17
Lead
l
lSome major sources
•Fuels – Aircraft
•Coal combustion
•Smelters, battery manufacturers
nEffects
•Neurotoxin
•Impairs infant brain development
•Permanent damage
nTrends
•U.S. average down more than 93% over the past 20 years due to changes in gasoline formulations
•Some localized hot spots still remain
nNotes
•Inhalation is main exposure route for adults (lead in particulate matter)
•Ingestion is main exposure route for children (lead paint, soil)
Source: US EPA (2006)