Module # and Title

Lead

lSome major sources

•Fuels – Aircraft

•Coal combustion

•Smelters, battery manufacturers

nEffects

•Neurotoxin

•Impairs infant brain development

•Permanent damage

nTrends

•U.S. average down more than 93% over the past 20 years due to changes in gasoline formulations

•Some localized hot spots still remain

nNotes

•Inhalation is main exposure route for adults (lead in particulate matter)

•Ingestion is main exposure route for children (lead paint, soil)

Source: US EPA (2006)