., III. 1992. Festival of the Prairie: A Vision. Restoration and Management Notes 10(2):179. 

Jordan, W.R., III. 1995. Good restoration (editorial). Restoration and Management Notes 13(1):13(1):5-6 

Jordan, W.R., III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber (eds.) 1987. Restoration Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 

Klijn, F. (ed.) 1994. Ecosystem Classification for Environmental Management. Kluwer Academic Publicshers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 293 pp. 

Kline, V.M. and G. Cottam. 1979. Vegetation response to climate and fire in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin. Ecology 60(5):861-868. 

Ladd, D. 1991. Reexamination of the role of fire in Missouri oak woodlands. Proceedings of the Oak Woods Management Workshop. Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Pp. 67-80 

Lauenroth, W.K. 1979. Grassland primary production: North American grasslands in perspective. In, N.R. French (ed.), Perspectives in grassland ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 3-24. 

Leach, M.K. 1994. Savanna plant species distributions along gradients of sun-shade and soils. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 223-227. 

Leitner, L.A., C.P. Dunn, G.R. Gunterspergen, F. Stearns, and D.M. Sparpe. 1991. Effects of site, landscape features, and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin. Landscape Ecology 5:203-217. 

Leopold, A. 1949. The Land Ethic. A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press, New York. 

Lorimer, C.G. 1984. Development of the red maple understory in northeastern oak forests. Forest Science 30:3-22. 

Lorimer, C.G. 1985. The role of fire in the perpetuation of oak forests. In, J.E. Johnson (ed.), Challenges in Oak Management and Utilization. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Pp. 8-25. 

Loeser-Small, D. 1992. Steward's Handbook. The Nature Conservancy, Illinois Field Office, Chicago. 

Loucks, O. 1970. Evolution of diversity, efficiency, and community stability. American Zoologist 10:17-25. 

Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 179 pp. 

Martin, A.J. and J.C. Stier. 1992. Forestry and Wisconsin's rural economy. In, E.V. Jesse (ed.), Status of Wisconsin Farming, 1992. An Annual Report by University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Extension. Pp. 39-45. 

Maxwell, J.A. and L.A. Ferge. 1994. Report on a survey of Lepidoptera at Fort McCoy 1992-1993. Unpublished report submitted to the Natural Resource Management Division, Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. 

McCarty, K. IN PRESS. Restoration in Missouri savannas. Proceedings of the Oak Savanna Conference, February 20, 1993, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. 

McCune, B., and G. Cottam. 1985. The successional status of a southern Wisconsin oak woods. Ecology 66:1270-1278. 

McNaughton, S.J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecological Monographs. 55:259-294. 

Mendelson, J., S. P. Aultz, and J.D. Mendelson. 1993. Carving up the woods: Savanna restoration in Northeastern Illinois. Restoration & Management Notes 10(2):127-131. 

Mierzwa, K.S. 1994. Patch dynamics of amphibians and reptiles in northeastern Illinois savanna landscapes. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 161-165. 

Mushinsky, H.R. 1984. Fire and the Florida sandhill herpetofaunal community: with special attention to responses of Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. Herpetologica 41:333-342. 

Neave, D., C. Caza, and S. Henneman. 1994. Conservation strategies in the face of global change. In, T.J.B.Boyle and C.E.B. Boyle (eds.), Biodiversity, Temperate Ecosystems, and Global Change. NATO ASI Series Vol. I(20). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 9-18. 

Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology. 4: 355-364. 

Nowacki, G.J., and M.D. Abrams. 1991. Community and edaphic analysis of mixed oak forests in the ridge and valley province of central Pennsylvania. In, L.H. McCormick and K.W. Gottschalk (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Central Hardwood Conference, University Park, Pennsylvania. Pp. 247-260. 

Nowacki, G.J., M.D. Abrams, and C.G. Lorimer. 1990. Composition, structure, and historical development of northern red oak stands along an edaphic gradient in north-central Wisconsin. Forest Science 36:276-292. 

Nuzzo, V. 1986. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. Natural Areas Journal 6:6-36. 

Nuzzo, V. 1994. Extent and status of Midwest oak savanna: presettlement and 1985. [republished version of Nuzzo 1986]. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 1-24. 

Nyberg, D. IN PRESS. Using public land surveys quantitatively: Palos Township in 1821. Proceedings of the Oak Savanna Conference, February 20, 1993, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. 

Old, S. 1969. Microclimate, fire and plant production in an Illinois prairie. Ecological Monographs. 39:355-384. 

Ovington, J.D., D. Heitkamp, and D.B. Lawrence. 1963. Plant biomass and productivity of prairie, savanna, oakwood and maize field ecosystems in central Minnesota. Ecology 44:52-63. 

Packard, S. 1988a. Rediscovering the tallgrass savanna of Illinois. In, A. Davis and G. Stanfore (eds.), The Prairie: Roots of Our Culture: Foundation of Our Economy. Proceedings of the 10th North American Prairie Conference, Denton, Texas. Article 01.14 

Packard, S. 1988b. Just a few oddball species: restoration and the rediscovery of the tallgrass savanna. Restoration and Management Notes 6(1):13-20. 

Packard, S. and J. Balaban. 1994. Restoring the herb layer in a adegraded bur oak "closed" savanna. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 247-251. 

Panzer, R., D. Stillwaugh, R. Gnaedinger, and G. Derkovitz. 1995. Prevalence of remnant dependence among the prairie- and savanna- inhabiting insects of the Chicago Region. Natural Areas Journal 15(2):101-116. 

Peet, M., R. Anderson, and M. Adams. 1975. Effect of fire on big bluestem production. American Midland Naturalist 94:15-26. 

Pierce, R.L. 1954. Vegetation cover types and land use history of the Cedar Creek Natural History Reservation, Anoka and Isanti Counties, Minnesota. M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 

Pruka, B.W. 1994a. Distribution of understory plant species along light and soil depth gradients in an upland oak savanna remnant in southern Wisconsin. M.S. Thesis (Land Resources), University of Wisconsin, Madison. 271 pp. 

Pruka, B.W. 1994b. Distribution of understory plant species along light and soil depth gradients in an upland oak savanna remnant in southern Wisconsin. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 213-215 

Pruka, B. 1995. Lists indicate recoverable oak savannas and open oak woodlands in southern Wisconsin. Resoration & Management Notes 13(1):124-126. 

Pyne, S.J. 1983. Indian fires. Natural History 3:6-11. 

Pyne, S.J. 1984. Introduction to Wildland Fire: Fire Management in the United States. Wiley, New York. 

Reich, P.B., M.D. Abrams, D.S. Ellsworth, E.L. Kruger, and T.J. Tabone. 1990. Fire affects ecophysiology and community dynamics of central Wisconsin oak forest regeneration. Ecology 71(6):2179-2190. 

Reich, P.B., and T.M. Hinckley. 1980. Water relations, soil fertility, and plant nutrient composition of a pygmy oak ecosystem. Ecology 61:400-416. 

Rice, E.L., and R.L. Parenti. 1978. Causes of decreases in productivity in undisturbed tall grass prairie. American Journal of Botany. 65:1091-1097. 

Risser, P.G. 1988. Abiotic controls on primary productivity and nutrient cycles in North American Grasslands. In, L.R. Pomeroy and J.J. Alberts (eds.), Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 115-129. 

Risser, P.G. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Conservation Biology. 9:742-746. 

Risser, P.G., E.C. Birney, H.D. Blocker, S.W. May, W.J. Parton, J.A. Wiens. 1981. The True Prairie Ecosystem. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 

Sample, D.W. and M.J. Mossman. 1994. Birds of Wisconsin oak savannas: past, present, and future. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 147-150. 

Sauer, C.O. 1950. Grassland climax, fire, and man, Journal of Range Management 3:16-21. 

Schulze, E.-D. and H. Zwolfer. 1987. Introduction to the problem of ecosystem analysis. In, E.-D. Schulze and H. Zw`ler (eds.), Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Ecological Studies, Vol. 61. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 1-5. 

Sharkey, T.D. and E.L. Singsaas. 1995. Why plants emit isoprene. Nature 374:769. 

Shively, M.M.R. and S.A. Temple. 1994. An ecosystem recovery plan for Wisconsin Pine-shrub-grassland ecosystems (pine barrens). University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Wildlife Ecology. 

Shuey, J.A. 1994. Dancing with fire: oak barrens/savanna patch dynamics, management, and the Karner blue butterfly. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 185-189. 

Smith, S. 1992. Mighty oaks lure bidders to area farms. Wisconsin State Journal. February 9, 1992. 1B, page 1, column 1. 

Solecki, M.K. 1993. A profile of Midwestern lowland savanna and woodlands. An unpublished paper presented at the 1993 Oak Savanna Conference, February 20, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. 

Soule, M.E. 1991. Conservation: Tactics for a constant crisis. Science 253:744-757. 

Stearns, F. 1995. History of Wisconsin's northern forests and the pine barrens. In, Borgerding, E.A., G.A. Bartelt, and W.M. McCown (eds.) The future of pine barrens in northwest Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources PUBL-RS-913-94. P. 4. 

Stewart, O.C. 1951. Burning and natural vegetation in the United States. Geographical REview 41:317-320. 

Stewart, O.C. 1956. Fire as the first great force employed by man. In, W.L. Thomas (ed.), Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. Chicago University Press, Chicago. Pp. 115-133. 

Stevens W.K. 1995. Miracle Under the Oaks: The Revival of Nature in America. Pocket Books, New York. 

Stout, I.J., D.R. Richardson, and R.E. Roberts. 1988. responses of resident and relocated gopher tortoises to a prescribed burn in a sand pine scrub community. Proceedings of the Gopher Tortoise Relocation Symposium. Gainesville, Florida. 

Swengel, A.B. 1994. Conservation of the prairie-savanna butterfly community. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 133-138. 

Swengel, A.B. and S.R. Swengal. 1995. The tall-grass prairie butterfly community. In, E.T. LaRoe, et al. (eds.), Our Living Resources: A Report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance, and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Pp 174-176. 

Swink, F. and G. Wilhelm. 1994. Plants of the Chicago Region (4th Edition). The Morton Arboretum, Lyle, Illinois. 

Tansley, A.G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16:284-307. 

Transeau, E.N. 1935. The prairie peninsula. Ecology. 16:423-437. 

Turner, M.G. (ed.) 1987. Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York. 239 pp. 

Turner, R. 1992. Restoration as festival. Restoration and Management Notes 10(2):177-180. 

Undersander, D., B. Albert, P. Porter, A. Crossley, and N. Martin. No date. Pastures for profit: a guide to rotational grazing. Cooperative Extension Publications. Madison, Wisconsin. 36 pp. 

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 1973. International Classification and Mapping of Vegetation, Series 6, Ecology and conservation. UNESCO, Paris, France 93 pp. 

Vogl, R.J. 1974. Effect of fire on grasslands. In, T. Kozlowske and C. Ahlgren (eds.) Fire and Ecosystems, Academic Press, New York. Pp. 139-194. 

Vogl, R.J. 1977. Fire: A destructive menace or a natural process? In, J. Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and E.E. Herricks (eds.), Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville. Pp. 261-289. 

Watts, W.A. 1980. Late Quaternary vegetation of the central Appalachian and the New Jersey coastal plain. Ecological Monographs 49:427-469. 

Weaver, J.E. 1954. North American prairie. Johnsen Publishing Company, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

Weaver, J.E., and F.W. Albertson. 1956. Grasslands of the Great Plains. Johnsen Publishing Company, Lincoln, Nebraska. 

White and M. Madany. 1978. Classification of natural communities in Illinois. Illinois Natural Areas Inventory Technical Report. Illinois Department of Conservation. 

White, A.S. 1983. The effects of thirteen years of annual prescribed burning in a Quercus ellipsoidalis community in Minnesota. Ecology 64:1081-1085. 

White, J. 1994. How the terms Savanna, Barrens, and Oak Openings were used in early Illinois. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 25-63. 

White, J. IN PRESS. Woodlands in early Illinois. Proceedings of the Oak Savanna Conference, February 20, 1993, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. 

Whitford, P.B. and K. Whitford. 1971. Savanna in central Wisconsin, U.S.A. Vegetatio 23(1-2)77-87. 

Wilhelm, G. and L. Masters. 1994. Floristic changes after five growing seasons in burned and unburned woodland. Erigenia 13:141-150. 

Will-Wolf, S. 1991. Role of fire in maintaining oaks in mesic oak maple forests. In, S.B. Laursen and J.F. DeBoe (eds), The oak resource in the upper Midwest: implications for management. University of Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul. Pp 27-33. 

Will-Wolf, S. and T.C. Montague. 1994. Landscape and environmental constraints on the distribution of presettlement savannas and prairies in southern Wisconsin. In, J.S. Fralish, R.C. Anderson, J.E. Ebinger, and R. Szafoni (eds.), Proceedings of the North American Conference on Barrens and Savannas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 97-102. 

Wilson, E.O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Winkler, M.G., A.M. Swain, and J.E. Kutzback. 1986. Middle Holocene dry period in the northern Midwestern United States: lake levels and pollen stratigraphy. Quaternary Research 25:235-250.   

     
     

 

 
Begin Site Footer

EPA Home | Privacy and Security Notice | Contact Us