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Data needed to Evaluate Emergy Signatures
Information needed to Calculate the Emergy Signatures for Cobscook Bay, ME, the York River VA, and Mosquito Lagoon FL is displayed in Table A1 below.
Table A1. Basic data needed to evaluate the emergy signatures ___________________________________________________________________ Item Cobscook Bay York River Mosquito Lagoon Units Sources ___________________________________________________________________ Latitude 44.937.828.8 °N our estimate Estuary surface area 1.04E+081.71 E+081.90E+08 m2 U.S. Army Corps (1980) our estimates Average depth 86.581 m Trites (1974), USDC (1985), Kennedy Space Center (1996, Mar.) Shoreline length 3.75E+051.08E+051.34E+05 m our estimates Watershed area 9.63E+086.80E+091.66E+08 m2 U.S. Army Corps (1980), USDC (1985), our estimate Insolation 4.97E+095.52E+096.30E+09 J m-2 y-1 USDE (1999) Albedo 0.09750.110.11 % von Arx (1962) Diffusion coef. 14.9162.24 m3 m-2 s-1 Odum et al. 1983 Wind gradient 4.58E-034.52E-031.87E-03 m s-1 m-1 USDC (1975 Rainfall 1.1041.111.42 m y-1 KSC (1996, Mar.) Solutes in rain 1316.116.3 ppm NADP (1999, Aug.) Salinity at mouth 318002200032000 ppm Trites (1974), Bender (1987), KSC.(1995a Jan.) Tide height 6.460.90.35 m USDC (1993) Wave height 0.2440.210.21 m Pierson et al. (1958) Heat flux 1.17E+06 1.52E+061.32E+06 J m-2 y-1 Decker (1987), Costain et al. (1986), Lachenbruch&Sass (1977) Groundwater flow 2.13E+087.55E+082.59E+07 m3 y-1 Hasbrouck (1985), Vargas et al. (1995), KSC (1995b, Jan.) Solutes in groundwater. 2251830334 ppm Weddle et al. (1988) USGS (1996), R. Copeland (pers. com.)
River flow 6.91E+081.11E+093.54E+06 m3 y-1 USGS (1982-1993, 1994), Alexander et al. (1997, Jan.) River solutes 2346.8194 ppm USGS (1982-1993, 1994), Alexander et al. (1997, Jan.) Organic matter 8.576.6735.9 g m3 USGS (1982-1993, 1994), Alexander et al. (1997, Jan.) ___________________________________________________________________
References for Table A1:
Bender, M.E. (1987) The York River: A Brief Review of its Physical Chemical and Biological Characteristics. The American Petroleum Institute, Health and Environmental Sciences Department, Washington DC. 94 pp.
Copeland, R. (Personal communication) Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Talahassee, FL.
Costain, J.K., Speer, J.A., Glover, L. III, Perry, L., Dashevsky, S., McKinney, M. (1986) Heat flow in the piedmont and Atlantic coastal plain of the Southeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 91, 2123-2135.
Decker, E.R. (1987) Heat flow and radioactivity in Maine: First-order results and preliminary interpretations. Geophysical Research Letters 14, 256-259.
Hasbrouck, S. (1985) Maine's Groundwater. The Land and Water Resources Center, University of Maine, Orono. 12 pp.
Lachenbruch, A.H., Sass, J.H. (1977) Heat flow in the United States and the thermal regime of the crust. In: Heacock JG, Keller GV, Oliver JE, Simmons G (eds) The Earth's Crust, pp. 626-675. American Geophysical Union, geophysical monograph 20, Washington, DC.
Odum, H.T., Lavine, M.J., Wang, F.C., Miller, M.A., Alexander, J.F., Butler, J.R. (1983) A manual for using energy analysis for plant siting. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG/CR-2443) National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Pierson, W.J., Neumann, G., James, R.W. (1958) Practical Methods for Forecasting Ocean Waves. U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office, Washington DC. 284 pp.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1980) Investigation of Tidal Power: Cobscook Bay, Maine, Environmental Appendix. U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England, Waltham , MA. 187 pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (1970) Atlas of River Basins of the United States. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC. Map No. 5.
U.S. Department of Commerce (1975) Climatological Data National Summary. Vol. 26 (13)
U.S. Department of Commerce (1985) National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas Vol. 1: Physical and Hydrographic Characteristics. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC. Map 1.23c.
U.S. Department of Commerce (1993) Tide Tables 1993 East Coast of North and South America. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, DC 243 pp.
United States Geological Survey. 1982. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1982. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1983. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1983. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1984. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1984. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1985. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1985. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1986. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1986. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1987. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1987. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1993. Water Resources Data - Maine, 1993. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
____, 1994. Water Resources Data - Virginia, 1994. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Vargas, M. Hershner, C., Berman, M. (1995) York River Basin: Water Resources Report. Center for Coastal Management and Policy, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA. 112 pp.
Von Arx, W.S. (1962) Introduction to Physical Oceanography. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 422 pp.
Weedle, T.K., Tolman, A,L., Williams, J.S., Adamik, J.T, Neil, C.D., Steiger, J.L. (1988) Hydrogeology and water quality of significant sand and gravel aquifers in parts of Hancock, Penobscot, and Washington Counties, Maine. Maine Geological Survey, Open-File No. 88-7a.